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MATH 312 - Spring 2011

Midterm Exam I Practice Problems

1. True/False:
(i) For any linear transformation L : V W and ~v V , L(~v ) = L(~v ).

(ii) The polynomial 3 x has norm 1 relative to the inner product given by
1

Z
hp(x), q(x)i =

p(x)q(x) dx
0

(iii) If A~x = ~0, ~x is orthogonal to every row of A.


(iv) If L : R2 R2 has the property that ||L(e~1 )|| = 1 = ||L(e~2 )||, then ||L(~v )|| = ||~v || for all ~v .
(v) If A and B are symmetric, so is AB.
(vi) If x~1 and x~2 are solutions of A~x = ~b, then x~1 x~2 is a solution of A~x = ~0. (vii) Any set of
distinct vectors {v~1 , . . . , v~n } in Rm with n > m spans Rm .
2. Write the vector
~b =

1
3

as a linear combination of the vectors



~v =

2
4


and w
~=

3. (a) For the matrix A below, determine whether


If there is, give at least one.

1
A= 2
3

2
1

there is a solution to A~x = ~b, where ~b = (2, 5, 1).


0
1
1

1
0
1

(b) Under what conditions on the vector ~b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) is there a solution to the equation A~x = ~b,
with A the matrix from part (a)?
4. An affine transformation T : Rn Rm is one given by
T (~x) = A~x + ~b

where A is m n and ~b Rm . Essentially, an affine transformation is a linear transformation plus


a shift.
(i) Sketch the effect of the transformation T : R2 R2 given by


 
1 1
1
T (~x) =
~x +
0 1
0
on the figure I weve been looking at in class.
(ii) Is T linear?
5. An economy has three sectors: Agriculture, Mining, and Industry. The buying patterns are
given in the table below:
Ag Min Ind
.5
0
.4
Ag
.3
.6
.2 Min
.2
.4
.4 Ind
i.e. Ag buys 50% of its own output, 0% of the output of Mining, and 40% of the output of Industry.
Does the economy have a nontrivial equilibrium state?
6. Which of the following are bases for R3 ?


1
1
0
1

(b) 1 , 2
(a) 0 , 1

0
0
1
1



0
1
0
1

(d) 2 , 1 , 0 , 3

1
1
0
2



3 2
7. Let A =
. Consider the matrix S =
2 3

4
, 0

1
1

1
1

1
0
1

(c) 1 , 1 , 0

3
4
1


.

(i) Compute S 1 AS.


(ii) On a single coordinate plane, sketch e~1 , e~2 , S e~1 , S e~2 , AS e~1 , AS e~2 , S 1 AS e~1 , S 1 AS e~2 .
(iii) Use the answer to part (i) to compute A4 .
8. Find a right inverse to the matrix

A=

1
2

1 2
0 3

i.e. a 3 2 matrix B such that AB = I2 .


9. Is there a linear transformation that turns the figure I into a figure A? If so, give one. If not,
why not?

10. Consider the system Ax = b, where A is an m n matrix, r its number of pivots. For each
of the following cases, describe the possible numbers of solutions (i.e. zero, half a dozen, infinitely
many). In a sentence or two, justify each response.
(a) r = m n.
(b) r = n m.
(c) r = m = n.
(d) r < m, r < n.
11. Consider the directed graph below:

?>=<
89:;
?
89:;
>=<
/
1 >^
@2
O >>
>>
>>
>> 
89:;
?>=<
89:;
?>=<
o
3
4

(a) Using linear algebra (no points otherwise), determine the number of paths of length three or
less from vertex 2 to itself. Also, determine the number of paths of length three or less from vertex
4 to vertex 2.
(b) What is the smallest integer n such that you can reach any vertex from any other by a path of
length n or less? Justify your answer using work from part (a).

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