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COMPOSITE
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Article
M.R. Maheri
Abstract
The degree of the modal damping in a fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite panel depends on a number of factors
including the nature of the layup, the modal deformation, the geometry and the boundary conditions of the panel. In this
article, using the theoretical predictions of modal response of a square layered FRP panel, the variation of damping with
the plate layup under a combination of clamped and free boundary conditions is studied. Particular attention is paid to
the variation of modal damping with the fiber orientation of the two outmost layers of the panel with a view to possibly
manipulation of this orientation in order to maximisze the modal damping.
Keywords
FRP composite, laminated plate, modal damping, layup, mode shape, boundary conditions
Introduction
While in vehicular structures made of conventional
materials much of the damping comes from the joints
or, otherwise, from the so-called added damping, structures made from polymer-based structural composites
have an inherent damping capacity that can far surpass
the damping in the conventional materials. This is an
important factor in the choice of materials especially in
weight sensitive aerospace vehicular structures.
However, there is a trade-o between the damping
and stiness in these materials.
How fast free vibration will diminish or by how
much forced vibration will fall due to damping, will
depend not on the amount of cyclic energy loss alone,
but rather on what proportion of the total elastic
energy this cyclic loss constitutes. For the same
energy loss per cycle of vibration, or the damping
energy, therefore, a stier material will exhibit less
damping eect than a less sti material. It is for that
reason that such dimensionless damping measurement
quantities as the loss factor, logarithmic decrement, or
the specic damping capacity (SDC) are frequently
used as a measure of vibration damping.
Unlike the isotropic materials in which the damping
energy is invariant of direction, in orthotropic materials, such as ber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites,
stiness, and damping change with direction. In order
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ratio and ply angle as design variables. The same criterion has also been used successfully in the modal analysis of damped FRP laminates using discretization
methods.3,5,7,11 Considering FRP plates with generally
free boundary conditions, these latter works have also
shown good correlation between the theoretical and
experimental modal results, including modal damping,
although, Maheri et al.8 reported that in the case of
lightweight sandwich panels, good correlation in damping results existed only when the panels were tested
in vacuo, as lightweight sandwich panels can experience
considerable air-damping which would otherwise predominate the inherent damping of the material.
The signicance of the freefree boundary conditions lies in the fact that this particular set of boundary
conditions is readily realized and, therefore, is more
conducive to producing a higher degree of correlation
between the experimental and theoretical modal
response than other boundary conditions. Especially,
when it comes to measurement of damping, the kind
of extraneous damping which is attributable to the
nature of the boundary condition in both simply supported as well as the clamped case is absent from the
freefree boundary conditions. For that reason, most of
the damping tests that are carried out on freefree beam
and plate samples are primarily for quantitative purposes and in order to measure the inherent material
damping.
Similarly, the signicance of the simply supported
boundary conditions lies in the fact that exact solution
of the plate modal vibration is possible only for the
simply supported case. For other boundary conditions,
normally approximation methods, such as the nite element method or the method of RayleighRitz are
used.12
Real panels used in practice, however, are neither
freefree nor simply supported. Rather, practical
panels usually have a combination of clamped, free,
and hinged boundary conditions. However, unlike the
free boundary condition, the amount of extraneous
damping in other boundary conditions, especially the
clamped case, is rather subjective and depends on the
actual nature of the boundary condition under consideration. It should not, therefore, be too surprising if
large and inconsistent discrepancies are experienced
between the experimental and the theoretical damping
values when any one of the plate edges is under any
other condition than free.
Because the stiness and damping are related to each
other, it is possible to manipulate the stiness in order
to strike a desired balance between the two. However,
such manipulations are more eective at the outer
layers since these have a higher weighting factor in
bending. The aim of this study is to investigate the variation of modal damping with respect to such variables
as the laminate layup, mode shapes, and boundary conditions with a view to assess the degree to which this
interdependence can be manipulated in order to maximize the modal damping of the panel.
Theory
In this section, an analytical method through which the
modal characteristics of a symmetric FRP plate, including the frequency, mode shape, and damping may be
obtained is outlined.
The preferable measure of damping in hard, structural materials, such as FRP composites is usually the
SDC, , which is dened as the ratio of the energy loss
per cycle of vibration U to the maximum strain
energy in the cycle U, thus:
U
U
2 2
2 2
@ w
@2 w @2 w
@ w
2D
D
12
22
2
2
2
@x
@x @y
@y2
2 2 )
@2 w @2 w
@2 w @2 w
@ w
4D26 2
4D66
4D16 2
d
@x @x@y
@y @x@y
@x@y
1
U
2
D11
2
and
1
U
2
2 2
Z ( 2 2
@ w
@2 w @2 w
@ w
d11
d12 d21 2 2 d22
2
@x
@x
@y
@y2
@2 w @2 w
@2 w @2 w
2d26 d62 2
2
@x @x@y
@y @x@y
2 2 )
@ w
4d66
d
@x@y
2d16 d61
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Maheri
and
L h i
2 h 3X
R k k3 k 13 i, j 1, 2, 6
dij
3 L k1 ij
5
where Q kij and R kij are, respectively, the undamped
and damped o-axis stiness matrices of the k-th ply
given as follows:
h i
Q kij TT Qij T
i
R kij TT Qij T
and
h
E21
12 E1 E2
E1 E2
, Q12
, Q22
,
E1 212 E2
E1 212 E2
E1 212 E2
m2
4
T
n2
2mn
n2
m2
2mn
10
Amn Xm x Yn y
11
m1 n1
3
mn
mn 5
m2 n2
y
2
1
a
x
Figure 1. Plate coordinates and lamina orientation.
2
12
wx, y
and
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13
cosh s F4 cos s
sinh s F4 sin s
14
w2 d
15
Xm X00i dx
D12
a
Xi X00m dx
"Z
X00i
0
a
X0i X00m dx
"Z
Xi X0m dx
Z
X0m dx
Z
Yj Y0n dy
#
Yn Y0j dy
Z
b
0
Y0j Y00n dy
#
b
0
Y00j
X0i X0m dx
Y0n dy
Y0j Y0n dy
Xi Xm dx
! h
4D66
2
Xm X0i dx
Yn Y00j dy
2D26
2D16
Z
Yj Y00n dy
Yj Yn dy Amn 0
0
m 1, 2, . . . M; n 1, 2, . . . N
16
Kkl !2 Mkl fAl g 0
17
in which the matrices [K] and [M] are the stiness and
mass matrices, respectively, {A} the vector of the
unknown coecients, and k i 1N j and
l m 1N n. Equation (17) can be rearranged
into the generalized eigenvalue problem form:
K1 M A , A
18
in which 1=!2 . Solving Equation (18) by an iterative method will yield modal characteristics of the rectangular plate, including the frequencies ! and the
corresponding vector of mode shapes, A.
To obtain the SDC of the plate in each mode, rst
the modal displacements A are substituted in Equation
(11), and the resulting plate lateral displacements w are
then substituted in Equations (2) and (3) before the
SDC is obtained from Equations (1)(3).
Results
Modal results were obtained for a number of commonly used, mid-plane symmetric carbon berreinforced plastic (CFRP) layups. In order to eliminate
the plate aspect ratio from the problem variables, only
square plates have been considered. Specications of
the CFRP plates as well as the constitutive elastic and
damping data needed for plate modal analysis are,
respectively, given in Tables A1 and A2 in Appendix.
The sequence of the layers in the layups listed in
Table A1 is from the mid-plane to the top (or
bottom) layer. It is noted that the constitutive
data given in Table A2 include the moduli and the
damping values along the bers, across the bers and
in longitudinal shear, as well as the Poissons ratio in
each case.
Using the plates data in Tables A1 and A2, and the
plate modal analysis outlined in Theory, the plate
modal results for the rst four modes of vibration (in
ascending frequency) were obtained for dierent combinations of clamped and free boundary conditions.
Referring to the clamped and free edges as C and F,
respectively, and starting from the left hand side of the
plate and progressing in a counter-clockwise direction,
these boundary conditions included CCCC, CCFC,
CFCF, and CFFF. The results, including the frequency, SDC and the mode shape, have been tabulated
in Tables 14. In these tables, the principal plate axes
x and y (Figure 1) are along the horizontal and vertical
directions, respectively.
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Maheri
Table 1. Modal properties of the 45 plate in the first four modes for different boundary conditions
f= 121 (Hz) ; SDC = 1.31%
Discussion
The modal damping of a FRP laminate is governed by
a complex relationship between the plate layup, its
mode shape, and boundary conditions.
As the plate stiness is a function of its layup, those
laminates in which there is a relatively uniform spread
of the ber lay with respect to direction do not experience a steep change in stiness with direction and,
therefore, can be expected to have a similarly uniform
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Table 2. Modal properties of the 45/0 plate in the first four modes for different boundary conditions
f=333 (Hz) ; SDC=1.42%
spread of damping with respect to direction. For example, the variation of the SDC over the whole set of
mode shapes and boundary conditions of the 45 laminate (Table 1) is seen to be relatively small, ranging
from a minimum of 1.08% to a maximum of 1.69%,
which is a dierence (rise) of 56%. As is evident from
the results of the 45/0 laminate (Table 2) when 0
layers are added to the basic 45 laminate, this dierence becomes larger, ranging from 1.15% to 2.00%,
which is a dierence of 74%. The variation in the
SDC results increases sharply for the cross-ply laminate
(Table 3) ranging from 0.77% to 2.54%, which is a
dierence of 230%. However, as expected, by far, the
largest variation in the SDC is experienced by the laminate which has the largest variation of the stiness with
direction, namely, the all-zero laminate (Table 4).
In this laminate, the variation in the SDC over the
whole range of boundary conditions and mode shapes
considered ranges from 0.65% to 4.52%. This amounts
to a dierence of almost 600%.
It is noted that the all-zero and cross-ply laminates
consist only of the specially orthotropic plies, and as
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Maheri
Table 3. Modal properties of the cross-ply plate in the first four modes for different boundary conditions
f=127 (Hz) ; SDC=1.17%
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Table 4. Modal properties of the all-zero plate in the first four modes for different boundary conditions
f =377 (Hz) ; SDC =0.73%
Freq.
(Hz)
SDC
(%)
Theo.
27.6
71.9
91.1
98.9
Expr.
28.6
69.6
88.3
97.4
Theo.
5.74
1.21
2.90
0.71
Expr.
5.73
1.47
3.69
0.64
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Maheri
3.00
SDC (%)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
CCCC
0.00
90
75
60
45
30
15
CCFC
CFCF
15
30
45
60
75
90
CFFF
Figure 2. SDC of the first mode as a function of the angle of the two outmost layers in the 45 plate for different boundary
conditions.
3.00
SDC (%)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
CCCC
0.00
90
75
60
45
30
15
CCFC
CFCF
15
30
45
60
75
90
CFFF
Figure 3. SDC of the first mode as a function of the angle of the two outmost layers in the 45/0 plate for different boundary
conditions.
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10
3.00
SDC (%)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
CCCC
0.00
90
75
60
45
30
15
CCFC
CFCF
15
30
45
60
75
90
CFFF
Figure 4. SDC of the first mode as a function of the angle of the two outmost layers in the cross-ply plate for different boundary
conditions.
3.00
SDC (%)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
CCCC
0.00
90
75
60
45
30
15
CCFC
CFCF
15
30
45
60
75
90
CFFF
Figure 5. SDC of the first mode as a function of the angle of the two outmost layers in the all-zero plate for different boundary
conditions.
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Maheri
11
3.5
120
100
2.5
2
60
SDC (%)
Freq. (Hz)
80
1.5
40
1
20
0.5
Freq
SDC
0
90
75 60 45 30
15
15
30
45
60
75
90
Figure 6. Illustration of the inverse proportionality between the frequency (stiffness) and damping using the frequency and damping
results obtained for the first mode of the CFFF cross-ply plate as functions of the angle of the two outmost layers.
Conclusions
Results were presented showing the mechanism of
modal damping at work in laminated FRP composite
panels. It was shown that the extent of the variation of
modal damping over a range of modes and boundary
conditions is generally a function of the extent of the
variation of the laminates stiness with respect to
direction. The variation of modal damping of a laminated FRP plate with respect to the angle of the ber in
the two outmost layers were considered for a number of
dierent layups with dierent combinations of clamped
and free boundary conditions. The trend of these
results showed that it is possible to increase modal
damping by simply manipulating this angle. In some
cases, the rise in modal damping could be considerably
high; gures as large as 190% were recorded. Data,
such as those presented in this study can be useful for
the designer to consider the possibility of increasing the
modal damping of the FRP panel without compromising too much its stiness.
References
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12
Appendix
Material
Layup
a (mm)
b (mm)
t (mm)
(kg/m3)
45
45/0
All-zero
Cross-ply
913C-HTA
913C-TS
913C-HTA
913C-HTA
(45,45, 45,45)s
(0,0,45,45,0,0,0,45,45)s
(0,0,0,0)s
(90,0,90,0)s
287
254
270
289
286
254
273
287
1.033
2.32
1.084
1.05
1538
1508
1531
1532
Table A2. Constitutive elastic and damping data of the CFRP plates
Plate
E1 (GPa)
E2 (GPa)
G12 (GPa)
12
45
45/0
All-zero
Cross-ply
124.5
110.0
124.5
124.5
10.19
8.97
10.19
10.19
6.27
3.90
6.27
6.27
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
(%)
0.55
0.75
0.55
0.55
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(%)
4.975
5.95
4.975
4.975
12
(%)
5.916
6.79
5.916
5.916
vf (%)
0.60
0.54
0.60
0.60