General Biology

Chapter 13 and 14
Physiology

Rajdeep Chowdhury

Is Man a Machine?

What are you doing right now?

Doing NOTHING is a Nothing Answer

While sitting quietly, a myriad of wonderful events are
taking place necessary for your survival.
Right now your heart is beating.
What's so amazing is that, most of the time, it fuels itself,
paces itself and alters itself in response to lifestyle changes,
with no conscious effort on your part.
In addition to your heart, your brain is storing away
information.

The human physiology is amazing and

hard to decipher..

The human bodys response to love are

pupil dilation, sweaty palm, and increased
heart rate. These are the same response the
body gives off when experiencing deep fear.

We do Indeed have a Complex System

Even the most talented design engineer would be reluctant to

undertake such a complicated project. Too, the margin for
error isn't very great. We tread regularly a very narrow path
where the smallest error can produce death.

Some Amazing Physiological Facts

25 million new cells are being produced each second in

Human Body.
Nerve Impulses can travel at over 400 km/hr (249
mi/hr).
You cant feel your own tickle either. Our brain is
smart enough to neutralize the sensation.

The animal body self-regulates

Regulating the Internal Environment

Every living organism has
the ability to respond to
its environment.
Homeostasis ( same
state ) is the body s
tendency to maintain
relatively
constant
conditions in the internal
environment even when
the external environment
changes.

How Goosebumps help in Homeostasis

When you play or work out hard, your

muscles produce a lot of heat that in turn
increases your overall internal temperature

We have made great strides in robotics and

artificial intelligence, but we are still a long
way from replicating man's capacity for
creativity, self repair, self programming, and
a myriad of other human capabilities which
have somehow miraculously been neatly
packaged in a highly durable, mobile, bundle
weighing typically under 150 pounds and
composed of less than $5 worth of raw
material.

General Biology

Chapter 14

Nutrition and Digestion

Rajdeep Chowdhury

Why Nutrition and Digestion

Matters..

Our brain uses 25% of our total

energy

We each have a second

brain.................

 More than 65% of US adults are obese.

Obesity can contribute to heart disease,
diabetes, and cancer around
300,000 preventable deaths / year in USA.

The secret to a healthy weight is

Each year, about one
in seven Americans
(roughly 50 million)
starts a diet.
But only about 5%
of dieters are able to
reach their goal
weight and maintain
it for the long term.

We, the younger generation must

take on the responsibility for the
Food Revolution

You are what you eat..

What is Digestion?

The food primarily consists of large,

complex molecules that are not in a
form an animals cells can use.
Thus, the body must break down
these nutrientsdigest themto
make them useful

The Digestive Regimen

Mechanical
Processing
Chemical
Processing
Absorption or
Nutrient Uptake

Cheese protein
(a polymer of
amino acids in a
specific sequence)

Amino acid
monomer

1 Breakdown of protein
by human digestive
system
Amino acids

2 Absorption of amino acids by cells lining the

small intestine; transport via bloodstream to
other cells
Human protein

3 Cells use amino acids

from the cheese and
other foods to produce
new human proteins

ACCESSORY
ORGANS

ALIMENTARY CANAL
Oral cavity (mouth)
Tongue
Pharynx

Salivary glands

Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Stomach

Small intestine
Colon of large intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus

Mechanical Processing
Mechanical processing
Chewing in the oral cavity generates a food
bolus

Why do you need a mechanical processing?

Increases surface area of food.

Greater surface area allows digestive
enzymes greater access to the food.

What is the role of saliva?

Stress leads to Less Salivary Secretion

The human alimentary canal totals

about feet in length

Its time to swallow.

Can you breathe and swallow at the

same time?

Food would get to a person's

stomach, even if he was standing on
his head

Muscles contract in waves to move the food down

the esophagus. Peristalsis: Rhythmic muscular
contractions moving food forward.

The food reaches the stomach..

Store ingested food until it can be emptied into

small intestine.
Secretes HCl and Enzymes that begin protein
digestion. It has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5.

What is the role of HCL in

stomach?

What are the two phenomenon?

How stomach protects itself?

What is happening here?

Dr. Barry Marshall, the Guinea-pig doctor

Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren Nobel Prize 2005

Prize motivation: "for their discovery of

the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its
role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"