LO Blok 7 Scen III

1. The normal fluoride in toothpaste

Toothpastes containing 1350-1500ppm fluoride are the most effective. Your
dentist may advise you to use higher-strength toothpaste if you or your child
is at particular risk of tooth decay.
Children under three years old should brush twice daily, with a smear
of toothpaste containing no less than 1000ppm fluoride.
Children between three and six years old should brush at least twice
daily with a pea-sized amount of toothpaste containing more than
1000ppm fluoride.
Adults should brush at least twice daily with a toothpaste containing
1350-1500ppm fluoride.
Dont use mouthwash at the same time as brushing. Use it at an alternative
time, because it washes away the fluoride in the toothpaste
Source: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Fluoride/Pages/Introduction.aspx
2. Mechanism of fluor that can lead to cavities
3. Sign and symptoms fluorosis
Sign
The most common symptoms of fluorosis are cosmetic:

Chalky white teeth patches

Yellow stained teeth
Brown stained teeth
Discolored teeth
Soft Spots (or weak teeth)

Source: https://naturaldentistry.us/1406/example-of-fluorosis-symptomstreatments-and-causes/
Symptoms

Pain in small joints

Pain and stiffness in the back
Symptoms of Fluorosis - Back Pain
Deformity of the hips, knees and other joints. Knock knees may be present.
Gait may be affected
Deformity of the spine. Spinal deformity can cause compression on the spinal
cord and the exiting nerves, resulting in pain, muscle weakness, tingling and
numbness and other symptoms along the distribution of the nerves
Source: http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/fluorosis.htm

4. What is fluorosis and the mechanism

Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. Its caused by
overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time
when most permanent teeth are being formed.
Source : http://www.webmd.com/children/fluorosis-symptoms-causestreatments#1
The mechanism of fluorosis
It has been established that the hypo mineralized alterations of fluorotic
enamel are not due to general effects of fluoride on the calcium metabolism,
or
due to the poisoning effects thatdepress the fluoride metabolism, but are
primarily
due to in-situ effects of the fluoride in the local environment (tooth bud). The
fluoresced enamel retains a relatively high proportion of immature matrix
proteins
(high proline contents) (3, 4). An incomplete removal of amelogenin proteins
under influence of fluoride during tooth development leads to fluorosis.
Whitford
(64-70) stated that "although several other fluoride-induced effects might be
involved in the etiology of fluorosis, it now appears that inhibition of
enzymatic
degradation of amelogenins, which delays, their removal from the developing
enamel, is the most accepted reason.
Source:
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3906/11/11_chapter
%202.pdf
5. Mechanism of caries

Source:
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Dental_Caries_Prevention_by_Cam
ellia_sinensis

6. Types of caries
Early caries (reversible through self-care)

CO (early caries): one step

before caries
Although no hole has developed,
the surface of the tooth has
been dissolved, causing the
tooth to lose its luster and to
look opaque or light-brown.
[Symptoms]
There are no subjective
symptoms, including pain.
* During this stage, teeth can be
restored to a healthy state
through remineralization.
Caries (requires treatment)

C1 (caries in the enamel)

A hole develops in a small
limited area of the enamel
[Symptoms]
No pain or sensitivity
C2 (caries reaching the
dentin)
Caries has spread inside the
tooth, reaching the dentin
[Symptoms]
Sensitivity to cold
C3 (caries reaching the
dental pulp)
Caries has reached the dental
pulp (nerve)
The hole on the tooth surface is
not necessarily large, but can be
spreading within
[Symptoms]
Severe pain

Early caries (reversible through self-care)

CO (early caries): one step

before caries
Although no hole has developed,
the surface of the tooth has
been dissolved, causing the
tooth to lose its luster and to
look opaque or light-brown.
[Symptoms]
There are no subjective
symptoms, including pain.
* During this stage, teeth can be
restored to a healthy state
through remineralization.
C4 (caries leaving only the
tooth roots)
Caries has caused almost the
entire tooth crown (the visible
part above the gum) to collapse,
leaving only the tooth roots
[Symptoms]
The dental pulp (nerve) is dead,
and the tooth cannot feel pain
The dental pulp is exposed, and
if it is infected by bacteria, the
tip of the roots may become
filled with pus or painful
If left untreated, it will become a
focal point that damages the
overall health of the body
However, caries is hard to treat
at this stage, and usually results
in the extraction of the tooth

Source :
https://www.lion.co.jp/en/oral/self/02.htm

Index

7. Procedure of TAF

Source: https://books.google.co.id/books?
id=Ckf3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=procedure+of+topical+fluoride+a
pplication&source=bl&ots=i-Ohbyw_7&sig=3HHOg0_ZkuL1Osvp78ofMsunuE4&hl=en&sa=X&ved