Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ANSI/IEC/IEEE
&
Protective Device Evaluation
Users Guide
Version 6.60.00
May 2011
Table of Contents
1
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.
2.4.2
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
4.2.3
5
CIRCUIT-BREAKERS ................................................................................................................ 40
Rated characteristics to be given for all circuit-breakers ........................................................... 40
Circuit Breaker Name Plate Data ............................................................................................... 47
FUSES........................................................................................................................................ 48
General considerations .............................................................................................................. 48
Fuse IEC Characteristic Quantities [IEC 60269-1] ..................................................................... 49
Breaking range ........................................................................................................................... 49
Cut-off current ............................................................................................................................ 49
Cut-off current characteristic; let-through current characteristic ................................................ 49
Peak withstand current ............................................................................................................... 49
Pre-arcing time; melting time ..................................................................................................... 50
Arcing time of a fuse................................................................................................................... 50
Operating time; total clearing time ............................................................................................. 50
I2t (Joule integral) ....................................................................................................................... 50
Fuse nameplate data.................................................................................................................. 51
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
ii
List of Tables
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:
Table 8:
Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Note:
Recommended ANSI Source Impedance Multipliers for 1st Cycle and Interrupting Times ............. 6
30 cycles calculation impedance....................................................................................................... 7
Resistivity and equivalent earth penetration ................................................................................... 22
IEC voltage factor ............................................................................................................................ 23
CB rated interrupting time in cycles ................................................................................................ 30
K factor ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Default Device X/R Values Using EDSAs Library .......................................................................... 34
n factor based on PF and short circuit level .................................................................................... 42
Icu and k factor ................................................................................................................................ 46
CB Name plate data ........................................................................................................................ 48
IEC c factor...................................................................................................................................... 81
You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:
Short Circuit Analysis Program
3_Phase_Short_Circuit.pdf
You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:
C:\DesignBase\Samples\3PhaseSC
Test Files:
ANSIYY1, IEC-YY; Busfault, EDM5, IEC1-60909, IEC2-60909, IEEE399, IEEEpde,
MutualNet, SlidingFault, T123, T123PDE, testma1, Trib, TribNVTAP, UPSexpse, West
Copyright 2011
Power Analytics Corporation
All Rights Reserved
iii
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1.1
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INTRODUCTION
The short circuit is an accidental electrical contact between two or more conductors. The protective
devices such as circuit breakers and fuses are applied to isolate faults and to minimize damage and
disruption to the plants operation.
2.1
Type of Faults
Types of Faults depend on the power system grounding method. The most common faults are:
8%
12 %
10 %
70 %
Severity of fault:
Normally the three-phase symmetrical short circuit (3P) can be regarded as the most severe
condition. There are cases that can lead to single phase fault currents exceeding the three-phase
fault currents; however, the total energy is less than a three-phase fault. Such cases include faults
that are close to the following types of equipment:
2.2
Terminology
Arcing Time - the interval of time between the instant of the first initiation of the arc in the protective
device and the instant of final arc extinction in all phases.
Available Short Circuit Current - the maximum short circuit current that the power system could
deliver at a given circuit point assuming negligible short circuit fault impedance.
Breaking Current - the current in a pole of a switching device at the instant of arc initiation (pole
separation). It is also known as Interrupting Current in ANSI Standards.
Close and Latch Duty - the maximum rms value of calculated short circuit current for medium and
high-voltage circuit breakers, during the first cycle, with any applicable multipliers with regard to fault
current X/R ratio. Often, the close and latching duty calculation is simplified by applying a 1.6 factor
to the first cycle symmetrical AC rms short circuit current. Close and latch duty is also called first
cycle duty, and was formerly called momentary duty.
Close and Latch Capability - the maximum asymmetrical current capability of a medium or highvoltage circuit breaker to close, and immediately thereafter latch closed, for normal frequency making
current.
The close and latch asymmetrical rms current capability is 1.6 times the circuit breaker rated
maximum symmetrical AC rms interrupting current. Often called first cycle capability. The rms
asymmetrical rating was formerly called momentary rating.
Contact Parting Time - the interval between the beginning of a specified over current and the
instant when the primary arcing contacts have just begun to part in all poles. It is the sum of the relay
or release delay and opening time.
Crest Current / Peak Current the highest instantaneous current during a period.
Fault an abnormal connection, including the arc, of relative low impedance, whether made
accidentally or intentionally, between two points of different voltage potentials.
Fault Point X/R the calculated fault point reactance to resistance ratio (X/R). Depending on the
Standard, different calculation procedures are used to determine this ratio.
First Cycle Duty the maximum value of calculated peak or rms asymmetrical current or
symmetrical short circuit current for the first cycle with any applicable multipliers for fault current X/R
ratio.
First Cycle Rating the maximum specified rms asymmetrical or symmetrical peak current
capability of a piece of equipment during the first cycle of a fault.
Interrupting Current the current in a pole of a switching device at the instant of arc initiation.
Sometimes referred to as Breaking Current, I b , IEC60909.
Making Current the current in a pole of a switching device at the instant the device closes and
latches into a fault.
Momentary Current Rating the maximum available first cycle rms asymmetrical current which the
device or assembly is required to withstand. It was used on medium and high-voltage circuit breakers
manufactured before 1965; present terminology: Close and Latch Capability.
Offset Current - an AC current waveform whose baseline is offset from the AC symmetrical current
zero axis.
Peak Current the maximum possible instantaneous value of a short circuit current during a period.
Short circuit current is the current that flows at the short circuit location during the short circuit
period time.
Symmetrical short circuit current is the power frequency component of the short circuit current.
Branch short circuit currents are the parts of the short circuit current in the various branches of the
power network.
Initial short circuit current IK" is the rms value of the symmetrical short circuit current at the instant
of occurrence of the short circuit, IEC 60909.
Maximum asymmetrical short circuit current Is is the highest instantaneous rms value of the
short circuit current following the occurrence of the short circuit.
Symmetrical breaking current Ia , on the opening of a mechanical switching device under short
circuit conditions, is the rms value of the symmetrical short circuit current flowing through the
switching device at the instant of the first contact separation.
Rated voltage VR the phase-to-phase voltage, according to which the power system is designated;
IEC UR the rated voltage is the maximum phase-to-phase voltage.
Nominal Voltage UN (IEC) the nominal operating voltage of the bus.
Initial symmetrical short - circuit power S K " is the product of
3 *I K "*U N
3 *I a * U N
Minimum time delay t min is the shortest possible time interval between the occurrence of the short
circuit and the first contact separation of one pole of the switching device.
Dynamic stress is the effect of electromechanical forces during the short circuit conditions.
Thermal stress is the effect of electrical heating during the short circuit conditions.
Direct earthing / effective earthing is the direct earthing of the neutral points of the power
transformers.
Short circuit earth current is the short circuit current, or part of it, that flows back to the system
through the earth.
Equivalent generator is a generator that can be considered as equivalent to a number of generators
feeding into a given system.
DesignBase Short Circuit Analysis Program is based on ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards and fully
complies with the latest ANSI/IEEE/IEC Standards:
ANSI/IEEE Std. 141 1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution of
Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book)
ANSI/IEEE Std. 399 1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Power Systems Analysis (IEEE
Brown Book)
ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.010 1979, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.5-1979, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Total Current Basis
ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.13-1990, IEEE Standard for Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers
Used in Enclosures
IEC-909 1988, International Electro technical Commission, Short Circuit Current Calculation in
Three-Phase Ac Systems
UL 489_9 1996, Standard for Safety for Molded-Case Circuit Breaker, Molded-Case Switches,
and Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculations, by Conrad St. Pierre
IEC 60909-0/2001-07, Short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems, Part 0: Calculation of
currents
IEC 60909-3/2003, Short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems, Part 3: Currents during two
separate simultaneous line-to-earth short-circuits and partial short-circuit currents flowing through
earth
IEC 60947-1:2000-10, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 1: General rules
IEC 60947-2:2003, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 2: Circuit breakers
EN 60947-3:1999, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 3: Switches, disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units
BS EN 62271-100:2001, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 100: High-voltage
alternating-current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-111:2005-11, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 111: Overhead, padmounted, dry vault and submersible automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for
alternating current systems up to 38 kV
2.3
Duty
Table 1: Recommended ANSI Source Impedance Multipliers for 1st Cycle and Interrupting Times
Source Type
1/2-Cycle
Calculations
Interrupting
Time
calculations
Reference
Local Generator
Synchronous Motor
Z dv"
1.5* Z dv
ANSI C37.010
Z"
1.5* Z
ANSI C37.010
Zs
ANSI C37.010
"
dv
ANSI C37.010
"
dv
"
1.2* Z
1.67* Z
"
"
3* Z
"
"
ANSI C37.010
ANSI C37.13
Harmonic Filters
Z% =
100
Tuned _ harmonic
Xd =
1 LRC
For Induction
Motors
Duty
Interrupting capability
Interrupting capability
N/A
N/A
N/A
Z s"
Generators
Z dv'
Induction Motors
Synchronous Motors
2.4
Infinite impedance
Xd
ANSI/IEEE Standard
2.4.1 Multiplying Factors (MF)
The short circuit waveform for a balanced three-phase fault at the terminal bus of a machine is
generally asymmetrical and is composed of a unidirectional DC component and a symmetrical AC
component.
The DC component decays to zero, and the amplitude of the symmetrical AC component decays to
constant amplitude in the steady-state.
If the envelopes of the positive and negative peaks of the current waveform are symmetrical around
zero axis, they are called Symmetrical. If the envelopes of the positive and negative peaks of the
current are not symmetrical around the zero axis, they are called Asymmetrical.
If the DC fault component is not considered in the fault current, the fault current has the AC
component only, and it is symmetrical; if DC fault component is considered, then the fault current is
asymmetrical and is called asymmetrical or total fault current.
MFm = 1 + 2e
For:
2
X
R
,1
Note: In the short circuit option tab Control for ANSI/IEEE the user has the option to calculate
MFm based on X/R or use MFm=1.6
Peak Multiplying Factor
Is defined as:
MFPeak = 2 (1 + e
2
X /R
,2
where is the instant of time when fault occurs, X/R for ANSI breaker duties are calculated from
separate R and X network.
For:
MFPeak = 2.7 .
Note: In the short circuit option tab Control for ANSI/IEEE the user has the option to calculate
MFpeak based on X/R or use MFpeak = 2.7.
The per unit reactance external to the generator is less than 1.5 times the generator per-unit
sub transient reactance on a common system base MVA
Its contribution to the total symmetrical rms Amperes will be greater than
where the
0.4 *
EG
,
X d"
EG
is the generator short circuit current for a three-phase fault at its terminal bus
X d"
The per unit reactance external to the generator is equal to or exceeds 1.5 times the
generator per unit sub transient reactance on a common system base MVA
IG =
EG
( XExternal + X d" )
Its contribution to the total symmetrical rms Amperes is less than or equal to
where the
0.4 *
EG
,
X d"
EG
is the generator short circuit current for a three-phase fault at its terminal bus
X d"
The ANSI Standards provide multiplying factors (MF) based X/R ratio for three-phase faults and
line-to-ground faults fed predominantly from generators and MF for faults fed predominantly from
remote sources.
No AC decay (NACD) Ratio
The Total Short circuit Current is equal to:
and:
NACD =
I Re mote
I Total
When all contributions are remote, or when there is no generator, then NACD = 1
When all contributions are local, then NACD = 0
2.5
IEC 60909
While using the IEC standard the following system components formulae are used:
The network components like power transformers, reactors, feeders, overhead lines, cables and
other similar equipment, positive-sequence and negative-sequence short-circuit impedances are
equal:
Z (1) = Z ( 2 ) ,
is determined by assuming an AC voltage between the three paralleled conductors and the joint
return (for example earth, earthing arrangement, neutral conductor, earth wire, cable sheath and
cable armoring). In this case, the three-fold zero-sequence current flows through the joint return.
The impedances of generators (G), network transformers (T) and power station units (S) will be
multiplied with the impedance correction factors KG, KT and KS or KSO when calculating shortcircuit currents with the equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location according to the
standard [1].
2.5.1 System Parameters
Power transformer parameters
The impedance module ZT can be calculated from the rated transformer data as follows:
ZT =
u kr U rT2
, ,
100 S rT
Where:
UrT is the rated voltage of the transformer, on the high-voltage or low-voltage side.
SrT is the rated apparent power of the transformer.
ukr is the short-circuit voltage at rated current in percent.
The positive-sequence short-circuit resistance RT of a two-winding transformer is given by the
relationship:
RT =
PkrT
,,
3 I rT2
10
Where:
PkrT is the total loss of the transformer in the windings at rated current.
IrT - the rated current of the transformer on the high-voltage or low-voltage side.
Note:
The resistance RT is to be considered if the peak short-circuit current ip or the DC component
iDC is to be calculated.
For large transformers, the resistance is so small that the impedance is represented by the
reactance only, when calculating short-circuit currents.
The positive-sequence short-circuit reactance XT of a two-winding transformer results as follows:
X T = Z T2 RT2 , . ,
10
xT =
S rT
XT ,
U rT2
11
Note:
The ratio RT/XT generally decreases with transformer size.
The impedance
short-circuit impedance
Z(2)
Z T = Z (1) = Z ( 2 ) , .
12
The actual data for two-winding transformers (used as network transformers or in power stations)
are given in IEC 60909-2.
The zero-sequence short-circuit impedance
the manufacturer:
Z ( 0 )T
Z ( 0 )T = R( 0 )T + jX ( 0 )T ,
13
11
For two-winding power transformers with and without on-load tap-changer, an impedance
correction factor KT is to be introduced in addition to the impedance evaluated according to
equations (1.2) (1.4):
KT =
0.95 cmax
,
1 + 0.6 xT
14
where cmax (from table 2.2) is related to the nominal voltage of the network connected to the LV
side of the network transformer and the transformer relative reactance is calculated with the
relationship (11).
The correction factor will not be introduced for unit transformers of power station units.
The correction factor KT is multiplying all the components of the transformer positive-sequence
impedance, according to the following relationship:
Z TK = K T Z T = (K T RT ) + j (K T X T ) , 15
The impedance correction factor will be applied also to the negative-sequence and the zerosequence impedance of the transformer when calculating unbalanced short circuit currents.
If the long-term operating conditions of network transformers before the short circuit are known
for sure, then the following equation may be used instead of equation (1.10) in order to calculate
the correction factor KT:
KT =
Un
cmax
,
b
b
U 1 + xT I T / I rT sin Tb
16
Where:
cmax is the voltage factor from table 1.2, related to the nominal voltage of the network
connected to the LV side of the network transformer.
Ub - the highest operating voltage before short circuit.
ITb - the highest operating current before short circuit (this depends on network configuration
and relevant reliability philosophy).
tb
The impedance correction factor will be applied also to the negative-sequence and the zerosequence impedance of the transformer when calculating unbalanced short-circuit currents.
The impedances between the star point of transformers and earth are to be introduced as (3 ZN)
into the zero-sequence system without a correction factor.
The rated transformation ratio tr of the power transformer:
12
tr =
U rTHV
,
U rTLV
17
where UrTHV and UrTLV are transformer rated voltages of the HV and LV windings,
respectively.
Reactors
Assuming geometric symmetry, the positive-sequence, the negative-sequence and the zerosequence short-circuit impedances of reactors are equal:
Z (1) = Z ( 2 ) = Z ( 0 ) ,
18
ZR X R =
u kR U n
,
100 3 I rR
19
Where:
ukR and IrR are given on the reactor rating plate.
UN the system nominal voltage.
Synchronous Generators and Motors
The synchronous generator rated impedance is given by:
Z rG =
2
U rG
,,
S rG
x"d =
20
X d"
,
Z rG
21
The following values for the fictitious resistances RGf may be used for the calculation of the peak
short-circuit current with sufficient accuracy:
13
X d" for generators with UrG > 1 kV and SrG 100 MVA;
X"
RGf = 0.07 d for generators with UrG > 1 kV and SrG < 100 MVA;
X"
RGf = 0.15 d for generators with UrG 1 kV.
RGf = 0.05
In addition to the decay of the DC component, the factors 0.05, 0.07, and 0.15 also take into
account the decay of the AC component of the short-circuit current during the first half-cycle after
the short circuit took place.
The influence of various winding-temperatures on RGf is not considered.
The values RGf cannot be used when calculating the aperiodic component iDC of the shortcircuit current.
When the effective resistance of the stator of synchronous machines lies much below the given
values for RGf, the manufacturers values for RG should be used.
The subtransient impedance Z G of the generator, in the positive-sequence system can be
calculated with the formula:
Z G = RG + jX d" ,
22
When calculating initial symmetrical short-circuit currents in systems fed directly from generators
without transformers unit, the corrected impedance
positive-sequence system:
Z GK = K G Z G = (K G RG ) + j K G X d" , 23
with the correction factor KG for SG, given by the relationship:
KG =
cmax U n
,
1 + x sin rG U rG
"
d
24
where:
cmax is the voltage factor according to table 2.2.
UN - the nominal voltage of the system.
x"d - the relative subtransient reactance of the generator related to the rated impedance,
according to the (21) relationship.
rG is the phase angle between U rG and I rG .
UrG - the rated voltage of the generator.
14
(cU
/ 3
n
impedance Z GK has been introduced because the equivalent voltage source
is
used instead of the subtransient voltage E behind the subtransient reactance of the
synchronous generator.
If the terminal voltage of the generator is different from UrG, it may be necessary to introduce:
U G = U rG (1 + pG ) ,
If the values of
X ( 2 )G
25
"
X d" and X q reactances are different, for the negative-sequence reactance
X ( 2)G =
X d" + X q"
2
26
Z ( 2 )GK
Z ( 2) GK = (K G RG ) + j (K G X ( 2) G ) ,
Z ( 0 )G
27
Z ( 0 )GK = (K G R( 0 )G ) + jX ( 0 )G ,
28
When an impedance is present between the star-point of the generator and earth, the correction
factor KG will not be applied to this impedance.
I"
When calculating the initial symmetrical short-circuit current k , the peak short-circuit current ip,
the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib, and the steady-state short-circuit current Ik,
synchronous compensators are treated in the same way as SG.
If synchronous motors have a voltage regulation, they are treated like synchronous generators. If
not, they are subject to additional considerations.
15
S rM =
rM
PrM
,
cos rM
29
where PrM, cosrM and rM are respectively the active rated power, rated power factor and
rated efficiency of the motor, in accordance with its nameplate data.
The rated current of the AM is given by the relationship:
I rM =
3 U rM
PrM
,
rM cos rM
30
I"
MV and LV motors contribute to the initial symmetrical short-circuit current k , to the peak shortcircuit current ip, to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib and, for unbalanced short
circuits, also to the steady-state short-circuit current Ik.
MV motors have to be considered in the calculation of maximum short-circuit current.
LV motors are to be taken into account in auxiliaries of power stations and in industrial and
similar installations, for example in networks of chemical and steel industries and pump stations.
I k" may be
I"
neglected if their contribution is not higher than 5 % of the initial short-circuit current k 0 M ,
31
Where:
I rM
is the sum of the rated currents of motors connected directly (without transformers) to
the network where the short-circuit occurs;
16
Z rM =
S rM
2
U rM
,
(I LR / I rM )
32
Where:
UrM is the rated voltage of the motor;
SrM - the rated apparent power of the motor (see relationship (1.25));
(ILR/IrM) - the ratio of the locked-rotor current to the rated current of the motor.
The following relations may be used with sufficient accuracy in order to calculate AM parameters:
RM/XM=0.10, with XM=0.995ZM for MV motors with rated powers per pair of poles
(PrM/p)1 MW;
RM/XM=0.15, with XM=0.989ZM for MV motors with rated powers per pair of poles
(PrM/p)<1 MW;
RM/XM=0.42, with XM = 0.922ZM for LV motor groups, with connection cables,
where p is the pair of poles number.
If the ratio (RM/XM) is known, then the motor reactance XM will be calculated as follows:
XM =
ZM
1 + ( RM / X M )
33
R M = X M ( RM / X M ) ,
34
For the determination of the initial short-circuit current according to the short-circuit currents
calculation method, AM are substituted by their impedances
negative-sequence systems:
Z M = RM + jX M" ,
35
The zero-sequence system impedance Z(0)M of the motor will be given by the manufacturer, if
needed.
MV and LV motors, which are connected by two-winding transformers to the network in which the
short circuit occurs, may be neglected in the calculation of short-circuit currents for a short-circuit
at the feeder connection point Q, if there is the following condition:
17
0.8
PrM
S rT 100 c S rT
"
3 U nQ I kQ
36
0.3
Where:
PrM is the sum of the rated active powers of the medium-voltage and the low-voltage motors
which will be considered.
S rT - the sum of the rated apparent powers of all transformers, through which the motors are
directly fed.
"
I kQ
- the initial symmetrical short-circuit current at the feeder connection point Q without
UnQ - the nominal voltage of the system at the feeder connection point Q.
Lines Constants
The positive-sequence short-circuit impedance,
Z L = RL + jX L ,
37
may be calculated from the conductor data, such as the cross-section qn and the centredistances d of the conductors.
The following values for resistivity may be used:
1
mm 2 / m for Copper;
54
1
1
Al = mm 2 / m for Aluminum and Ala = mm 2 / m for Aluminum alloy.
34
31
Cu =
'
The effective resistance per unit length RLr of overhead lines at the conductor temperature 20C
may be calculated from the nominal cross-section qn and the resistivity :
'
RLr
=
qn
, / m,
38
The line resistance RLr at the reference temperature r=20C can be determined if its length lL is
known:
18
39
Line Resistances RL (overhead lines and cables, line conductors and neutral conductors) will be
introduced at a higher temperature
RL = [1 + ( e r )] RLr ,
40
Where:
=0,004 K-1 is the temperature factor of resistivity, valid with sufficient accuracy for most
practical purposes for copper, aluminum and aluminum alloy.
e - the conductor temperature in degrees Celsius at the end of the short-circuit duration (for
The geometric mean distance between conductors, or the center of bundles, in the case of overhead
lines, is determined by the relationship:
d = 3 d L1L 2 d L 2 L3 d L 3 L1 ,
41
Where:
rB = n n r R n1 ,
42
Where:
n is the number of bundled conductors;
r - the radius of a single conductor;
R is the bundle radius (see IEC 60909-2).
The reactance per unit length
from:
d
1
X 'L = 0 f
+ ln ,
r
4n
19
43
X L = X L' l L , ,
44
Z ( 1 ) = R( 1 ) + jX ( 1 ) ,
45
Z ( 0 ) = R( 0 ) + jX ( 0 ) ,
46
( 1 )L
( 0 )L
and
of LV and HV cables depend on national techniques and
The impedances
standards and may be taken from IEC 60909-2, from textbooks or manufacturers data.
However, the impedance of a network feeder at the connection point Q is given by:
ZQ =
where
2
c U nQ
"
kQ
c U nQ
"
3 I kQ
47
"
I kQ
is the initial symmetrical short-circuit current.
20
= 1.85
E
0
, m,
48
Where:
E is the earth type resistivity, having values in accordance with table 2.1 content.
= 2f - angular frequency.
0 = 4107 H/m vide absolute magnetic permeability.
Resistivity E and equivalent earth penetration depth for different soil types
21
Earth types
Granite
Rocks
Stony soil
Pebbles, dry sand
Calcareous soil, wet sand
Farmland
>104
(310)103
(13)103
(0.21.2)103
70200
50100
Clay, loam
Marshy soil
1050
<20
'
Z W RW' +
270600
<380
'
Z W is:
+ j 0 f r + ln
8
rWW
4
, 49
Where:
wire
rWW = rW ,
50
and calculated with following formula, if there are two earth wires:
rWW = rW dW ,
where dW is the distance between two earth wires.
22
51
Z WL
+ j 0 f ln
dWL
52
Where:
dWL is the geometric mean distance between the earth wire and the line conductors L1, L2 and L3,
given by the formula
53
when there is only one earth wire and by the next formula
dWL = 6 dW 1L1 dW 1L 2 dW 1L 3 dW 2 L1 dW 2 L 2 dW 2 L 3 ,
54
Sources
As per IEC 60909 the equivalent voltage source (rms) is given by the relationship
U es =
c U n
, V,
55
Nominal voltage
U n, V
Low voltage,
U n [100,1000]kV
Tolerance,
%
6
10
Medium voltage,
U n (1,35]kV
High voltage2),
1.00
1.10
U n > 35 kV
23
1)
cmaxUn should not exceed the highest voltage Um for equipment of power systems:
cmax U n U m ;
2)
All network feeders, synchronous and asynchronous machines are replaced by their internal
impedances
The equivalent voltage source is the only active voltage of the system
When calculating short-circuit currents in systems with different voltage levels, it is necessary to
transfer impedances values from one voltage level to another, usually to that voltage level at which
the short-circuit current is to be calculated
For p.u. system no transformation is necessary if these systems are coherent, i.e.
56
X TLVK 2 X Qt ,
24
57
X TLVK = K T X TLV ,
58
In the case of a near-to-generator short circuit, the short-circuit current can be considered as the
sum of the following two components:
- the AC component with decaying amplitude during the short circuit
- the aperiodic DC component beginning with an initial value A and decaying to zero
In the calculation of the short-circuit currents in systems supplied by generators, power-station units
and motors (near-to-generator and/or near-to-motor short circuits), it is of interest not only to know
the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
I k" and the peak short-circuit current ip, but also the
symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib and the steady-state short-circuit current Ik. In this case,
the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib is smaller than the initial symmetrical short-circuit
current
I k" . Normally, the steady-state short-circuit current Ik is smaller than the symmetrical short-
breaking current Ib, and the steady-state short-circuit current Ik at the short-circuit location, the system
may be converted by network reduction into an equivalent short-circuit impedance Zk at the shortcircuit location.
This procedure is not allowed when calculating the peak short-circuit current ip. In this case, it is
necessary to distinguish between networks with and without parallel branches.
While using fuses or current-limiting circuit-breakers to protect substations, the initial symmetrical
short-circuit current is first calculated as if these devices were not available. From the calculated
initial symmetrical short-circuit current and characteristic curves of the fuses or current-limiting circuitbreakers, the cut-off current is determined, which is the peak short-circuit current of the
downstream substation.
Short-circuits may have one or more sources. Calculations are simplest for balanced short circuits on
radial systems, as the individual contributions to a balanced short circuit can be evaluated separately
for each source.
When sources are distributed in meshed network and for all cases of unbalanced short-circuits,
network reduction is necessary to calculate short-circuit impedances Z ( 1 ) = Z ( 2 ) and Z ( 0 ) at the
short-circuit location.
25
Z( 0 ) > Z( 1 ) = Z( 2 ) ,
59
For short-circuits near transformers with low zero-sequence impedance, Z(0) may be smaller than Z(1).
In that case, the highest initial short-circuit current
"
I kE
2 E will occur for a line-to-line short circuit with
Z ( 2 ) / Z ( 0 ) > 1;
Z ( 2 ) = Z (1) ,
26
I k"
60
I k" =
c U n
3 Rk2 + X k2
61
where Rk and Xk are the sum of the series-connected resistances and reactances of the positivesequence system respectively:
Rk = RQt + RTK + RL ,
62
X k = X Qt + X TK + X L ,
63
Rk < 0.3 X k ,
64
may be neglected.
When there is more than one source contributing to the short-circuit current, and the sources are
unmeshed, the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
the individual branch short-circuit currents. Each branch short-circuit current can be calculated as an
independent single-source three-phase short-circuit current in accordance with equation:
I k" =
c U n
3 Rk2 + X k2
65
Z k = Z (1) ,
66
by network reduction (series connection, parallel connection, delta-star transformation) using the
positive-sequence short-circuit impedances of electrical equipment.
The impedances in systems connected through transformers to the system, in which the short-circuit
occurs, have to be transferred by the square of the rated transformation ratio. If there are several
transformers with slightly differing rated transformation ratios (trT1, trT2,..., trTn), in between two
systems, the arithmetic mean value can be used.
27
i p = 2 I k" ,
67
= 1.02 + 0.98 e 3( R / X ) ,
68
The peak short-circuit current ip at a short-circuit location F, fed from sources which are not meshed
with one another, is the sum of the partial short-circuit currents:
i p = i pi ,
69
id .c . = 2 I k" e 2f t ( R / X ) ,
70
Where:
28
For a near-to-generator short circuit, in the case of a single fed short-circuit or from non-meshed
networks, the decay to the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current is taken into account by the
factor according to equation:
I b = I k" ,
72
where the factor depends on the minimum time delay tmin and the ratio
"
I kG
/ I rG and IrG is the
I b = I bi ,
73
I b = I k" ,
74
which is usually greater than the real symmetrical short-circuit breaking currents.
29
3.1
CPT, in Cycles
1.5
2
3
4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
S is the breakers asymmetrical capability factor and is determined based on the rating structure to
which the breaker was manufactured. Most breakers manufactured after 1964 are breakers rated on
a symmetrical current basis. Those manufactured before 1965 were rated on a total current basis.
Both the symmetrical and total current rated breakers have some DC interrupting capability included
in their ratings and it is a matter of how it is accounted for in the total interrupting current.
Note: For circuit breakers rated on Total Current S=1.0
Medium voltage breakers duty is based on:
1. Momentary rating (C&L)
2. Peak (Crest)
3. Interrupting
The Momentary and Peak formulae apply to both breakers symmetrical and total current rated
breakers. The interrupting rating is calculated differently based on the formulae shown in the next
sections.
30
where:
-2
MFm = 1 + 2e X / R
75
Note: In the short circuit option tab Control for ANSI/IEEE the user has the option to
calculate MFm based on X/R or use MFm=1.6
3.
Compare Imom,rms,asym against the medium voltage circuit breaker (C&L,rms ) value:
If Device C&L,rms rating Imom,rms,asym, then the device Pass or otherwise it fails
4.
MFp = (1 + e
-2
X /R
) 2
,76
and
= 0.49 - 0.1 * e
-X/R
3
77
31
Note: In the short circuit option tab Control for ANSI/IEEE the user has the option to
calculate MFpeak based on X/R or use MFpeak = 2.7.
3. Compare Imom,peak against the medium voltage circuit breaker (Creat,peak ) value. If Device
Creast,peak rating Imom,peak, then the device pass, or otherwise it fails
4. Calculate The % rating = (Imom,peak*100)/Device Crest,peak rating
( X / R) mod =
(X/R) * 60
System Frequency (Hz)
78
The following steps are used to calculate the circuit breaker interrupting. There are three options:
All Remote i.e. NACD = 1.0. This is the most conservative solution
All Local; i.e. NACD = 0
Adjusted, this is based on actual calculations
1.
2.
Calculate total remote contribution, total local contribution, then the NACD (the current is
obtained by using the (1.5-4) cycle network impedance
3.
NACD =
4.
79
Calculate the Multiplying factor based on the fault location (MFr, or MFl)
Remote If Generator current contribution to fault is less than 40% of a generator terminal
fault then this generator is Remote, or equivalent impedance to generation terminals is > 1.5
times the Generator Zdv. For remote fault the multiplying factor is MFr:
MFr =
1 + 2e
S
-4
C
X /R
80
32
MFl =
K 2 + 2e X / R
S
81
where:
Table 6: K factor
CPT
1.5
2
3
4
K=
1.0278 - 0.004288(X/R) + 0.00002945(X/R)2 - 0.000000068368(X/R)3
1.0604 - 0.007473(X/R) + 0.00006253(X/R)2 - 0.0000002427(X/R)3
1.0494 - 0.00833(X/R) + 0.00006919(X/R)2 - 0.000000075638(X/R)3
1.0370 - 0.008148(X/R) + 0.0000611(X/R)2 - 0.0000002248(X/R)3
The Adjusted Multiplying Factor (AMFi) is equal to:
AMFi = MFl +NACD (MFr-MFl),
82
6.
Calculate Iint,
All Remote:
Iint = MFr*Iint,rms,sym
All Local:
Iint = MFl*Iint,rms,sym
Iint = AMFi*Iint,rms,sym
Calculate 3 phase Device Duty by adjusting the device interrupting duty based on rated
voltage using the following formula:
8.
33
3.2
Test %PF
15
20
Test X/R
6.59
4.9
50
30
20
1.73
3.18
4.90
The following steps are used to calculate the low voltage circuit breaker interrupting:
1. Calculate the cycle interrupting short circuit (Isym,rms).
2. Calculate Low Voltage Multiplying Factor (LVF)
PCB: Power Circuit Breaker
ICCB: Insulated Case Circuit Breaker
LVFasym =
(1 + 2e
2
Calc X/R
2
(1 + 2e Test X/R
( EQ 7)
83
LVFp =
(1 + e
2
X/Rcalc
2T
X/Rtest
(1 + e
)
,
34
84
Where
= 0.49 - 0.1e
-X/Rcalc
3
and
T=
- X/Rtest
0.49 - 0.1e 3
In Options of the short circuit Tab Control for ANSI/IEEE , the user can select to use
=T = 0.5 instead of using the empirical formula by selecting Applies 0.5 Cycles.
(1 + 2e
LVFasym =
(1 + 2e
4t
X/Rcalc
4t
X/Rtest
)
)
85
Where t is the breaker minimum short time trip in cycles at interrupting duty. The default value
used by EDSA is 3 cycles.
The peak interrupting rating is calculated as follows:
-
LVFp =
(1 + e
2
X/Rcalc
2T
X/Rtest
(1 + e
)
86
Where
= 0.49 - 0.1e
-X/Rcalc
3
and
T = 0.49 - 0.1e
- X/Rtest
3
35
3.3
If the fuse is symmetrical rated, then MFasym is calculated using the following formula:
36
MFasym = (1 + 2e
2
X/R
)
87
If the fuse is asymmetrical rated, then MFasym is calculated using the following formula:
MFasym =
(1 + 2e
(1 + 2e
2
Calc X/R
2
Test X/R
)
)
, 88
Note:
37
For LVCB, MVCB & Fuses Calculate the cycle short-circuit current
(Isym,rms).
For MVCB calculate the Iint,rms,sym.
Run the PDE analysis
Fuses/ Switches
LVCB
MVCB
Fused?
NO
YES
Yes
CB X/R is known?
CB X/R is known?
NO
NO
= 1.73
= 3.18
= 4.9
Calculate LVF
based on EQ-7
Go to
Page 2
IF LVF < 1,
then LVF =1
NO
Yes
MCCB/ICCB/PCBWith Instantaneous :
Iint,adj =LVF*Isym,rms
PCB Without Instantaneous:
Iint,adj =LVFp*Isym,rms( Cyc)
int,adj =LVFasym*Isym,rms(3-8 Cyc)
NO
Fail
Pass
Calculate
%rating=Isym,adj*100/
Device rating
Is Device Symmetrical
rating greater or Equal
to Iint,adj?
Fail
Yes
Pass
Calculate
%rating=Iint,adj*100/
Device rating
38
YES
MVCB From
Page 1
Interrupting Duty
YES
Calculate:
y
Total Remote Contribution
y
Total Local contribution
y
Total Contribution (Iint,rms,sym)
y
NACD using (EQ-3)
y
If NACD=0 then all contribution are Local
y
If NACD=1 then all contribution are Remote
YES
NO
Peak Duty
(Crest)
Peak Duty
(Crest)
Momentary
Duty (C&L)
MFp = 2.7
ALL Remote
Calculate
y
MFr using EQ-4
y
Iint=MFr*Iint,rms,sym
All Local
Calculate
Imom,peak=MFp*Isym,rms
Calculate
Imom,asym=MFm*Isym,rms
NACD
Yes
NO
Fail
Fail
NO
Yes
Pass
Calculate %rating=Iint*100/
3P device Int rating
Pass
Calculate
%rating=Imom,peak*100/
device peak (crest) rating
NO
Fail
Yes
Pass
Calculate
%rating=Imom,rms,asym*100/
device C&L,rms rating
39
Momentary
Duty (C&L)
MFm = 1.6
Calculate
y
MFl using EQ-5
y
Iint=MFl*Iint,rms,sym
Calculate:
y
NACD using EQ-3
y
MFr using EQ-4
y
MFl using EQ-5
y
AMFi = using EQ-6.
y
If AMFl less than 1 use 1.0
y
Iint = AMFi*Iint,rms,sym/S
NO
4
IEC Standard Based Device Evaluation (PDE IEC)
4.1 CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
Circuit-breaker design techniques have improved over time leading to benefits of technical
performances, reduced size, weight, energy requirements and cost. This progression is also
perceived to have led to an inevitable reduction in inherent design margins such that much of the
older equipment, for which extensive operating experience is available, may have considerable
margins in hand-over and above modern equipment. This trend is not problematic in itself but further
emphasizes the need for future testing regimes to be fully representative of the system conditions in
which the equipment needs to function correctly.
In technologies where the interruption capability is fundamentally constant regardless of the
switching duty, interpolation of test evidence is relatively simple and accepted. However, in
technologies where the basic interruption characteristics of the device are duty dependent, such
interpolations are far more difficult to achieve simply and it is quite conceivable that critical fault
duties may be identified at fractional short-circuit levels. In principle, the high energies and relatively
low di/dt values associated with an asymmetrical duty make it less onerous for such a device than an
equivalent symmetrical duty. However, the effect of low energy minor loops and the possibility of
extended arcing periods, in what are generally very short overall travel times, are factors which might
prove particularly critical.
Ultimately, equipment testing should consider the equipment under test to be a "black box" model
regardless of the technology being employed, but this presents obvious difficulties if varying design
technologies have specific sensitivities.
It must be stressed at this point that there is no intention to cast doubt on the capabilities of particular
equipment design philosophies merely to emphasize that as refined design techniques lead to
minimized designs so the importance of well constructed and realistic testing regimes increases.
An obvious, but non-preferred, solution to problems of asymmetric switching is to increase circuitbreaker operating times, although this does not alleviate the duty on other associated equipment and
may be inconvenient from an overall system viewpoint. This contrary to the tendency for reducing
protection times in modern equipment.
High Voltage Breakers. Normally the interrupting current is a constant current at any voltage.
However, some manufacturers do give a different current at various voltages. On the HV breakers it
may to check if the breaker voltage rating is greater than the system voltage. The voltage rating of
IEC breakers is the maximum voltage that the breaker can be applied at.
Low Voltage Breakers. The same standards are used for LVPCB and MCCB.
40
I cw 12 I e , pt . Tcw = 1s ,
89
A complete determination of the rated short-time withstand current is made, on the base of the
mentioned standard, as follows:
90
I cw = 30 kA , pt . I e > 2,5 kA ,
91
InAC the rated short-time withstand current is compearing with the rms value of the periodical shortcircuit current component. It is necessary that the last mentioned value to be lower than the product
between the short duration acceptable rated current and the factor n, indicated in table 3, in
accordance with CEI 60947-1:
I k n I cw ,
92
Values of the power factor, the time constants and the ratio n between the peak value and the rated
short-time withstand current.
41
Power Factor
Time constant,
ms
0,95
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,25
0,2
10
15
n factor
1,41
1,42
1,47
1,53
1,70
2,00
2,10
2,20
At the same time, the short duration acceptable rated current represents the upper limit value of the
rms value of the short-circuit current periodical component which is presumed constant during the
short timing , for which the following normalized values are recommended:
42
Top + Tr
id .c. % = 100 exp
43
, %
The graphs of the DC component against time given in figure 1 below are based on:
a) standard time constant of 45 ms
b) special case time constants, related to the rated voltage of the circuit-breaker:
- 120 ms for rated voltages up to and including 52 kV
- 60 ms for rated voltages from 72,5 kV up to and including 420 kV
- 75 ms for rated voltages 550 kV and above
Figure 3: Percentage D.C. current component in relation to the time interval from
initiation of short-circuit current, for different time constant.
These special case time constant values recognize that the standard value may be inadequate in
some systems. They are provided as unified values for such special system needs, taking into
account the characteristics of the different ranges of rated voltage, for example their particular
system structures, design of lines, etc.
In addition, some applications may require even higher values, for example if a circuit-breaker is
close to a generator. In these circumstances, the required DC component and any additional test
requirements should be specified in the inquiry.
44
The magnitude of this current, determined under the conditions specified in the product standard, is
the upper (superior/higher) limit of the short-circuit ac component (the dc component is considered
null):
I cu I k
93
I cm = k I cu
94
45
Values of the multiplying factor k when fixing the rated short-circuit making capacity Icm of the LVCB
Table 9: Icu and k factor
Icu,
kA
(6, 10]
(10, 20]
(20, 50]
50
cos
0.50
0.30
0.25
0.20
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.2
The rated short-circuit making capacity implies that the breaker is able to connect the current suitable
to this rated capacity at an applied voltage corresponding to the use rated voltage.
Being an instantaneous value, the rated short-circuit making capacity Icm of an CB is compared with
the peak current ip and the next inequality have to be fulfilled in order that the device withstands the
short-circuit action:
I cm i p
95
The following values apply for the high voltage CB (Ur >1 kV):
for a rated frequency of 50 Hz and the standard value of the time constant of 45 ms it is
equal to 2,5 times the rms value of the AC component of its rated short-circuit breaking
current (Icn), so a following relationship can be written:
I cm = k H I cn ,
96
for a rated frequency of 60 Hz and the standard value of the time constant of 45 ms it is
equal to 2,6 times the rms value of the AC component of its rated short-circuit breaking
current
for all special case time constants it is equal to 2,7 times the rms value of the AC component
of its rated short-circuit breaking current, independent of the rated frequency of the circuitbreaker
46
47
Abbreviation
Unit
Ur
kV
Up
kV
Us
kV
fr
Hz
Ir
Isc
A
kA
(idc%)
tk
Manufacturer
Type designation and serial number
Rated voltage
Rated lightning impulse withstand
voltage
Rated switching impulse withstand
voltage
Rated frequency
Rated normal current
Rated short-circuit breaking current
DC component of the rated short-circuit
breaking current
Rated duration of short-circuit
Required marking
condition
Mandatory for CB and
operation device
Mandatory
More than 20 %
Different from 1 s
Coils of operating devices shall have a reference mark permitting the complete data to be obtained
from the manufacturer. Releases shall bear the appropriate data.
The nameplate shall be visible in the position of normal service and installation.
4.2 FUSES
4.2.1 General considerations
The fuses can operate as single devices or can be combined with switch disconnectors. The choice
depends on each application requirements and specific network conditions. One of the most critical
factors for optimum protection is proper fuse selection. This can be done based on theoretical
calculations but in many cases practical knowledge obtained from actual test results could make it
easier and even more reliable.
The speed at which a fuse blows depends on how much current flows through it and the material of
which the fuse is made. The operating time is not a fixed interval, but decreases as the current
increases. Fuses have different characteristics of operating time compared to current, characterized
as "fast-blow", "slow-blow" or "time-delay", according to time required to respond to an over current
condition. A standard fuse may require twice its rated current to open in one second, a fast-blow fuse
may require twice its rated current to blow in 0.1 seconds, and a slow-blow fuse may require twice its
rated current for tens of seconds to blow.
A characteristic of modern cartridge fuses is that, owing to the rapidity of fusion in the case of high
short-circuit current levels, a current cut-off begins before the occurrence of the first major peak, so
that the fault current never reaches its prospective peak value [Schneider]. This limitation of current
reduces significantly the thermal and dynamic stresses which would otherwise occur, thereby
48
49
Pre-arcing time; melting time interval of time between the beginning of a current large enough to
cause a break in the fuse element(s) and the instant when an arc is initiated.
Arcing time of a fuse - interval of time between the instant of the initiation of the arc in a fuse and
the instant of final arc extinction in that fuse.
Operating time; total clearing time sum of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time.
I2t (Joule integral) integral of the square of the current over a given time interval:
t
I 2 t = t 1 i 2 dt
0
97
Notes:
The pre-arcing I2t is the I2t integral extended over the pre-arcing time of the fuse
The operating I2t is the I2t integral extended over the operating time of the fuse
The energy in Joules released in a 1 resistor in a circuit protected by a fuse is equal to the value of
the operating I2t expressed in A2s
I2t characteristic curve giving I2t values (pre-arcing I2t and/or operating I2t) as a function of
prospective current under stated conditions of operation.
I2t zone range contained by the minimum pre-arcing I2t characteristic and the maximum operating
I2t characteristic, under specified conditions.
Rated current of a fuse-link (In) value of current that the fuse-link can carry continuously without
deterioration under specified conditions.
Time-current characteristic curve giving the time, e.g. pre-arcing time or operating time as a
function of the prospective current under stated conditions of operation.
Note: for times longer than 0,1 s, for practical, purposes the difference between pre-arcing and
operating time is negligible.
Time-current zone range contained by the minimum pre-arcing time-current characteristics and
the maximum operating time-current characteristic, under specified conditions.
Conventional non-fusing current (Inf) value of current specified as that which the fuse-link is
capable of carrying for a specified time (conventional time) without melting.
Conventional fusing current (If) - value of current specified as that which causes operation of the
fuse-link within a specified time (conventional time).
50
51
52
b
LVCB evaluation; c - HVCB evaluation.
53
c
HVCB evaluation
54
Ib =
Ur
I rb .
Un
Compare the fuse real breaking capacity against the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
I k" :
"
Calculate
%rating =
I"k
Ib
Calculate
% rating =
ip
I cm
100 .
55
Calculate
Top + Tr
i dc % = exp
Where:
Top represents the minimum opening time and it is specified by the manufacturer;
Tr according to the specifications from figure 2,b;
circuit time constant, given in paragraph.
2
i %
1 + dc .
100
Compare the asymmetrical short-circuit presumed current with the CB short-circuit breaking current
Icn.
if Iasymsc < Icn then the LVCB Pass, otherwise Fail.
For both situations of the last comparison
calculate % rating =
I asymsc
I cn
100 .
56
While in Paladin DesignBase Short Circuit program, both the short circuit analysis method and the
corresponding short circuit tools are displayed as indicated below:
Paladin DesignBase provides several short circuit calculation methods based on the ANSI/IEEE
Standards and the IEC Standards, for both AC three-phase and single-phase networks. The
following short circuit calculation methods are implemented:
57
Analyze
Reactor Sizing
58
Calculation Tab, with the same fields for: AC ANSI/IEEE, AC Classical, AC IEC 60909,
AC IEC 61363 and AC Single Phase calculation.
AC Single Phase, faults can be performed only at all buses in this release,
Control Tab: this tab depends on the short circuit method that user selects.
Note:
For L-G fault, phase A; for L-L and L-L-G fault phase B and C
For L-G fault, phase B; for L-L and L-L-G fault phase A and C
For L-G fault, phase C; for L-L and L-L-G fault phase A and B
Short Circuit Analysis Basic Option
59
Base voltage:
o Adjusted by tap/turn ratio if power transformer is run on off nominal taps
o System voltage
Prefault voltage represents the bus voltage at the instant the fault is applied at that bus.
It can be: system voltage, load flow calculated bus voltage or actual/name plate voltage
Default output: Annotation or report
Contribution level: levels away from the fault location for the output results. The
calculated results are displayed either on the one-line diagram (if Default Output:
Annotation is selected by the user) or printed in the output report (if Default Output:
Report is selected by the user)
Fault impedance. This option is applied if the fault is calculated at one bus only
Fault location: selected buses, all buses, sliding fault or series fault; (Sliding and series
fault does not apply to IEC61363 or AC Single phase calculation)
Miscellaneous options: use only X to calculate the faults, and apply phase shift
Duty type for PDE based on: maximum branch fault flow or total bus fault current
Fault Location
Graphically on the one line diagram, by a simple click on the desired bus, or
Highlight the bus ID in the Short Circuit Option and then click on the Add button; the
selected bus will be transferred to the Selected Buses list. To remove a bus from the
Selected Buses list highlight the bus ID and click on Remove button. The highlighted
bus will be transferred to the All Buseslist.
If One Bus is selected, then any fault type at that bus is calculated, branch contribution to that fault,
bus post-fault voltage and fault summary are generated.
Selecting More Than One Bus:
Graphically on the drawing space: click onto the desired first bus, then hold down the
shift key; while the shift key is being held down, select each bus individually
Menu Driven: highlight the desired bus ID in the Short Circuit Option and then click on
the Add; the selected buses will be transferred to the Selected Buses list. To remove a
bus or several buses from the Selected Buses List highlight the bus ID and click on
Remove button. The highlighted bus/buses will be transferred to the All Buses List.
Notes:
Faults at more than one bus, are faulted individually in turn, not simultaneously.
Depending on the specified fault type, the program will place a three-phase, line-to-
60
On the drawing are displayed only the bus fault current value: Symmetrical rms, DC rms,
Asymmetrical rms, IPeak instantaneous value, as per user selection in the Short Circuit
Back Annotation
Faults at All Buses, are faulted individually, not simultaneously. Depending on the
specified fault type, the program will place a three-phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line, and
line-to-line-to-ground fault at all buses which are faulted for short circuit studies
On the drawing are displayed: Symmetrical rms, DC rms, Asymmetrical rms, IPeak
instantaneous value, as per user selection in the Short Circuit Back Annotation
All buses are colored in Red
Bus Fault Current (3P, L-L, L-L-G, L-G, depending on the user selection);
Branch currents (3P, L-L, L-L-G, L-G, depending on the user selection);
Short Circuit multiplying Factors;
Fault Summary;
Sliding Fault:
The Paladin DesignBase Short Circuit Program can simulate a fault along a
feeder/cable/transmission line. Using this option eliminates the need to create a dummy bus at a
location along the feeder. The figure below shows examples of evenly spaced sliding faults (F1,
F2, F3, and F4) and single point sliding fault and a specific location (F).
To Bus
From Bus
F1
F2
F3
F4
61
Sliding Fault
62
Sliding fault does not apply to IEC61363 and AC Single Phase calculation.
63
The program allows the user to introduce the Fault position on the selected Feeder: Any
Position away From Bus or select the Number of Fault Spots evenly spaced alongside the
selected feeder. The program automatically divides the feeder/line into as many equidistant
segments and fault currents are calculated for each intermediate points. Contributions from both
ends of the feeder/line for each fault location as well as the voltages at the faulted location and at
both ends are also reported. In case only one fault location is selected, then the exact fault
location (i.e. 300 Feet down from sending end) should be specified.
Fault type:
Units:
3-Phase Fault
Line-to-line fault
Line-to-ground fault
Double-Line-to-Ground fault
For fault Current: Amps or KiloAmps, with the user defined decimal places
For Capacity: KVA or MVA, with the user defined decimal places
For Bus Voltages: Volts or Kilo Volts, with the user-defined decimal places
Per Unit MF, %X/R: with the user-defined decimal places
64
Fault Feeder
From
Bus
To
Bus
Fault
Spot
:
:
:
:
3C
12
3C
150
->12
Fault R(Ohms) :
Fault X(Ohms) :
Length(Feet) :
0
0
300
:
:
:
:
3C
3C
12
150
480
:
):
:
->12
Fault R(Ohms) :
Fault X(Ohms) :
Length(Feet) :
0
0
300
Prefault Volt:
480
3-phase
31748
3.08
Base
Volt:
L-L
27494
480
L-G
29176
L-L-G
31828
65
Series Fault:
Series fault types (one phase open, two phases open, and unequal series impedances) with or without
neutral unbalance are supported in the Paladin DesignBases short circuit program. The series fault
types are shown in the below figure. It should be noted that series faults are meaningful only if pre-fault
load has been taken into account (i.e. load flow solution is considered). For series faults, the equivalent
voltage at the opening point is computed from the pre-fault system current at the unbalance point. The
default fault impedances Za, Zb, and Zn are:
66
For one phase open (phase A), Default values: Zb=Zn=0.0 +j0.0
For two phases open (phases B and C) Default values: Za=Zn=0.0+j0.0
For Series Unbalance (phases A, B, and C) Default values: Za=Zb=Zn=0.0+j0.0
In Paladin DesignBase short circuit Analysis Option, select Series Fault field to perform open phase
study.
67
1
2
68
At the fault (opening location) the user can select the fault impedance in ohms.
Units:
69
Base MVA
System Frequence(Hz)
:
:
100.000
60
# of Total Buses
# of Active Buses
# of Total Branches
:
:
:
48
48
47
# of Active Sources
# of Active Motors
# of Active Shunts
# of Transformers
Reference Temperature(C)
Impedance Displaying Temperature(C)
:
:
:
:
:
:
3
4
0
5
20.0
20.0
3C
->12
Prefault Voltage
System
Base
-------------------------Bus
Bus Name
kV
kV
kV
%
Degree
----- ------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------From 04
0.48
0.48
0.48
100.03
0.00
To
12
0.48
0.48
0.48
99.94
-0.0
Fault Impedance(Ohms) :
Za =
Zb = Zc =
Zn =
Fault Current Direction :
0 +j
0 +j
0 +j
0
0
0
, Angle in Degree)
70
Control Tab:
AC ANSI/IEEE Standard:
The AC ANSI/IEEE method is based on a separate R and X matrix method:
Fault current multiplying factors allow the user to set up a marginal coefficient while fault
calculations are performed.
The tab provides also information on ANSI Standard impedances first cycle and interrupting
cycles: 2-8 cycles as per ANSI/IEEE Std.
For calculating the MF the user can select:
Based on X/R using the equations in section 2.0
Or regardless of the X/R value, the MF is fixed
71
R=
X"
X /R
The above resistance is maintained constant for all time bands and sequences (negative, zero,
positive).
72
X"
R=
X /R
The above resistance is maintained constant for all time bands and sequences (negative, zero,
positive). In this case the X/R ratio will be variable for different time bands and sequences.
D. AC IEC 60909 Short Circuit Method
The AC IEC 909 Paladin DesignBase Short Circuit program tools are shown below.
Options
Report Manager
Back Annotation
Analyze
Reactor sizing
73
The method is based on IEC60909 Standard. The Calculation Tab is similar to the AC
ANSI/IEEE Standard and provides the same options. The user can select the calculation based
on:
1988 Version
2001 Version
The short circuit program supports two options for the generators and motors resistances. The
first option uses constant X/R ratio (which is defined in the generator and motor input dialogs). In
the second option (variable X/R, see the lower left part of the above figure), the generator/motor
resistance is computed from the X/R ratio as follows:
R=
X"
X /R
The above resistance is maintained constant for all time bands and sequences (negative, zero,
positive). In this case the X/R ratio will be variable for different time bands and sequences.
While in the IEC 60909 standard, the control tab allows the user to select:
Fault Current Multiplying Factors
74
The method which is employed in calculating the Peak Current (method A, B, C or EDSA
Thevenin)
System Voltage
IEC maximum Voltage
IEC minimum Voltage
Method A: uniform ratio R/X. The smallest X/R ratio determines the k factor
Method B: applies to the calculation of peak current in mesh networks X=1.15 multiplied
by the Xb. Xb from Fig.8 page 47 IEC 60909 Std.
Method C: applies to the calculation of peak current in mesh networks; The value of X is
calculated from Fig. 8, IEC 60909 and depends on X/R ratio of the network
EDSA Thevenin: X is calculated from the Thevenin equivalent
Apply
This field should be selected by the user when calculating the initial short circuit current in systems fed
directly from generators without unit transformers. This is the situation when the user calculates the short
circuit current at generator terminal.
75
The
Un
cmax
(18, IEC 60909 Std.)
U rG 1 + X d" sin G
Where:
76
77
2.
Apply
The DesignBase user should check the above field if the short circuit occurs from a network transformer.
A network transformer (see the figure capture below) is when a transformer is connecting two or more
networks at different voltages (IEC Std.). For two-winding transformers with and without on-load tap-changer,
an impedance correction factor KT is to be introduced in addition to the impedance evaluated according to
IEC (equation (7) to (9)).
K T = 0.95
cmax
1 + 0. 6 X T
78
X T is the relative reactance of the transformer and cmax is from table 1 is related to the nominal
voltage of the network connected to the low-voltage side of the network transformer. This correction
factor shall not be introduced for unit transformers of power station units (IEC, see 3.7). This factor is
active only if the user selects the filed Network Transformer (used in IEC 60909 method) in the
transformer editor, as presented below:
79
3.
Apply Adjust
program consider the transformer impedance as a function of the transformer tap position.
If the user select the 1988 IEC 60909 version then the c factor values are provided by the program, as
follows:
80
cmax
cmin
Standard:
Above 1000 V:
Low Voltage networks: 230/400V, 3P3W
Other voltage levels, 3P3W
1.1
1.05
1.05
1
1
1
1
1.05
0.95
1
User Defined:
Above 1000 V:
Low voltage networks: 230/400V, 3P3W/4W
Other voltage levels 3P3W/4W
If the user select the 2001 IEC 60909 version then the c factor values are provided by the
program, as follows:
cmax
cmin
Standard:
Above 1000 V:
A
Other
1.1
1.05
1
0.95
User Defined:
Above 1000 V:
Other
81
DesignBase AC IEC 363 Short Circuit program tools are shown below:
Options
Report Manager
Back Annotation
Analyze
82
Options:
The Options features are similar to ANSI Method.
83
Report Manager:
As can be seen from the window dialog above, the Short Circuit Report can be:
Fast
User Defined
Curve with Time
84
Fast Report:
If Fast Report is launched, the following dialog window is displayed:
85
Time Bands:
0 cycle
- cycle
1 cycle
3 cycle
5 - cycle
8 cycle
30 cycle
User defined output options:
Td DC Time constant, in seconds
Iac Short circuit AC symmetrical component, rms value
Idc Short circuit DC component
Ienv- Short circuit envelope
86
87
Step4: click
The displayed graph components are user defined. However, the user can select the Short
Circuit Current components to be displayed such as:
88
89
90
91
92
93
Fast or
User Defined Report:
94
In the SC Report Manager select Fast option, then the user can select the Fault Types as
shown below: 3-P, L-G, L-L, LL-G. Time Bands cycle.
icon.
The rms short circuit currents values at 1/2 Cycle are calculated at a selected bus/buses or at all
buses as per user bus selection (on the short circuit options dialog or directly onto the drawing).
The positive, negative, and zero sequence sub-transient reactance X are used in modeling both
the generators and motors. Motors are normally not grounded and therefore the grounding option
should be none.
Notes:
In all the unbalanced fault calculations it is assumed that the negative sequence
impedance of a machine is equal to its positive sequence impedance
Generator, motor, and transformer grounding types and winding connections are
taken into consideration while building up the system positive, negative, and zero
sequence networks
95
The Results are listed in the Partial Text Report, as presented below:
96
The rms short circuit currents values at 5 Cycle are calculated at a selected Bus/Buses or at All
Buses as per user bus selection (on the short circuit options dialog or directly onto the drawing).
Follow the steps presented above at 3P, LL, LG, LLG fault at Cycle.
Notes:
The positive, negative, and zero sequence sub-transient reactance is used for
modeling both the Generators and motors
In all the unbalanced fault calculations it is assumed that the negative sequence
impedance of a machine is equal to its positive sequence impedance
Generator, motor, and transformer grounding types and winding connections are
taken into consideration while building up the system positive, negative, and zero
sequence networks
97
------------------------------------------------------------Bus Results:
5 Cycle--Symmetrical--3P/LL/LG/LLG Faults
-------------------------------------------------------------
98
The rms short circuit currents values at Steady State/ 30 Cycle are calculated at a selected
Bus/Buses or at All Buses as per user bus selection (on the short circuit options dialog or directly
onto the drawing).
Notes:
99
100
The rms short circuit currents values after 30 cycles are calculated (as per ANSI/IEEE Standards
or IEC 60909 Standard as per user selected fault calculation) at a selected bus/buses or at all
buses as per user bus selection (on the short circuit options dialog or directly on the drawing).
The short circuit current contributions from motors are ignored, and the generators are modeled
by their positive sequence transient reactance X.
101
The Results are listed in the Partial Text Report, as presented below:
Pre-Flt
Isym
X/R
Thevenin
Bus Name
kV
KA
Ratio
Z+(pu)
------------------------ ------- --------- --------- --------MAINBUS
0.48
28.78
5.6944
4.1790
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102
The equipment operating voltage is selected by the user, and it can be:
o Load Flow calculated Voltage
o Actual Voltage
o System voltage
103
The PDE program includes the CB impedance and CBs X/R ratio
The output results are organized as per:
o Equipment Input Rated Data
o PDE Calculated Data
o Circuit Duty calculated data
The PDE output results are either graphically displayed onto the one line diagram (in green if the
switching equipment passes or in red if they fail), or as a Text Report, based on the user selection.
The fault study is per the Standard selected by the user: IEEE/ANSI C37 Standard or IEC 60909.
The program calculates momentary symmetrical and asymmetrical rms, momentary asymmetrical
crest, interrupting symmetrical rms, and interrupting adjusted symmetrical rms short circuit currents
at faulted buses.
The circuit duties are checked against equipment interrupting capabilities, and if:
104
105
106
107
Notes:
Data error is displayed if:
The equipment voltage is not equal or higher than the system voltage
The equipment voltage in the editor is zero
108
To fix this issue, in the Protective Device evaluation Table double click onto A1:
109
110
110
111
112
113
Consider the file IEC -YY file located in the sample folder:
114
115
Note:
The Total Bus Fault Current is the most conservative. This option has been considered in
the IEC PDE program.
116
117
Notes:
Data error is displayed if:
The equipment voltage is not equal or higher than the system voltage
The equipment voltage in the editor is zero
118
119
122
123
124
125
126
127
Print Layout
128
129
130
131
If User Defined Reports is selected then the above report screen is displayed. The user can select
the Fault Type, Time Bands, User Defined Options, Phase Bus/Branch Components, Print Layout,
Units, Output to CSV or Text File.
132
In order to get the Tabulated Output Reports on short circuit current calculation, proceed as follows:
133
134
135
137
Option 2:
Select AC Classical Method:
In the Report Manager select Professional Report Writer Wizard.
Click OK.
140
141
142
142
143
Select the back annotation ON or OFF, Auto-refresh, Font, Font Style, size and font color.
144
I.
Schedule is a Paladin DesignBase feature that allows the user to combine several motors and loads
in the same symbols. It is a very good practice to save nodes in modeling and in the meantime to
represent all the nodes of a plant in the plant model.
One considers the following network:
a) Model with each motor individually represented
b) Same motors are represented inside the MCC schedule
145
146
147
148
149
Step 2:
Select the Short Circuit Basic Option:
150
Step 3:
In the Report Manager select the Fast, Fault Type and Time Bands as shown below:
151
Step 4:
Click Analyze icon. The Short Circuit Results are displayed onto the drawing:
152
In order to provide the each motor contribution while the motors are represented inside the
Schedule, proceed as follows:
Step 1:
Select Report Manager. Select Misc, MCC/Schedule.
153
Step 2:
Click Analyze icon:
The results are displayed either on the drawing or in the Text Output Report as per user selection.
154
-------------------Calculation Options
-------------------Calculating Single Bus Fault
with Fault Z =
0.00000
+ j
0.00000 Ohms
Fault Phases:
Phase A for Line-Ground Fault
Phase B,C for Line-Line or Line-Line-Ground Fault
ANSI/IEEE Calculation:
Using ANSI Std. C37.010-1979 or above.
Separate R and X for X/R, Complex Z for Fault Current
The Multiplying Factors to calculate Asym and Peak are Based on Actual X/R
Peak Time Applies ATPC Equation
Transformer Phase Shift is not considered.
Generator and Motor X/R is constant.
Base
Voltages : Use System Voltages
Prefault Voltages : Use System Voltages
MCC
Prefault Voltage:
480.0
155
Cable Data
-----------------Length
R
X
(Feet) Ohms/K Ohms/K
------ ------ -----100 0.0433 0.0338
100 0.0433 0.0338
50 0.0433 0.0338
Results Validation:
Two networks are considered:
a) A model with each motor individually represented;
b) A model with the same motors which are represented inside the MCC schedule
Motor Representation:
a) Individual Representation; b)
Schedule Representation
Perform short circuit calculation at bus Motor Bus:
Select this bus and launch Short Circuit program. Follow the steps listed below:
156
Step 1:
Select the faulted bus: Motor Bus and perform the fault at this bus:
Fault Results:
157
158
159
160
While using the UPS units, normally the engineer considers 2 (two) scenarios:
161
To avoid Scenarios, the user needs just to put the UPS source in Bypass and associate the Bypass
Protective Device as seen in the figure capture below:
As such during a Short Circuit downstream the UPS source the UPS unit is considered OFF
and the fault contribution comes from the Utility and bypasses the UPS units.
162
163
From the SC report Manager select Curve with Time option and then click OK button:
164
When the graph is displayed the user can select to view all items, or the values the user selects.
165
166
167
7.2
168
7.3
169
7.4
170
7.5
High Voltage ANSI/IEEE Circuit Breaker required data for short circuit calculations
171
7.6
Low Voltage ANSI/IEEE Circuit Breaker required data for short circuit calculations
172
7.7
173
7.8
Low Voltage ANSI/IEEE Fuse required data for short circuit calculations
174
7.9
175
Network Reduction/Equivalent
8.1
Introduction
In an interconnected power system, often power system engineers are required to exchange their system
models to their neighboring utilities or vice versa in order to study the entire system. However, when, for
example, utility A wishes to study their system, it is not necessary to model the entire system if exact
equivalent representation of the neighboring systems can obtained and utilized rather than resorting to a
detailed model of the outside world. For the convenience of the users, a network equivalent module is
developed within the DesignBase short circuit program whereby exact system equivalent is computed. The
equivalent computed is primarily used in the fault analysis. A power flow reduction is also under development
that should become available in the near future.
This document illustrates step-by-step instructions on how to compute power system equivalents at given
buses. Also, V&V is performed for the equivalents system by showing the details of the system with
equivalent model and system intact (complete representation).
8.2
The single line diagram of the system to be used for equivalent computation is shown below:
176
8.3
To perform the equivalent calculation for a power system, first we should decide which part of the system
should be equivalenced. In the example system shown above, lets assume that we would like to replace the
right part of the system by equivalent at buses BBB138, GGG138, and ZZZ69 as shown below (the area
inside of the red-dotted-line will be equivalenced at these buses):
Part of the System to be Equivalence (the area inside of red dotted line)
177
8.4
Since the right part of the above network is required to be replaced by equivalent system, feeders ZZZ69>JJJ69, ZZZ69->AAA69, HHH138->GGG138, and BBB138->AAA138 in the original system SHOULD be
placed out of service in order for the program to compute equivalent system seen from buses BBB138,
ZZZ69, and GGG138 without the right side of the network. After outaging the above feeders we proceed as
follows.
Select the Options icon of the short circuit program as shown below.
178
8.5
To specify where the equivalent should be computed, the Options of the short circuit program should be
used as shown above. Now the buses for the equivalent can be specified in the dialog shown below. It can
be seen that we have selected buses GGG139, BBB138, and ZZZ69.
179
8.6
To obtain a report of the equivalent system at the selected buses, the Report Manager of the short circuit
program should be selected as shown below.
180
To select the equivalent system report, choose the Misc option as shown below:
181
Then, select the Equivalent Sys. as shown below. Now all the information regarding the equivalent
computations is complete.
182
8.7
At this point, buses where the equivalent to be placed and report options are specified, we can proceed to the
equivalent computations by selecting the Analyze option.
183
184
8.8
As described above, the equivalent system contains equivalent elements (generators, feeders and
transformers). In order to reconstruct the original system using the equivalent, we need to join the part of the
system which was not equivalenced (in our example, the right side of the network) to the equivalent part.
Shown below is the reconstructed system. Based on the report shown above, the data for each of the
equivalent elements, in this example, are entered in the reconstructed network.
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
8.9
To verify and validate the function of the network equivalent option, the following is performed:
1) In the original system (without reduction) compute the three-phase and single line to ground fault at
buses BBB138, GGG138, and ZZZ69
2) In the reconstructed system (remaining system joined with the equivalent system shown in Figure
7.10 compute the three-phase and single line to ground fault at buses BBB138-EQUI, GGG138EQUI, and ZZZ69-EQUI
3) The result obtained in step 1 should agree well with the result obtained in step 2 above
The result for the reconstructed network using the equivalent system is shown on page 185.
Comparison of these results show that the equivalent system is computed accurately and can be used
reliably in the short circuit studies.
192
193
Bus
Name
Pre_Flt
Voltage,
in V
BBB138
GGG138
ZZZ69
138000
138000
69000
3 P Flt, in A
L- G Flt, in A
Original
Net.
Equivalent
Net
Error,
in %
Original
Net
Equivalent
Net
Error,
in %
1272
1464
2644
1273
1465
2645
0.08
0.07
0.04
1726
1957
3240
1728
1959
3242
0.12
0.10
0.06
194
195
9.1
196
9.2
9.2.1
197
In the Short Circuit Analysis Basic Option dialog window select Default Output: Annotation.
Other selection is listed below:
198
9.3
Select the Short Circuit result components to be inserted into the drawing.
199
9.3.1
200
The bus Fault Current is displayed onto the drawing (Sym and Asym. Components):
201
9.3.2
202
203
9.3.3
204
Back Annotation
205
206
9.3.4
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
9.4
Professional Report
9.4.1 All types of Faults at bus MAINBUS, 0.5 Cycle Symmetrical:
Click on bus MAINBUS in the Paladin DesignBase drawing
Launch the Short Circuit Analysis Basic Option and select Base Voltage and Prefault Voltage, as
presented in the figure capture below:
In the Short Report Manager for ANSI/IEEE Calculation, select Fast, Cycle Time Bands,
enable Refresh Professional Report filed and then click Professional Report Writer Wizard.
Note: Professional Report Writer provides All Type of Faults: 3P, L-G, L-L, LL-G always.
215
216
217
218
219
In the Short Report Manager for ANSI/IEEE Calculation, select Fast, Cycle Time Bands,
enable Refresh Professional Report filed and then click Professional Report Writer Wizard.
Click Professional Report Writer Wizard button:
220
221
222
223
224
In the in the Short Report Manager for ANSI/IEEE Calculation select Steady. Click
Professional Report Writer Wizard button:
225
226