Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
Industrial Sensors
Input devices in industrial environment
Two main types
Reference: http://www.pepperl-fuchs.com
Output Types
Proximity Sensors
Transistor Outputs (DC 24V)
PNP
NPN
Relay Outputs
DC 24V
AC 110 / 240V
Output Types
Digital Output
8-bit Outputs
Serial Outputs such as RS232
Supply Voltage
DC Supply
24V DC
AC Supply
110V or 240V depending upon the main
supply voltage
Characteristics
Detects opaque and reflecting objects
Large operating range and high stability control, since
the light beam only covers the signal path once
Not significantly affected by interference, and
therefore suitable for applications in difficult
conditions, for example applications outside of
buildings or in dirty environments
Additional installation expense, since both units need
to be mounted and wired
Light Grids
An array emitters are combined together
in a single housing. This also applies to all
receivers whose switch outputs are
logically connected.
- For security applications
Luminescence sensors
Uses modulated Ultraviolet light
Color sensors
Detects colors
Restrictions
Only Conductive materials can be detected
Eddy current generation depends upon the
material and hence the fall of the oscillator
output
Advantage
Can detect all types of objects
Disadvantage
High false alarm probability in hash conditions
such as dust, grease, etc.
Operation
The impedance of a coil is measured and evaluated
This is considerably influenced by the coils inductivity, which in
turn is dependent on the reversible permeability of the core
material
The higher the superimposed (external) magnetic field, the
lower the reversible permeability
The lower the reversible permeability, the less the coil
impedance a measure of the intensity of the external magnetic
field
If the sensor coil is supplied with an alternating current I with a
constant amplitude, the resulting voltage U is proportional to the
value of the coil impedance and therefore a measure of the field
intensity
Response Curves
The response curve depends on the
orientation of the magnet
Ultrasonic Sensors
Operating principle
The principle of ultrasonic detection is based on measuring the time
taken between transmission of an ultrasonic wave (pressure wave) and
reception of its echo (return of transmitted wave)
They comprise:
Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic Sensors
Blind zone
Zone between the sensing face of the sensor and the minimum
sensing distance in which no object can be reliably detected. Avoid
any passing of objects in this blind zone during operation of the sensor.
This could lead to instability of the output states.
Differential travel
The differential travel (H) or histories is the distance between the
pick-up
point as the standard metal target moves towards the
sensor and the drop-out point as it moves away from the sensor.
Repeat accuracy
The repeat accuracy (R) is the precision of reproduction between
two successive measurements of the sensing distance, made in identical
conditions.
Ultrasonic Sensors
Types of Detection
Electrical Connections
Two wire
Three Wire
Electrical Connections
Four wire
Rotary Encoders
Rotary Encoders
Temperature Sensors
Resistance Temperature Detectors
(RTD)
Thermistor
Thermocouples
IC sensors
Temperature Sensors
Where:
R(T) = R0 [1 + (T - T0)]
R(T) = the resistance at temperature T
R0 = the resistance at reference temperature T0
= temperature coefficient of resistance (alpha)
T0 = a reference temperature (usually 0 C)
Temperature Sensors
RTD
R0 from 10 to 2000 are available
The accuracy of a RTD sensor is typically
expressed in percentage of R0
accuracies of 0.2% to 0.01% are commonly
available
Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Thermistor
Commonly used for sensing air and liquid temperatures in pipes
and ducts, and as room temperature sensors
The term "thermistor" evolved from the phrase thermally
sensitive resistor
Thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductors that
exhibit a large change in resistance over a relatively small range
of temperature
two main types of thermistors
Positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
NTC thermistors are commonly used for temperature measurement
Temperature Sensors
Thermistor
Mathematical expression for thermistor resistance:
Temperature Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Comparison of Common Temperature Sensors
Sensor Type
NTC Thermistor
RTD
IC Sensor
Thermocouple
Measured Property
Resistance
Resistance
Voltage or Current
Voltage
Advantages
Large Resistance
change with
temperature
Rapid response
time
High resistance
eliminates difficulties
caused by lead
resistance
Low cost
Good stability
Interchangeable
Linear resistance
with temperature
Good stability
Wide rage of
operating temp.
Interchangeable
over wide
temperature range
Widest operating
range
Simple
Low cost
Rugged
No external power
supply required
Temperature Sensors
Comparison of Common Temperature Sensors
Sensor Type
NTC Thermistor
RTD
IC Sensor
Thermocouple
Disadvantages
Non-linear
Limited operating
temperature range
Interchangeable
over relatively
narrow temperature
range
May be subject to
inaccuracy due to
self heating
Current source
required
Small resistance
change with
temperature
Response may be
slower
Subject to self
heating
Additional wires
needed for lead
resistance
compensation
Some types easily
damage by shock
and vibration
External power
required
Limited operating
temperature range
Power supply
required
Subject to self
heating
Non-linear
Low stability
relative to other
types
Reference junction
compensation
required
Pressure Sensors
Pressure Sensors
Pressure Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Flow Sensors
Flow Sensors
Full bore turbine and propeller meters generally offer medium to high
accuracy and turndown capability at reasonable permanent pressure
loss
Turndowns to 100:1 with 0.1% linearity are available
Typical performance of insertion type is 1 % accuracy at 30:1 turndown
Commonly used where good accuracy is required for critical flow
control or measurement for energy computations
Insertion types are used for less critical applications
Flow Sensors
Operate
based
upon
electromagnetic induction
E=kBDV
E Induced EMF
V Velocity of the conductor
D Width of the conductor
B Strength of the magnetic field
Faraday's
Law
of
Flow Sensors
Flow Sensors
Flow Sensors
Flow Sensors
Homework