Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Formal Channels
Informal Channels
Hosted meals
Use of key informants like secretaries,
aids, runners
Informal meetings
Liaisons
Cliques
Small talk
Grapevine
Example 2: A lax foreman may cause confusion among factory workers who have
been used to being given detailed specific procedures.
3. Receiver
His qualities, characteristics, status, role, emotional state is a factor in the
success or failure of communication.
Example: A pretty but dumb secretary can be a pain in the neck of a highly
energized, aggressive and intelligent boss.
A person with ability to listen, without this ability, communication breaks down
immediately.
4. Shared Experience
Experience common to participants helps enhance communication process.
The greater the area of shared experience, the greater the likelihood that
communication would succeed.
Example: An engineer is better able to communicate technical matters to another
engineer than to a non engineer. The more effective sharing of meaning between
the engineers derives mostly from their similar education and professional
experience.
5. Symbol
Communication is largely symbolic.
It is achieved through the use of symbols both verbal and non verbal.
Verbal communication should be formulated with much care. Example: The
speaker would suddenly laugh in the midst of a truly sad story.
Non Verbal communication occurs very frequently and can be very expressive.
Example: Traffic enforcer using hand signal in managing the traffic.
6. Medium
The message can take various forms: a typed letter, a bulletin board notice, a
lecture, a demonstration, a slide, a radio broadcast, a televised program, a
telephone call, a drawing, a painting, a song, ringing of a bell and many more.
The medium used depends on the content, objectives, scope of the message,
the senders choice, resources, skills, the size of the group to which the message
is to be sent and the time available to formulate the message.
Communication is greatly improved if a mix of different media is used.
7. Pathways
The passages through which the message travels can either be clear or clogged
up with physical or psychological disturbances.
A clean, clear passage devoid of noise and breakdowns make for fast
communication and thus more and better transactions.
Psychological/emotional problems caused by envy, jealousy, insecurity,
prejudices, immaturity may prod them to hide information or deter its flow.
Psychologically caused communication problems are more difficult to resolve
than those that are physically based.
COMMUNICATION