Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
272
List of Figures
273
274
275
Figure 1 Illustrations of Full Plate Circular Hole Model, Quarter Plate Circular Hole Model
and Elliptical Hole Model respectively
276
277
278
Figure 2 Illustration of full circular hole model and its quarter model and elliptical hole model
respectively with applied boundary conditions
Page 8 of 13
279
2.2600
2.2500
2.2400
2.2300
2.2200
2.2100
2.2000
2.1900
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
Number of Elements
Quadrilateral, Plane 183 (8 nodes)
280
281
282
283
Smart Size
Global size 0.05
284
285
Page 9 of 13
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
11
Length of dimension
Value of L against Kt
286
287
Value of H against Kt
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
0
Length of dimension
L against Kt
288
289
290
H against Kt
Page 10 of 13
291
292
293
List of Table
Case
Full Plate
Quarter Plate
186.69
186.84
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.017
Stress concentration
factor Kt
2.2494
2.2514
2.2481
2.2500
2.2511
2.2528
2.2543
2.2553
2.2561
2.2564
Percentage
Difference
0.6137
0.7049
0.5546
0.6405
0.6888
0.7640
0.8338
0.8767
0.9143
0.9250
0.015
188.04
2.2565
0.9304
Maximum Stress
(GPa)
Stress concentration
factor Kt
Percentage
Difference
188.03
2.2564
0.925%
188.03
188.03
188.03
2.2564
2.2564
2.2564
0.925
0.925
0.925
14795
Smart Size
at Global
Size 0.03
4
14795
14795
14795
3
2
1
Number of
Element
Table 2 Mesh convergence and resulted stress concentration factor for circular hole case
Case
Numerical Solution of Kt
Circular hole
Elliptical hole
2.256
2.2991
Maximum Von-Mise
stress
188.03
178.4
Table 3 Stress concentration factors obtained from FEA and calculated from handbook formulae
Case
Circular hole
299
300
0.08%
Maximum Stress
(GPa)
187.45
187.62
187.34
187.5
187.59
187.73
187.86
187.94
188.01
188.03
Mesh size
57509
296
297
298
Percentage
Difference
Table 1 Result of symmetry condition test using a mesh of Global Size 0.1 Smart Size 4
Number of
Element
1098
1365
1727
2105
3079
4814
7977
14364
32927
45070
294
295
Stress concentration
factor Kt
2.240
2.242
Numerical Solution of
Kt
2.256
Empirical Solution of
Kt
2.236
Page 11 of 13
Percentage
Difference
0.925
301
302
303
304
Appendix A
Formulae used in this report [2]
Equation 1 formulae for stress concentration factor
01 =
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
Where:
/758 is maximum stress obtained from Von Mises stress distribution in ANSYS
/9:7 is nominal stress acting on the cross section which will be considered as the
stress acting on the plate for numerical result
Equation 2 formulae for nominal stress in circular hole case
/9:7 =
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
323
'
' = / ; =
;(= 2?)
Where:
P is force acting at the end of the plate
/ is pressure acting at the end of the plate
T is thickness of the plate
H is length of the side of block perpendicular to the direction of applied load
R is radius of the circular hole
Equation 3 empirical formulae for stress concentration factor for circular hole case
2?
2?
01 = 3 3.13
+ 3.66
=
=
320
321
322
2?
1.53
=
Equation 4 mathematical formula for stress concentration factor for orientated elliptical hole case [5]
01 =
324
325
326
327
328
329
Where
a,b is elliptical coordination system
q is orientated angle
330
/9:7RSTTUVWS =
331
332
333
334
/758
/9:7
Equation 5 - formulae for nominal stress in elliptic hole case (assuming an infinite width plate and using
stress in inclined plane theory)
'cos (M)
= /9:7 cos 4 (M)
;(= ()
cos (M)
Where:
a is length of elliptic hole in major axis
M is orientated angle of elliptic hole
Page 12 of 13
335
Appendix B
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
Stress concentration
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
The stress concentration phenomenon is explained by considering a fluid flow [7]. The
effect of a force or moment applied on a simple strut is transmitted through the body via the
medium of stress in adjacent elements. If the imaginary lines of transmission are taken as
analogous to streamlines in a fluid flow, the high localised stresses near a sudden change of
model, such as hole in this case, can be understood. The peak stress at concentration can
exceed the averaged stress in the body. While yield stress exceeded at this area may not
cause failure in ductile component; for brittle material, the concentration remains up till
fracture. The stress concentration can reduce the overall strength of the component to what
extend depends on the structure of the material and how brittle it is. Another aspect that is
important in ductile materials is fatigue which such concentrations can have serious adverse
effect on strength. The exact theoretical analysis of concentration is complex. Before FEA and
computational methods, calculation was possible using handbooks containing the formulae
and tables, results of theoretical solutions and experiments [2, 7].
For the thin plate is loaded by forces applied at the boundary, parallel to the plane of the
plate and distributed uniformly over the thickness, the stress components /X , Z8X , Z[X are zero
on both faces of the plate, and it may be assumed, that they are zero also within the plate.
The state of stress is then specified by /8 , /[ , Z8[ only, and is call Plane Stress. It may also be
assumed tentatively that these three components are independent of z they do not vary
through the thickness. They are then only a function of x and y. [8]
The stress and strain tensors are respectively:
/8 Z8[ 0
!8 \8[ 0
/ = Z[8 /[ 0 , ! = \[8 ![ 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
A similar simplification is possible at the other extreme when the dimension of the body
in the z-direction is very large. If a long cylindrical or prismatic body is loaded by forces that
are perpendicular to the longitudinal elements and do not vary along the length, it may be
assumed that all cross sections are in the same conditions. It is simplest to suppose at first
that the end sections are confined between fixed smooth rigid planes, so that displacement in
the axial direction is prevented. Since there is no axial displacement at the ends and, by
symmetry, at the midsection, it may be assumed that the same holds at every cross section.
The stress and strain tensors are respectively:
/8 Z8[ 0
!8 \8[ 0
Z
/
0
/ = [8
, ! = \[8 ![ 0
[
0
0 /X
0
0 0
The longitudinal normal stress /X can be found in terms of /8 and /[ by means of
Hookes Law. So like Plane Stress, Plane Strain reduces the determination of /8 , /[ , Z8[ as
function of x and y only.
Page 13 of 13