Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ex No.
Date
Name of Experiments
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Bulking of sand
Aggregate crushing value
Aggregate impact value
Fineness of cement
Normal consistency of cement
Initial &final setting time of cement
Compressive strength of cement
Test on timber beam
Test on clay roofing tiles
Compressive strength of bricks
Rockwell hardness test
Brinell hardness test
Impact test :Izod & Charpy
Page No.
Grade
Initials
Experiment No: 1
Date:
AIM:
To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates.
GENERAL:
The aggregate most of which passes IS: 4.75 mm sieve is classified as fine
aggregate. The fine aggregates obtained from natural disintegration of rocks and
deposited by streams are known as natural sands. Fine aggregates resulting from
crushing of hard stone are known as crushed sand.
The aggregate most of which is retained on IS 4.75 mm sieve is classified as
coarse aggregate. This may be in the form of uncrushed gravel or stone resulting from
natural disintegration of rocks. Crushed gravel or stone is obtained by crushed gravel
or hard stone.
Sieve analysis is carried out for the determination of fine and coarse
aggregates by sieving or screening. Sieves of size 80 mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10 mm, 4.75
mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron &150 micron confirming to IS: 460.
APPARATUS:
a)
Balance: -The balance shall be such that it is readable and accurate to 0.1% of
the weight of the test sample.
PROCEDURE:
Take2 kg of air-dry sample of the fine aggregate (3 kg of coarse aggregate) and sieve
successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to
ensure that the sieves are clean before use. Each sieve shall be taken separately over a
clear tray until not more than a trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less
than 2 minutes. If a mechanical sieve shaker is used, arrange the set of sieves in the
order of their aperture sizes in such a way that the sieve having smallest opening
comes at the bottom and a minimum of 10 minutes sieving will be required. Weigh
the aggregate retained in each sieve . Draw a graph taking logarithm (Log
10
) of
aperture size of the sieve on the X-axis and % finer on the Y-axis.
Reporting of results: The result shall be calculated and reported as follows
The sieve opening corresponding to 10% passing (D10) gives effective size.
The ratio of sieve opening corresponding to 60% (D60) to sieve opening
corresponding to 10% passing (D10) gives uniformity coefficient.
The sum of the cumulative % retained in each of the sieves divided by 100 gives
the fineness modulus of the aggregate.
Grading zone can be determined by plotting a graph with logarithm of aperture size
of the sieves versus % finer according to value given in table 3.
Wt.Retained
%Wt
size
(g)
Retained
Cumulative
%Wt.
passing
Wt.Retained
Remarks
80 mm
40 mm
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Residue
Check
Table: 1- sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Weight of fine aggregate used for sieving = ..Kg
IS Sieve
Wt.Retained %Wt
Cumulative % %Wt.
size
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Residue
Check
(g)
Retained
Wt.Retained
passing
Remarks
Percentage passing
Grading zone I Grading zone II Grading zone III
100
100
100
90-100
90-100
90-100
60-95
75-100
85-100
30-70
55-90
75-100
15-34
35-59
60-79
05-20
08-30
12-40
00-10
00-10
00-10
Grading zone IV
100
95-100
95-100
90-100
80-100
15-50
00-15
Coarse aggregate
DISCUSSIONS: (Discuss about the grading curves obtained. What is the average size of Fine
aggregate and Coarse aggregate in the given sample?)
Experiment No. 2
Date:
AIM:
To determine the bulk density, void ratio, porosity and specific gravity of the
given fine and coarse aggregates in loose and compact states.
GENERAL:
In estimating quantities of materials and in mix computations, when batching
is done on a volumetric basis, it is necessary to know the conditions under which the
aggregate volume is measured viz (a) loose or compact (b) dry or damp. For general
information and for comparisons of different aggregates, the standard conditions are
dry and compact. For scheduling volumetric batch quantities the unit weight in the
loose, damp state should be known.
Bulk density (unit weight) is the weight of a unit volume of aggregate, which
is usually expressed in kg. per litre.
Void ratio refers to the spaces between the aggregate particles. Numerically
this void space is the difference between the gross or overall volume of the aggregate
and the space occupies by the aggregate particles alone. Void ratio is calculated as the
ratio between the volume of voids and volume of solids.
Porosity is the ratio between the volume of voids and the total volume.
Specific gravity of aggregate is the ratio of the specific weight of aggregate
and specific weight of water.
APPARATUS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
A measuring jar.
PROCEDURE: Take the weight of the cylindrical container (W1). Fill water in the container up to the
brim and find the weight (W2). From these two, calculate the volume of the container
(V1). Fill the given sample of aggregate 1/3rd full in the container and give 25 strokes
with the rounded end of the tamping rod. Fill the container to overflowing by filling in
the same manner as above in two steps. Remove the surplus aggregate using the
tamping rod as a straight edge. Take the weight of the container with the aggregate
(W3). Add measured quantity of water to the aggregate in the container slowly until
the voids are completely filled with water. Note the volume of water added (V2), (To
verify the value of V2, take the weight of the container with aggregate and water and
find the weight of water added).
For loose aggregate.
Fill the container to overflowing by means of a shovel, the aggregate being
discharged from a height not exceeding 50mm above the top of the container. Level
the surface of the aggregate with a straight edge. Obtain the weight of the aggregate.
Repeat the same procedure used for compacted aggregate to ascertain the other
quantities.
Particulars
Fine aggregate
Loose
Coarse aggregate
Compact Loose
Compact
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
Wt. of Aggregate
Volume of aggregate
Specific gravity =
12
RESULTS:
Sl
NO
1
2
3
4
Parameters
Bulk density (kg/litre)
Void ratio
Porosity
Specific gravity
Fine aggregate
Loose
Compact
Coarse aggregate
Loose Compact
Remarks
DISCUSSION:
(Compare the values with the usual value of the aggregates recommended for normal
concreting work)
BULKING OF SAND
Experiment No: 3
Date:
AIM:
To determine the bulking characteristics of given sand.
GENERAL: The free moisture content of fine aggregate results in bulking of volume. Free
moisture forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture exerts surface
tension, which keeps the neighboring particles away from it. Hense no point of
contact is possible between the particles. This causes bulking of the volume .The
extent of bulking will depend upon the percentage of moisture content and particle
size of the fine aggregate. Bulking increases with the increase in moisture content up
to a certain limit and beyond that, further increase in moisture content results in the
decrease in volume.
Sand brought to work site may contain an amount of moisture, which will
cause bulking. When it is loosely filled into a measuring container, it occupies larger
volume than it would occupy if dry. Hence if sand intend to use in a concrete mix is a
measure by loose volume, it will be necessary to increase the volume of sand by
percentage bulking. Otherwise the yield of concrete will be reduced and the mix
becomes deficient in sand and the aggregate is prone to segregation resulting in
honey-combing of concrete.
APPARATUS: Measuring jar, balance, scale and porcelain bowl.
PROCEDURE: Take about 200ml. of dry sand from the sample and find its weight. Add water at
2% by weight of dry sand and mix it thoroughly by hand. Pour the damp sand into the
measuring jar and consolidate it by shaking. Level the top surface using the scale.
Note its volume (V). Repeat the test with different % of water. Finally pour water into
the measuring jar containing the moist sand until the water just submerge the sand
completely. Note the volume of sand (V0). Calculate the % bulking using the formula.
Percentage bulking
= V- V0 100
V0
Draw the Percentage bulking versus moisture content curve and find the maximum
Percentage bulking and corresponding moisture content.
RESULT:1.
2.
DISCUSSION: -
OBSERVATION :Volume of
Sl.no
Percentage
moisture
2
10
15
20
of Percentage bulking
Volume
(Vml)
= V- V0 100
V0
Remarks
25
30
impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied
compressive load.
APPARATUS: The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test as per IS: 2386 (Part IV)
1963 consists of:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Tamping rod 10mm in diameter and 230mm long rounded at one end.
(vi)
sieve and
retained in 10mm IS: sieve. Pour the aggregate to fill about 1/3 depth of measuring
cylinder and give 25 blows using the rounded end of the tamping rod. Add two more
layers in similar manner to fill the mould completely. Strike of the surplus aggregates
and takes the weight of aggregates to nearest grams (W1). Fix the cup firmly in
position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample in it and compact
by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod. Raise the hammer until its lower face is
380mm above the surface of the aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely
on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than 1 second
between successive falls. Remove the crushed aggregates from the cup and sieve it
through 2.36 mm IS: sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1g (W2). Also weigh the
fraction retained in the sieve. Aggregate impact value can be calculated as aggregate
impact value = (W2/W1) x 100 and should be expressed as a nearest whole number.
The following precautions should be taken while conducting the test.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
= (W2/W1) X100
FINENESS OF CEMENT
Experiment No:-6
Date:
AIM :
To determine the Fineness of cement by dry sieving
GENERAL:
Fines of cement has significant role on the rate of hydration and on the rate of
evolution of heat. Cement which is more finely ground hardened more rapidly and has
a higher rate of heat evolution at early ages. Greater finesses improves the
cohesiveness of concrete mix and quality of water rising to the surface of concrete
known as bleeding, is reduced.
Shrinkage cracking is related to the rate of development of strength of concrete. In
general, cement which gains more strength rapidly are more subjected to cracking.
Increasing the fineness of any particular cement, raises its rate of development of
strength and so indirectly increases the risk of shrinkage crack formation.
APPARATUS :
RESULTS :
Fineness of cement of dry sieving
DISCUSSION :
(Discuss the quality of the given sample of cement by comparing with IS
specifications.)
OBSERVATIONS:-
Sl
no
1
2
3
Type
of
cement
Wt. of
cement
W1 (g)
Wt of
residue
W2 (g)
% Wt.of
residue
W2
W1
100
Average
% of
residue
IS
specification
Remarks
the cement paste is tested. The value of the amount of water required to prepare a
paste of normal consistency is necessary for conducting other tests such as tensile test,
soundness test, setting time test and compressive strength test.
APPARATUS:Vicats apparatus with Vicats plunger, weighing balance, stop watch,
measuring jar, glass plates and porcelain bowl.
PROCEDURE:Take 400g of cement and break air set lumps of cement if any by hand. Add
water about 20 percentage by weight of cement. Start a stopwatch when water is
added to the dry cement. Prepare the cement paste such that the gauging time is not
less than 3 minutes nor greater than 5 minutes. The gauging time is counted from the
time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. Fill the
mould completely and during filling shake the mould slightly to expel air. After filling
level the surface of the mould. Place the mould with the test block with non-porous
plate under the plunger. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block
and release it quickly. Note the reading on the scale. Prepare the trial pastes with
varying percentages of water until the amount of water necessary for making up the
normal consistency as defined is found.
RESULT:
Normal consistency of cement
DISCUSSION:
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl
Percentage of
Quantity of
Plunger
no
Water (cc)
Reading (mm)
Particulars
1.
Ordinary Portland
Rapid hardening
Low heat
cement
cement
cement
30
30
60
2.
less than)
Final setting time
in minutes (not
greater than )
APPARATUS:
600
600
600
PROCEDURE:
Take 400gm. of cement and prepare a neat cement past with 0.85 times of
water required for normal consistency. The preparation of test block for the test is
same as that for the normal consistency test. Start a stopwatch when water is added to
the dry cement. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the nonporous plate below the needle of the Vicat apparatus. Lower the needle gently to
touch the surface of the test block and release quickly. In the beginning the needle
completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure until the needle pierces the
block by 5 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The period elapsing
between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle
fails to pierce the test block by 5 0.5mm is the initial setting time.
For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of Vicat apparatus by
the needle with an annular attachment. The cement is considered finally set when
upon applying the final setting needle gently to the surface of the test block, the
needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. The period
elapsing between the time when water id added to the cement and the time at which
the needle make an impression on the surface of the test block while the attachment
fails to do so shall be the final setting time. In the event of a scum forming on the
surface of the test block, use underside of the test block for the determination of final
setting time.
RESULT:
Initial setting time of the given sample
DISCUSSION:
OBSERVATIONS:
INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
Type of cement
Weight of cement
Sl. No
Time
Reading(mm)
Remarks
between the halves of the mould and between the contact surface of the bottom of the
mould and base plate with a thin film of petroleum jelly, in order to ensure that no
water escapes during vibration. Coat the interior faces of the mould with thin coat of
mineral oil. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and
firmly hold it in position by means of suitable clamp.
The material for each cube shall be cement W1 =200 gm
P +3
Standard sand W2 =3W1= 600 gm, water = 4
(W1+W2) g, where p is the
100
Percentage of water for standard consistency.
Place the mixture of cement and standard sand in a non-porous plate. Mix dry
with a trowel for one minute and add the required quantity of water and mix until the
mixture is of uniform colour. The mixing time should not exceed 4 minutes and
should not be less than 3 minutes.
Immediately after mixing the mortar fill it in the cube mould and rod 20 times
with a rod in three layers. Place the remaining quantity of mortar in the hopper of the
cube moulds and pressed it again and then compact the mortar by vibration. The
period of vibration shall be 2 minutes at the specified rate of 12000+ 400 vibrations
per minutes. At the end of the vibration remove the mould together with the base plate
from the machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing the
surface with the blade of the trowel.
Keep the filled mould at a temperature of 27 + 20C in an atmosphere of at least
90% relative humidity for 24 hrs. At the end of the period remove them from the
moulds and immediately submerge in fresh water and keep there until taken out just
prior to testing.
TESTING OF MORTAR CUBES
Test 3 cubes for compressive strength at the period mentioned in the IS
specification. The cubes are tested on their sides without any packing. The load shall
be readily and uniformly applied at the rate of 350kg / cm 2 / min.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Weight of cement for one cube
= 200g
Weight of sand
= 600g
RESULT:
The average value of compressive strength of cement sand mortar cubes at
(i)
3days
(ii)
7days
DISCUSSION:
(Discuss (i) standard sand (ii) the quality of the given sample of cement)
OBSERVATIONS:Sample
no
At 3 days age
Load
(N)
1
2
3
At 7 days age
Compressive
Strength
2
(N/mm )
Average
Compressive Load
Strength
(N/mm2)
(N)
Compressive
Strength
2
(N/mm )
Average
Compressive
Strength
(N/mm2)
2)
Modulus of rupture.
3)
Modulus of elasticity
4)
Elastic resilience.
GENERAL :
Standard size of specimen is 5 x 5 x 75 cm with 70 cm span. Where a standard
specimen cannot be obtain the dimensions of the test specimen shall be such as to
make the span l = 14 times the depth. Central deflections shall be measured at load
intervals of 50 kg.
EQUIPMENT :
30T U. T. M,Scale.
PROCEDURE :
Measure the size of the specimen and fix the span. Assuming the
maximum fibre stress f (say 1000 kg / cm 2) calculate the maximum central (W) the
specimen can carry.
M
wl = f Z,
hence W = 4 f Z
Select a suitable loading range and adjust the machine for that range. Mount
the beam supports over the cross head at correct span and place the specimen, fix the
special loading device to the cylinder device at top. Start the motor and slowly open
the inlet valve until the ram is floated. Adjust the pointer to the zero reading, raise the
cross head the central loading device just touches the top of the beam specimen
.Adjust the deflection dial to zero reading. Now slowly load the specimen opening the
inlet value and note deflections corresponding to the load increments until the
specimen fails. Also note the maximum load .Now draw load deflection curve.
Determine the slope of the straight line portion of the graph (P1)
RESULT :
1. Fibre stress at limit of proportionality
2. Modulus of rupture
3. Modulus of elasticity ,
4. Elastic resilience,
DISCUSSION :
(Discuss the quality of the given timber.)
OBSERVATIOS :
Load, kg
Central
deflection,mm
l (mm)
b (mm)
d (mm)
4. section modulus
= bd2 (mm3)
12
P (N)
7.Maximum load
P1(N)
Pl (N/mm2)
4Z
4Z
10. Modulus of elasticity ,
=P1l3/48I
(N/mm2)
GENERAL :
The roofing tiles shall be made from suitable clay of even texture and shall be
well burnt .They shall be free from irregularities such as twists,bends,cracks and
laminations. The roofing tiles shall be free from impurities such as particles of stone,
lime or other foreign materials visible to naked eye or on the fractured face of tile.
When struck the tile shall give a ringing sound and when broken the fracture shall be
clean and sharp at the edges. The average weight of six tiles shall not be less than 2Kg
and not more than3Kg. The strength requirements of roofing tiles as per IS654-1992
are (1) water absorption (2) permeability (3) breaking load.
APPARATUS :
Tile flexure strength testing machine. weighing balance,eletric oven.
PROCEDURE :
(1) water absorption Test:
Dry six tiles by placing in the oven at 105 0C to 1100C till they attain
constant weight and them cool and weigh (A) Immerse the dry specimen in
clean water at 240C to 300C for 24 hrs .Take out the specimens wipe off the
surface water and weigh the specimens (B)
The % water absorption = (B-A ) x100
A
The average % water absorption of six tiles can be taken as the % water
absorption
(2) Permeability test :
This test can be conducted at 27+/-20C and relative humidity of 65+/-5%.The
tile shall be fitted at the bottom of the trough and the space between the sides of the
trough plugged water tight with a suitable materials like wax or bitumen.
Pour water into the mould so that it stands over the lowest tile surface
to a height of 5cm and keep it for a period of six hours. After the period the
bottom of the tile shall be carefully examined to see whether the water has
seeped through the tiles.
(3) Breaking load.
Test six tiles after soaking them in water at 27+/-2 0C for 24hrs
in the wet condition. Support the tile evenly flat wise as the bearer set
with a span of 25cm and resting on the bottom surface. Apply the load
with the direction of the load perpendicular to the span at a uniform
rate of 450 to 550 N/min.Take the individual bearing load of each of
the six tiles separately in the wet condition and calculate the average
value .
Upper lever
R
D
G
C
Lower lever
W
DE = 15 cm
EF =7.5 cm
AC = 7.5 cm
BC =22.5 cm
Lower arm
R
G
7.5 cm
22.5 cm
Taking moments at A
W(7.5+22.5) (P x 7.5)
W = 7.5 P
30
P
= 30W (1)
7.5
Upper lever
R
D
15 cm
Taking moments at F
7.5 R =
22.5 x 30W
= 0
7.5 cm
7.5
R
22.5 x 30
= 12 W
7.5 x 7.5
ie R
12W
RESULTS :
Sl
Identificat
Length
Width
no
-ion mark
(cm)
(cm)
Dry
wt.
(Kg)
%Water
absorption
Breaking
Permeabi-
load(KN)
lity
n as per IS:
DISCUSSION :
(Discuss specifications of M P roofing tiles as per IS 654-1962 like sample size,
criteria for conformity etc.)
Classificatio
654-1992
Dry
(cm)
(cm)
Wet
wt.
wt.
%Water
absorption
(Kg)
(Kg)
Average
Classification
%Water
as per IS:
absorption
654-1992
Identification
mark
Length
Width
(cm)
(cm)
Dry
wt.
Breaking
load
(Kg)
(KN)
Average
breaking
load (KN)
Classification
as per
IS 654-1992
DISCUSSION :
(Discussion the quality of the given sample of bricks).
Dimensions of
the brick
(LxBxD ) mm
Average area
of the bed face
mm2
Maximum
load at
failure(N)
1
2
3
4
5
_________________________
Average area of the bed face
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2 )
IS Classification of Bricks:-
Material
Indenter
Total load
Scale symbol
Scale
no
1
2
3
Diamond cone
Diamond cone
Steel ball
60
150
100
A
C
B
Black
Black
Red
1.5875mm.dia.
Steel ball
60
Red
1.5875mm.dia
Usually C and B are used. HRC;used for very hard materials.
F0 = ,Preliminary load
= 10 kgf
F1
F1
= F0 + F1
=150 kgf
F0 + F1
10 +90
= 100 kgf
F0
F0+F1
F0
SURFACE
ep
DATUM
0.2 mm
80
ea
20
HRC =100-e
Test requirements:1.The surface of the test piece shall be smooth and even and free from oxide
Scales and foreign matter.
2. The thickness of the test piece shall be at least 8 times the permanent
increase of depth e
3. The distance between centres of two adjacent impressions shall be at least 4
times the diameter of indentation and the distance from the center of the
indentation to the side of the test piece shall be at least 2.5 times the
diameter of indentation.
4.The dial of the indicator shall be set at initial position and the load increased
without sudden shock within 2 to 8 seconds.,
EQUIPMENT:
Lucknik hardness testing machine
PROCEDURE
Put the required weight on the pan. Insert the indenter and fasten with a screw.
Place the specimen on the object table and turn the wheel to raise the elevation screw
until specimen touches the indenter. Turn the wheel slowly to make the indenter
penetrate the specimen until the small pointer of the dial indicator is on the red dash.
Now the specimen is subjected to the preliminary load of 10kgf.Bring the big pointer
to read zero for C scale (black) or 30 of B-scale (red). Press the releasing device to
increase the load from F0 to F1 inducing a further driving of indenter into the
specimen.
Keep the load stationary for 4 to 6 seconds for hard materials and 6 to 8
seconds for soft materials. Release the load by turning the crank in the reverse
direction. The reading corresponds to the position of the big pointer gives the
hardness number directly (black scale HRC and red scale HRB).
OBSERVATION:
Material
Indenter
Load(kgf)
HRC
Mean HRC
HRB
Mean
HRB
RESULT:
Rockwell hardness no. of
()
( )
( )
(v)
=
Surface area of indentation
F
= Dh where h is the depth of indentation in mm.
F
=
D [D D2d2]
2
2F
=
D [DD2d2 ]
HBS =Brinell hardness in case where a steel ball is used for materials whose HB is
not exceeding 450.
HBW = Brinell hardness in case where as hard metal ball is used for materials whose
HB is not exceeding 650
Example :- 160 HBS 10/3000/15 = Brinell hardness of 160 determined with a steel
ball of 10 mm diameter and with a test force of 3000 kgs. Applied for 15 seconds.
Test requirement:1. The surface of the test piece shall be sufficiently smooth and even.
2. The thickness of test piece shall not be less than 8times the depth
of indentation h .
3. The distance of centre of indentation from the edge of test piece shall be at
least 2.5 times the diameter of the indentation and the distance between center
of two adjacent indentation shall be at least 4 times the diameter of
indentation.
4. The test load is attained without shock or vibration. The test load shall be
Maintained for 10 or 15 seconds.
5. It is desirable that the diameter d of the indentation should range between
0.25D and 0.05 D
The ratio of F/ D2 shall be chosen according to the material.
Material
F/D2
Mild steel
30
Brass
10 or 15
Copper
10
EQUIPMENTS:
Brinell hardness testing machine, traveling microscope.
PROCEDURE :
Considering the material of the specimen and the size of the ball indenter
select a suitable load and suspend weights on the yoke tray accordingly. Insert the
steel ball indenter in position and place the specimen on the work table. Raise the
specimen by turning the hand wheel until the contact with the steel ball is obtained.
Close the valve and smoothly pump oil without causing any shock using the hand
lever until the desire load is obtained. Maintaine the load for specified time (10 to 15
seconds)for steel and 30 2 seconds for light metals. Then slowly open the valve there
by raleasing the oil pressure and the load. Lower the specimen by turning the hand
wheel.
Remove the specimen and measure the diameter of indentation in two perpendicular
directions (d1and d2 ).The average of d1and d2 is the diameter of indentation
d.Calculate HBS using the formula.
RESULT :Brinell Hardness no of
()
( )
OBSERVATION :
Materials Load(kgf
)
D(mm)
Dia of indentation
d1(mm)
d2(mm)
d(mm)
HBS
Mean
HBS
PROCEDURE:
a) Calibration curves:Initial energy E1 = Wh1
= W( L- Lcos1) (1)
Final energy E2 = Wh2
= W( L- Lcos) (2)
Loss of energy or impact value = EL = E1 - E2 = WL ( cos- cos1)
L = 0.825m
W=22.057 Kg for Izod and 20.996 Kg for charpy
1 = 85.35 for Izod
1= 140 for Chatpy
E1 = 164J for izod test and 300J for charpy test. Substitute the
corresponding values in eqn: (1) and find 1. To find a relation between
ELand 1. Substitute for W.Land 1.for varying values of 1,calculate the
corresponding values of EL and draw a curve of EL Vs which is the
calibration curve. Now during a test if the pointer indicates an angle of 2
after impact ,the corresponding impact value can be read from the
calibration curve.
L
L
h1
h2
W
W
DISCUSSION:
1. By izod test
2. By charpy test
OBSERVTION:
Calibration curve
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
EL(kgm)
EL(kgm)
Test Result
Angle 2
Izod
Charpy
EL (J)
Mean
EL (J)