Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Wireless
Communications
2nd edition
Textbook
Textbook
Contents
What are radio systems?
History of wireless systems
Classifications
Requirements for services
Social and economic aspects
Radio system?
From Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Radio:
1 : of, relating to, or operated by radiant energy
2 : of or relating to electric currents or phenomena (as electromagnetic
radiation ) of frequencies between about 15 kHz and 100 GHz
System:
1 : a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a
unified whole
Copyright: Sony-Ericsson
Radio signal
Probabilistic
Channel models
Narrow-band
channels
Wide-band
channels
Antennas
Digital transmission
over wireless channels
Mobile communications
systems
Modulation
Multiple access
Speech and
channel coding
Cellular telephony
Cordless system
Equalization
Diversity
HISTORY OF WIRELESS
10
Maxwell: theory
Hertz: fundamental experiments confirming Maxwells
using a spark gap driven by a Rumkorff coil, 26 years after Maxwell developed the complete
theory theory of the electromagnetic field.
1890-1905: First experiments for wireless information
transmission
Tesla, Bose, Marconi
(Shannon)
11
More recently
IS-95 (cdmaOne)
Second-generation system based on different multiple-access scheme
Used mainly in US and Korea
12
Cordless phones:
DECT: in Europe and most of the world
PHS: in Japan
CDMA-based: in US
Wireless LANs
Wireless computer networks (both ad-hoc and server/access point types)
WiFi (802.11 systems --> 802.11a/b/g/n/ac)
13
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
1970s
1976
1979
1981
1984
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
1990
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
TYPES OF SERVICES
14
Broadcast
15
Paging
Medical personnel still use a pager
system integrated into their cell
phones
16
Cellular phones
Majority of the data load is carried
by hi-speed wired systems (fiber, copper)
17
Cordless phones
18
19
Satellite systems
Cover very large area
No high density (Erlang/km^2)
Iridium system with LEO systems tried to get large user density, but
went broke
20
21
Data rate
Sensor networks: <1kbit/s; central nodes need up to 10
Mbit/s
Speech communications: 5-64 kbit/s, depending in speech
coder (vocoder) Nyquist Criterion
Elementary data services: 10-100 kbit/s
Communications between computer peripherals: 1 Mbit/s
Wireless LANs: broadband internet speeds, 1-100 Mbit/s
Personal Area Networks: >100 Mbit/s
Data rates 2 years old so already out of date USB3 is 4.8 GBPS for computer peripherals
cellular LTE 300 Mbps down/75 Mbps up
LTE Advanced 3 Gbps down/1.5 Gbps up
22
23
Mobility
Fixed devices: stay in one location; temporal variations due
to moving objects in surroundings
Nomadic devices: MS placed at certain location, stays there
for a while (WLANs)
Low mobility: pedestrian speeds (cordless phones)
High speed: cellphones in cars
Extremely high speed: high-speed trains, planes, .
24
Spectrum usage
Spectrum dedicated to specific service and operator
Free spectrum
25
26
Economic requirements
Systems where mobility is a value by itself
Cellphones, etc.
Can charge premium for service
27
Behavioral impact
Communications are now with a person, not with a location
Allows more flexibility for private/business life, but can also
become electronic ball and chain
Cellphone etiquette: generally underdeveloped
Phoning while driving is dangerous
Each cellphone has an OFF button
28
Subscriber Growth
Subscribers
3G Subscribers
Year
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Mobile broadband
usage growing rapidly
New subscribers to
broadband services
Quad core
smartphones
Laptops and tablets
M2M
Network intensive
applications
Video
Mobile data 2011-2016 78% CAGR (Source: Source Cisco VNI Mobile, 2012)
Mobile video traffic exceeded 50 percent for the first time in 2011
Average smartphone usage nearly tripled in 2011
Faster downloads
Up to 100 Mbit/s initially
Better user experience
61
17
2009
2010
89
47
2011
2012
Wi-Fi
Next generation
Antenna Integrated
Radio Unit
Iub
Converged multi
standard macro base
stations and
small cells (micro
main-remote, and
pico)
Source:
S1-MME
Iub
S1-U
802.11ac is here
and its better than you think
Standardization and deployment of 802.11ac
Chris Voce, Principal Analyst, Forrester Research, Inc.
David Galassi, Director of ITS Network Services, Yale University
Dorothy Stanley, Head of Standards Strategy, Aruba Networks
Christian Gilby, Product & Solutions Marketing, Aruba Networks
@arubanetworks
51%
80%
12
Internet 91%
Email 89%
Social Media
70%
44%
26%
2013
2015
2017
13
52%
52%
50%
48%
48%
46%
44%
44%
42%
40%
38%
Q32011
Q32012
Q32013
Source: Enterprise And SMB Hardware Survey, North America And Europe, Q3 2011, Q3 2012, Q3 2013
2013 Forrester Research, Inc. Reproduction Prohibited
14
71%
70%
63%
60%
52%
52%
50%
50%
42%
39%
40%
36%
In-house WLAN/Wi-Fi
73%
40%
28%
35%
WiMAX
19%
HSPA+
22%
Satellite/VSAT
Picocells
Femtocells
ZigBee (802.15 or similar)
18%
16%
15%
13%
Base: (Variable) mobile telecommunication decision makers in companies with more than 20 employees
Source: Forrsights Mobility Survey, Q2 2013
74% respondents
are focused on
making wi-fi the
primary way to
connect
2008
Oct
2008
Develop Draft
Standard in
Working Group
Sponsor
Ballot
2009-2012
2013
IEEE SA
Standards Board
Approval
Dec 2013
Publish
Standard
Dec
2013
21
@arubanetworks
23
@arubanetworks
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
@arubanetworks
Shows the importance of your WLAN supporting both 2.4 GHz (11n) and 5
GHz (11ac/11n) bands when you consider your network rollout.
With the 802.11ac clients speed, they are using less air time to transmit.
27
@arubanetworks
Urban
Suburban
Global
Picocell
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
Mobility
Vehicular
Pedestrian
Stationary
0.01
Transmission Capacity
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunicat
ions System
Mobile Broadband System
Local Multipoint Distribution System
Satellite Universal Mobile
Telecommunications
System
Broadband Satellite Multimedia
0.1
10
100
10
Copyright 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
11
Satellite Systems
Traditional Applications
Weather satellite
Radio and TV broadcasting
Military satellites
Telecommunication Applications
Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
30
Network Architectures
and Protocols
Mobile IP
Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
31
Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
34
Some Definitions
Copyright 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved
35
Power
Data Consumption
Throw away device, impacts of 2 year cellular contracts, electronics waste