Quantum realizations of

Prime Numbers and Riemann Zeros

Seminarios Martes Cuantcos, 15 Noviembre 2016

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza

Prime Number Theorem (PNT)

Hadamard, de la Valle-Poussin (1896)

(x)
limx
= 1,
Li(x)

dt
x
x
Li(x) = 2

+
2 +K
log t log x (log x)
x

Largest known value

(10 26 ) = 1,699,246,750,872,437,141,327,603
Li(1026 ) (10 26 ) = 155,891,678,121

Non trivial zeros of the zeta function

(s) have real part equal to 1/2

1
(s) = s , Re s > 1
n =1 n

(s)

Three physical realizations

Prime numbers using quantum computers

Riemann zeros using cold atoms

Riemann zeros using beam splitters

Collaborators:
Paul Townsend (DAMPT,Cambridge)
Javier Rodrguez-Laguna (UNED, Madrid),
Jos Ignacio Latorre (UB, Barcelona)
Charles Creffield (UCM, Madrid)

Test

Future: Arithmetics in the quantum Lab

Turing and the Riemann hypothesis

In 1950 Turing was the first person to use an

electronic computer at the Manchester university
To find the first 1104 Riemann zeros, then
the machine broke down

Turing gear-drive mechanical

calculator (1939)

(Charles Creffield, G.S. 2014)

Periodic Hamiltonian for a two level system

H(t) = J x + f (t) z ,

In the strong driving limit

Effective Hamiltonian

J eff

J
=
T

2
=
>>
energy scale
T
H eff J eff x

dt cos F(t),
0

f (t + T) = f (t)

J eff

F(t) = dt' f (t')

0

Example: Sinusoidal driving

f (t) = K cos( t) J eff = J J 0 (K / )

Bessel function

Bose-Einstein condensate in a shaken 1D optical lattice

Zeros of Bessel function <-> Coherent destruction of tunneling

Lignier et al 2007

 s s / 2
1
1
(E) = s(s 1) (s), s = + i E
2
2
2

The Riemann function

(E) =

Fourier transform

dt (t)cos(Et /2)
0

(t) = 2 e 5t / 4 (2 n 2 e t 3) n 2 exp( n 2 e t )
n =1

Polya fake zeta function (1926)

* (t) = 2 2 cosh(9t /4) exp(2 cosh(t))

* (E) = 4 2 K 9 / 4 +i E / 2 (2 ) + K 9 / 4 i E / 2 (2 )

Zeros on the critical axis and same average density as

Problem: find potentials giving

(1/2 + iE)

J eff = * (E) or (E)

f (t) = t F(t)

F(t) = cos 1 ((t) /(0)cos(Et /2))

Riemann zeros could be seen in shaken optical lattices

Quasienergies obtained integrating the Schroedinger eq.

smooth

Riemann

Non trivial zeros

En

1
sn = + i E n , E n = energies
2

: eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian H-> RH true

det(E H) (1/2 + i E)

This conjecture is the basis of the spectral approach to the RH

The problem is to find H: the Riemann operator

Counting Riemann zeros

E
N R ( E ) = N( E ) + N fl (E )

Average

Fluctuation

7
E
E
N (E )
1 + + O( E 1 )
log
8
2
2
1
1
N fl (E ) = Arg ( + i E ) = O(log E )

The Riemann zeros behave as the eigenvalues of a random

hermitean matrix
Fluctuations are described by the
GUE pair correlation function

sin x
R2 (x) = 1

GUE describes random systems with broken time reversal symmetry

A further step in the quest of H: Quantum chaos

Sinais billiard

Bohigas, Giannoni, Schmit (84)

Spectrum of chaotic billiards satisfies the GOE statistics

Berrys quantum chaos proposal (80s):

Find a Hamiltonian with the following properties
-H classical and chaotic
-H breaks time reversal (GUE statistics)
-H is quasi-one dimensional
-and

Periodic orbits prime numbers ( p)

Periods log p
Promise: spectrum of H = Riemann zeros

Basis of Berrys conjecture:

An analogy between the number theory formula

1
1
N fl (E ) =
sin( m E log p)
m /2
p m=1 m p

p : prime

and a semiclassical formula for the fluctuations in terms of periodic orbits

1
1
N fl (E )
sin( m E T )
m =1 m exp(m T /2)

: periodic orbit
T : period
: Lyapunov exp

p : prime
log p
1

A QUANTUM MODEL
OF THE
AVERAGE RIEMANN ZEROS

Dirac fermion with mass in 1 D

i t = H ,

Right moving fermion

Left moving fermion

d
m
i( d +1/2)

H =

m
i(
+1/2)

Boundary condition

ie = +

at

=l

Discrete spectrum

Choose

m l = 2

K1

iE
+ n
2 2

(ml) e K 1

E
n(E >> 1)
2

iE
n
2 2

(ml) = 0

E
1 + O(1/ E)
log
2
2

Agrees with first two terms in Riemann formula

Dirac-model
average
Riemann exact

Dirac model -> average behaviour of Riemann zeros

No fluctuations -> all orbits of the fermion are periodic

???

A QUANTUM MODEL
OF THE
EXACT RIEMANN ZEROS

Use beam splitters to realize !

periodic orbits in 1D!

The Riemanns billiard

Place beam splitters at

ln = n

n = p1 p2 L pr

square free integers

p1 p2 L pr

23

Between the beam splitters the fermion propagates freely

i( +1/2)

H =

0
i( +1/2)

scattering matrices (delta function potentials)

Sn Sn* = 1

Reflection
coefficient

(n)
(1) r
rn = 1/ 2 = 1/ 2 ,
n
n

1 rn
2i rn
1

Sn =
2
2
*
1+ rn 2i rn 1 rn

n = p1 p2 L pr

Total reflection

Amplitudes at infinity

Aright () = 1

(n)
2 e 1/ 2+i E + O( 2 )
n =2 n
i

Aleft () = e i

(n)
2 1/ 2i E + O( 2 )
n =2 n

In the limit

one can have Aright () = Aleft () = 0

E( ) E n

with (1/2 + i E n ) = 0

e 2 i = e 2 i (E n ) = i E n

1 i E n
+

4
2
1 i E n

4
2

The math reason

why this trick works is

1
(n)
= s
(s) n =1 n

To hear the Riemann zeros requires a

fine tuning of the phase at the boundary

En

(E n )
2

23

of reflections
A zero comes from the interference of an infinite number

Proof of the Riemann hypothesis (by contradiction)

Suppose there is a zero of the zeta function outside the critical line
then all the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian become not normalizable
(in the continous or in the discrete sense)
Hence the Hamiltonian does not have a spectral decomposition
which cannot be true because H is a well defined self-adjoint operator

To complete the proof there are technical details to fill in

concerning the limit

Final remarks
- Gamows comment about the relation about
Number Theory, Topology and Physics (ask Asorey)
- Vafa (2000): I would think that quantum mechanics will be
completely reformulated and that number theory a key role
in this formulation.

Prospects
- Entanglement
- String theory

Based on:
Landau levels and Riemann zeros,
GS and P. Townsend, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008
The H=xp model revisited and the Riemann zeros,
GS and J. Rodriguez-Laguna, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011
Quantum Computation of prime number functions,
J.I. Latorre and G.S., Quan. Info. Comm. 2014.
There is entanglement in the primes,
J.I. Latorre and G.S., Quan. Info. Comm. 2015.
Finding zeros of the Riemann zeta function by periodic driving of cold atoms
C.E. Creffield and G.S. Phys. Rev. A 2015.
The Riemann zeros as energy levels of a Dirac fermion in a potential built from
the prime numbers in Rindler spacetime
G. S. J. Phys. A 2014.
The Riemann zeros as spectrum and the Riemann hypothesis
G. S. arXiv: 1601.01797.

Thanks
Muchas gracias