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Records of locals historians and chroniclers during the Spanish colonization on how Mambusao got its
name were handed down through generations.
Between 1600 and 1605, the Spanish colonizers headed by Salcedo, while exploring the different areas
of the province, reached Tipic, a place along a bank of what is now known as the Mambusao River.
They saw some natives cleaning kayos, a kind of poisonous wild tuber that becomes edible after
removing the toxic substance by vigorous washing of the tuber in the running stream for hours.
Wanting to know the name of the place, one of the Spaniards shouted, Que Pueblo? (What
Town?). The natives did not understand the question, but one native, thinking that the foreigners were
curious about what they were doing answered busao, which means washing the kayos tubers. The
Spaniards sailed on further upstream. At one point, they saw a group of children playing on the sand
while some women were washing clothes. One of the children kept on saying mam as he tried to call
his mothers attention.
Without really getting the correct answer from the natives as to the name of the place because of
language barrier, the Spaniards decided to affix the word mam to the word busao and entered ih
their journal Mambusao as the name of what was then called by the natives as Tipic.
How The People of Mambusao Chose Their Patron Saint
The story goes that early in the 17th century, Datu Veroy, the first Captain basal or gobernadorcillo of
Tipic (Mambusao), after his conversion to Christianity, called for a meeting of leading citizens in his
area of jurisdiction upon the advice of the Spanish priest to decide on who would be the towns patron
saint. The names of several saints were suggested and the choice was narrowed down to Saint
Vincent and Saint Joseph. One man, however, stood up and proposed the name of Saint Catherine of
Alexandria.
He recounted the miracle that he himself had earlier witnessed. He said that when he was fishing one
day during a long dry spell, a number of sailboats carrying armed men went ashore. One of the
sailboats approached his craft and the passengers asked him where they could get much rice in the
island. He informed them that harvest season was going on in Mambusao. The man, who served as the
groups guide to Mambusao later noticed that they were Moro pirates but he kept silent.
Upon landing, he and the party walked toward Mambusao. They crossed hills, creeks and plains. The
group rested for a while upon reaching the place called Ilong Bukid. While they were resting, heavy
rain fell. There was obviously a storm. After a time, the storm finally stopped and the pirates resumed
their journey.
Suddenly, the pirate chief commended his men to stop and pointed to a woman brandishing a sword.
the woman seemed to be standing on an elevation believed to be a church structure at that time. the
man recounted that the woman looked fierce and commanding.
The pirate leader, troubled by what he saw, asked the native guide if the woman knew how to fight in
battle. the guide answered in affirmative. After assessing the situation, the leader commended his men
to turn back commenting that if the women of the place could fight more fiercely, how much more the
men. The pirates left after advising the guide never to tell anybody about their arrival and purpose in
coming.
The conference believed his report and accordingly approved the mans proposal that Saint Catherine
of Alexandria be adopted as Mambusaos patron saint, because she had saved the town from the
looting and destruction of the pirates.
To this day, the people of Mambusao honor Saint Catherine of Alexandria every 25th
day ofNovember.
poetry; from the epics of Homer to the plays of Shakespeare, from Jane Austen and
Charlotte Bronte to Maya Angelou, works of literature give insight and context to all the
world's societies.
Whatever critical paradigm we use to discuss and analyze it, literature is important to us
because it speaks to us, it is universal, and it affects us on a deeply personal level. Even
when it is ugly, literature is beautiful.
Also Known As: Classics, learning, erudition, belles-lettres, lit, literary works, written
work, writings, books.
Examples: "The difficulty of literature is not to write, but to write what you mean; not to
affect your reader, but to affect him precisely as you wish." -- Robert Louis Stevenson
"The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be
intolerably stupid." -- Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey.
Don't be satisfied with stories, how things have gone with others. Unfold your own
myth. -Rumi
Ill call for pen and ink and write my mind. -- William Shakespeare, Henry VI
Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. More restrictively, it is writing
considered as an art form, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often
due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. Its Latin
root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera: letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all
written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or
sung (oral literature). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and
whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as
the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or
their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).
The concept has changed meaning over time: nowadays it can broaden to have non-written verbal
art forms, and thus it is difficult to agree on its origin, which can be paired with that of language or
writing itself. Developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and
proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature.
Definitions[edit]
There have been various attempts to define "literature". [1] Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt
to answer the question "What is Literature?" with the observation:
The quest to discover a definition for "literature" is a road that is much travelled, though the point of
arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and
they inevitably change over time. In fact, the only thing that is certain about defining literature is that
the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well. [2]
Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". [3] In Western
Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. [3] A more
restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate
"imaginative" literature.[4][5] Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as
returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for
instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical
works.
The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that
possess high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition.
[6]
This sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition (191011) when
it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." [7] Problematic in
this view is that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature": anything can be
literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded,
since value judgments can change over time.[6]
The formalist definition is that "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or
"poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing
(e.g., journalism).[8][9] Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term
to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use
language according to particular standards.[1] The problem with the formalist definition is that in order
to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this
is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social
categories and across history.[10]
Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar,"
originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".[11] In spite of this, the term has also
been applied to spoken or sung texts.[1][12]
Major forms[edit]
Poetry[edit]
Main article: Poetry
A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such
a way to produce a visual image.
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke
meanings in addition to, or in place of,prosaic ostensible meaning.[13] Poetry has traditionally been
distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast insentences, poetry in lines;
the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual
aspects of the poem.[18] Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be
something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject
consisting of Rythm or Verses".[13] Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry"
before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative
category of fictive or rhetorical art.[4] As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being
composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;[19][20] hence it constitutes the earliest example of
literature.
Prose[edit]
Main article: Prose
Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic
structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from
poetry.[18][21] On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of Ancient
Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late
development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[22]
Novel: a long fictional prose narrative. It was the form's close relation to real life that
differentiated it from the chivalric romance;[23][24]in most European languages the equivalent term
is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms.[24] In English, the term emerged from
the Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to
indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction. [25] Although there are many
historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[26] the modern novel form emerges late
in cultural history roughly during the eighteenth century.[27] Initially subject to much criticism,
the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.
[24][28][29]
Novella: in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story;
the publisher Melville House classifies it as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".
There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. [31] Literary prizes and publishing
houses often have their own arbitrary limits,[32] which vary according to their particular intentions.
Summarising the variable definitions of the novella, William Giraldi concludes "[it is a form]
whose identity seems destined to be disputed into perpetuity".[33] It has been suggested that the
size restriction of the form produces various stylistic results, both some that are shared with the
novel or short story,[34][35] and others unique to the form.[36]
[30]
Short story: a dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether
one should, distinguish it from any short narrative; hence it also has a contested origin,
[37]
variably suggested as the earliest short narratives (e.g. the Bible), early short story writers
(e.g. Edgar Allan Poe), or the clearly modern short story writers (e.g.Anton Chekhov).[38] Apart
from its distinct size, various theorists have suggested that the short story has a characteristic
subject matter or structure;[39][40] these discussions often position the form in some relation to the
novel.[41]
Drama[edit]
Main article: Drama
Drama is literature intended for performance.[42] The form is often combined with music and dance,
as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work
of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises
chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather
than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be
performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page.
[43]
Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial
knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated withreligious and
civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes.
Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts
written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the
advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film
or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or
electronic media.
History[edit]
Main article: History of literature
Egyptian hieroglyphs withcartouches for the name "Ramesses II", from the Luxor Temple, New Kingdom
The history of literature follows closely the development of civilization. When defined exclusively as
written work, Ancient Egyptian literature,[44] along with Sumerian literature are considered the
world's oldest literatures.[45] The primary genres of the literature of Ancient Egyptdidactic texts,
hymns and prayers, and taleswere almost entirely written in verse;[46] while use of poetic devices is
clearly recognisable, the prosody of the verse is unknown.[47]
Different historical periods are reflected in literature. National and tribal sagas, accounts of the origin
of the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry moral or spiritual messages
predominate in the pre-urban eras. The epics of Homer, dating from the early to middle Iron age,
and the great Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more evidence of deliberate literary
authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written
down.
Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or
fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters actions and words or
the authors style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just
entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions,
politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in
terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about
how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all
throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature
because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical
moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and
how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book
about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional
works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the
Spanish and the French in Childe Harolds Pilgrimage: Canto I[48] and expresses his opinions
through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new
information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature.
[49]
Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it
down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness,
or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study
literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or
trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be
updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.
As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative
and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient
China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in
narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or
the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger
public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry)
was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were
collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs.
Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and
eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.
In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military
science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making andwoodblock printing,
produced the world's first print cultures.[50] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred
Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most
important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well
as works of military science (e.g.Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima
Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on
historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of
ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the
blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.
In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres
included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back
to 15001000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among
the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 15001000 BCE, and the
"circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in
a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and
the Iron Age.[51] The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition
and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with
subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.
In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who
wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient
Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry,
historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the
foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets,
and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient
Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited
number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus,Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays
of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy,
the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre. [52]
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and
miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an
adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious,
political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of
printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological
form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the
German Faust books.
In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated
literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion
of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old
romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as
the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous
documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly
polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved
back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental
pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the
trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.
Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed
formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science
fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur
during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S.
Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second
World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.
The moon decided to go and pick up some vegetables to the forest, leaving the sun in
charge of their children, but not before warning him not to get close to them, or they would
get burned.
The sun, at a safe distance, look over the children, that were sleeping, but he had the urge
to kiss them, that he forgot the moon's warning and bended over to kiss them, and when he
got close, horrified, sees how they started to melt.
When his wife the moon came back from the forest, she found out that all of her children
melted, with the sun nowhere to be found. Time went by and finally the sun decided to
come back home, what started as an apologize, ended up in a fight, finishing with the sun
throwing the vegetables at the moon's face, who left him forever.
Now even after a lot of years has passed, you can see on the moon's face some vegetables
from that fight, all of her children became stars, and still in an attempt to be together again,
the sun follows the moon.
And this is the Legend of why always The Sun Follows The Moon
Marinduque
A long time ago there was a woman named Mariin and a man named Gatduke. They both
love each other so much that they decided to get married.
One day Mariin's father heard about, the weeding, and he was not very pleased. He told
Mariin that she should not marry Gatduke because he was not the right man for her.
Mariin got so mad that she left her father. A few days after, Mariin's father heard that both
Mariin and Gatduke had passed away. Some people say that when the father visited their
grave an island was forming.
The people named the island Marinduque to represent the couple who would rather die then
to be separate from each other. The island was soon getting its shape of a heart.
Is Marketing a profession?
Marketing is on the crossroads between being a profession and being an art.
Marketing does require some skills and techniques that can be learned, while many
other traits such as people skills, appearance, ability to gain people's trust,
perseverance, are more character traits and natural abilities than something you
learn. You do not need a license or specific education to work in marketing, and your
natural abilities and experience will play a critical part in your success.
Creative skills the ability to think out of the box to find creative
solutions for unique marketing problems.
Advanced Positions
Require prior job experience of a several years:
o
Salary Levels
Brand Manager
A brand manager focuses on marketing a particular brand or product. While developing and directing
the marketing plan for the brand, the brand manager works with professionals in marketing research,
advertising, sales, promotion and even package design. This position is sometimes known as a product
manager.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (www.bls.gov), marketing managers may work in
businesses such as the following:
Department stores
Computer companies
Utility companies
Construction firms
Manufacturing firms
Arts organizations
1. Degree Options:
Marketing Management
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Entrepreneurship Defined
Entrepreneurs start small businesses by developing new ideas, recognizing opportunities and creating
business plans. As an entrepreneur, you will manage your business with the hope of turning a profit. To
become an entrepreneur, you need to be able to develop original, innovative products and ideas, and
identify where business opportunities exist. The U.S. Small Business Administration lists creativity,
confidence, resiliency, drive, inquisitiveness and independence as some traits that are beneficial for
becoming a successful entrepreneur. If you have such qualities and want to pursue self-started business
ventures, a bachelor's degree in entrepreneurship may be right for you.
Bachelor's Degrees
Entrepreneurship programs, which may offer Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of
Business Administration degrees, help you understand the fundamentals of the business world, and
how you can apply business concepts to your own product. Through 4-year bachelor's degree
programs, you may learn how to plan and launch a business, design products, understand financial risks
and recognize business opportunities. You learn other business concepts, such as funding, venture
capital, legal, marketing and other small business administration skills. You may also gain real-world
experience through internships and networking opportunities with professional entrepreneurs.
Career Options
Starting a Business
The appeal of being your own boss and owning your own company can be motivation to start a new
company and contribute innovative products to consumers. To start a business, you'll need to have an
original idea and determine whether or not your business has the potential to compete in the market. If
so, you make financial investments, research your market, determine a business plan and work out legal
and financial matters, such as taxes, permits and business type.
Other Options
The knowledge and skill set you can gain with a bachelor's degree in entrepreneurship may also be
applied to many other professions, including freelance writing, graphic and digital media design, desktop
publishing and event planning. You could also buy a business or develop products that you can sell to
companies.
To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites and financial
aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below:
What is entr.
The capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of
its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of
new businesses.
In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can
produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, and is an
essential part of a nation's ability to succeed in an ever changing and increasingly competitive global
marketplace
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entrepreneurship.html