TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

363 P.CASAL ST. QUIAPO, MANILA

WRITTEN REPORT
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY FOR CHE

CHEM 005

SUBMITTED BY:
DELOS SANTOS, ANGELLEX GILLIAN
FADERA, SONNET
GOJO CRUZ, KIM
GUEVARRA, HAZEL
MALICDEM, ROXETTE
MANATO, LARRA MELISSA

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JUANITA APOSTOL

AUGUST 11, 2015

CHEMISTRY OF SURFACTANTS

SURFACTANTS DEFINED

These are compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a solid
and liquid.
An abbreviation for surface active agents.

CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES

Capable of adsorbing at surfaces and interfaces.

Amphiphile which means that it is composed of two parts: Lyophilic and Lyophobic.
- Lyophilic: fluid soluble
-Lyophobic : fluid insoluble

*If fluid is water: then the two parts of surfactants are hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Form aggregates called micelles even at very law concentrations in water.

Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC): It is the concentration at which micelles start to form.

Micelles influence the solubility and viscosity of hydrocarbons and oils in aqueous solution.

CLASSIFICATIONS

Classified according to polar head group. Polar head group possesses net charge which
becomes the basis.

(a) Anionic: if the charge is negative

(b)Cationic : if the charge is positive
(c)Zwitterionic : if contains a head with two oppositely charged groups
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Hydrogen peroxide is a widely used antimicrobial chemical.

It is used in both liquid and gas form for preservative, disinfection and sterilization
applications.

Inorganic Peroxide

Inorganic peroxides are divided into ionic and covalent peroxide.

The first class mostly contains the peroxides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals

The covalent peroxides are represented by such compounds as hydrogen peroxide

and peroxymonosulfuric acid (H2SO5).

Purely ionic character of alkali metal peroxides, peroxides of transition metals have a
more covalent character.
PULP AND PAPER

Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating

cellulose fibres from wood, fiber crops or waste paper. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are
"45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper". Pulp is one of the most abundant raw
materials worldwide.
Manufacture of wood pulp
A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a
thick fiber board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured
using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished
product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.
Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components:

Cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking)

Lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together)
Hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers).

DIFFERENT PROCESSES WHICH CAN BE USED TO SEPARATE THE WOOD FIBRE: (Pulping)

Mechanical pulp-are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and
paperboards.
Thermomechanical pulp- is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat.
Recycled pulp-is also called deinked pulp. Used as raw material in papermaking

Organosolv pulping- uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 C to break down

lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments.

Alternative pulping methods-research is under way to develop biopulping (biological
pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break

down the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres.

Bleaching-the pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a
white paper product.

Paper production
The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking, and it has been used in some variation
since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform a source of wood pulp into a final
paper product.
INDUSTRIAL ACIDS AND BASES
Sulfuric Acid

a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a pungent-ethereal,
colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations.

Worlds most important Chemical

Uses

Almost 60% uses for fertilizer

superphosphates, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfates

20%
- detergents
-synthetic resins
-insecticides and antifreeze

Sodium Hydroxide

also known as lye and caustic soda.

It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt which is available in pellets,
flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations

Uses

56% used in industry

25% used in paper Industry

Manufacture of sodium salts and detergents

Neutralize acids

Chemical pulping

Cleaning agent

Lime

calcium-containing inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate

The word "lime" originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of "sticking or
adhering.

Ammonia

compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3

a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell

Uses

Fertilizer (83%)

Cleaner

Antimicrobial agent for food products

fuels (CV =22.5 MJ/kg)

Phosphoric Acid

mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.

colorless, odouless, and non-volatile

Uses

Fertilizers (80%)

Food additive

Rust removal