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271

272

List of Figures

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274
275

Figure 1 Illustrations of Full Plate Circular Hole Model, Quarter Plate Circular Hole Model
and Elliptical Hole Model respectively

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Figure 2 Illustration of full circular hole model and its quarter model and elliptical hole model
respectively with applied boundary conditions

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279

Stress concentration factor vs Number of elements


Stress Concentration factor

2.2600
2.2500
2.2400
2.2300
2.2200
2.2100
2.2000
2.1900
0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Number of Elements
Quadrilateral, Plane 183 (8 nodes)

Quadrilateral, Plane 182 (4 nodes)

Triangular, Plane183 (6 nodes)

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281
282
283

Stress concentration factor vs Smart Size


2.2580
2.2570
2.2560
2.2550
2.2540
5

Smart Size
Global size 0.05

Global Size 0.04

Global size 0.03

Global size 0.02

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285

Figure 4 Stress concentration factor against Smart Size

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Stress concentration factor

Figure 3 Graph of Stress concentration factor against Number of Elements

Edge Effect in circular hole case


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26

Stress concentration factor

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

10

11

Length of dimension

Value of L against Kt

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287

Value of H against Kt

Figure 5 Edge effect study of circular hole case

Edge effect in elliptical hole case


7.5

Stress concentration factor

7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
0

Length of dimension
L against Kt

288
289
290

H against Kt

Figure 6 Edge effect study of elliptical hole case

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291

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293

List of Table
Case

Max stress (GPa)

Full Plate
Quarter Plate

186.69
186.84

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.017

Stress concentration
factor Kt
2.2494
2.2514
2.2481
2.2500
2.2511
2.2528
2.2543
2.2553
2.2561
2.2564

Percentage
Difference
0.6137
0.7049
0.5546
0.6405
0.6888
0.7640
0.8338
0.8767
0.9143
0.9250

0.015

188.04

2.2565

0.9304

Maximum Stress
(GPa)

Stress concentration
factor Kt

Percentage
Difference

188.03

2.2564

0.925%

188.03
188.03
188.03

2.2564
2.2564
2.2564

0.925
0.925
0.925

14795

Smart Size
at Global
Size 0.03
4

14795
14795
14795

3
2
1

Number of
Element

Table 2 Mesh convergence and resulted stress concentration factor for circular hole case

Case

Numerical Solution of Kt

Circular hole
Elliptical hole

2.256
2.2991

Maximum Von-Mise
stress
188.03
178.4

Table 3 Stress concentration factors obtained from FEA and calculated from handbook formulae

Case
Circular hole
299
300

0.08%

Maximum Stress
(GPa)
187.45
187.62
187.34
187.5
187.59
187.73
187.86
187.94
188.01
188.03

Mesh size

57509

296
297
298

Percentage
Difference

Table 1 Result of symmetry condition test using a mesh of Global Size 0.1 Smart Size 4

Number of
Element
1098
1365
1727
2105
3079
4814
7977
14364
32927
45070

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295

Stress concentration
factor Kt
2.240
2.242

Numerical Solution of
Kt
2.256

Empirical Solution of
Kt
2.236

Table 4 Comparison of results obtained using two different methods

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Percentage
Difference
0.925

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302
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304

Appendix A
Formulae used in this report [2]
Equation 1 formulae for stress concentration factor

01 =

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306
307
308
309
310
311

Where:
/758 is maximum stress obtained from Von Mises stress distribution in ANSYS
/9:7 is nominal stress acting on the cross section which will be considered as the
stress acting on the plate for numerical result
Equation 2 formulae for nominal stress in circular hole case

/9:7 =

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313
314
315
316
317
318
319

323

'
' = / ; =
;(= 2?)

Where:
P is force acting at the end of the plate
/ is pressure acting at the end of the plate
T is thickness of the plate
H is length of the side of block perpendicular to the direction of applied load
R is radius of the circular hole
Equation 3 empirical formulae for stress concentration factor for circular hole case

2?
2?
01 = 3 3.13
+ 3.66
=
=

320
321
322

2?
1.53
=


Equation 4 mathematical formula for stress concentration factor for orientated elliptical hole case [5]

01 =

sinh 2J: cos 2M + N 4OP cos 2 Q M



cosh 2J: cos 2Q

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325
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327
328
329

Where
a,b is elliptical coordination system
q is orientated angle

330

/9:7RSTTUVWS =

331
332
333
334

/758
/9:7

Equation 5 - formulae for nominal stress in elliptic hole case (assuming an infinite width plate and using
stress in inclined plane theory)

'cos (M)
= /9:7 cos 4 (M)
;(= ()
cos (M)

Where:
a is length of elliptic hole in major axis
M is orientated angle of elliptic hole

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335

Appendix B

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337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350

Stress concentration

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352
353
354
355
356
357
358

Plane Stress and Plane Strain Analysis

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361
362
363
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365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372

The stress concentration phenomenon is explained by considering a fluid flow [7]. The
effect of a force or moment applied on a simple strut is transmitted through the body via the
medium of stress in adjacent elements. If the imaginary lines of transmission are taken as
analogous to streamlines in a fluid flow, the high localised stresses near a sudden change of
model, such as hole in this case, can be understood. The peak stress at concentration can
exceed the averaged stress in the body. While yield stress exceeded at this area may not
cause failure in ductile component; for brittle material, the concentration remains up till
fracture. The stress concentration can reduce the overall strength of the component to what
extend depends on the structure of the material and how brittle it is. Another aspect that is
important in ductile materials is fatigue which such concentrations can have serious adverse
effect on strength. The exact theoretical analysis of concentration is complex. Before FEA and
computational methods, calculation was possible using handbooks containing the formulae
and tables, results of theoretical solutions and experiments [2, 7].

For the thin plate is loaded by forces applied at the boundary, parallel to the plane of the
plate and distributed uniformly over the thickness, the stress components /X , Z8X , Z[X are zero
on both faces of the plate, and it may be assumed, that they are zero also within the plate.
The state of stress is then specified by /8 , /[ , Z8[ only, and is call Plane Stress. It may also be
assumed tentatively that these three components are independent of z they do not vary
through the thickness. They are then only a function of x and y. [8]
The stress and strain tensors are respectively:
/8 Z8[ 0
!8 \8[ 0
/ = Z[8 /[ 0 , ! = \[8 ![ 0
0
0 0
0
0 0
A similar simplification is possible at the other extreme when the dimension of the body
in the z-direction is very large. If a long cylindrical or prismatic body is loaded by forces that
are perpendicular to the longitudinal elements and do not vary along the length, it may be
assumed that all cross sections are in the same conditions. It is simplest to suppose at first
that the end sections are confined between fixed smooth rigid planes, so that displacement in
the axial direction is prevented. Since there is no axial displacement at the ends and, by
symmetry, at the midsection, it may be assumed that the same holds at every cross section.
The stress and strain tensors are respectively:
/8 Z8[ 0
!8 \8[ 0
Z
/
0
/ = [8
, ! = \[8 ![ 0
[
0
0 /X
0
0 0
The longitudinal normal stress /X can be found in terms of /8 and /[ by means of
Hookes Law. So like Plane Stress, Plane Strain reduces the determination of /8 , /[ , Z8[ as
function of x and y only.

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