La Consolacion College Manila

Mendiola, Manila

THEO-203 CHURCH OF THE POOR

The Schism between East and West

Researched/Prepared by: (TTH-11:00-12:30)

Albano, Erwin S.
Batino, Lawreine C.
De Jesus, Joricar
Mallari, Jamaecah Katrin M.
Mendoza, Angelica Mae R.
Dr. Teodolfo Santiago
August 4, 2016

OUTLINE:
TOPIC: The Schism between East and West
I. DESCRIPTION
A. What is Schism?
B.
What is an Orthodox Church?
C. What is Eastern Orthodox?
D. What is Western Orthodox?
II. SCHISM BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND THE WESTERN CHURCH
A. Countries Involved During this Period
B.
How Schism Started
B.1 Key Personalities Involved during Schism
C. Main Issues and Tensions during Schism
D. Differences and Rituals between Eastern and Western Church
E.
Crusades after Schism
F. Aftermath/Effects of the Schism
III.LEARNING DERIVED FROM THE GREAT SCHISM
O References

I. DESCRIPTION
A.

What is Schism?

Schism (from the Greek schisma, rent, and division) is a division between people,
usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is
most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body,
such as the EastWest Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split
within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation
between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.

However, not every disobedience is a schism; in order to possess this character it must
include besides the transgression of the commands of superiors, denial of their
Divine right to command. On the other hand, schism does not necessarily imply
adhesion, either public or private, to a dissenting group or a distinct sect, much less
the creation of such a group. Anyone becomes a schismatic who, though desiring to
remain a Christian, rebels against legitimate authority, without going as far as the
rejection of Christianity as a whole.
B.

What is an Orthodox Church?

right belief or right praise
Conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true;
established and approved.

The Orthodox Church is the one Church founded by Jesus Christ and his apostles,
begun at the day of Pentecost with the descent of the Holy Spirit in the year 33 A.D. It is
also known (especially in the contemporary West) as the Eastern Orthodox Church or
the Greek Orthodox Church. It may also be called the Orthodox Catholic Church, the
Orthodox Christian Church, the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church, the Body of
Christ, the Bride of Christ, or simply the Church.
C.

What is the Eastern Orthodox?

Eastern Orthodox: (The word Orthodox means right belief or right praise.,
conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true;
established and approved.)

It is a Christian church and one of the oldest religious institutions in the world. The
Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic
Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices

what it understands to be the original Christian faith and maintains the sacred
tradition passed down from the apostles. Greek was the most prevalent shared language
in the demographic regions where the Byzantine Empire flourished. For this reason, the
eastern churches were sometimes identified as "Greek" (in contrast to "Roman" or
"Latin"), even before the great schism.

The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Orthodox Catholic Church. It
is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, &
official publications.

The head of each Orthodox Church is called a patriarch or metropolitan. The

patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey) is considered the ecumenicalor universal
patriarch. He is the closest thing to a counterpart to the Pope in the Roman Catholic
Church. Unlike the Pope, who is known as VICARIUS FILIUS DEI (the vicar of the Son
of God), the bishop of Constantinople is known as PRIMUS INTER PARES (the first
amongst equals). He enjoys special honor, but he has no power to interfere with the 12
other
Orthodox
communions.
The Orthodox Church claims to be the one true church of Christ, and seeks to trace its
origin back to the original apostles through an unbroken chain of apostolic succession.
Orthodox thinkers debate the spiritual status of Roman Catholics and Protestants, and a
few still consider them heretics. Like Catholics and Protestants, however, Orthodox
believers affirm the Trinity, the Bible as the Word of God, Jesus as God the Son, and
many other biblical doctrines. However, in doctrine, they have much more in common
with Roman Catholics than they do with Protestant Christians.
D.

What is Western Church?

Western Church or also called as Roman Catholicism comprises the beliefs and
practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It stands under the authority of the bishop of
Rome, the pope, and is led by him and bishops who are held to be, through ordination,
successors of Peter and the apostles. Doctrine and sacraments are administered by the
hierarchy of archbishops, bishops, priests, and deacons. As successor to Peter, the pope
is considered the Vicar of Christ. Roman Catholics believe their church to be the one,
holy, catholic, and apostolic church, possessing all the properties of the one, true
church of Christ. The Eastern mindset is more inclined toward philosophy, mysticism,
and ideology, whereas the Western outlook is guided more by a practical and legal
mentality.

II.

SCHISM BETWEEN THE EASTERN AND THE WESTERN CHURCH

A. Countries Involved During this Period

Byzantine Empire
Roman Empire

Why they are involved:

The relation of the Byzantine Church to the Roman may be described as one of growing
estrangement from the 5th to the 11th century. In the early church three bishops stood forth
prominently, principally from the political eminence of the cities in which they ruledthe
bishops of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. The transfer of the seat of empire from Rome to
Constantinople and the later eclipse of Alexandria and Antioch as battlegrounds of Islam and
Christianity promoted the importance of Constantinople. Concurrently, the theological calmness
of the West, in contrast to the often violent theological disputes that troubled the Eastern
patriarchates, strengthened the position of the Roman popes, who made increasing claims to
preeminence. But this preeminence, or rather the Roman idea of what was involved in it, was
never acknowledged in the East. To press it upon the Eastern patriarchs was to prepare the way
for separation; to insist upon it in times of irritation was to cause a schism.
B.

How Schism Started

Before the Great Schism, there were already tension between the east and west. It was first
began from 343 to 398, the Church was split over Arianism, a doctrine supported by many in
the East, though rejected by the Pope in the West. A new controversy arose in 404, when the
Byzantine Emperor Arcadius deposed the Roman-backed Patriarch of Constantinople, John
Chrysostom. The Pope soon broke off communion with all the eastern patriarchates, for they
had countenanced Chrysostom's banishment. The division was healed only in 415, when the
eastern patriarchs retroactively recognized Chrysostom as legitimate.

Another conflict broke out when, in 482, the Byzantine Emperor Zeno issued an edict
known as the Henotikon, which sought to reconcile the differences between most of the Church
(which believed that Jesus Christ had two natures: human and divine) and the monophysites
(who believed that Jesus Christ had only a divine nature). The edict, however, received the
condemnation of Pope Felix III. In 484, the Pope excommunicated Acacius, the Patriarch of
Constantinople who urged Zeno to issue the Henotikon. The schism was ended in 519 -- over
thirty years later -- when the Byzantine Emperor Justin I recognised Acacius's
excommunication. However, the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem now
embraced Miaphysitism and rejected the Council of Chalcedon. Thus, although technically
reunited, the Church was in actuality diverging.

Then Great Schism start when The Byzantine split with Roman Catholicism came about
when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, King of the Franks, as Holy Roman Emperor in 800.
From the Byzantine viewpoint, this was a slap to the Eastern Emperor and the Byzantine Empire
itself an empire that had withstood barbarian invasions and upheld the faith for centuries.
After Rome fell in 476, Byzantium was the only vestige of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charlemagnes crowning made the Byzantine Emperor redundant, and relations between
the East and the West deteriorated until a formal split occurred in 1054. The Eastern Church
became the Greek Orthodox Church by severing all ties with Rome and the Roman Catholic
Church from the pope to the Holy Roman Emperor on down.

B.1 Key Personalities Involved during Schism

Pope Saint Leo III - he crowned Charlemagne as Roman emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire.

Charlemagne also known as the Charles the Great. The First Holy Roman
Emperor, the first recognized emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Western
Roman Empire three centuries earlier.

Pope Leo IX - Leo IX is widely considered the most historically

significant German Pope of the Middle Ages. His citing of the Donation of Constantine in
a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople brought about the Great Schism between the
Catholic and Orthodox churches.

Michael Cerularius Became patriarch of Constantinople in 1043. He is noted for

disputing with Pope Leo IX over church practices in respect of which the Roman Church
differed from Constantinople, especially the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.

Pope Urban II - He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (109699) and setting
up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run
the Church.

C. Main Issues and Tensions during Schism

The catalysts of the Great Schism included:

The insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Roman church in direct
violation of the command of the Council of Ephesus, an action called non-canonical by
the Eastern Church.

Disputes in the Balkans over whether the Western or Eastern Church had jurisdiction.

The designation of the Patriarch of Constantinople as ecumenical patriarch (which was

understood by Rome as universal patriarch and therefore disputed).

Disputes over whether the Patriarch of Rome, the Pope, should be considered a higher
authority than the other Patriarchs. All five Patriarchs of the One Holy Catholic and
Apostolic Church agreed that the Patriarch of Rome should receive higher honors than
the other four; they disagreed about whether he had authority over the other four and, if
he did, how extensive that authority might be.

The concept of Caesaropapism, a tying together in some way of the ultimate political and
religious authorities, which were physically separated much earlier when the capital of
the empire was moved from Rome to Constantinople. There is controversy over just how
much this so-called "Caesaropapism" actually existed and how much was a fanciful
invention, centuries later, by western European historians.

Certain liturgical practices in the west that the East believed represented innovation: use
of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, for example. Eastern innovations, such as
intinction (dipping) of the bread in the wine for Communion, were condemned several
times by Rome but were never the occasion of schism.

This conflict led to the exchange of excommunications by the representative of Pope Leo
IX and the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, in 1054 (finally rescinded in 1965)
and the separation of the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox churches, each of which now claims
to be "the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church." It should be noted that at the time of the
mutual excommunications, Pope Leo IX was dead. Therefore, the authority of Cardinal
Humbertus, the Pope's legate, had ceased; therefore he could not legitimately excommunicate
Patriarch Cerularius.
The final breach is often considered to have arisen after the sacking of Constantinople by
the Fourth Crusade in 1204. This Fourth Crusade had the Latin Church directly involved in a
military assault against the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, and the Orthodox Patriarchate.
The sacking of the Church of Holy Wisdom and establishment of the Latin Empire in 1204 is
viewed with some rancor to the present day. In 2004, Pope John Paul II extended a formal
apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204; the apology was formally accepted by
Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople.
The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority -- the Roman Pope
claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the four eastern patriarchs
claimed that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary, and thus he had authority

only over Western Christians -- and over the insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene
Creed. There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over
liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction.
D. Differences and Rituals between Eastern and Western Church
Causes of the schism included political, cultural, economic, and social as well as
theological differences that originated before 1000. The political unity of the Mediterranean
world was shaken and finally destroyed through the barbarian invasions in the West and the rise
of Islam in the East.
Communication between the Greek-speaking East and the Latin West broke down as
church and other leaders in each no longer spoke or read the language of the other half of the
Christian world.
In 800 Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope as the new emperor of the Roman Empire,
but he was not recognized by the Byzantine Greeks.
The court theologians of Charlemagne considered the Eastern Christians to be heretics
because the latter refused to admit the word Filioque into the Creed, while the Greeks viewed the
introduction of that doctrine into the Nicene-Constantinople Creed as unforgivable.
The development of church order in the West made the pope of Rome the strong
monarchical bond of unity throughout the Western world. The East had no comparable structure;
the church was administered by a hierarchy whose members were considered equals. East-West
issues crystallized in a quarrel between Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, and Pope Nicholas
I, which resulted in the Photian schism (867). Photius was eventually recognized by the pope as
the legitimate successor of Patriarch Ignatius after the latters death in 877. However, Photius
had condemned the primacy of the pope of Rome and the use of the Filioque as unacceptable to
the Christian East. In the 11th century other factors aggravated these differences. In 1009 the
Filioque clause was made an essential part of the Latin profession of faith. In retaliation the
name of the pope of Rome was dropped from the diptychs, or lists of those patriarchs with whom
a patriarchal church was in communion.
Under strong reforming popes such as Gregory VII, the papacy claimed jurisdiction over
all Christian churches. This claim was ignored in the East. The Normans conquered the southern
part of Italy, which was under Byzantine control, and insisted on enforcing Latin customs.
Patriarch Michael Cerularius retaliated in 1052 by closing the Latin churches in Constantinople.
In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent three legates, led by Cardinal Humbert, to Cerularius. On July 16,
1054, Humbert laid upon the altar of Hagia Sophia a bull of excommunication of Cerularius and
his partisans. Cerularius summoned his 20 metropolitans and anathematized the impious
document and its authors. This seemed to be more a personal quarrel than an excommunication,
and friendly relations still continued between the churches.
Comparing & Contrasting Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholics:

Both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church share many core
beliefs.For more than 1,000 years, there was a single monolithic Christian church. Then, in A.D.
1054, the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated, creating what is called the
Great Schism, during which the major Christian church separated into what became known as
the Catholic Church in the west and the Orthodox Church in the east. While there are many
similarities between the two denominations, in both belief and practice, each has its
distinguishing factors.
Beliefs:
The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches share many core beliefs regarding
Jesus Christ, including his divine and human natures, his virginal birth, his death and subsequent
resurrection, and his anticipated return to earth. Both denominations also recognize the teachings
expressed in the first seven ecumenical councils. At the root of the Great Schism between the
Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches was the ways in which the idea of the Trinity
was expressed. While the Eastern Orthodox Church emphasized the distinct personhood of each
member of the Trinity, the Roman Catholic Church emphasized the Trinitys unity of essence.
This division culminated in the filioque controversy, which was one of the primary theological
triggers of the Great Schism. The churches also differed on the perpetual virginity of Mary as
well as the nature of original sin.
Rituals:
There are seven sacraments in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
These include baptism, confirmation, penance, communion, marriage, holy orders and the
anointing of the sick. Today, the practice of these sacraments in both churches is nearly identical
in form and content. One observable difference in ritual between the two groups is seen in
communion. While the Eastern Orthodox Church uses leavened bread, the Roman Catholic
Church uses unleavened bread. Each holds distinct beliefs about communion as well -- the
Eastern Orthodox Church believes that Jesus Christ is mystically present in communion, while
the Roman Catholic Church believes that the bread and wine are transformed literally, but
invisibly, into the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
Structure:
Both Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox churches use an hierarchical form of church
government -- there are several levels of priesthood, including priests, monks, nuns and various
levels of bishops. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Bishop of Rome is called the Pope, and he
sits atop of the Catholic Churchs organizational hierarchy. Within the Catholic Church, he is
considered Christs representative as the head of the Catholic Church on earth. The Eastern
Orthodox Church is led by patriarchs, and each patriarch is the administrative head over the
Orthodox Church in a given geographic region. These patriarchs are considered equals, with
none having authority over another. The refusal of the Eastern Orthodox Church to defer to the
will of the Bishop of Rome was a primary political factor in the Great Schism.

E. Crusades After Schism

Three reasons are primarily given for the beginning of the Crusades:
(1) to reclaim the Land of Christ and stop the Moslem invasion;
(2) to heal the rift between Roman and Orthodox Christianity following the
Schism of 1054;
(3) to marshal the energy of the constantly warring feudal lords and knights into the one
cause of penitential warfare. One cannot help but observe that the effort restored
Papal Primacy and Christendom.
History:
On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the
Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against
Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of Deus vult! or God wills it! Those
who undertook the venture were to wear an emblem in the shape of a red cross on their body (so
derived the word Crusader to mark with a cross). Like Gregory, he made internal reform his
main focus, railing against simony (the selling of church offices) and other clerical abuses
prevalent during the Middle Ages. Urban showed himself to be an adept and powerful cleric.
By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Landhad become a point of conflict for
European Christians. when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred
from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take
Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban for help. This was
not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Urban. Wanting to reinforce
the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he
fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks.

At the Council of Clermont, in France, at which several hundred clerics and noblemen
gathered, Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their infighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back
Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and
promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.

Urbans war cry caught fire, mobilizing clerics to drum up support throughout Europe for
the crusade against the Muslims. All told, between 60,000 and 100,000 people responded to
Urbans call to march on Jerusalem. Not all who responded did so out of piety: European nobles
were tempted by the prospect of increased land holdings and riches to be gained from the
conquest. These nobles were responsible for the death of a great many innocents both on the way

to and in the Holy Land, absorbing the riches and estates of those they conveniently deemed
opponents to their cause. Adding to the death toll was the inexperience and lack of discipline of
the Christian peasants against the trained, professional armies of the Muslims. As a result, the
Christians were initially beaten back, and only through sheer force of numbers were they
eventually able to triumph.

Journey and First Crusades

During the crusade, knights, peasants and serfs from many regions of Western
Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on towards Jerusalem.
The Crusaders arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099,
massacring many of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. They also established the crusader
states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and
the County of Edessa.

The only successful Crusade (of eight major efforts) was the First, when the Crusaders
conquered Jerusalem in 1099. The First Crusade was followed by the Second to
the Ninth Crusades. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the
West since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was once again in Christian hands. The four Crusader
states of Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, and Edessa were established. The effort lasted only 88
years, when Saladin (d. 1193) recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. Richard the Lionheart (d. 1199) of
England negotiated a settlement with Saladin during the Third Crusade whereby Christian
pilgrims were given free access to Jerusalem. The four Crusader states eventually collapsed, and
with the surrender of Acre in 1291, formal Christian presence in the Holy Land ended.
Urban died in 1099, two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem but before news of the
Christian victory made it back to Europe. His was the first of seven major military campaigns
fought over the next two centuries known as the Crusades, the bloody repercussions of which are
still felt today. Urban was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1881.

F. Aftermath/Effects of Schism

Impacts and Effects of Schism:

Early Christianity had two different churches. (Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic)
The Church had two different leaders. (Pope and Patriarch)
The Church had two different rituals.
There is only one God.
Our faith in One God remains.
Continuation of the Effects of Schism:
Great Schism brought the separation of two churches.
Now, we have different forms of churches.
Different churches had different traditions and practices.
Today, Pope meets with Patriarch.

III. LEARNING DERIVED

Importance of respecting opinions or beliefs of each individual or group.
Significance of historical background of our religions and on why they are sacred for
everybody up to this date.
Differences with each others tradition are inevitable which we should be open for as long as
nobodys harming each other.

REFERENCES:

I.

Supplementary Notes (By: Mr. Teodolfo Santiago, PhD)

II.

Article Title: What Does Orthodox Mean?: The Doctrine, Worship and Values of the Church
URL: http://www.antiochian.org/content/what-does-orthodox-meanworship-and-values-church

Article Title: What is Roman Catholicism? - GotQuestions.org

URL: http://www.gotquestions.org/Roman-Catholicism.html

doctrine-