ASSIGNMENT

1. Model Liquid Mosaic

According to the fluid mosaic model presented by B.J. Singer and G.L. Nicholson, the
plasma membrane is composed of protein and phospholipids.
Phospholipid molecules consist of:
Polar head which is hydrophilic (attracted to water).
The tail section of a nonpolar tails hydrophobic (not attracted to water).

The plasma membrane consists of two layers / phospholipid bilayer. The head of the
phospholipid molecules in the outer layers towards the fluid in the external environment,
while the head of the phospholipids in the inner layer towards the cytoplasm.
The tail part of each molecule of the phospholipid bilayer is formed facing each other.
Bilayer or membrane form a barrier between the fluid and the fluid in the interstitial cells
(intracellular fluid).
Various types of protein molecules scattered among the phospholipid bilayer.
Protein molecules that form pores or canals called pore protein and protein molecule that
functions as a carrier protein.
Some proteins and lipids that have a carbohydrate chain attached to the outer surface of each
known as glycoprotein and glycolipid.
Bilayer also contains cholesterol, fatty acids linked together.

Cholesterol to stabilize and strengthen the plasma membrane and make it more flexible but
less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions. Without cholesterol, plasma
membrane will be too fluid at body temperature and may be broken and loose.

2. Terangkan secara ringkas perbezaan antara fotosistesis dan Calvin Cycles.