Operators Dictionary

Operators Dictionary
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Page 1
Printed Date: 28 November 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
A.................................................................................................................18
1.1
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE.........................................................................18
1.2
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE..................................................................18
1.3
ABSORPTION PROCESS.......................................................................18
1.4
ACCELERATOR......................................................................................18
1.5
ACCUMULATOR.....................................................................................18
1.6
ACETYLENE C2H2.................................................................................18
1.7
ACID.........................................................................................................18
1.8
ADDITIVE.................................................................................................18
1.9
ADIP.........................................................................................................18
1.10
ADIP TREATING......................................................................................18
1.11
ADSORPTION PROCESS.......................................................................18
1.12
AEROBIC.................................................................................................19
1.13
AEROMETER..........................................................................................19
1.14
AGGREGATE...........................................................................................19
1.15
AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT...........................................................................19
1.16
AIR HEAT EXCHANGER.........................................................................19
1.17
AIR SWEETENING..................................................................................19
1.18
ALCOHOLS.............................................................................................19
1.19
ALGAE.....................................................................................................19
1.20
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS..............................................................19
1.21
ALKALI....................................................................................................19
1.22
ALKALI TEST..........................................................................................19
1.23
ALKALINE...............................................................................................19
1.24
ALKALINITY............................................................................................19
1.25
ALKYLATION...........................................................................................19
1.26
ALLOY.....................................................................................................20
1.27
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE...................................................20
1.28
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS...............................20
1.29
AMINE......................................................................................................20
1.30
AMMONIA NH3........................................................................................20
1.31
ANAEROBIC............................................................................................20
1.32
ANALYSIS................................................................................................20
1.33
ANHYDROUS..........................................................................................20
1.34
ANILINE POINT.......................................................................................20
1.35
ANNEALING............................................................................................20
1.36
ANTIFOAM AGENT.................................................................................20
1.37
ANTI-KNOCK...........................................................................................20

Page 2
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
ANTI-KNOCK AGENT.............................................................................20
ANTIOXIDANT.........................................................................................20
ANTI-STATIC ADDITIVE..........................................................................21
API GRAVITY...........................................................................................21
AROMATIC BLEND.................................................................................21
AROMATICS............................................................................................21
ASH..........................................................................................................21
ASH CONTENT.......................................................................................21
ASPHALT.................................................................................................21
ASPHALTENES.......................................................................................21
ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS...........................................................21
ASPHALTIC BITUMEN............................................................................21
ASPIRATOR.............................................................................................21
ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS...............................................................22
ASTM DISTILLATION..............................................................................22
ASTM GUM TEST....................................................................................22
ASTM MELTING POINT..........................................................................22
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE..................................................................22
ATOM.......................................................................................................22
ATOMISE\................................................................................................22
ATTEMPERATOR\...................................................................................22
ATTRITION\..............................................................................................22
AUTO IGNITION POINT..........................................................................22
AVERAGE BOILING POINT....................................................................22
AVGAS.....................................................................................................22
AVIATION GASOLINE.............................................................................22
AVTAG.....................................................................................................23
AVTUR.....................................................................................................23
AZEOTROPE...........................................................................................23
AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION................................................................23
B.................................................................................................................24
BACK PRESSURE..................................................................................24
BAFFLE...................................................................................................24
BALANCED DRAUGHT..........................................................................24
BAR OVER..............................................................................................24
BAROMETER..........................................................................................24
BAROMETRIC CONDENSER.................................................................24
BAROMETRIC LEG.................................................................................24
BARREL..................................................................................................24
BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER............................................................24


Page 3
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
BATCH.....................................................................................................24
BATCH PROCESS...................................................................................24
BATTERY.................................................................................................24
BATTERY LIMITS....................................................................................24
BEARING.................................................................................................24
BENZENE C6H6........................................................................................25
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)............................................25
BIODEGRADATION.................................................................................25
BIOTREATER..........................................................................................25
BITUMEN.................................................................................................25
BLACK PRODUCTS................................................................................25
BLANK - See Spade...............................................................................25
BLEEDING...............................................................................................25
BLEND.....................................................................................................25
BLENDED FUEL OIL...............................................................................25
BLENDING...............................................................................................25
BLENDING STOCK.................................................................................25
BLENDING VALUE (ANTI-KNOCK)........................................................25
BLOCK VALVE........................................................................................25
BLOCKED OPERATION..........................................................................25
BLOWBACK............................................................................................26
BLOW-BY................................................................................................26
BLOWDOWN...........................................................................................26
BLOWER.................................................................................................26
BLOWN BITUMEN..................................................................................26
BLUE SMOKE.........................................................................................26
BOILING POINT (AT A GIVEN PRESSURE)..........................................26
BOILING RANGE....................................................................................26
BOMB......................................................................................................26
BOND.......................................................................................................26
BOOSTER STATION...............................................................................26
BOTTLED GAS........................................................................................26
BOTTOMS...............................................................................................26
BOX-IN.....................................................................................................26
BOX-UP...................................................................................................27
BRAKE HORSEPOWER.........................................................................27
BREAKER POINT....................................................................................27
BREATHING............................................................................................27
BRINE......................................................................................................27
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)............................................................27
BRITOLITE...............................................................................................27


Page 4
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
BUFFER...................................................................................................27
BUG COUNT............................................................................................27
BULK CRUSHING STRENGTH...............................................................27
BULK DENSITY.......................................................................................27
BUND WALL............................................................................................27
BUNKER FUEL........................................................................................27
BURNING OIL..........................................................................................27
BUTANE C4H10.........................................................................................28
BUTANE DE-ASPHALTING....................................................................28
BYPRODUCT...........................................................................................28
3
C.................................................................................................................29
3.1
C1,C2,C3,C4,C5...........................................................................................29
3.2
CALIBRATION.........................................................................................29
3.3
CALMING SECTION TRAYS...................................................................29
3.4
CALORIE.................................................................................................29
3.5
CALORIFIC VALUE.................................................................................29
3.6
CANDLEPOWER.....................................................................................29
3.7
CAPILLARITY..........................................................................................29
3.8
CARBON..................................................................................................29
3.9
CARBON (FIXED CARBON)...................................................................29
3.10
CARBON DEPOSIT.................................................................................29
3.11
CARBON DIOXIDE..................................................................................29
3.12
CARBON MONOXIDE.............................................................................29
3.13
CARBURETTOR......................................................................................30
3.14
CARRYOVER...........................................................................................30
3.15
CASCADE TRAY.....................................................................................30
3.16
CATALYSIS..............................................................................................30
3.17
CATALYST...............................................................................................30
3.18
CATALYST POISON................................................................................30
3.19
CATALYTIC PROCESS...........................................................................30
3.20
CATALYTIC REFORMING.......................................................................30
3.21
CATHODIC PROTECTION......................................................................30
3.22
CAUSTIC SODA......................................................................................30
3.23
CENTRIGRADE (CELSIUS) SCALE.......................................................30
3.24
CENTIPOISE, CENTISTOKES................................................................30
3.25
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR.............................................................31
3.26
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP............................................................................31
3.27
CENTRIFUGE..........................................................................................31
3.28
CERAMIC BALLS....................................................................................31
3.29
CETANE NUMBER..................................................................................31

Page 5
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
CFR ENGINE...........................................................................................31
CHANNELING.........................................................................................31
CHARACTERISATION............................................................................31
CHAR VALUE..........................................................................................31
CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE)................................................31
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)..................................................31
CHLORINATION......................................................................................31
CHROMOMETER - See Colorimeter......................................................31
CLADDING..............................................................................................31
CLAUS PROCESS..................................................................................31
CLEAR GASOLINE.................................................................................32
CLOUD POINT.........................................................................................32
COAGULATION.......................................................................................32
COALESCER...........................................................................................32
COASTAL TANKER Ltd- (CTL)...............................................................32
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION..............................................................32
COFFERDAMS........................................................................................32
COKE.......................................................................................................32
COKE DRUM...........................................................................................32
COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT..........................................................32
COLORIMETER.......................................................................................32
COMBINED FEED RATIO (CFR).............................................................32
COMBUSTION.........................................................................................32
COMBUSTION CHAMBER......................................................................32
COMPATABILITY.....................................................................................32
COMPOUND............................................................................................32
COMPRESSION......................................................................................33
COMPRESSION IGNITION......................................................................33
COMPRESSION RATIO...........................................................................33
COMPRESSOR.......................................................................................33
CONDENSATE.........................................................................................33
CONDENSATION (PHYSICAL)...............................................................33
CONDENSER..........................................................................................33
CONDENSER BOX..................................................................................33
CONDUCTIVITY......................................................................................33
CONGEAL...............................................................................................33
CONTINUOUS CATALYST REGENERATOR.........................................33
CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION................................................................33
CONTROL LOOP.....................................................................................33
CONTROLLER........................................................................................33
CONVECTION.........................................................................................33


Page 6
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3.96
CONVECTION SECTION........................................................................34
CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS................................................................34
CONVERSION PROCESSES..................................................................34
COOLER..................................................................................................34
COOLING TOWER..................................................................................34
COPPER STRIP CORROSION................................................................34
CORRECTED ENERGY & LOSS (CEL)..................................................34
CORROSION...........................................................................................34
COUNTERCURRENT FLOW...................................................................34
CRACKING..............................................................................................34
CREDITORS............................................................................................34
CREEP.....................................................................................................34
CRITERIA REFERENCED INSTRUCTION.............................................34
CRITICAL PRESSURE............................................................................34
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE.....................................................................34
CRITICAL VELOCITY..............................................................................35
CRUDE NAPHTHA..................................................................................35
CRUDE OIL TYPES.................................................................................35
CRUDE WAX...........................................................................................35
CRYSTALISATION...................................................................................35
CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS..............................................................35
CURRENT RATE.....................................................................................35
CUT..........................................................................................................35
CUT POINT..............................................................................................35
CYCLISATION.........................................................................................35
CYCLONE SEPARATOR.........................................................................35
4
D.................................................................................................................36
4.1
DAMPER..................................................................................................36
4.2
DEACTIVATION.......................................................................................36
4.3
DEADWEIGHT.........................................................................................36
4.4
DEARATOR.............................................................................................36
4.5
DEBTORS................................................................................................36
4.6
DECOMPOSITION...................................................................................36
4.7
DEFERRED TAXATION...........................................................................36
4.8
DEHYDRATION.......................................................................................36
4.9
DEHYDROCYCLISATION.......................................................................36
4.10
DEHYDROGENATION.............................................................................36
4.11
DEIONIZED WATER................................................................................36
4.12
DEISOLATION.........................................................................................36
4.13
DEMISTER...............................................................................................36

Page 7
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
DEMULSIFIER.........................................................................................36
DEMURRAGE..........................................................................................36
DENITRIFICATION..................................................................................37
DENSE BED LOADING...........................................................................37
DEOXYGENATION..................................................................................37
DESALTING.............................................................................................37
DESULPHURISATION - See Hydrodesulphurisation...........................37
DESUPERHEATER..................................................................................37
DETERGENCY........................................................................................37
DETERGENT OIL....................................................................................37
DETONATION..........................................................................................37
DEW POINT (at a given pressure).........................................................37
DEWAXING..............................................................................................37
DIESEL ENGINE......................................................................................37
DIESEL FUEL..........................................................................................37
DIESEL INDEX.........................................................................................37
DIFLUOROETHANE................................................................................38
DILUENT..................................................................................................38
DIPPING...................................................................................................38
DISTILLATE.............................................................................................38
DISTILLATION (fractional).....................................................................38
DISTILLATION CURVE...........................................................................38
DISTILLATION LOSS..............................................................................38
DISTRIBUTOR (LIQUID/GAS).................................................................38
DISULPHIDE............................................................................................38
DIVIDEND COVER..................................................................................38
DIVIDEND YIELD.....................................................................................38
DOCTOR SOLUTION..............................................................................38
DOCTOR TREATMENT...........................................................................38
DOLPHIN.................................................................................................39
DOWNCOMER.........................................................................................39
DOWNSTREAM.......................................................................................39
DRAW OFF..............................................................................................39
DRY GAS.................................................................................................39
DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE................................................................39
E..................................................................................................................40
EARNINGS PER SHARE (CENTS).........................................................40
ECONOMISER.........................................................................................40
EJECTOR................................................................................................40
ELASTOMER...........................................................................................40


Page 8
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE..............................................40

ELECTROLYSIS......................................................................................40
EMULSIFIER............................................................................................40
EMULSION..............................................................................................40
END POINT..............................................................................................40
ENDOTHERMIC.......................................................................................40
ENGINE OIL.............................................................................................40
ENGLER DISTILLATION.........................................................................40
ENTRAINMENT.......................................................................................40
EROSION.................................................................................................40
ETHANE C2H6..........................................................................................41
ETHENE...................................................................................................41
EVACUATION..........................................................................................41
EVAPORATION........................................................................................41
EVAPORATOR.........................................................................................41
EX SITU REGEN......................................................................................41
EXOTHERMIC.........................................................................................41
EXPANSION JOINT.................................................................................41
EXTRACT................................................................................................41
EXTRACTION..........................................................................................41
EXTRACTION DEPTH.............................................................................41
EXTRACTOR...........................................................................................41
EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS......................................................................41
EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS...................................................41
6
F..................................................................................................................42
6.1
FAECAL COLIFORM (F. COLI.)..............................................................42
6.2
FATIGUE..................................................................................................42
6.3
FEED PREPARATION UNIT....................................................................42
6.4
FEEDSTOCK...........................................................................................42
6.5
FILTER.....................................................................................................42
6.6
FILTRATE.................................................................................................42
6.7
FIN FAN...................................................................................................42
6.8
FIRE WALL..............................................................................................42
6.9
FIXED-BED OPERATION........................................................................42
6.10
FLAME ARRESTOR................................................................................42
6.11
FLAMMABLE...........................................................................................42
6.12
FLASH.....................................................................................................42
6.13
FLASH DISTILLATION............................................................................42
6.14
FLASH POINT.........................................................................................42
6.15
FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX..............................................................43

Page 9
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44
6.45
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
FLOATING HEAD....................................................................................43
FLOATING ROOF....................................................................................43
FLOC........................................................................................................43
FLOCCULATION.....................................................................................43
FLOODING..............................................................................................43
FLUE GAS...............................................................................................43
FLUID.......................................................................................................43
FLUID BED OPERATION........................................................................43
FOAM.......................................................................................................43
FOAMING................................................................................................43
FORCED DRAUGHT...............................................................................43
FRACTION...............................................................................................43
FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION............................................................44
FRACTIONATING COLUMN...................................................................44
FRACTIONATING TRAYS.......................................................................44
FRACTIONATION....................................................................................44
FREE ON BOARD (FOB)........................................................................44
FREE WATER..........................................................................................44
FREEZE POINT.......................................................................................44
FREEZING POINT...................................................................................44
FRESH GAS............................................................................................44
FRICTION................................................................................................44
FUEL AIR RATIO.....................................................................................44
FUEL CELL..............................................................................................44
FUEL GAS...............................................................................................45
FUEL OIL.................................................................................................45
FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SCHEME.............................................................45
FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SYSTEM..............................................................45
FURNACE................................................................................................45
FURNACE PASS.....................................................................................45
G.................................................................................................................46
GAP..........................................................................................................46
GAS HOLDER.........................................................................................46
GAS OIL...................................................................................................46
GAS/OIL RATIO.......................................................................................46
GASOLINE...............................................................................................46
GAS TURBINE.........................................................................................46
GATHERING STATION............................................................................46
GEAR OIL................................................................................................46
GLAND.....................................................................................................46


Page 10
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
GOVERNOR............................................................................................46
GRAVITOMETER.....................................................................................46
GRID TRAYS............................................................................................46
GUM.........................................................................................................46
8
H.................................................................................................................47
8.1
HAMER LINE BLIND...............................................................................47
8.2
HEADER..................................................................................................47
8.3
HEAT CAPACITY.....................................................................................47
8.4
HEAT EXCHANGER................................................................................47
8.5
HEAT OF COMBUSTION........................................................................47
8.6
HEATER...................................................................................................47
8.7
HI-FI TRAYS.............................................................................................47
8.8
HIGH VACUUM UNIT...............................................................................47
8.9
HORSEPOWER.......................................................................................47
8.10
HORTON SPHERE..................................................................................47
8.11
HOT OIL...................................................................................................47
8.12
HOT SPOT...............................................................................................47
8.13
HUMIDITY................................................................................................47
8.14
HYDRATE................................................................................................48
8.15
HYDRATION............................................................................................48
8.16
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS..............................................................................48
8.17
HYDROCARBON.....................................................................................48
8.18
HYDROCHLORIC ACID..........................................................................48
8.19
HYDROCRACKING.................................................................................48
8.20
HYDRODEALKYLATION.........................................................................48
8.21
HYDRODESULPHURIZATION................................................................48
8.22
HYDROGEN.............................................................................................48
8.23
HYDROGEN BLISTERING......................................................................48
8.24
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.........................................................................48
8.25
HYDROGENATION..................................................................................48
8.26
HYDROLYSIS..........................................................................................48
8.27
HYDROMETER........................................................................................49
8.28
HYDROSTATIC HEAD.............................................................................49
1.29
HYDROSTATIC TEST..............................................................................49
8.30
HYDROTREATING..................................................................................49
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
I...................................................................................................................50
IGNITION POINT.....................................................................................50
IGNITION QUALITY.................................................................................50
IMMISCIBLE............................................................................................50
INCOMPATIBLE.......................................................................................50


Page 11
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
9.25
INDIGENOUS FEEDSTOCK....................................................................50
INDUCED DRAUGHT..............................................................................50
INERT ENTRY..........................................................................................50
INERT GAS..............................................................................................50
INERT FILLER.........................................................................................50
INFLAMMABLE.......................................................................................50
INHIBITOR...............................................................................................50
INITIAL BOILING POINT.........................................................................50
INJECTOR...............................................................................................50
IN-LINE BLENDING.................................................................................50
INORGANIC.............................................................................................51
INSITU REGEN........................................................................................51
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM.................................................................51
INTERCEPTOR........................................................................................51
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE.......................................................51
ION EXCHANGE RESINS.......................................................................51
ISOLATE..................................................................................................51
ISOMER...................................................................................................51
ISOMERISATION.....................................................................................51
ISO-OCTANE C8H18 (2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE).............................51
ISOTOPE.................................................................................................51
10
J..................................................................................................................52
10.1
JET A1.....................................................................................................52
10.2
JET ENGINE (see also Gas Turbine).....................................................52
10.3
JET FUEL................................................................................................52
10.4
JETTY HOSE...........................................................................................52
11
K.................................................................................................................53
11.1
KELVIN....................................................................................................53
11.2
KEROSENE.............................................................................................53
11.3
KETTLE REBOILER................................................................................53
11.4
KNOCK....................................................................................................53
11.5
KNOCKOUT (DRUM OR VESSEL).........................................................53
12
L..................................................................................................................54
12.1
LAGGING.................................................................................................54
12.2
LASER ALIGNMENT...............................................................................54
12.3
LATENT HEAT.........................................................................................54
12.4
LEAD........................................................................................................54
12.5
LEAD ACETATE TEST............................................................................54
12.6
LEAD SUSCEPTIBILITY.........................................................................54
12.7
LEADED GASOLINE...............................................................................54

Page 12
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
LEAN ADIP..............................................................................................54
LICHEN....................................................................................................54
LIGHT DISTILLATE...............................................................................54
LIGHT ENDS.........................................................................................54
LIGHT TOPS.........................................................................................54
LINEAR PROGRAMME (LP)................................................................54
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)......................................................54
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG).................................................55
LIQUID PHASE.....................................................................................55
LIQUID SEAL........................................................................................55
LITRE....................................................................................................55
LIVE STEAM.........................................................................................55
LOAD-ON-TOP SYSTEM......................................................................55
LOADING RACK...................................................................................55
LOGIC...................................................................................................55
LONG RESIDUE...................................................................................55
LOST TIME ACCIDENT (LTI)................................................................55
LOW VISCOSITY INDEX......................................................................55
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT..................................................................55
LUBOIL.................................................................................................55
LUBRICANT..........................................................................................55
LUBRICATING OIL...............................................................................56
LUBRICATION......................................................................................56
13
M.................................................................................................................57
13.1
M CAP DECK...........................................................................................57
13.2
MANIFOLD..............................................................................................57
13.3
MANOMETER..........................................................................................57
13.4
MASS SPECTROMETER........................................................................57
13.5
MELTING POINT......................................................................................57
13.6
MERCAPTANS........................................................................................57
13.7
METHANATOR........................................................................................57
13.8
METHANE CH4.......................................................................................57
13.9
METHANE SERIES.................................................................................57
13.10
METHANOL..........................................................................................57
13.11
METHYL CHLOROFORM.....................................................................57
13.12
METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)......................................57
13.13
METRIC SYSTEM.................................................................................58
13.14
MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES............................................................58
13.15
MIDDLE DISTILLATE............................................................................58
13.16
MINERAL OIL........................................................................................58

Page 13
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
13.23
13.24
13.25
13.26
13.27
13.28
13.29
13.30
MINIMUM STOP....................................................................................58
MISCIBLE..............................................................................................58
MIXED BASE CRUDE...........................................................................58
MIXER...................................................................................................58
MIXING VALVE......................................................................................58
MIXTURE...............................................................................................58
MOLE PERCENT..................................................................................58
MOLECULAR WEIGHT.........................................................................58
MOLECULE...........................................................................................58
MOTOR GASOLINE..............................................................................58
MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER (MON).....................................................59
MOTORISED VALVE.............................................................................59
MULTIGRADE OIL................................................................................59
MULTISTAGE PUMP.............................................................................59
14
N.................................................................................................................60
14.1
NAPHTHA................................................................................................60
14.2
NAPHTHENE...........................................................................................60
14.3
NAPHTHENIC ACID................................................................................60
14.4
NAPHTHENIC CRUDE............................................................................60
14.5
NATURAL DRAUGHT.............................................................................60
14.6
NATURAL GAS........................................................................................60
14.7
NATURAL GASOLINE.............................................................................60
14.8
NET ASSET BACKING/SHARE..............................................................60
14.9
NET PROFIT AFTER TAX.......................................................................60
14.10
NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX..................................................................60
14.11
NEUTRAL..............................................................................................60
14.12
NEUTRON.............................................................................................60
14.13
NITROGEN............................................................................................61
14.14
NITROGEN BASE.................................................................................61
14.15
NON-ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS....................................................61
14.16
NON CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS...................................................61
14.17
NORMALISE.........................................................................................61
15
O.................................................................................................................62
15.1
OCTANE..................................................................................................62
15.2
OIL RING.................................................................................................62
15.3
OIL SHALE..............................................................................................62
15.4
OLEFINS..................................................................................................62
15.5
ONCE-THROUGH....................................................................................62
15.6
ON STREAM............................................................................................62
15.7
ORGANIC................................................................................................62

Page 14
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
ORIFICE METER.....................................................................................62
ORIFICE PLATE......................................................................................62
OSMOSIS..............................................................................................62
OUTPUT................................................................................................62
OVERHEADS........................................................................................62
OVERLAP.............................................................................................63
OXIDATION...........................................................................................63
OXIDIZING FLAME...............................................................................63
16
P..................................................................................................................64
16.1
PACKED TOWER....................................................................................64
16.2
PACKING.................................................................................................64
16.3
PALL RINGS............................................................................................64
16.4
PARAFFIN-BASE CRUDE.......................................................................64
16.5
PARAFFINS.............................................................................................64
16.6
PARAFFIN WAX......................................................................................64
16.7
PARTIAL CONDENSER..........................................................................64
16.8
PARTIAL PRESSURE.............................................................................64
1.9
PENETRATION........................................................................................64
16.10
PERMIT TO WORK...............................................................................64
16.11
PETROIL MIXTURE (2 STROKE MIX).................................................64
16.12
PETROL................................................................................................64
16.13
PETROLEUM........................................................................................65
16.14
PETROLEUM NAPHTHA......................................................................65
16.15
PETROLEUM SPIRITS.........................................................................65
16.16
PETROLEUM WAX...............................................................................65
16.17
PHENOL................................................................................................65
16.18
PHOSPHATE.........................................................................................65
16.19
pH VALUE.............................................................................................65
16.20
PIG.........................................................................................................65
16.21
PILOT PLANT.......................................................................................65
16.22
PIPELINE..............................................................................................65
16.23
PISTON..................................................................................................65
16.24
PISTON RING........................................................................................65
16.25
PITTING.................................................................................................65
16.26
PLASTICIZERS.....................................................................................65
16.27
PLATFORMING.....................................................................................66
16.28
POLYELECTROLYTE...........................................................................66
16.29
POLYMER.............................................................................................66
16.30
POUR POINT........................................................................................66
16.31
POWER RECOVERY TURBINE...........................................................66

Page 15
16.32
16.33
16.34
16.35
16.36
16.37
16.38
16.39
16.40
16.41
16.42
16.43
16.44
16.45
16.46
16.47
16.48
16.49
PREDILUTON (RATIO).........................................................................66
PREHEAT..............................................................................................66
PREHEATER.........................................................................................66
PRESSURE...........................................................................................66
PRESSURE DROP................................................................................66
PRESULPHIDE.....................................................................................66
PRIMARY..............................................................................................66
PRIMARY AIR.......................................................................................66
PRIMARY PROCESS............................................................................66
PRIME MOVER.....................................................................................67
PROCESS INTEGRATION....................................................................67
PROMOTER..........................................................................................67
PROPANE C3H8...................................................................................67
PROPYLENE C3H6...............................................................................67
PROSS..................................................................................................67
PUKING.................................................................................................67
PURGING..............................................................................................67
PYROPHORIC.......................................................................................67
17
Q.................................................................................................................68
17.1
QUENCH..................................................................................................68
17.2
QUENCH GAS.........................................................................................68
17.3
QUENCHING OILS..................................................................................68
18
R.................................................................................................................69
18.1
RADIANT ENERGY.................................................................................69
18.2
RADIANT SECTION................................................................................69
18.3
RADIATION..............................................................................................69
18.4
RADICAL.................................................................................................69
18.5
RAFFINATE.............................................................................................69
18.6
RASCHIG RING.......................................................................................69
18.7
REACTION...............................................................................................69
18.8
REACTION TIME.....................................................................................69
18.9
REACTOR................................................................................................69
18.10
REBOILER............................................................................................69
18.11
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR......................................................69
18.12
RECIPROCATING PUMP......................................................................69
18.13
RECLAIMER.........................................................................................69
18.14
RECONTACTING..................................................................................69
18.15
RECYCLE GAS.....................................................................................70
18.16
RECYCLE OIL.......................................................................................70
18.17
RECYCLE RATIO..................................................................................70

Page 16
18.18
18.19
18.20
18.21
18.22
18.23
18.24
18.25
18.26
18.27
18.28
18.29
18.30
18.31
18.32
18.33
18.34
18.35
18.36
18.37
18.38
18.39
18.40
18.41
18.42
18.43
18.44
18.45
18.46
18.47
18.48
18.49
18.50
RECYCLING..........................................................................................70
REDUCED CRUDE...............................................................................70
REDUCTION.........................................................................................70
REFINERS MARGIN - GROSS.............................................................70
REFINERS MARGIN - NET...................................................................70
REFINERY.............................................................................................70
REFINERY FUEL AND LOSS...............................................................70
REFINING..............................................................................................70
REFLUX................................................................................................70
REFLUX CONDENSER.........................................................................70
REFLUX RATIO.....................................................................................70
REFORMING.........................................................................................71
REFRACTORY......................................................................................71
REFRACTORY BRICK..........................................................................71
REGENERATION..................................................................................71
REGENERATOR...................................................................................71
REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP).......................................................71
RELIEF VALVE......................................................................................71
RERUNNING.........................................................................................71
RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)...............................................71
RESIDENCE TIME................................................................................71
RESIDUAL FUEL OIL...........................................................................71
RESIDUE...............................................................................................71
RESIN....................................................................................................72
RETAINED EARNINGS.........................................................................72
RETURN BEND.....................................................................................72
RICH ADIP.............................................................................................72
RING COMPOUNDS.............................................................................72
RISER....................................................................................................72
ROCKET FUEL.....................................................................................72
ROTAMETER........................................................................................72
ROTARY PUMP.....................................................................................72
RUNDOWN TANK.................................................................................72
19
S..................................................................................................................73
19.1
SAE CLASSIFICATION...........................................................................73
19.2
SAFEGUARDING....................................................................................73
19.3
SALT........................................................................................................73
19.4
SAMPLE..................................................................................................73
19.5
SATURATED HYDROCARBON..............................................................73
19.6
SATURATION TEMPERATURE..............................................................73

Page 17
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
19.16
19.17
19.18
19.19
19.20
19.21
19.22
19.23
19.24
19.25
19.26
19.27
19.28
19.29
19.30
19.31
19.32
19.33
19.34
19.35
19.36
19.37
19.38
19.39
19.40
19.41
19.42
19.43
19.44
19.45
19.46
19.47
SCAVENGERS.........................................................................................73
SCHEDULING..........................................................................................73
SCHOEPENTOETER...............................................................................73
SEAL.....................................................................................................73
SECONDARY AIR.................................................................................73
SECONDARY PROCESS......................................................................73
SEIZE....................................................................................................74
SENSIBLE HEAT..................................................................................74
SEPARATOR.........................................................................................74
SEPARATION INDEX............................................................................74
SEPARATION PROCESSES................................................................74
SETTLER..............................................................................................74
SETTLING POINT.................................................................................74
SETTLING TANK..................................................................................74
SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT.........................................................74
SHIFT REACTION.................................................................................74
SHORT RESIDUE.................................................................................74
SIDE STRIPPER...................................................................................74
SIDESTREAM.......................................................................................74
SIEVE TRAYS.......................................................................................74
SIGHT GLASS......................................................................................75
SILVER STRIP.......................................................................................75
SLACK WAX.........................................................................................75
SLIDE VALVE........................................................................................75
SLOPS...................................................................................................75
SLUDGE................................................................................................75
SMOKE POINT......................................................................................75
SOLAR ENERGY..................................................................................75
SOLUBLE OIL.......................................................................................75
SOLUTION............................................................................................75
SOLVENT..............................................................................................75
SOLVENT EXTRACTION......................................................................75
SOLVENT/FEED RATIO........................................................................75
SOOTBLOWER.....................................................................................75
SOUR CRUDE.......................................................................................76
SOUR GAS............................................................................................76
SOUR GASOLINE.................................................................................76
SOUR WATER.......................................................................................76
SPACE VELOCITY................................................................................76
SPADE...................................................................................................76
SPALLING.............................................................................................76


Page 18
19.48
19.49
19.50
19.51
19.52
19.53
19.54
19.55
19.56
19.57
19.58
19.59
19.60
19.61
19.62
19.63
19.64
19.65
19.66
19.67
19.68
19.69
19.70
19.71
19.72
19.73
19.74
19.75
19.76
19.77
19.78
19.79
19.80
19.81
19.82
19.83
19.84
19.85
19.86
19.87
19.88
SPARGE................................................................................................76
SPARK ADVANCE................................................................................76
SPECIFIC GRAVITY..............................................................................76
SPECIFIC HEAT....................................................................................76
SPECTACLE.........................................................................................76
SPHERE - SEE HORTON SPHERE.....................................................76
SPLITTER.............................................................................................76
SPOT.....................................................................................................76
STABILISATION....................................................................................77
STABILISED GASOLINE......................................................................77
STABILITY.............................................................................................77
STABILISER..........................................................................................77
STADIS..................................................................................................77
STANDARD PRESSURE......................................................................77
STANDARD REFINERY FUEL (SRF)...................................................77
STAND-BY.............................................................................................77
STAND PIPE..........................................................................................77
STATIC ELECTRICITY..........................................................................77
STEAM/AIR DECOKING.......................................................................77
STEAM DISTILLATION.........................................................................77
STEAM REFORMING...........................................................................77
STEEL...................................................................................................77
STONEWALL........................................................................................78
STRAIGHT-RUN...................................................................................78
STRAINER............................................................................................78
STRAPPING..........................................................................................78
STREAM DAY.......................................................................................78
STRIPPING...........................................................................................78
STUFFING BOX....................................................................................78
SULFINOL PROCESS..........................................................................78
SULFOLANE.........................................................................................78
SULPHATE............................................................................................78
SULPHIDE.............................................................................................78
SULPHUR.............................................................................................78
SULPHUR CEMENT.............................................................................78
SULPHUR DIOXIDE..............................................................................78
SULPHURIC ACID................................................................................79
SUPERHEATER....................................................................................79
SURFACE AREA...................................................................................79
SURFACE TENSION.............................................................................79
SURFACRANTS....................................................................................79


Page 19
19.89
19.90
19.91
19.92
19.93
19.94
19.95
19.96
SURGE..................................................................................................79
SURGE DRUM......................................................................................79
SURGE PARAMETER...........................................................................79
SUSPENSION.......................................................................................79
SWEET GAS.........................................................................................79
SWEETENING.......................................................................................79
SYNFUEL..............................................................................................79
SYNTHESIS..........................................................................................79
20
T..................................................................................................................80
20.1
TANK CAR...............................................................................................80
20.2
TANK FARM.............................................................................................80
20.3
TANK VOLUME.......................................................................................80
20.4
TANKAGE................................................................................................80
20.5
TANKER...................................................................................................80
20.6
TEMPERATURE......................................................................................80
20.7
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT...................................................................80
20.8
TEROMAN...............................................................................................80
20.9
TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL)......................................................................80
20.10
TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML)...............................................................80
20.11
THERM..................................................................................................80
20.12
THERMAL CRACKING.........................................................................80
20.13
THERMOCOUPLE................................................................................80
20.14
THERMOSTAT......................................................................................80
20.15
TOLUENE C6H5CH3............................................................................81
20.16
TONNAGE (MARINE)...........................................................................81
20.17
TOPANOL..............................................................................................81
20.18
TOPS.....................................................................................................81
20.19
TORQUE................................................................................................81
20.20
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)......................................................81
20.21
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)...................................................81
20.22
TOWER..................................................................................................81
20.23
TRANSFER LINE..................................................................................81
20.24
TRANSFORMER OIL............................................................................81
20.25
TRAP.....................................................................................................81
20.26
TRAYS...................................................................................................81
20.27
TREATING PROCESSES.....................................................................81
20.28
TRIP SYSTEM.......................................................................................82
20.29
TRYCOCKS...........................................................................................82
20.30
TURBINE...............................................................................................82
20.31
TURBINE OIL........................................................................................82

Page 20
20.32
20.33
20.34
TURBOJET ENGINE.............................................................................82
TURNAROUND.....................................................................................82
TURN DOWN........................................................................................82
21
U.................................................................................................................83
21.1
ULLAGE...................................................................................................83
21.2
UNSATURATED.......................................................................................83
21.3
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT.....................................................................83
21.4
UPSTREAM.............................................................................................83
22
V..................................................................................................................84
22.1
V50...........................................................................................................84
22.2
VACUUM..................................................................................................84
22.3
VACUUM DISTILLATION........................................................................84
22.4
VALENCE.................................................................................................84
22.5
VALVE......................................................................................................84
22.6
VALVE TRAYS.........................................................................................84
22.7
VAPOUR..................................................................................................84
22.8
VAPOUR DENSITY..................................................................................84
22.9
VAPOUR LINE.........................................................................................84
22.10
VAPOUR LOCK.....................................................................................84
22.11
VAPOUR PHASE..................................................................................84
22.12
VAPOUR PRESSURE (AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE)...........................84
22.13
VAPORISATION....................................................................................84
22.14
VENTURI METER.................................................................................85
22.15
VENTURI TUBE....................................................................................85
22.16
VISCOSIMETER....................................................................................85
22.17
VISCOSITY............................................................................................85
22.18
VISCOSITY INDEX................................................................................85
22.19
VOLATILE.............................................................................................85
23
W.................................................................................................................86
23.1
WASH OILS.............................................................................................86
23.2
WASH WATER.........................................................................................86
23.3
WASTE HEAT BOILER............................................................................86
23.4
WATER BOTTOM....................................................................................86
23.5
WATER SOFTENING...............................................................................86
23.6
WAXY DISTILLATE.................................................................................86
23.7
WEAR......................................................................................................86
23.8
WEATHERING.........................................................................................86
23.9
WEIGHTED AVERAGE BED TEMPERATURE (WABT).........................86
23.10
WEIR.....................................................................................................86
23.11
WET GAS..............................................................................................86

Page 21
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
WHESSOE............................................................................................86
WHITE OIL............................................................................................86
WHITE PRODUCTS..............................................................................86
WHITE SPIRITS....................................................................................86
WIDE RANGE DISTILLATE..................................................................87
WORK SAFE AUDIT.............................................................................87
24
X..................................................................................................................88
24.1
XRAY........................................................................................................88
24.2
XYLENE C6H4 (CH) 2................................................................................88
25
Y..................................................................................................................89
25.1
YARD PIPE (YP)......................................................................................89
25.2
YIELD.......................................................................................................89
26
REGULARLY USED ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................90
27
REFINERY THROUGHPUT 1989 AND 1998.............................................95
28
REFINERY STATISTICS.............................................................................97


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ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE..............................................40

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REGULARLY USED ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................90

REFINERY THROUGHPUT 1989 AND 1998.............................................95

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