36.

Difference between 2 stroke and four

stroke engines

S.No

Four stroke engine

Two stroke engine

It has one power stroke for every

It has one power stroke for each revolution

two revolutions of the crankshaft.

of the crankshaft.

Heavy flywheel is required and

Lighter flywheel is required and engine runs

engine runs unbalanced because

balanced because turning moment is more

turning moment on the crankshaft

even due to one power stroke for each

is not even due to one power stroke

revolution of the crankshaft.

.
1.

2.

for every two revolutions of the

crankshaft.
3.

Engine is heavy

Engine is light

4.

Engine design is complicated due to

Engine design is simple due to absence of

valve mechanism.

valve mechanism.

More cost.

Less cost than 4 stroke.

Less mechanical efficiency due to

More mechanical efficiency due to less

more friction on many parts.

friction on a few parts.

More output due to full fresh charge

Less output due to mixing of fresh charge

intake and full burnt gases exhaust.

with the hot burnt gases.

8.

Engine runs cooler.

Engine runs hotter.

9.

Engine is water cooled.

Engine is air cooled.

10.

Less fuel consumption and complete

More fuel consumption and fresh charge is

burning of fuel.

mixed with exhaust gases.

11.

Engine requires more space.

Engine requires less space.

12.

Complicated lubricating system.

Simple lubricating system.

13.

Less noise is created by engine.

More noise is created by engine.

14.

Engine consists of inlet and exhaust

Engine consists of inlet and exhaust ports.

5.

6.
7.

valve.

15.

More thermal efficiency.

Less thermal efficiency.

16.

It consumes less lubricating oil.

It consumes more lubricating oil.

17.

Less wear and tear of moving parts.

More wear and tear of moving parts.

18.

Used in cars, buses, trucks etc.

Used in mopeds, scooters, motorcyclesetc.

What is the difference between a diesel engine

and petrol engine?
37.

Petrol engines uses spark plugs to ignite the fuel which is nothing but a mixture of air and petrol.
Whereas diesel engines compresses the air which creates a high temperature which in turn ignites
the fuel. In brief petrol engine uses spark to ignite the fuel and diesel engines uses compression
process to ignite the fuel.

38. explain the working of a four stroke petrol engine

A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycle) is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which
the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel
of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
1. Intake: This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead
center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston
pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder
through its downward motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends
at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition
during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this
stage.
3. Combustion: This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point
the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the
end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in
a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully

returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn
the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C.
while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the
exhaust valve.

39. explain the working of a two stroke petrol engine

A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a
power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft
revolution. This is in contrast to a "four-stroke engine", which requires four strokes of the piston to
complete a power cycle. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning
of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging)
functions occurring at the same time.

40. Draw a four stoke diesel engine and explain its

working
The four strokes of the cycle are intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each corresponds to
one full stroke of the piston; therefore, the complete cycle requires two revolutions of the
crankshaft to complete.

Intake
During the intake stroke, the piston moves downward, drawing a fresh charge of vaporized
fuel/air mixture. The illustrated engine features a poppet intake valve which is drawn open by
the vacuum produced by the intake stroke. Some early engines worked this way; however, most
modern engines incorporate an extra cam/lifter arrangement as seen on the exhaust valve. The
exhaust valve is held shut by a spring (not illustrated here).

Compression
As the piston rises, the poppet valve is forced shut by the increased cylinder pressure. Flywheel
momentum drives the piston upward, compressing the fuel/air mixture.

Power
At the top of the compression stroke, the spark plug fires, igniting the compressed fuel. As the
fuel burns it expands, driving the piston downward.

Exhaust
At the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened by the cam/lifter mechanism.
The upward stroke of the piston drives the exhausted fuel out of the cylinder.

41. Sketch and describe the four bar chain mechanism

7.1. FOUR-BAR MECHANISM

A four-link mechanism with four revolute joints is commonly called a fourbar mechanism.

Application of four-bar mechanisms to machinery is numerous. Some typical

applications will involve:
a) Correlation of the angular rotations of the links connected to the fixed link (commonly
known as correlation of crank angles or function generation). In such applications
we would like to have a certain functional relation such as 14 = f(12) to be realised by
the four-bar mechanism. A simple example will be to convert a linear scale to a
logarithmic scale within a certain range.

b) Link that has no connection to the fixed link is known as the coupler link. A point on
this link (which is known as the coupler point) will describe a path on the fixed link,
which is called the coupler-point-curve. By proper choice of link dimensions useful
curves, such as a straight-line or a circular arc, may be found

42. describe an elliptical trammel

A Elliptical Trammel is a mechanism that traces out an ellipse. It
consists of two shuttles which are confined ('trammeled') to
perpendicular channels or rails, and a rod which is attached to the
shuttles by pivots at fixed positions along the rod. As the shuttles
move back and forth, each along its channel, the end of the rod
moves in an elliptical path. The semi-axes a and b of the ellipse
are the distances between the end of the rod and the two pivots

43. explain the working of a pantograph

A pantograph (Greek roots - "all, every" and - "to write", from their original use for copying
writing) is amechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the
movement of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line
drawing is traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a
pen fixed to the other. Using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used for other
forms of duplication in areas such as sculpture, minting, engraving and milling.

44. explain with the help of neat sketches a single

slider crank chain and its various inversions

First inversion
This inversion is obtained when link 1 (ground body) is fixed. Application- Reciprocating
engine, Reciprocating compressor etc...
Second inversion
This inversion is obtained when link 2 (crank) is fixed. Application- Whitworth quick return
mechanism, Rotary engine, etc...
Third inversion
This inversion is obtained when link 3 (connecting rod) is fixed. Application- Slotted crank
mechanism, Oscillatory engine etc..,
Fourth inversion
This inversion is obtained when link 4 (slider) is fixed. Application- Hand pump, pendulum pump or
Bull engine, etc...

45. prove that the condition for a self-locking machine is

that its efficiency should be less than 50%
If a machine is not capable of doing some work in the reversed direction,
after the effort is removed, then the machine is known as non-reversible or
self locking machine. The condition for a machine to be non-reversible or self
locking is that its efficiency should be less than 50 %.

46. explain the first system of pulleys

47. differentiate between stress and pressure

Pressure is defined as force per unit area applied to an object in a

direction perpendicular to the surface. And naturally pressure can
cause stress inside an object. Whereas stress is the property of
the body under load and is related to the internal forces. It is
defined as a reaction produced by the molecules of the body
under some action which may produce some deformation. The
intensity of these additional forces produced per unit area is
known as stress
48. what are the temperature stresses and strains