Year 10 Science

Name______________________________________

Mr G Langhans

Species, Evolution and Biodiversity

1. A ____________is defined as a _________ of organisms
within which 2 individuals are capable of
_____________ __________ offspring.
2. Which of these pairs show only ONE species?

3. The 4 key factors of natural variation area. ___________ between individuals.

b. Environmental _____________.
c. ______________ (survival of the fittest).
d. Favourable _________ are passed onto the
________ generation.
4. List 5 environmental conditions and 1 gene that it
would be good to have in that condition and 1 that
would not.
Condition
Example: Temperatures
are rising

Good Gene
Thinner coat of hair

Bad Gene
Thicker coat of hair

Year 10 Science

Name______________________________________

Mr G Langhans

Read through the following article and highlight the key

points relating to natural selection.
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability to
effectively control or kill bacterial growth; in other words, the bacteria are
"resistant" and continue to multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels
of an antibiotic.
Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon. When an antibiotic is used,
bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have a greater chance of survival
than those that are "susceptible." Susceptible bacteria are killed or
inhibited by an antibiotic, resulting in a selective pressure for the survival
of resistant strains of bacteria.
Some resistance occurs without human action, as bacteria can produce
and use antibiotics against other bacteria, leading to a low-level of natural
selection for resistance to antibiotics. However, the current higher-levels
of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are attributed to the overuse and abuse of
antibiotics. In some countries and over the Internet, antibiotics can be
purchased without a doctor's prescription. Patients sometimes take
antibiotics unnecessarily, to treat viral illnesses like the common cold.
How do bacteria become resistant?
Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain types of antibiotics.
However, bacteria may also become resistant by genetic mutation.
Mutations, rare spontaneous changes of the bacteria's genetic material,
are thought to occur in about one in one million to one in ten million cells.
Different genetic mutations yield different types of resistance. Some
mutations enable the bacteria to produce enzymes that inactivate
antibiotics, while other mutations eliminate the cell target that the
antibiotic attacks. Still others close up the entry ports that allow
antibiotics into the cell, and others manufacture pumping mechanisms
that export the antibiotic back outside so it never reaches its target.
Because bacteria can collect multiple resistance traits over time, they can
become resistant to many different families of antibiotics.
How does antibiotic resistance spread?
Genetically, antibiotic resistance spreads through bacteria populations
when new generations inherit antibiotic resistance genes.
Environmentally, antibiotic resistance spreads as bacteria themselves
move from place to place; bacteria can travel via airplane, water and
wind. People can pass the resistant bacteria to others; for example, by
coughing or contact with unwashed hands.

Year 10 Science

Name______________________________________

Mr G Langhans

Adapted from Tufts University, School of Medicine. Accessed

14/05/2016.
http://emerald.tufts.edu/med/apua/about_issue/about_antibiotic
res.shtml

Species, Evolution and Biodiversity

A species of finch lives on a large island where they
feed on insects, seeds and fruit. There is some variation
in the beaks of the finches. Some are bigger, making it
easier to crack seeds. Some are thinner, making it
easier to catch insects. Some are sharper, making it
easier to tear off bits of fruit.
The sea rises and separates the island into 3 as shown
below.

Island A has lots of fruit and seeds, but few insects.

Island B has lots of fruit, seeds and insects.
Island C has lots of insects, but little fruit and seeds.
What would expect to happen to the beaks of the
finches on the different islands if the finches do not fly
between the islands?
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Year 10 Science

Name______________________________________

Mr G Langhans

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