4.2.

2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults

A single line-to-ground fault occurs when one of the phase
conductors comes in contact with the ground or equipment ground
as illustrated in Figure 4.12. For Analytical convenience, phase A is
traditionally chosen as the faulted line. The magnitude of the fault
current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as

I
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0 aFAULT
3

IaFAULT,pu 3Ia1 3Ia2 3Ia0

IaFAULT,pu

Equation (4.5)

3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT

3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT

Equation (4.6)

Where: Ia1, Ia2, Ia0 is the positive, negative and zero

sequence current component of IaFAULT.
Z1, Z2, Z0, is the Thevenins equivalent positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance respectively.
VPRE-FAULT is the Thevenins equivalent Voltage.
In this study, the fault impedance ZFAULT is assumed to be
zero or bolted fault condition. In that case, Equation 4.6 can be
reduced to:

IaFAULT,pu

3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Equation (4.6)

Page 198

Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT

ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)

Source

Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.12 Illustration of bolted single line-to-ground fault
The actual value is then calculated using the equation below

IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE

For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive
sequence,

negative

sequence

and

zero

sequence

impedance

network will be used as recommended by IEEE Violet Book [10].

XsepPositive XsepNegative XsepZero

X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Equation (4.7)

Page 199

4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line-to-ground Fault for Main Buses

For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)
The fault point impedance derived from three-phase fault
calculation at F1 is the positive sequence impedance for fault point
with the driving voltage equal to 1 pu as shown in Figure 4.13.

Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

0.0007394

+j0.0179826

Ia1

1pu
Reference
Figure 4.13 Momentary positive sequence impedance for
fault point 1
Consequentially, the negative sequence network is equal to
the positive sequence network impedance as shown in Figure 4.14.

Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

0.0007394

+j0.0179826

Ia2

Reference

Figure 4.14 Momentary negative sequence impedance for

fault point 1

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 200

The zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derive

as follows:

F1
BUS1SLG

ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761

Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043

Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference

BUS2

ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843
+j0.000325
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
BUS3

Reference

BUS4

ZTL3,ZERO
=0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
Reference

Figure 4.15 Momentary zero sequence impedance diagram

0.000555

+ j0.017761

Ia0

Reference

Figure 4.16 Momentary zero sequence impedance for fault

point 1

Z TH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 201

Using these three impedance networks and from the

relation on Equation 4.5 where Ia1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.

0.000555

ZMOM,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761

0.0007394

ZMOM,NEG,F1

+j0.0179826

0.0007394

+j0.0179826

ZMOM,POS,F1

1pu

Reference

Figure 4.17 Momentary equivalent impedance networks for

fault point 1
Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.17, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG

3VPREFAULT
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM,0

3(1)
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 + J0.017761

3(1)
0.0020338 j0.0537263

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 2.1107975 - j55.758635 pu

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 202

0
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.832 pu

Actual Value

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x IBASE 13.8kV

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 23,344.393 A
Momentary

asymmetrical

rms

fault

IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e

current

IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG

-2
X/R

From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as

XsepPositive XsepNegative XsepZero

X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero

X /R

0.017952 0.017952 0.017761

29.652
0.0006274 0.0006274 0.000555

IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,344.393 x 1

-2
29.652
2e

IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,772.456 A
Momentary

asymmetrical

peak

fault

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x

X / R
3
0.49 0.1e

current

-2

2 1 e X/R

0.49 0.1e

IMOM, ASYM,PEAK 23,344.393 x

IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG

29.652
3 0.489

-2x0.498x

2 1 e 29.652

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,772.059A

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 203

Calculating the system and load contribution to fault current

System Contribution (ISYSTEM)

ISYSTEM Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE

Ia0puZ1,LOAD
Ia0puZ2,LOAD

ISYSTEM

Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

Referring to the network simplification at Figure 4.3 for Momentary

Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu

I0pu

MOM,SYM,RMS,SLG

ISYSTEM

0.703599 - j18.586211 pu

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)

ISYSTEM 22,318.64 A

Load Contribution (ILOAD)

ILOAD Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE

Ia0puZ2,SYSTEM
Ia0puZ1,SYSTEM

ILOAD

Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 204

ILOAD

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257

0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257

0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)

ILOAD 1,032.50 A

The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of

the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using Microsoft Excel
sheet developed by the Author and results are summarized in Table
4.7.

This

Momentary

table

summarizes

Asymmetrical

and

the

Momentary

Momentary

Peak

Symmetrical,
asymmetrical

currents for the main buses. Table 4.8 provides a summary of

current contributions from the Load and the System for each of the
main buses.
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-ground
Faults
Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults
Fault
Fault Location
IMOM,SYM,RMS
IMOM,ASYM,
IMOM,ASYM,
Point
(A)
(A)
RMS
PEAK (A)
13.8kV Power
F1
23,344.39
37,772.46
62,772.06
Plant Bus
Primary
F2
terminals of
23,218.87
37,192.39
61,962.16
TRM1
6.9kV
F3
switchgear
22,886.87
37,003.65
61,506.19
(bus)
Primary
F4
terminals
22,245.65
30,954.18
53,252.87
TRL3A
Primary
F5
terminals
22,171.50
30,419.29
52,486.52
TRL3B
F6
MCC8 Bus
47,714.93
63,272.95
109,910.03
F7
MCC9 Bus
48,430.04
64,041.41
111,303.31

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 205

Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line-to-ground Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
Fault
Point

Fault Location

I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)

F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

13.8kV Power Plant Bus

Primary terminals of TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

22,318.64
22,191.03
20,270.13
22,124.68
22,002.04
46,011.25
46,019.14

1,032.50
1,034.34
2,636.06
130.96
181.29
1,804.28
2,530.89

Page 206

4.2.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults for

MV and LV Loads
From the zero-sequence impedance model of Chapter 2, the
zero-sequence network impedance for MV Loads is constructed.
Since all the power transformers connected to the power plant bus
are delta-wye grounded including TRM1, the network diagram can
be isolated and simplified as shown in the figure below. On each
fault point, the Thevenins equivalent impedance is the sum of TRM1
zero sequence impedance and the MV load cable zero sequence
impedance as summarized in Table 4.9.

Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference

BUS2
0.039669

0.030023

0.027628

0.027628

+J 0.001886

+j0.004011

+j0.001314

+j0.001314

F8
SLG

F9
SLG

F10
SLG

F11
SLG

0.003802
+j0.00018

F12
SLG

Figure 4.18 Simplified MV load zero sequence impedance

network

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 207

Table 4.9 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on MV

Loads
Fault
Point
F8

Momentary Positive
Sequence Impedance
0.010482+j0.048345

Momentary Negative
Sequence Impedance
0.010482+j0.048345

Momentary Zero
Sequence Impedance
0.040418+j0.028413

F9

0.009012+j0.048610

0.009012+j0.048610

0.030772+j0.030538

F10

0.008043+j0.046312

0.008043+j0.046312

0.028377+j0.027841

F11

0.013011+j0.050458

0.013011+j0.050458

0.052077+j0.028968

F12

0.00308+j0.042183

0.00308+j0.042183

0.004551+j0.026707

Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on LV

Loads
Fault
Positive
Negative
Zero Sequence
Point
Sequence
Sequence
Impedance
Impedance
Impedance
GM1412
5.03683 +
5.03683 +
12.35077 +
j2.01027
j2.01027
j1.38294
GM1413
5.03683 +
5.03683 +
12.35077 +
j2.01027
j2.01027
j1.38294
KM5814
1.75164 +
1.75164 +
5.02091 +
j1.47179
j1.47179
j1.25913
GM8103A
4.31435 +
4.31435 +
6.50309 +
j2.09191
j2.09191
j1.56311
GM8103S
4.31435 +
4.31435 +
6.50309 +
j2.09191
j2.09191
j1.56311
MNDB
0.20308 +
0.20308 +
0.41054 +
j0.39405
j0.39405
j0.33754
EMBD
0.20308 +
0.20308 +
0.41054 +
j0.39405
j0.39405
j0.33754
YM7607
0.343 +
0.343 +
0.54528 +
j0.38154
j0.38154
j0.33539
SM8645
0.79707+
0.79707 +
2.2165 +
j0.94461
j0.94461
j0.86072
GM7612
1.70714 +
1.70714 +
4.64308 +
j1.78667
j1.78667
j1.56237
7601M1
4.11122 +
4.11122 +
11.12113 +
j2.13814
j2.13814
j1.56311
KM8607
6.09 +
6.09 +
13.55794 +
j1.83224
j1.83224
j0.80514

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 208

The same procedure used in calculating the momentary

single line-to-ground fault current for faults on Main Buses and
current contributions is repeated using Microsoft Excel sheet and
the results are summarized in Tables 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14.
Table 4.11 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-ground
Fault Current for MV Loads
Fault Point

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)

(F8) PE-KM5806
(F9) PE-YM7601
(F10) PE-KM8639
(F11) PE-KM8601
(F12) PC001

18,013.59
18,354.72
19,548.60
16,562.86
22,495.35

Table 4.12 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-ground

Fault Current for LV Loads
Fault Point
(F13) GM1412
(F14) GM1413
(F15) KM5814
(F16) GM8103A
(F17) GM8103S
(F18) MNDB
(F19) EMBD
(F20) YM7607
(F21) SM8645
(F22) GM7612
(F23) 7601M1
(F24) KM8607

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)
1,564.38
1,564.38
3,796.78
2,229.31
2,229.31
25,946.37
25,946.37
21,868.29
7,678.70
3,776.52
1,785.85
1,381.32

Page 209

Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation Results for Momentary

Single Line-to-ground Fault Current Contributions on Fault
Current on MV Loads
Positive
Ia1 pu
Motor Fault at
I0pu
Sequence
Contribution
Impedance
PEKM5806
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601

System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor

3.161-j6.4423
2.6089-j6.8307
2.6965-j7.3058
3.4001-j5.6546

0.0106+j0.0489
0.544+j3.6268
0.0115+j0.0575
0.0311+j0.3115
0.0081+j0.0467
0.8199+j5.4664
0.0131+j0.0508
1.0085+j6.7237

3.1241-j6.3529
0.0369-j0.0894
2.2885-j5.7214
0.3204-j1.1092
2.675-j7.2432
0.0214-j0.0626
3.3786-j5.6088
0.0214-j0.0457

Table 4.13 (continuation)

Motor Fault at
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601

System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor

Negative
Sequence
Impedance
0.0106+j0.0489
0.544+j3.6268
0.0115+j0.0575
0.0311+j0.3115
0.0081+j0.0467
0.8199+j5.4664
0.0131+j0.0508
1.0085+j6.7237

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Ia2 pu
Contribution
3.1241-j6.3529
0.0369-j0.0894
2.2885-j5.7214
0.3204-j1.1092
2.675-j7.2432
0.0214-j0.0626
3.3786-j5.6088
0.0214-j0.0457

Page 210

Table 4.13 (continuation)

Motor Fault at
PEKM5806

System

Ia0 pu
Contribution
3.161-j6.4423

ISLG pu

ISLG (A)

9.4092-j19.1482
17,851.94

Motor

0.0738-j0.1789
161.99

PEYM7601

System

2.6089-j6.8307

7.186-j18.2736
16,430.04

Motor

0.6408-j2.2185
1,932.23

PEKM8639

System
Motor

2.6965-j7.3058

8.0467-j21.7922

0.0429-j0.1252

19,437.80
110.82

PEKM8601

System

3.4001-j5.6546

10.1575-j16.8723
16,478.69

Motor

PC001

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

0.0428-j0.0915

84.63
22,495.35

Page 211