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STRESS,
COPING,
and,
MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
STRESS
SIGNS OF STRESS
Our bodies respond by activating the nervous system and releasing hormones such as
adrenalin and cortisol.
The hormones increase our heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, metabolism and muscle
tension. Our pupils dilate and our perspiration rate increases.
Fight or Flight Response
-Our quick and effective reaction to get through the stressful situation.
Headaches, other aches and pains
Sleep disturbance, insomnia
Upset stomach, indigestion, diarrhea
Anxiety
Anger, irritability
Depression
Fatigue
Feeling overwhelmed and out of control
Feeling moody, tearful
Difficulty concentrating
Low self-esteem, lack of confidence
High blood pressure
Weakened immune system
Heart disease
HANS SELYE
-Father of Stress Research
- concluded that human beings and animals share a specific and consistent pattern of
physiological responses to illness or injury
-3 Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm reaction
Acute Stress
- Caused by the daily demands and pressures encountered by each one of us.
-Brief and specific to the demands and pressures of a particular situation, such as
a deadline, a performance or facing up to a difficult challenge or traumatic events.
-Occurs only at a very short period of time.
Symptoms:
Emotional distress, such as anger, anxiety, irritability, and acute periods of depression
Physical problems, such as headache, pain, stomach upset, dizziness, heart palpitations,
shortness of breath, hypertension and bowel disorders
Episodic Acute Stress
- Acute stress that is suffered too frequently.
- Not like chronic stress, though, because this type of stress ceases from time to time yet
not as frequently as acute stress does.
-Repetitive stress episodes may be due to a series of very real stressful challenges, for
example, losing a job, then developing health problems, followed by difficulties for a child in the
school setting.
-Some people tend to worry endlessly about bad things that could happen, are frequently
in a rush and impatient with too many demands on their time, which can contribute to episodic
acute stress.
Symptoms:
Longer periods of intermitted depression, anxiety disorders and emotional distress
Ceaseless worrying
Persistent physical symptoms similar to those found in acute stress
Coronary heart diseases, or other heart problems
Chronic Stress
- Tears the life of a person apart his mind, body or spirit.
- Brought about by long-term exposure to stressors, such as unhappy marriage, traumatic
experiences, unwanted career or job, stress of poverty, chronic illnesses, relationship conflicts,
political problems, and dysfunctional families.
- Can even lead a person to resort to violence, suicide and self-harm.
- Serious illnesses like stroke, heart attack, cancer, and psychological problems such as
clinical depression and post-traumatic disorder can originate from chronic stress.
-This involves ongoing demands, pressures and worries that seem to be unending.
tension
problems with concentration
difficulty in sleeping
narrowed perception
frequent feelings of fatigue
STRESS COPING
-Plan things to do each day that you look forward to and which give you a sense of
pleasure, like reading a book.
CATEGORIES OF STRESSORS
" Stressors that involve the more important aspects of a person's life- such as illness, or
negative social changes - tend to be highly stressful for most people."
(Aldwin, 2007 ; Newsom et. al 2008)
CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
- a sudden, unexpected, potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas
- unforeseen, unpredictable and as such, is completely out of control of the individual.
RESILIENCE
Healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event.
In fact, resilience is the most common reaction following loss or trauma.
(Bonnano et.al, 2011; Quale and Shanke, 2010)
ACUTE STRESSORS
- sudden and intense stress
- short-term stressful situations that will soon be resolved.
CHRONIC STRESSORS
- long-term stressful situations that have no resolution in sight
MAJOR LIFE EVENTS
- Life changes or events that can be either positive or negative one.
DAILY HASSLES
- includes daily annoyance and minor hassles
CONFLICT WITH OTHERS
it includes conflict with other people
Three major psychological types of conflict that can
cause stress:
The approach-avoidance conflict - occurs when a person is choosing between two
equally attractive options.
The avoidance-avoidance conflict - were a person has to choose between two equally
unattractive option
The approach-avoidance conflict - occurs when a person is forced to choose whether or
not to partake in something that has both attractive and unattractive traits
STRESS DISORDERS
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety
recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration and moments jn
which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one
month following the event.
Diagnostic Criteria
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury , or sexual violation in one (or
more) of the following ways:
- Directly experiencing thee traumatic event(s).
- Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others.
- Learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or friend
Note: In case of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s)
must have been violent or accidental.
- Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s)
(e.g., first responders collecting human remains, police officers repeatedly exposed to details of
child abuse).
Note: This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or
pictures, unless this exposure is work related.
Presence of nine (or more) of the following symptoms from any of the five categories of
intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening
after the traumatic event(s) occurred:
Intrusion Symptoms
Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic
event(s). Note: In children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects
of the traumatic event(s) are expressed.
Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affecting the dream are
related to event(s). Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without
recognizable content.
Dissociative reactions(e.g., flashback) in which the individual feels or acts as if
the traumatic event(s) recurring.(Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with
the most extreme expression being a complete loss of awareness of present
surroundings.) Note: In children, trauma-specific re-enactment may occur in play.
Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in
response to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the
traumatic event(s).
Negative Move
Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., inability to experience
happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings.)
Dissociative Symptoms
An altered sense of the reality of one's surroundings or oneself (e.g., seeing
oneself from anothers perspective, being in a daze, time slowing).
Is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being
the parasympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate
the body's unconscious actions.
Like other parts of the nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system operates through
a series of interconnected neurons.
The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-orflight response.
So what does sympathetic nervous system do when stress occur?
Adrenaline glands pumps hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and cortisol
into the bloodstream. As epinephrine circulates through the body, it brings on a number of
physiological changes.
The heart beats faster than normal, pushing blood to the muscles, heart, and other vital
organs.
Pulse rate and blood pressure go up.
Personality
~TYPE A BEHAVIOR PATTERN- characterized by exercise, competitive drive, extreme
commitment to work, impatience or time urgency and hostility.
~TYPE B BEHAVIOR PATTERN- tend to be more relaxed, more laid back and less time
pressured people
~TYPE D PERSONALITY " Distress,"
-have a tendency to experience negative emotions and also to feel insecure and anxious
Depression
-People with heart disease are approximately three times more likely that healthy people to be
depressed ( Chesney, 1996: Shapiro, 1996)
-when medical history and other variables were taken into account, those who had experienced
major depression were found to be four times more likely to have had a heart attack.
Anxiety
Social Isolation and lack of Social Support
The Importance of Emotion Regulation
He says life has become increasingly difficult for manual workers over the years because
all of the fun has gone out of work.
'It is all about getting a pound of flesh from human beings. Businesses are all about profit
and people feel much more stressed because of that. Years ago, most big organisations would
have a social club, a football team, a pipe band. But that has all stopped. It is just work, work,
work and no play.'
A 'blame culture' and the increasing use of short-term contracts have, says John, created a
climate of fear and insecurity. 'You can work all year doing an excellent job and no one will say
anything, then you do one thing wrong and you'll be crucified. '
John says long shift patterns, boredom, working in isolation and the plethora of health
and safety regulations that have to be adhered to also create immense pressure. 'I have learnt to
switch on when I start work and switch off the minute I leave. But some of the other boys can't.'
The Angry Physician
Dr. M was a 44 year old physician. The middle son of parents, who emigrated from Italy,
ha was ambitious and determined to make a successful life for himself and his family. He worked
long hours to help patients with cancer and he was caring and compassionate. His patients loved
him. But his job was also very stressful. Added to the many demands of maintaining a busy
medical practice was the great sadness that he felt when (inevitably) many of his terminally ill
patients died.
At home Dr. M was a loyal husband and devoted father to his three children. But he was
not an easy person to live with. He found it hard to relax, and he has a very volatile disposition.
He was frequently angry and would shout at everyone whenever he had a bad day. Often his
moods were caused by his feelings that he was not fully appreciated by the other doctors with
whom he worked. Although his wife realized the he just needed to vent his moods took a toll
to his family. His children distanced themselves from him much of the time, and his wife
becomes less and less happy with the marriage.
One day at work Dr. M started to feel unwell. He began to sweat and experienced heavy
pressure on his chest. It was difficult for him to breath. Dr. M recognized the severity of his
symptoms and called out for medical help. He had a sudden and severe heart attack and survived
only because he was working in a hospital at the time of the attack. If he had not received prompt
medical attention, he almost certainly would have died.
After his heart attack Dr. M became very depressed. It was almost as though he could not
accept that he, a physician, had a severe medical problem. Although he lived in free of having
another heart attack, his efforts to lose weight (which his doctor had told him to do) were
sabotage by his unwillingness to follow any diet. He would try and give up, coming back from
the Italian bakery full of pastries. Making the problem worse was the fact that because he was a
doctor, his own doctors were somewhat reticent about telling him what he had to do to manage
his illness. He went back to work, and his family walked on eggshells, afraid to do or say
anything that night stress him. His wife encouraged him to do what the doctors
recommendation. However, Dr. Ms attitude was that if he was going to die anyway, he might as
well enjoy himself until he did.
YES
NO
night.
2. When it comes to food, you:
A. Make a point to eat three well-rounded meals a day, complete with protein, whole grains and
veggieshealthy eating is important and worth the time.
B. Eat breakfast and usually grab lunch and/or dinner at work. Its hard to find time to prepare
healthy meals (and tough to resist Chinese takeout or cupcakes in the break room).
C. Sometimes go a little overboarddont leave me alone with a box of cookies. Or, sometimes
I just forget to eat.
3. On most days when you first wake up you feel:
A. Excited about the day. Todays presentation? Bring it!
B. Ready for almost anything once a cup of coffee is down the hatch.
C. Like the last thing I want to do is get out of bed.
4. For you, headaches are:
A. Something friends discuss but fortunately happen only once in a while for me.
B. Infrequent. They can happen but usually go away, and seem to coincide with colds or
allergies.
C. Pretty common.
5. Sex is something you:
A. Want as often as possible, depending on my schedule, partner, and circumstance.
B. Enjoy, but I could take it or leave it. Sometimes I'm just not feeling up to it.
C. Remember liking. Now it seems as if my libido is on hiatus.
6. Your muscles feel:
A. Good! StrongIve been working on them in the gym, outside running, at yoga class
B. OK. Sometimes I get sore from working out, or my back feels stiff from sitting too long.
C. Achyespecially around my neck, shoulders, and jaw.
7. When it comes to your body shape you:
A. Are pretty fit and trim. I have some room for improvement, but who doesnt? I feel and look
healthy.
B. Know Id be healthier if I shed some pounds, but I'm not dangerously overweight. I tend to
carry weight around my belly.
C. Seem to carry a lot of fat around my middle, which I just cant seem to lose.
You picked:
Mostly As: Congratulations! You seem to have found the magic balance in life, where youre
practically stress-free. You live a healthful, happy life and know how to prioritize and take care
of yourself.
Mostly Bs: You carry an average amount of stress, and it pops up in stealthy ways. For example,
belly fat has been linked to increased levels of cortisol, and therefore stress and heart disease.
(And of course, impulsive eating, like scarfing cupcakes, can be linked to belly fat.) For the most
part, you have healthful habits, but some, like not getting enough sleep, may actually contribute
to stress.
Mostly Cs: You're stressed out. Muscle pain, loss of libido, and frequent headaches can all
signify too much stress in your life. A lack of sleep may also signal anxiety, which can elevate
cortisol levels. Maintaining a healthy schedule, which includes nutritious meals and as much
sleep as you can manage, will help bring your stress level out of orbit.
Reference:
[https://www.psychology.org.au/Assets/Files/StressTipSheet.pdf]
Abnormal Psychology, Pearson, 2015
Brodal, Per (2004). The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function (3 ed.). Oxford
University Press US. pp. 369396. ISBN 0-19-516560-8.
DSM-5
Jacqueline. 2013. Good or Bad, stress is part of life.[
http://jacquelinefairbrass.com/2013/09/stress-good-bad/]
MedicineNet Inc. 1996-2006. May 13, 2016 .[http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?
article key=16164]
MedicineNet Inc. 1996-2006. May 13, 2016. [http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?
article key=16163 ]
Pocock, Gillian (2006). Human Physiology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 63
64. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Workplace Mental Health promotion .2006. February 16, 2015.
[http://wmhp.cmhaontario.ca/printable-resources]
Rosenbaun, L. April 24, 2013.[ http://www.prevention.com/mind-body/emotional-health/quizhow-stressed-are-you]
3)
4)
5)
6)
e)
f) Answer:C, the first person to study stress scientifically was a physiologist named Hans
Selye, Dr. Selye spent many years studying the physical reactions of animals to injury and
disease. Based on his research , Selye concluded that human beings and animas share a
specificand consistent pattern of physiological response to illness or injury. These changes
represent our bodys attempt to cope with the demands imposed by the illness or injury
process.
g)
A kind of stress which is brief and specific to the demands and pressure of a particular
situation, such as a deadline, a performance or facing up to a difficult challenge or traumatic
events.
a) Eustress
c) Episodic acute stress
b) Acute stress
d) Chronic stress
e)
f) Answer:B, it is caused by the daily demands and pressure encountered by each on of us.it
occurs only at a short period of time.
g)
One of the stress coping technique in which you can plan things to do each day that you look
forward to and which give you a sense of pleasure, like reading a book.
a) Relaxation
c) Spending with people who care
b) Noticing Self talk
d) Looking after your health.
e)
f) Answer:A,because it can help your body and your nervous system to settle and readjust.
g)
Our quick and effective reaction to get through the stressful situation.
a) Adrenaline Rush
c) Panic attack
b) Fight or flight response
d) Chronic stress
e)
f) Answer:B,the bodys fight or flight response is initiated by the part f the brain known as
the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic division of the automatic
nervous system, which action acts on smooth muscle and internal organs to produce the
bodily changes. The hypothalamus also release corticotrophin release factor (CRF), which
triggers the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In turn, ACTH
then stimulates the adrenal glands to release about 30 other hormones. These hormones act
on organs and muscle to prepare the body to fight or flee.
g)
Which of the first phase of general adaptation syndrome?
a) Adaptation
c) Alarm reaction
b) Exhaustion
d) Relaxation
e)
f) Answer: the body mobilizes to confront a threat by triggering sympathetic nervous
system activity.
g)
7) Feeling of being overloaded, wound up tight, tense and worried, feeling of strain and
pleasure.
a) Paranoia
c) Hallucination
b) Anxiety
d) Stress
e)
f) Answer:D, In general terms, experiencing stress means experiencing our physical or
physiological well being. It is also a medical term for wide range strong external stimuli,
both physiological and psychological
g)
8) Researcher Hans Selye (1979) described such physiological changes as part of the _____ that
all organism show in response to stress.
a) General Adaptation Syndrome
c) Fight or flight response
b) Stress coping strategies
d) Environment
e)
f) Answer:A, according to hans seslye, the body reacts in three phase. In the first phase,
alarm, the body mobilizes to confront the threat, which temporarily expends resources and
lowers resistance. In the resistance phase , the body is actively confronting the threat and
resistance is high, if the threat continues, the body moves into exhaustion.
g)
9) A complex network of interacting cells and cell products that protects the body from
pathogens.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
b. Immune system
d. Endocrine system
e.
Answer: B, the immune system acts as a hosts shield from foreign substances.
10) The study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune
systems of the human body.
a. Psychoneuroimmunology
c. Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunolo
b. Psychoendoneuroimmunology
gy
d. Psychoimmunology
e.
f. Answer: A, B and C are like terms. They are all composed of various branches of
science that is put into one, focusing on psychological processes and its connection to
the immunity.
11) Stress speeds up the heart rate and metabolism because of the release of this hormone.
a. Adrenaline
c. Cortisol
b. Aldosterone
d. Corticosteroids
e.
Answer: A, adrenaline is released by the adrenal gland when stressed.
12) The point in which stress becomes bad.
a. Eustress
c. Chronic stress
b. Acute stress
d. Episodic acute stress
e.
Answer: C, stress becomes bad when its experienced in a long time.
13) The study not included in psychoneuroimmunology.
a. Physiology
c. Infectious diseases
b. Pharmacology
d. Anatomy
e.
Answer: D, anatomy is the study of parts only, thus, not included.
14) An effective way of preventing stress.
a. Meditation
c. Seeing new people
b. Attending parties
d. Spending some time alone
e.
Answer: A and D, time off and relaxation exercises help the mind relax.
15) Stressful situations that have no resolution in sight.
a. Chronic stressors
c. Daily hassles
b. Acute stressors
d. Major life events
e.
Answer: A, chronic stressors last for a long term.
16) Considered good stress.
a. Acute stress
c. Episodic acute stress
b. Chronic stress
d. Eustress
e.
Answer: D, eustress is the term for good stress.
f.
17) After the car accident, Yoshiro suffered from nightmares and other sleeping problems, and
could not concentrate on his work. After about two weeks these symptoms disappeared and
he was able to work and sleep normally again. Yoshiro was suffering from _______.
a) Acute stress disorder
c) Mild stress reaction
b) Post-traumatic stress disorder
d) Shell shock
e) Answer: A, the symptoms only occurred for two weeks.
18) Anxiety , recurring night mares , sleep disturbances, and concentration problems that occur
for more than one month after a major stressor are symptoms of__________.
a) Acute stress disorder
c) Pre traumatic stress disorder
b) Post-traumatic stress disorder
d) General stress disorder
e) Answer: b, based on DSM-5 when the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than
one month it is called Post-traumatic stress disorder
19) Sleep disturbance is under what category?
a) Dissociative Symptoms
c) Arousal Symptoms
b) Avoidance symptoms
d) Intrusion symptoms.
e) Answer: C, arousal may manifest in a variety of ways, such as having problems sleeping,
being easily startled, feeling restless or irritable, or having a hard time concentrating.
Sometimes people with ASD become hyper vigilant
20) ________ symptoms are efforts people make to avoid the traumatic event.
a) Negative mood
c) Avoidance Symptoms
b) Dissociative Symptoms
d) Intrusion symptoms.
e) Answer: C, Avoidance is a common reaction to trauma. It is natural to want to avoid
thinking about or feeling emotions about a stressful event. But when avoidance is extreme, or
when its the main way you cope, it can interfere with your emotional recovery and healing.
21) A person may relive the traumatic event over and over through:
a) Crying
b) Flashbacks
c) Outburst
d) Distressed feeling
e) Answer: B, the symptoms can start from the persons own thoughts and feelings. Words,
objects, or situations that are reminders of the event can also trigger re-experiencing
symptoms.
22) ASD is diagnosed through blood test.
a) True
c) Maybe
b) False
d) I dont know
e) Answer: B, Its diagnosed by a mental health or medical professional based primarily
upon the symptoms that appear following a traumatic event.
23) What are the two stress related stress disorder
a) Anxiety disorder & obsessive compulsive disorder
b) Post-traumatic stress disorder & acute stress disorder
c) Acute Stress disorder & Anxiety disorder
d) Dissociative disorder & Major depressive disorder
e) Answer: B, *answer based on DSM-5; no further explanation.
24) Persistent inability to experience positive feeling is under what symptoms?
a) Intrusion symptoms.
c) Dissociative Symptoms
b) Avoidance symptoms
d) Negative mood
e) Answer: D, Negative mood is usually the result of irrational thinking about people or
events. This could mean focusing on the negative and not seeing the positive in your life and
work. You may see situations as problems rather than as challenges.
25) Sexual assault, plane crash, or natural disasters can be categorized as?
a) Daily hassles
c) Catastrophic events
d) Acute stressors
e) Answer: d; Alvin's feeling of loneliness, being alone and isolation maybe one of the
causal factors of having his CHD
27) Jimmy is a dependent boy and he is going to college next school year were he will leaving in
a dormitory which is far from their home. What category of stressor is given from the
situation?
a) Daily hassles
c) Catastrophic events
d) chronic stressors
e)
Answer: b; major life events are Life changes or events that can be either positive or
negative one
28) Gigi want to go on a concert with her best friends that ends late but she was scolded by her
mother. Her mother asked, " Do you want to be grounded for 1 week or you will stay here?"
What kind of conflict Gigi faced?
a) Aproach-aproach conflict
c) Aproach-avoidance conflict
b) Avoidance-avoidance conflict
d) Conflict
c) Acceptance
b) Coping up
d) Resilience
e)
f) Answer: d; resilience is the healthy psychological and physical functioning after a
potentially traumatic event.
31) Mr. Cruz is always bombarded by stress from his workplace and from his family. When he
had a chance to check his blood pressure, he was shocked because it's already 140/90. What
cardiovascular disease it will fall?
a) Heart attack
b) Hypertension
d) Stroke
c) Acute stressors
b) Catastrophic events
d) Chronic stressors
d.
e.
Answer: c , Because continuous activation of the nervous system does to other
bodily systems is a problem.
40) ______________ pumps hormone epinephrine and cortisol into the bloodstream.
a) Adrenaline gland
f. b) Thyroid Gland
g. c) Thymus Gland
h.
i. Answer: A, located at the top of each kidney, produce hormones that help the body
control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and
regulate blood pressure. Two of the most important adrenalhormones are cortisol and
aldosterone.
j.
k.
l.
m.