Whites, EE 481/581

Lecture 17

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Lecture 17: S Parameters and Time Average

Power. Generalized S Parameters.
There are two remaining topics concerning S parameters we will
cover in this lecture.
The first is an important relationship between S parameters and
relative time average power flow. The second topic is
generalized scattering parameters, which are required if the port
characteristic impedances are unequal.

S Parameters and Time Average Power

There is a simple and very important relationship between S
parameters and relative time average power flow. To see this,
consider a generic two-port connected to this TL circuit with a
matched load:
V2 0

V1
1 V1

V2 2

V1

By definition of the S parameters,

V1 S11V1 S12V2
V2 S 21V1 S 22V2
At port 1, the total voltage is
2015 Keith W. Whites

V2

(1)
(2)

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Lecture 17

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V1 V1 V1
(3)
and the total time average power at that port is comprised of the
two terms (see 2.37):

Pinc

V1

V1

and Pref
(4),(5)
2Z 0
2Z 0
Further, since port 2 is matched the total voltage there is
V2 V 0 V2
(6)
2

Consequently, for this circuit the transmitted power is

Ptrans V 0
2

2
2

(7)

2Z 0

Using the results from (4), (5), and (7), we will consider ratios
of these time average power quantities at each port and relate
these ratios to the S parameters of the network.
At Port 1. Using (4) and (5), the ratio of reflected and
incident time average power is:
2
1

Pref
V

Pinc V 2 V
1

From (1) and noticing port 2 is matched so that

V1
S11
V1 V 0
2

(8)

Whites, EE 481/581

then in (8):

Lecture 17

Pref
Pinc

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S11

(9)

V2 0

This result teaches us that the relative reflected time average

2
power at port 1 equals S11 when port 2 is matched.
At Port 2. Using (7) and (4), the ratio of transmitted and
incident time average power is:

Ptrans V 0
2

Pinc

V2

2
1

(10)

However, from (2) and with V2 0 , then

Ptrans
Pinc

S21

(11)

V2 0

This result states that the relative transmitted power to port 2

2
equals S21 when port 2 is matched.
Equations (9) and (11) provide an extremely useful physical
interpretation of the S parameters as ratios of time average
power. Note that this interpretation is valid regardless of the loss
(or even gain) of the network.
However, if the network is lossless we can use (9) and (11) to
develop other very useful relationships. Recall that for a lossless
network,

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Lecture 17

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S11 S12

S
S S
22
21
must be unitary. As a direct result of this
2
2
*
S11S11* S 21S 21
1, or S11 S21 1

(12a)

S22 S12 1

(12b)

and

*
S12 S12* S 22 S 22
1, or

These equations are valid for all lossless two-ports.

Furthermore, in the circuit above with port 2 matched, we can
additionally interpret (12a) as a conservation of power statement
for the network, based on (9) and (11). If port 2 is not matched,
(12a) is still valid, of course, but it is no longer a conservation of
power statement for the network. Tricky!
Lastly, since S is unitary, then
*
S11S12* S 21S 22
0
(13)
which doesnt appear to have a time average power
interpretation. Can you devise a physical interpretation of (13)?

Generalized Scattering Parameters

If the characteristic impedances are different for some ports the
network is connected to, it becomes necessary to redefine the
2
scattering parameters so that Sij still relates to relative time
average power flow.

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For example, if Z 0,1 Z 0,2 in this circuit

V2 0

V1
1 V1

V2 2
V2

V1

then with port 2 matched the incident, reflected, and transmitted

time average power are, respectively,
Pinc

2
1

2 Z 0,1

, Pref

Ptrans V 0

and

V2

2
1

(14),(15)

2 Z 0,1
2

(16)

2 Z 0,2

Consequently,

S11
2

Pref
Pinc

2
1

Z 0,1

2
1

Z 0,1

V
V

V2 0

V
V

(17)

which is a familiar result, as in (9). However,

S21

P
trans
Pinc

V2 0

V2

2
1

Z 0,2

(18)

Z 0,1

is not familiar, referring to (11).

2

To preserve the very useful interpretation of Sij as a relative

time average power flow with matched ports, we need to
redefine the S parameters when the port impedances are not
equal. For example, if we redefine S21 from (18) as

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Lecture 17

S 21

V
? 2

V1

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Z 0,1
Z 0,2

(19)

then this would preserve the interpretation of time average

power flow.
This redefinition leads to the so-called generalized S parameters.
The wave amplitude towards port n is defined as
Vn
(20)
an
Z 0,n
while the wave amplitude away from this port is defined as
Vn
bn
(21)
Z 0,n
These inward and outward going wave amplitudes are related as
(22)
b S a
where

Sij

bi
aj

(23)
ak 0, k j

These Sij are the generalized scattering parameters. They reduce

to the regular S parameters when all port impedances are
equal.
If we substitute (20) and (21) into (23), note that we recover (19)
if i j and we recover (17) if i j . Consequently, we can
interpret the generalized scattering parameters of (22) and (23)
in terms of relative reflected and transmitted time average power
flows.

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Lecture 17

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Lastly, at the terminal plane for port n with characteristic

impedance Z 0,n , we know that the total voltage is
Vn Vn Vn
(24)
while the current is
1
Vn Vn
In
(25)
Z 0,n
Using (20) and (21) in (24) and (25), it can be shown that
1
an
Vn Z 0,n I n

2 Z 0,n

bn

1
Vn Z 0,n I n

2 Z 0,n

(26)
(27)

We will not be using an, bn, or generalized scattering parameters

very much in this course. This topic is mentioned primarily to
reinforce the relationship of S parameters to relative time
average power and to present the wave amplitudes an and bn,
which appear widely in the literature.