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Geometry Ellipse Propositions
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Propositions on Ellipse
The

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Geometry

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standard

equation

of

ellipse referred to

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its principal axes

along
coordiante
isx2/a2+

the

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axes
y2/b2=1,

where
a > b and b2 = a2

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(1-e2), where e = eccentricity lies between 0 and 1, i.e. 0 < e < 1.

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It has two focii S(ae, 0),and S(-ae, 0).

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Position of a Point with respect to ellipse

The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according

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asx12/a2+ y12/b2 1 >, < or equal to 0.

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Auxiliary circle of an ellipse

Auxiliary circleof anellipsewhich is a circle described on the major axis

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of anellipseas its diameter.

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Let theellipsebe
x2/a2+ y2/b2=1 ...... (1)
Then the equation of its auxiliary circle is x2+ y2= a2 ...... (2)
Take a point P(x1, y1) on (1).

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Through P, draw a line perpendicular to major axis intersecting major

axis in N and auxiliary circle in P'.

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Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts of
The points P and P are called as correspoding points on the ellipse and
auxiliary circle respectively.
This angle is known as the eccentric angle of the poitn P on the ellipse
and auxialiary circle respectively.

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Tangent and Normal

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Parametric Representation:

Tangent and Normal

The coordinates x = a cos and y = b sin satisfy the equation x2/a2+

y /b = 1, for all real values of.
2

The line y = mx + c
meets the...

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Thus x = a cos , y = b sinare the parametric equations of the

ellipsex2/a2+ y2/b2= 1, where 0 2.
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Solved Examples of
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Therefore the coordinates of any point on the ellipse x2/a2+ y2/b2= 1 may
be taken as(a cos , b sin ). The angle is called the eccentric angle of
the point(a cos, b sin) on the ellipse.

Tangents to the ellipse

The condition for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the ellipsex2/a2+
y2/b2= 1 is that c2 = a2m2 + b2and the coordinates of the points of contact
are (a2m/(a2m2 + b2), (- b2/(a2m2 + b2).

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Also, x cos a + y sin a = p is a tangent if p2 = a2 cos2 +b2sin2

Moreover, lx + my + n = 0 is a tangent if n2 = a2l2 + b2m2.
Fro more detalis on equations of tangent in different forms, stduents
may refer the following sections.

Chord of Contact
The equation of chord of contact of atngent drawn from a point P(x1, y1)
to the

ellipsex2/a2+

y2/b2=

1 is T = 0, where T = xx1

/a2

+ yy1

/b2

-1.

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Diameter of an ellipse
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of
anellipseis called thediameter of theellipse.
Let y = mx + c ...... (1)
be the equation of a system of parallel chords of theellipse x2/a2+ y2/b2=
1 ...... (2)

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In (1) m is constant and c varies from chord to chord. Let K (x1, y1) be the
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midpoint of a chord PQ of this system.
Eliminating y between (1) and (2) we get
(a2m2+ b2)x2+ 2a2mcx + a2(c2- b2) = 0 ...... (3)
x2+ x3= (-2a2mc)/(a2m2+b2)
But x1= (x2+x3)/2 =(-a2mc)/(a2m2+b2)
Or c = (-x(a2m2+b2))/(a2m2)
Also K (x1, y1) is a point on (1) so
y1= mx1+ c y1= -b2x1/a2m
.. The locus of K (x1, y1) is y = -b2x/a2m which is a diameter of
theellipsex2/a2+ y2/b2= 1.

Conjugate Diameters
Twodiameters of anellipsewhich bisects chords parallel to each other
are called conjugated diameters. Therefore the diameters y = mx and y =
m1x of theellipsex2/a2+y2/b2= 1 are conjugate if mm1= -b2/a2.

Key Points:
In anellipse, the major axes bisects all chords parallel to the minor
axes and vice-versa, therefore major axes and minor axes of
anellipseare conjugate diameters but they do not satisfy the
conditionmm1= -b2/a2and are the only perpendicular conjugate
diameters.
The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters differ
by a right angle.
Equi-conjugate diameter:If the length of two conjugatediameters
ofellipsebe equal then they are called equi conjugate diameters.
The equation of equi conjugate diameters are x2/a2 y2/b2= 1.

The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugatediameters of

anellipse differ by a right angle i.e., if one end of a diameter (PQ) isP(a
sin , b cos ).

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 The sum of the squares of any two conjugatesemi-diameters of

anellipseis constant and equal to the sum of the squares of thesemiaxis of theellipsei.e. OP2+ OP2= a2+ b2.
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The produce of the focal distances of a point on anellipseis equal to

the square of the semi-diameters, which is conjugate to the diameter
through the point.

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The tangents at the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters of

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anellipseform a parallelogram and the area of the parallelogram is

constant and is equal to the product of the axis i.e.
equal
4ab.
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Director circle of an ellipse

The director circle is the locus of the point of intersection of pair of
perpendicular tangents to anellipse.
Two perpendicular tangents ofellipsex2/a2+ y2/b2= 1 are
y - mx = (a2m2+b2) ...... (1)
and my + x = (a2+b2m2) ...... (2)
To obtain the locus of the point of intersection (1) and (2) we have to
eliminate m squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
(y - mx)2+ (my + x)2= (a2m2+ b2) + (a2+ b2m)
x2+ y2= a2+ b2, which is the equation of the director circle.

How to find equation of a chord of an ellipse

whose mid point is (x1, y1)?
Let theellipsebe x2/a2+ y2/b2= 1 ...... (1)
Any line through (x1, y1) is y - y1= m(x - x1) ...... (2)
Eliminating y between (1) and (2) we get
x2(b2+ a2m2) + 2ma2(y1- mx1) x + a2[(y1- mx1)2- b2] = 0
If x2and x3are the roots of this equation then
x2+ x3= -2ma2(y1- mx1)/(b2+ a2m2)
But (x1, y1) the mid point of the chord.
.. x1= (x2+ x3)/2 = (-ma2(y1- mx1))/(b2+ a2m2)
m = (-b2x1)/(a2y1)
.. From (2) and (3) the equation of the chord where mid point is (x1, y1) is
y - y1= ((-b2x1)/(a2y1)) (x - x1)
xx1/a2+ yy1/b2= (x12)/a2+(y12)/b2
Or T = S1where T = xx1/a2+ yy1/b2-1
and S1= (x12)/a2+ (y12)/b2-1

Pole and polar of an ellipse

The locus of the points of intersection of tangents drawn at the point
extremities of the chords passing through a fixed point is called the polar
of that fixed point and the fixed point is called the pole.

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Equation of the polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to theellipse
x2/a2+ y2/b2= 1 is
xx1/a2+ yy1/b2= 1

Key Points:
Polar of the focus is the directirx.
Any tangent is the polar of its points of contact.
If the polar of P(x1, y1) passes through Q(x2, y2) then the polar of Q will
pass through P and such points are siad to be conjugate points.
The point of intersection of any two lines is the pole of the line joining
the pole of the two lines.
If the pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 lies on another line lx + my + n =
0, then the pole of the second line will lie on the first and such lines
are said to be conjugate lines.

Illustration:
How to find out pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t.
theellipsex2/a2+y2/b2= 1.

Solution:
Let (x1, y1) be the pole of line lx + my + n = 0. ...... (1)
w.r.t. theellipsex2/a2+ y2/b2= 1 ...... (2)
Now the polar of (x1, y1) w.r.t. (2) isxx1/a2+ yy1/b2= 1 ...... (3)
Since (1) and (3) represents the same polar, so comparing them we have
(x1/a2)/l + (y1/b2)/b2= (-1)/n
or x1= (-a2l)/n y1= (-b2m)/n
.. The required pole is ((-a2l)/n,(-b2m)/n)

Illustration:
The number of values of c such that the straight line y = 4x + c touches
the curve x2/4 + y2 = 1 is ? (IIT JEE 1998)

Solution:
For an ellipse, we know that the condition for tangency is c2 = a2m2 + b2
The given line is y = 4x + c and the curve x2/4 + y2 = 1
hence, c2 = 4.42 + 1 = 65
Hence, c =65.

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