Chapter06 Testbank

Chapter 06 Testbank
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
Duration is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the weighted-average time to maturity of a series of cash flows, using the relative present values of the cash flows as weights
the weighted-average present values of a series of cash flows using the timing of the cash flows as weights
the standard deviation of the time to maturity of a series of cash flows
an asset's or a liability's time to maturity
2.
Duration is seen as a more complete measure of an asset or a liability's interest rate sensitivity than maturity because it takes into account the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
size of cash flows

timing of cash flows
size of cash flows and the asset or liability's time to maturity
time of arrival of all cash flows plus the asset or liability's maturity
3.
The duration of an asset or a liability for which there are intervening cash flows between issue and maturity:
A.
B.
C.
D.
equals the asset or the liability's maturity

exceeds the asset or the liability's maturity
is smaller than the asset or the liability's maturity
Not enough information to answer this question
4.
The duration of a zero-coupon bond:
A.
B.
C.
D.
is smaller than its maturity

exceeds its maturity
equals its maturity
depends on the size and timing of intervening cash flows between issue and maturity
5.
The special feature of consol bonds is that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
their duration equals their maturity

their maturity is infinite, while their duration is finite
their maturity is finite, while their duration is infinite
both, their maturity and their duration, are infinite
6.
Suppose the yield of consol bond is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 years
10 years
11 years
15 years
7.
Suppose the yield of five-year zero-coupon bond is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 years
10 years
11 years
15 years
8.
Suppose the yield of five-year bond with 8% coupon is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
less than 5 years

5 years
from 5 to 10 years
more than 10 years
9.
With increasing maturity of a fixed-income asset or liability the asset or liability's duration:
A.
B.
C.
D.
increases, but at a decreasing rate

decreases
increases at an increasing rate
increases at a constant rate
10.
The lower the coupon or interest payment on a security:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the lower its duration

coupon or interest payments have no impact on a security's duration
the higher its duration
None of the listed options are correct.
11.
Duration is a direct measure of the interest rate sensitivity of an asset or liability, which means that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the smaller the duration, the more sensitive the price of that asset or liability
the larger the duration, the less sensitive the price of that asset or liability
the larger the duration, the more sensitive the price of that asset or liability
12.
As interest rates increase the price of an asset or liability:
A.
B.
C.
D.
remains constant
decreases
increases
increases and it increases at a faster rate
13.
As interest rates decrease the price of an asset or liability:
A.
B.
C.
D.
remains constant
decreases
increases
14.
The duration gap can be used to measure how changes in the interest rate affect an FI's:
A.
B.
C.
D.
net worth
maturity gap strategy
liquidity strategy
All of the listed options are correct.
15.
The leverage adjusted duration gap measures:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the change in an FI's net worth if interest rates change

the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's profit and loss statement
the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's balance sheet
16.
The larger an FI's absolute leverage adjusted duration gap:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the less exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks

the more exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks
the lower the FI's net worth
17.
The effect of interest rate changes on the market value of an FI's net worth breaks down into three effects, these being the leverage adjusted
duration gap, the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
size of the FI and the reputation of the FI

size of the FI and the size of the interest rate shock
reputation of the FI and the size of the interest rate shock
size of the FI and the direction of the interest rate changes
18.
Which of the following statements most appropriately responds to the critique that duration matching is costly and time consuming?
A. The critique is valid; however, the speed has been eased and transaction costs of balance sheet restructuring have been lowered due
to growth of purchased funds, asset securitisation and loan sales markets.
B. The critique is valid and FIs should spend funds in order to develop more efficient interest rate risk management tools.
C. The critique is valid, particularly because it is not possible for managers to get the same results of direct duration matching by
taking positions in derivatives markets.
D. None of the listed options are correct.
19.
The statement that a portfolio is immunised using duration matching:
A. means that the FI is entirely hedged against interest rate risks

B. is misleading as duration matching is a dynamic process and only hedges the FI against instantaneous interest rate changes
C. is misleading as duration matching is a dynamic process and only hedges the FI against interest rate changes that occur within a
month
20.
Immunising the balance sheet to protect equity holders from the effects of interest rate risk occurs when:
A. the maturity gap is zero

B. the repricing gap is zero
C. the duration gap is zero
D. the effect of a change in the level of interest rates on the value of the assets of the FI is exactly offset by the effect of the same
change in interest rates on the liabilities of the FI
21.
Using the duration gap to measure the change in an FI's net worth in case of large interest rate shocks:
A.
B.
C.
D.
produces exact results

only produces exact results if interest rates change instantaneously
produces approximate results only due to concavity
produces approximate results only due to convexity
22.
Duration is a less accurate predictor for the change in an FI's net worth in case of large interest rate shocks because it assumes a:
A. linear relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is convex
B. linear relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is concave
C. convex relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is linear
D. concave relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true
relationship is linear
23.
Convexity is defined as:
A.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some maturity level
B.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some price level
C.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some interest rate level
24.
The modified duration is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
duration multiplied by (1 + R)
duration divided by (1 + R)
duration minus (1 + R)
duration plus (1 + R)
25.
If yield is greater than 0 then the modified duration is the Macaulay duration:
A.
B.
C.
D.
greater than
equal to
smaller than
26.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Convexity is desirable because the larger the convexity the greater the interest rate protection against interest rate decreases and
the greater the potential gains following increasing interest rates.
B. Convexity is desirable because the larger the convexity the greater the interest rate protection against interest rate rises and the
greater the potential gains following decreasing interest rates.
C. Convexity is undesirable because the larger the convexity the lower the interest rate protection against interest rate rises and the
smaller the potential gains following decreasing interest rates.
D. Convexity is undesirable because the larger the convexity the lower the interest rate protection against interest rate decreases and
the smaller the potential gains following increasing interest rates.
27.
A. All assets and liabilities are convex.

B. All fixed-income securities, including those with special option features, are convex.
C. All assets are convex, all liabilities are convex and all fixed-income securities, including those with special option features, are
convex.
28.
For large interest rate shocks and large convexity of a fixed-income security or portfolio:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the error will not change compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
the error will be smaller compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
the error will be greater compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
there will be no error as duration measures changes accurately
29.
Immunisation of a portfolio implies that changes in _______ will not affect the value of the portfolio.
A.
B.
C.
D.
book value of assets

maturity
interest rates
duration
30.
Consider a security with a face value of $100 000, which is to be repaid at maturity. The security pays an annual coupon of 8% and has a maturity
of three years. The current discount rate is 10%. What is the security's current price (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
$124 000
$95 026.30
$19 894.82
$100 000
31.
of three years. The current discount rate is 10%. What is the security's duration (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.78 years
3 years
0.36 years
1.94 years
32.
Consider a security with a duration of 2.78 years. The current interest rate level is 10% per annum. How does the price of the security change if
interest rates decrease by 100 basis points (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The price of the security will decrease by 1%.

The price of the security will increase by 1%.
The price of the security will decrease by 2.50%.
The price of the security will increase by 2.50%.
33.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The optimal duration gap is zero.

Duration gap measures the impact of unanticipated changes in interest rates on the market value of equity.
The shorter the maturity of the FI's securities, the greater the FI's interest rate risk exposure.
The duration of all floating rate debt instruments is equal to the time to maturity.
34.
An FI purchases at par value a $100 000 Treasury Bond paying 10% interest with a 7.5 year duration. If interest rates rise by 4%, calculate the
bond's new value. Recall that Treasury Bonds pay interest semi-annually. Use the duration valuation equation.
A. +$28 571.43
B.
$20 864.46
C. +$20 864.46
D.
$28 571.43
35.
What is the duration of a five-year par value zero-coupon bond yielding 10% annually?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.50 years
2 years
4.40 years
5 years
36.
Consider a security with a face value of $100 000 to be repaid at maturity. The maturity of the security is three years. The coupon rate is 9% per
annum and coupon payments are made semi-annually. The current discount rate is 12% per annum. What is the security's price (round your
answer to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
$127 000.00
$100 000.00
$76 046.08
$92 624.01
37.
annum and coupon payments are made semi-annually. The current discount rate is 12% per annum. What is the security's duration (round your
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.68 years
2.68 half-years
3 years
0.38 years
38.
An FI has financial assets of $800 and equity of $50. If the duration of assets is 1.21 years and the duration of all liabilities is 0.25 years, what is
the leverage-adjusted duration gap?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.9000 years
0.9600 years
0.9756 years
0.8844 years
39.
How can a negative duration gap of 0.21 years be interpreted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The FI is exposed to decreasing interest rates because it has a negative duration gap of 0.21 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates because it has a negative duration gap of 0.21 years.
The FI is not exposed to interest rate changes since it is running a matched book.
The FI's exposure will depend on its maturity gap.
40.
Consider a consol bond with a required yield to maturity of 9%. What is the consol bond's duration (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Infinite as the bond has no maturity

0 years
9.33 years
12.11 years
41.
Assume that the required yield to maturity on a consol bond increases from 6% to 12%. What is the impact on the consol bond's duration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
As there are no intervening cash flows between issue and maturity, the duration will always equal the bond's maturity.
As interest rates rise, the duration of consol bonds falls.
As interest rates rise, the duration of consol bonds rises.
There will be no impact on the bond's duration.
42.
Consider an asset with a current market value of $250 000 and a duration of 3.3 years. Assume the asset is partially funded through zero-coupon
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15%. Calculate the duration gap for this
scenario:
A.
0.3 years
B. 0.3 years
C.
0.7 years
D. 0.7 years
43.
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15%. Which of the following statements is
true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The FI is benefiting from increasing interest rates as it has a negative duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates as it has a negative duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates as it has a positive duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to decreasing interest rates as it has a positive duration gap of 0.3 years
44.
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15% and interest rates are expected to increase
by 150 basis points. Which of the following statements is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will not be affected.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will increase, too.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will decrease.
The current net worth of the position cannot be determined; however, if interest rates increase the net worth will increase, too.
45.
In order to achieve a zero duration gap, an FI can:
A.
B.
C.
D.
change the duration of its assets only

change the duration of its liabilities only
change the duration of both, assets and liabilities
46.
The bank has a negative maturity gap. Is the bank exposed to interest rate increases or decreases and why?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interest rate increases because the value of its assets will rise more than its liabilities.
Interest rate increases because the value of its assets will fall more than its liabilities.
Interest rate decreases because the value of its assets will rise less than its liabilities.
Interest rate decreases because the value of its assets will fall more than its liabilities.
47.
Which of the following is indicated by high numerical value of the duration of an asset?
A.
B.
C.
D.
low sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks

high interest inelasticity of a bond
high sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks
lack of sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks
48.
Which of the following statements about leverage adjusted duration gap is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is equal to the duration of the assets minus the duration of the liabilities.
The larger the gap in absolute terms, the more exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks.
It reflects the degree of maturity mismatch in an FI's balance sheet.
It indicates the dollar size of the potential net worth and its value is equal to duration divided by (1+R).
49.
The larger the size of an FI, the larger the _________ from any given interest rate shock.
A.
B.
C.
D.
duration mismatch
immunisation effect
net worth exposure
net interest income
50.
When does 'duration' become a less accurate predictor of expected change in security prices?
A. As interest rate shocks increase in size.

B. As interest rate shocks decrease in size.
C. When maturity distributions of an FI's assets and liabilities are considered.
D. As inflation decreases.
51.
Calculating modified duration involves:
A.
B.
C.
D.
dividing the value of duration by the change in the market interest rate
dividing the value of duration by 1 plus the interest rate
dividing the value of duration by discounted change in interest rates
multiplying the value of duration by discounted change in interest rates
52.
An FI has a leverage-adjusted duration gap of 1.21 years, $60 million in assets, 7% equity to assets ratio, and market rates are 8%. What is the
impact on the dealer's market value of equity per $100 of assets if the relative change in all interest rates is an increase of 0.5% [i.e. R/(1+R) =
0.5%]?
A.
+$336 111
B.
$0.605
C.
$336 111
D.
+$0.605
53.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Investing in a zero-coupon asset with a maturity equal to the desired investment horizon is one method of immunising against
changes in interest rates.
B. Investing in a zero-coupon asset with a maturity equal to the desired investment horizon removes interest rate risk from the
investment management process.
C. Buying a fixed-rate asset whose duration is exactly equal to the desired investment horizon immunises against interest
D. Using a fixed-rate bond to immunise a desired investment horizon means that the reinvested coupon payments are not affected by
changes in market interest rates.
54.
A. Convexity is a desirable effect to a portfolio manager because it is easy to measure and price.
B.
All fixedincome assets exhibit convexity in their priceyield relationships.
C. The greater is convexity, the more insurance a portfolio manager has against interest rate increases and the greater potential gain
from rate decreases.
D.
The fact that the capital gain effect for rate decreases is greater than the capital loss effect for rate increases is caused by convexity in the yieldprice
relationship.
55.
For small change in interest rates, market prices of bonds move in an inversely proportional manner according to the size of the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
equity
asset value
liability value
duration value
56.
In simple words, duration measures the average life of an asset or liability.
True
False
57.
The duration of a zero-coupon bond is always smaller than its maturity.
True
False
58.
The maturity of a fixed-income security is always smaller than its duration.
True
False
59.
It is not possible to measure the duration of a perpetuity as a perpetuity has no maturity.
True
False
60.
Using the leverage adjusted duration gap, it is possible to measure the effect of changing interest rates on an FI's net worth.
True
False
61.
The leverage adjusted duration gap reflects the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's balance sheet.
True
False
62.
Duration measures changes in an FI's net worth inaccurately if interest rate changes are large.
True
False
63.
Immunisation requires constant portfolio rebalancing when interest rates move.
True
False
64.
Immunisation does not require constant portfolio rebalancing when interest rates move.
True
False
65.
Duration matching is a desirable interest rate risk management tool as it captures changes in interest rates over long periods of time.
True
False
66.
The FI's portfolio is immunised when the weighted-average duration of the bond portfolio exactly equals the FI's desired investment horizon.
True
False
67.
The FI's portfolio is immunised when the weighted-average duration of the bond portfolio exactly equals the weighted-average maturity of the
bond portfolio.
True
False
68.
The larger the numerical value of the duration of an asset or liability, the less sensitive the price of that asset or liability is to changes in the
interest rate.
True
False
69.
As interest rates increase (decrease) the value of an asset or a liability decreases (increases).
True
False
70.
The greater is convexity, the more insurance a portfolio manager has against interest rate increases and the greater potential gain from rate
decreases.
True
False
71.
One method of changing the positive leverage adjusted duration gap for the purpose of immunising the net worth of a typical depository
institution is to increase the duration of the assets and to decrease the duration of the liabilities.
True
False
72. Discuss the following proposition: While in theory duration matching allows an FI to immunise against interest rate risk, the
reality is that it is too costly and too time consuming to be useful.
73.
Proof the following three propositions using a simple numerical example for each of the cases.
a. The duration of an asset or liability with intervening cash flows between issue and maturity is smaller than its maturity.
b. The duration of an asset or liability without any intervening cash flows between issue and maturity equals its maturity.
c. Despite the fact that perpetuities such as consol bonds have no maturity, it is possible to calculate their duration.
74. Would you consider convexity of a fixed-income security to be desirable or undesirable for an FI? Explain your opinion.
Chapter 06 Testbank Key

1.
Duration is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the weighted-average time to maturity of a series of cash flows, using the relative present values of the cash flows as weights
the weighted-average present values of a series of cash flows using the timing of the cash flows as weights
the standard deviation of the time to maturity of a series of cash flows
an asset's or a liability's time to maturity
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.1 Learn to calculate duration and appreciate that it is a more complete measure of an asset or liability's interest rate sensitivity than maturity
2.
Duration is seen as a more complete measure of an asset or a liability's interest rate sensitivity than maturity because it takes into account the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
size of cash flows

timing of cash flows
size of cash flows and the asset or liability's time to maturity
time of arrival of all cash flows plus the asset or liability's maturity
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
3.
The duration of an asset or a liability for which there are intervening cash flows between issue and maturity:
A.
B.
C.
D.
equals the asset or the liability's maturity

exceeds the asset or the liability's maturity
is smaller than the asset or the liability's maturity
Not enough information to answer this question
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Application
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
4.
The duration of a zero-coupon bond:
A.
B.
C.
D.
is smaller than its maturity

exceeds its maturity
equals its maturity
depends on the size and timing of intervening cash flows between issue and maturity
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
5.
The special feature of consol bonds is that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
their duration equals their maturity

their maturity is infinite, while their duration is finite
their maturity is finite, while their duration is infinite
both, their maturity and their duration, are infinite
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
6.
Suppose the yield of consol bond is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 years
10 years
11 years
15 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
7.
Suppose the yield of five-year zero-coupon bond is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 years
10 years
11 years
15 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
8.
Suppose the yield of five-year bond with 8% coupon is 10%. Its duration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
less than 5 years

5 years
from 5 to 10 years
more than 10 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
9.
With increasing maturity of a fixed-income asset or liability the asset or liability's duration:
A.
B.
C.
D.
increases, but at a decreasing rate

decreases
increases at an increasing rate
increases at a constant rate
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.2 Identify the relationship of duration to maturity, yield and coupon interest rates
10.
The lower the coupon or interest payment on a security:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the lower its duration

coupon or interest payments have no impact on a security's duration
the higher its duration
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
11.
Duration is a direct measure of the interest rate sensitivity of an asset or liability, which means that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the smaller the duration, the more sensitive the price of that asset or liability
the larger the duration, the less sensitive the price of that asset or liability
the larger the duration, the more sensitive the price of that asset or liability
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.3 Gain an understanding of the economic meaning of duration
12.
As interest rates increase the price of an asset or liability:
A.
B.
C.
D.
remains constant
decreases
increases
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
13.
As interest rates decrease the price of an asset or liability:
A.
B.
C.
D.
remains constant
decreases
increases
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
14.
The duration gap can be used to measure how changes in the interest rate affect an FI's:
A.
B.
C.
D.
net worth
maturity gap strategy
liquidity strategy
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Easy
Est time: <1
Learning Objective: 6.4 Learn about the Macaulay Duration Model and how this and the duration gap are used to measure an FI's interest rate risk exposure
15.
The leverage adjusted duration gap measures:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the change in an FI's net worth if interest rates change

the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's profit and loss statement
the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's balance sheet
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
16.
The larger an FI's absolute leverage adjusted duration gap:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the less exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks

the more exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks
the lower the FI's net worth
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
17.
The effect of interest rate changes on the market value of an FI's net worth breaks down into three effects, these being the leverage adjusted
duration gap, the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
size of the FI and the reputation of the FI

size of the FI and the size of the interest rate shock
reputation of the FI and the size of the interest rate shock
size of the FI and the direction of the interest rate changes
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
18.
Which of the following statements most appropriately responds to the critique that duration matching is costly and time consuming?
A. The critique is valid; however, the speed has been eased and transaction costs of balance sheet restructuring have been lowered due
to growth of purchased funds, asset securitisation and loan sales markets.
B. The critique is valid and FIs should spend funds in order to develop more efficient interest rate risk management tools.
C. The critique is valid, particularly because it is not possible for managers to get the same results of direct duration matching by
taking positions in derivatives markets.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.6 Understand some of the problems of applying the Macaulay Duration Model to real-world FIs
19.
The statement that a portfolio is immunised using duration matching:
A. means that the FI is entirely hedged against interest rate risks

B. is misleading as duration matching is a dynamic process and only hedges the FI against instantaneous interest rate changes
C. is misleading as duration matching is a dynamic process and only hedges the FI against interest rate changes that occur within a
month
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
20.
Immunising the balance sheet to protect equity holders from the effects of interest rate risk occurs when:
A. the maturity gap is zero

B. the repricing gap is zero
C. the duration gap is zero
D. the effect of a change in the level of interest rates on the value of the assets of the FI is exactly offset by the effect of the same
change in interest rates on the liabilities of the FI
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.5 Appreciate how duration can be used to maintain a particular leverage ratio
21.
Using the duration gap to measure the change in an FI's net worth in case of large interest rate shocks:
A.
B.
C.
D.
produces exact results

only produces exact results if interest rates change instantaneously
produces approximate results only due to concavity
produces approximate results only due to convexity
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
Learning Objective: 6.7 Learn about convexity and its use as a superior measure of interest rate risk
22.
Duration is a less accurate predictor for the change in an FI's net worth in case of large interest rate shocks because it assumes a:
A. linear relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is convex
B. linear relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is concave
C. convex relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true relationship
is linear
D. concave relationship between the change in an asset or liability's price and the change in the interest rate, while the true
relationship is linear
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
23.
Convexity is defined as:
A.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some maturity level
B.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some price level
C.
the degree of curvature of the priceyield curve around some interest rate level

AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
24.
The modified duration is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
duration multiplied by (1 + R)
duration divided by (1 + R)
duration minus (1 + R)
duration plus (1 + R)
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
25.
If yield is greater than 0 then the modified duration is the Macaulay duration:
A.
B.
C.
D.
greater than
equal to
smaller than
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
26.
A. Convexity is desirable because the larger the convexity the greater the interest rate protection against interest rate decreases and
the greater the potential gains following increasing interest rates.
B. Convexity is desirable because the larger the convexity the greater the interest rate protection against interest rate rises and the
greater the potential gains following decreasing interest rates.
C. Convexity is undesirable because the larger the convexity the lower the interest rate protection against interest rate rises and the
smaller the potential gains following decreasing interest rates.
D. Convexity is undesirable because the larger the convexity the lower the interest rate protection against interest rate decreases and
the smaller the potential gains following increasing interest rates.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
27.
A. All assets and liabilities are convex.

B. All fixed-income securities, including those with special option features, are convex.
C. All assets are convex, all liabilities are convex and all fixed-income securities, including those with special option features, are
convex.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
28.
For large interest rate shocks and large convexity of a fixed-income security or portfolio:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the error will not change compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
the error will be smaller compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
the error will be greater compared to smaller interest rate shocks and lower convexity
there will be no error as duration measures changes accurately
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
29.
Immunisation of a portfolio implies that changes in _______ will not affect the value of the portfolio.
A.
B.
C.
D.
book value of assets

maturity
interest rates
duration
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
30.
of three years. The current discount rate is 10%. What is the security's current price (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
$124 000
$95 026.30
$19 894.82
$100 000
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
31.
of three years. The current discount rate is 10%. What is the security's duration (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.78 years
3 years
0.36 years
1.94 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 35
32.
Consider a security with a duration of 2.78 years. The current interest rate level is 10% per annum. How does the price of the security change if
interest rates decrease by 100 basis points (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The price of the security will decrease by 1%.

The price of the security will increase by 1%.
The price of the security will decrease by 2.50%.
The price of the security will increase by 2.50%.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
33.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The optimal duration gap is zero.

Duration gap measures the impact of unanticipated changes in interest rates on the market value of equity.
The shorter the maturity of the FI's securities, the greater the FI's interest rate risk exposure.
The duration of all floating rate debt instruments is equal to the time to maturity.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
34.
An FI purchases at par value a $100 000 Treasury Bond paying 10% interest with a 7.5 year duration. If interest rates rise by 4%, calculate the
bond's new value. Recall that Treasury Bonds pay interest semi-annually. Use the duration valuation equation.
A. +$28 571.43
B.
$20 864.46
C. +$20 864.46
D.
$28 571.43
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
35.
What is the duration of a five-year par value zero-coupon bond yielding 10% annually?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.50 years
2 years
4.40 years
5 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
36.
annum and coupon payments are made semi-annually. The current discount rate is 12% per annum. What is the security's price (round your
A.
B.
C.
D.
$127 000.00
$100 000.00
$76 046.08
$92 624.01
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 35
37.
annum and coupon payments are made semi-annually. The current discount rate is 12% per annum. What is the security's duration (round your
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.68 years
2.68 half-years
3 years
0.38 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 35
38.
An FI has financial assets of $800 and equity of $50. If the duration of assets is 1.21 years and the duration of all liabilities is 0.25 years, what is
the leverage-adjusted duration gap?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.9000 years
0.9600 years
0.9756 years
0.8844 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 35
39.
How can a negative duration gap of 0.21 years be interpreted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The FI is exposed to decreasing interest rates because it has a negative duration gap of 0.21 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates because it has a negative duration gap of 0.21 years.
The FI is not exposed to interest rate changes since it is running a matched book.
The FI's exposure will depend on its maturity gap.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
40.
Consider a consol bond with a required yield to maturity of 9%. What is the consol bond's duration (round to two decimals)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Infinite as the bond has no maturity

0 years
9.33 years
12.11 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
41.
Assume that the required yield to maturity on a consol bond increases from 6% to 12%. What is the impact on the consol bond's duration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
As there are no intervening cash flows between issue and maturity, the duration will always equal the bond's maturity.
As interest rates rise, the duration of consol bonds falls.
As interest rates rise, the duration of consol bonds rises.
There will be no impact on the bond's duration.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
42.
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15%. Calculate the duration gap for this
scenario:
A.
0.3 years
B. 0.3 years
C.
0.7 years
D. 0.7 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 35
43.
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15%. Which of the following statements is
true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The FI is benefiting from increasing interest rates as it has a negative duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates as it has a negative duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to increasing interest rates as it has a positive duration gap of 0.3 years.
The FI is exposed to decreasing interest rates as it has a positive duration gap of 0.3 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
44.
bonds which currently sells for $225 000 and has a maturity of 4 years. The current discount rate is 15% and interest rates are expected to increase
by 150 basis points. Which of the following statements is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will not be affected.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will increase, too.
The current net worth of the position is $25 000 and if interest rates increase the net worth will decrease.
The current net worth of the position cannot be determined; however, if interest rates increase the net worth will increase, too.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
45.
In order to achieve a zero duration gap, an FI can:
A.
B.
C.
D.
change the duration of its assets only

change the duration of its liabilities only
change the duration of both, assets and liabilities
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
46.
The bank has a negative maturity gap. Is the bank exposed to interest rate increases or decreases and why?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interest rate increases because the value of its assets will rise more than its liabilities.
Interest rate increases because the value of its assets will fall more than its liabilities.
Interest rate decreases because the value of its assets will rise less than its liabilities.
Interest rate decreases because the value of its assets will fall more than its liabilities.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
47.
Which of the following is indicated by high numerical value of the duration of an asset?
A.
B.
C.
D.
low sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks

high interest inelasticity of a bond
high sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks
lack of sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
48.
Which of the following statements about leverage adjusted duration gap is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is equal to the duration of the assets minus the duration of the liabilities.
The larger the gap in absolute terms, the more exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks.
It reflects the degree of maturity mismatch in an FI's balance sheet.
It indicates the dollar size of the potential net worth and its value is equal to duration divided by (1+R).
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
49.
The larger the size of an FI, the larger the _________ from any given interest rate shock.
A.
B.
C.
D.
duration mismatch
immunisation effect
net worth exposure
net interest income
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
50.
When does 'duration' become a less accurate predictor of expected change in security prices?
A. As interest rate shocks increase in size.

B. As interest rate shocks decrease in size.
C. When maturity distributions of an FI's assets and liabilities are considered.
D. As inflation decreases.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
51.
Calculating modified duration involves:
A.
B.
C.
D.
dividing the value of duration by the change in the market interest rate
dividing the value of duration by 1 plus the interest rate
dividing the value of duration by discounted change in interest rates
multiplying the value of duration by discounted change in interest rates
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
52.
An FI has a leverage-adjusted duration gap of 1.21 years, $60 million in assets, 7% equity to assets ratio, and market rates are 8%. What is the
impact on the dealer's market value of equity per $100 of assets if the relative change in all interest rates is an increase of 0.5% [i.e. R/(1+R) =
0.5%]?
A.
+$336 111
B.
$0.605
C.
$336 111
D.
+$0.605
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 35
53.
A. Investing in a zero-coupon asset with a maturity equal to the desired investment horizon is one method of immunising against
changes in interest rates.
B. Investing in a zero-coupon asset with a maturity equal to the desired investment horizon removes interest rate risk from the
investment management process.
C. Buying a fixed-rate asset whose duration is exactly equal to the desired investment horizon immunises against interest
D. Using a fixed-rate bond to immunise a desired investment horizon means that the reinvested coupon payments are not affected by
changes in market interest rates.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
54.
A. Convexity is a desirable effect to a portfolio manager because it is easy to measure and price.
B.
All fixedincome assets exhibit convexity in their priceyield relationships.
C. The greater is convexity, the more insurance a portfolio manager has against interest rate increases and the greater potential gain
from rate decreases.
D.
The fact that the capital gain effect for rate decreases is greater than the capital loss effect for rate increases is caused by convexity in the yieldprice
relationship.
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 13
55.
For small change in interest rates, market prices of bonds move in an inversely proportional manner according to the size of the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
equity
asset value
liability value
duration value
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: 13
56.
In simple words, duration measures the average life of an asset or liability.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
57.
The duration of a zero-coupon bond is always smaller than its maturity.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
58.
The maturity of a fixed-income security is always smaller than its duration.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
59.
It is not possible to measure the duration of a perpetuity as a perpetuity has no maturity.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
60.
Using the leverage adjusted duration gap, it is possible to measure the effect of changing interest rates on an FI's net worth.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
61.
The leverage adjusted duration gap reflects the degree of duration mismatch in an FI's balance sheet.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
62.
Duration measures changes in an FI's net worth inaccurately if interest rate changes are large.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
63.
Immunisation requires constant portfolio rebalancing when interest rates move.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
64.
Immunisation does not require constant portfolio rebalancing when interest rates move.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom's: Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
65.
Duration matching is a desirable interest rate risk management tool as it captures changes in interest rates over long periods of time.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
66.
The FI's portfolio is immunised when the weighted-average duration of the bond portfolio exactly equals the FI's desired investment horizon.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
67.
The FI's portfolio is immunised when the weighted-average duration of the bond portfolio exactly equals the weighted-average maturity of the
bond portfolio.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
68.
The larger the numerical value of the duration of an asset or liability, the less sensitive the price of that asset or liability is to changes in the
interest rate.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
69.
As interest rates increase (decrease) the value of an asset or a liability decreases (increases).
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
70.
The greater is convexity, the more insurance a portfolio manager has against interest rate increases and the greater potential gain from rate
decreases.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
71.
One method of changing the positive leverage adjusted duration gap for the purpose of immunising the net worth of a typical depository
institution is to increase the duration of the assets and to decrease the duration of the liabilities.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Medium
Est time: <1
72. Discuss the following proposition: While in theory duration matching allows an FI to immunise against interest rate risk, the
reality is that it is too costly and too time consuming to be useful.
Critics charge that although in theory duration matching allows an FI to better immunise the FI against interest rate risk, restructuring
the balance sheet of a large, complex FI can be both time consuming and costly. While this argument may have been true historically,
the growth of purchased funds, asset securitisation and loan sales markets has considerably eased the speed and lowered the
transaction costs of major balance sheet restructurings. Moreover, an FI manager could still manage risk exposure using the duration
model by employing techniques other than direct portfolio rebalancing to immunise against interest rate risk. Managers can get many
of the same results of direct duration matching by taking positions in the markets for derivative securities, such as futures and
forwards, options, caps, floors and collars, and swaps.
AACSB: Reflective thinking

Bloom's: Analysis
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 510
73.
Proof the following three propositions using a simple numerical example for each of the cases.
a. The duration of an asset or liability with intervening cash flows between issue and maturity is smaller than its maturity.
b. The duration of an asset or liability without any intervening cash flows between issue and maturity equals its maturity.
c. Despite the fact that perpetuities such as consol bonds have no maturity, it is possible to calculate their duration.
a. Two-year coupon bond: Par value = $1000

R = 14%
Coupon rate = 10% annual payments

Maturity = 2 years
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f
ation = $1780.55/$934.13 = 1.9061

b. Zero-coupon bond: Par value = $1000 Coupon rate = 0%
R = 8%
Maturity = 2 years
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fefefefefefefefefeffffffffffffffffff000000fffffffdfdfdfffffffcfcfcfffffffdfdfdfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
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fffdfdfdffffff000000fffffffcfcfcfffffffffffffcfcfcfffffffafafaffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
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fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefefefffffffdfdfd000000030000000000
Duration = $1714.68/$857.34 = 2
c. A consol is a bond that pays a fixed coupon each year forever. A consol trading at a yield to maturity of 10% has a duration of:
D = 1 + (1/R) =1+ (1/0.10) = 11 years
AACSB: Analytic
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 510
74. Would you consider convexity of a fixed-income security to be desirable or undesirable for an FI? Explain your opinion.
Duration is not an appropriate tool for immunising portfolios when the expected interest rate changes are large because of the existence of convexity.
Convexity exists because the relationship between security price changes and interest rate changes is not linear, which is assumed in the estimation of
duration. Using convexity to immunise a portfolio will reduce the problem.
Convexity is a desirable feature for an FI manager to capture in a portfolio of assets. Buying a bond or a portfolio of assets exhibiting a lot of
convexity or bent-ness in the priceyield curve relationship is similar to buying partial interest rate risk insurance. The more convex is a given asset,
the more insurance against interest rate changes is purchased.
AACSB: Communication
Bloom's: Analysis
Difficulty: Hard
Est time: 35
Chapter 06 Testbank Summary

Category
# of Questio
ns
AACSB: Analytic
72
AACSB: Communication
1
AACSB: Reflective thinking
1
Bloom's: Analysis
2
58
Bloom's: Knowledge
14
Difficulty: Easy
1
Difficulty: Hard
17
Difficulty: Medium
56
Est time: 13
43
Est time: 35
7
Est time: 510
2
Est time: <1
22
Learning Objective: 6.1 Learn to calculate duration and appreciate that it is a more complete measure of an asset or liability's interest
14
rate sensitivity than maturity
3
14
Learning Objective: 6.4 Learn about the Macaulay Duration Model and how this and the duration gap are used to measure an FI's inte
23
rest rate risk exposure
2
5
15

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size of cash flows

equals the asset or the liability's maturity

is smaller than its maturity

their duration equals their maturity

less than 5 years

increases, but at a decreasing rate

the lower its duration

the change in an FI's net worth if interest rates change

the less exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks

size of the FI and the reputation of the FI

A. means that the FI is entirely hedged against interest rate risks

A. the maturity gap is zero

produces exact results

D. None of the listed options are correct.

A. All assets and liabilities are convex.

book value of assets

The price of the security will decrease by 1%.

The optimal duration gap is zero.

Infinite as the bond has no maturity

change the duration of its assets only

low sensitivity of an asset price to interest rate shocks

A. As interest rate shocks increase in size.