Art Therapy Children Trauma and Disaster. Bibliografía.

Children and adolescents, trauma and disasters.
Reference list compiled by Atle Dyregrov PhD, Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway,
e-mail address: atle@krisepsyk.no
Articles are listed by the name of the first author.
Aaron, J., Zaglul, H., & Emery, R. E. (1999). Posttraumatic stress in children following acute
psychical injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 24, 335 343.
Aber, L., Brown, J. L., Jones, S. M., Berg, J. & Torrente, C. (2011). School-based strategies
to prevent violence, trauma, and psychopathology: The challenges of going to scale.
Development and Psychopathology, 23, 411421.
Abrahams, S., & Udwin, O. (2000). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in an eleven
yearold boy using imaginal and in vivo exposure. Clinical Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 5, 387401.
Abramson, D. M., Park, Y. S., Stehling-Ariza, T., & Redlener, I. (2010). Children as
bellwethers of recovery: Dysfunctional systems of the effects of parents, households,
and neighborhoods on serious emotional disturbance in children after hurricane
Katrina. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 4,
doi:10.1001/dmp.2010.7, 111.
Abramson, D. M., Redlener, I., Stehling-Ariza, T., Sury, J., Banister, A., Park, Y. S. (2010).
Impact on Children and Families of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Preliminary
Findings of the Coastal Population Impact Study. (National Center for Disaster
Preparedness, Research Brief 2010:8). New York: Columbia University Mailman
School of Public Health.
Adam, B. S., Everett, B. L., & ONeal, E. (1992). PTSD in physically and sexually abused
psychiatrically hospitalized children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23,
38.
Adams, R. E., & Passman, R. H. (1983). Explaining to young children about an upcoming
separation from their mother: when do I tell them? Journal of Applied Developmental
Psychology, 4, 3542.
Aderka, I. M., Appelbaum-Namdar, E., Shafran, N. & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2011). Sudden
gains in prolonged exposure for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress
disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, (4), 442446.
Aduriz, M. E., Bluthgen, C., & Knopfler, C. (2009). Helping child flood victims using group
EMDR intervention in Argentina: treatment outcome and gender differences.
International Journal of Stress Management, 16, 138153.
Ager, A., (2013). Annual research review: Resilience and child well-being public policy
implications. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, (4), 488500.
Agustini, E. N., Asniar, I., Matsuo, H. (2011). The prevalence of long-term post-traumatic
stress symptoms among adolescents after the tsunami in Aceh. Journal of Psychiatric
and Mental Health Nursing, 1 7. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01702.x
Ahmad, A. (2008). Posttraumatic stress among children in Kurdistan. Acta Pdiatrica, 97,
884888.
Ahmad, A., Larsson, B., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). EMDR treatment for children with
PTSD: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61,
349354.
Ahmad, A., Mohamed, H. T., & Ameen N. M. (1998). A 26month followup of posttraumatic
stress symptoms in children after the massescape tragedy in Iraqi Kurdistan. Nordic
Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 357366.
Ahmad, A., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2007). Applying EMDR on children with PTSD.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online
10 September 2007.
Ahmad, A., Qahar, J., Siddiq, A., Majeed, A., Rasheed, J., Jabar, F., & von Knorring, A.-L.
(2005). A 2-year follow-up of orphans competence, socioemotional problems and
post-traumatic stress symptoms in traditional foster care and orphanages in Iraqi
Kurdistan. Child: Care, Health & Development, 31, 203215.
Akselsdotter, K. (1994). Sm barns signaler om sexuella vergrepp. Rdda Barnen. Falun:
Scandbook.
Alderfer, M. A., Labay, L. E., & Kazak, A. E. (2003). Brief report: does posttraumatic stress
apply to siblings of childhood cancer survivors? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28,
281286.
Aldridge, J., & Becker, S. (1999). Children as carers: the impact of parental illness and
disability on childrens caring roles. Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 303 320.
Alisic, E., (2011). Children and trauma: A broad perspective on exposure and recovery.
Utrecht: Labor Grafimedia BV,
Alisic, E., Bus, M., Dulack, W., Pennings, L., & Splinter, J. (2012). Teachers experiences
supporting children after traumatic exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 98
101.
Allen, B., Oseni, A., & Allen, K. E. (2011). The evidence-based treatment of chronic
posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic grief in an adolescent: A case study.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,
doi:10.1037/a0024930
Allen, J. R., & Pfefferbaum B. (1998). What if astyanax had survived? Child and Adolescent
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 137151.
Allen, S. F., Pfefferbaum, B., Cuccio, A., & Salinas, J. (2009). Early identification of children
at risk for developing posttraumatic stress symptoms following traumatic injuries.
Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7, 235252.
Allenou, C., Olliac, B., Bourdet-Loubre, S., Brunet, A., David, A.-C., Claudet, I., et al.
(2010). Symptoms of traumatic stress in mothers of children victims of a motor vehicle
accident. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 652657.
Almqvist, K., & Broberg, A. (in manuscript). Young children traumatized by organized
violence together with their mothers The critical effects of damaged internal
representations. Karlstad University & Centre for Clinical Research, 328.
Almqvist, K., & Broberg, A. G. (1997). Silence and survival: working with strategies of denial
in families of traumatized preschool children. Association of Child Psychotherapists,
23, 417435.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998). Practice parameters for the
assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress
disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 37, (Supplement)
426
Amir, G., & Lev-Wiesel, R. (2007). Dissociation as depicted in the traumatic event drawings
of child sexual abuse survivors: A preliminary study. The Arts in Psychotherapy,13,1
10.
Amirkhan, J. H., Risinger, R. T., & Swickert, R. J. (1995). Extraversion: a hidden
personality factor in coping? Journal of Personality, 63, 189212.
Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008).
Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on
regional brain development. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences, 20, 292301.
2
Anthony, E. J. (1986). Terrorizing attacks on children by psychotic parents. Journal of the

American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 326335.
Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., & Hecht, S. A. (1999). Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms in children exposed to disaster: Results from confirmatory factor
analyses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 326336.
Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., Vernberg, E. M., La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., &
Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Multisample cross-validation of a model of childhood
posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 667
676.
Aptekar, L., & Boore, J. (1990). The emotional effects of disaster on children. The
International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 7790.
Archer, R. (1997. Tornadoes, boys, and superheroes: externalizing conversations in the wake
of a natural disaster. Journal of Systemic Therapies. 16, 7382.
Arcus, D. (2002). School shooting fatalities and school corporal punishment: A look at the
States. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 173183.
Arman, J. (2000). In the wake of tragedy at Columbine high school. Professional School
Counseling, 3, 218220.
Asarnow, J., Glynn, S., Pynoos, R. S., Nahum, J., Guthrie, D., Cantwell, D. P., & Franklin, B.
(1999). When the earth stops shaking: earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed
for preearthquake psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child
Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H.-U., Lieb, R., Hfler, M., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2014). The role of
behavioral inhibition and parenting for an unfavorable emotional trauma response and
PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, doi: 10.1111-acps.12316
Aubrey, C., & Dahl, S. (2006). Childrens voices: The views of vulnerable children on their
service providers and the relevance of services they receive. British Journal of Social
Work, 36, 2139.
Augustyn, M., Frank, D., Posner, M., & Zuckerman, B. (2002). Children who witness
violence, and parent report of childrens behavior. Archives of Pediatric and
Adolescent Medicine, 156, 800803.
Ayalon, O. (1982). Children as hostages. The Practitioner, 226, 17731781.
Ayalon, O. (1983). Coping with terrorism, The Israeli Case. In Meichenbaum D. & Jarenko,
M. E. (Eds.), Stress Reduction and Prevention, (293339). New York & London:
Plenum Press.
Azarian, A., Miller, T. W., & SkriptchenkoGregorian, V. (1996). Baseline assessment of
children traumatized by the Armenian earthquake. Child Psychiatry and Human
Development, 27, 2941.
Azarian, A., Skriptchenko-Gregorian, V., Miller, T. W., & Kraus, R. F. (1994). Childhood
trauma in victims of the Armenian earthquake. Journal of Contemporary
Psychotherapy, 24, 7785.
Babugura, A. A. (2008). Vulnerability of children and youth in drought disasters: A case study
of Botswana. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 126157.
Baddam, P., Russel, S., & Swamidhas, P. (2007). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress
disorder among children and adolescents affected by tsunami disaster in Tamil Nadu.
Disaster Management & Response, 5, 37.
Baggerly, J., & Exum, H. A. (2008). Counseling children after natural disasters: Guidance for
family therapists. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 7993.
Bahrick, L. E., Parker, J. F., Fivush, R., & Levitt, M. (1998). The effects of stress on young
childrens memory for a natural disaster. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 308
331.
3
Bal, A. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Turkish child and adolescent survivors three
years after the Marmara earthquake. Child and Adolescent Mental Health ,12, 15.
Bal, A., & Jensen, B. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in Turkish child
and adolescent trauma survivors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 449457.
Bal, S., van Oost, P., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2003). Avoidant coping as a
mediator between self-reported sexual abuse and stress relate symptoms in
adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 883897.
Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 27, 713732.
Bannon, W., DeVoe, E. R., Klein, T. P., & Miranda, C. (2009). Gender as a moderator of the
relationship between child exposure to the World Trade Centre Disaster and
behavioural outcomes. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 14, 121126.
Banyard, V., L., Williams, L., M.. & Siegel, J., A. (2001). The long term mental health
consequences of child sexual abuse: An exploratory study of the impact of multiple
traumas in a sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 697715.
Baranger, M., Baranger, W.. & Mom, J. M. (1988). The infantile psychic trauma from us to
Freud: pure trauma, retroactivity and reconstruction. International Journal of Psycho
Analysis, 69, 113128.
Barrett, E. J., Ausbrooks, C. Y. B., & Martinez-Cosio, M. (2008). The school as a source of
support for Katrina-evacuated youth. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 202236.
Baschnagel, J. S., OConnor, R. M., Colder, C. R., & Hawk jr., L. W. (2005). Factor structure
of posttraumatic stress among western New York undergraduates following the
September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 18, 677684.
Basu, B., Dutta, N. (2011). Psychological changes of children surviving terrorist shock in
Indian Kashmir. Journal of Child Neurology, 25, 13311334.
Baum, N. L., Rotter, B., Reidler, E., & Brom, D. (2009). Building resilience in schools in the
wake of hurricane Katrina. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 2, 6270.
Becker, S. M. (2007). Psychosocial care for adult and child survivors of the Tsunami disaster
in India. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 20, 148155.
Becker-Blease, K. A., Turner, H. A., & Finkelhor, D. (2010). Disasters, victimization, and
childrens mental health. Child Development, 81 (4), 10401052.
Beebe, B. (2011). Introduction to mothers, infants, and young children of September 11,
2001: A primary prevention project. Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent
Beebe, B. (2011). The mothers experiences of the project. Journal of Infant, Child, and
Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 202204.
Beebe, B. & Jaffe, J. (2011). Description of the Project: A longitudinal primary prevention
project for mothers pregnant and widowed in the World Trade Center tragedy of
September 11, 2001 and their young children. Journal of Infant, Child, and
Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 156169.
Beebe, B. & Markese, S. (2011). Theory and research that informed the clinical approach of
the project for mothers, infants, and young children of September 11, 2001. Journal of
Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 170186.
Beers, S. R., & de Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with
maltreatment related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,
159, 483486.
Belfer, M. L. (2006). Caring for children and adolescents in the aftermath of natural disasters.
International Review of Psychiatry, 18, 523528.
4
Bell, C. C.. & Jenkins, E. J. (1991). Traumatic stress in children. Journal of Health Care for
the Poor and Underserved, 2, 175188.
Bell, C. C.. & Jenkins, E. J. (1993). Community violence and children on Chicago's Southside.
Bendall, S., Jackson, H. J., Hulbert, C. A., & McGorry, P. D. (2007). Childhood trauma and
psychotic disorders: a systematic, critical review of the evidence. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 34, 568579.
Bergen, H. A., Martin, G., Richardson, A. S., Allison, S., & Roeger, L. (2003). Sexual abuse
and suicidal behavior: A model constructed from a large community sample of
adolescents. Journal American Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1301
1309.
Berger, R., Horsenczyk, R. P., & Gelkopf, M. (2007). School-based interventions for
prevention and treatment of elementary-students terror related distress in Israel: A
quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 541551.
Berger, R., & Lahad, M. (2010). A safe place: Ways in which nature, play and creativity can
help children cope with stress and crisis establishing the kindergarten as a safe haven
where children can develop resiliency. Early Child Development and Care, 180, 889
900.
Bergman, A. & Remez, A. (2011). The team approach to the treatment of a traumatized
mother and child: Christina and Bobby. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent
Psychotherapy, 10, 286295
Bergman, A., Moskowitz, S. & Friedman, D. D. (2011). Early years of support group I: Three
therapists views. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 207
216.
Bergmann, M. V. (1992). An infantile trauma, a trauma during analysis, and their psychic
connexion. International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 73, 447454.
Berkowitz, S. J., Stover, C. S., & Marans, S. R. (2011). The child and family traumatic stress
intervention: secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD. Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 676685.
Berliner, L., Thomas, A., & Fitzgerald, M. Childrens memory for trauma and positive
experiences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 229236.
Bernardon, S., Pernice-Duca, F. (2010). A family systems perspective to recovery from
posttraumatic stress in children. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for
Couples and Families, 18(4) 349357.
Bernie, S. (1997). Community reactions to disaster, an emerging role for the school
psychologist. School Psychology International, 18, 99118.
Bhushan, B., & Kumar, J. S. (2009). Emotional distress and posttraumatic stress in children:
The impact of direct versus indirect exposure. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 3545.
Biernat, M., & Herkov, M. J. (1994). Reactions to violence: a campus copes with serial
murder. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 13, 309334.
Bjrkheim, J. O., & Helland, S. (1997). Skolemestring og selvmord. Skolepsykologi, 7, 312.
Black, D. (1987). Depression in children. British Medical Journal, 294, 462463.
Black, D., Newman, M., HarrisHendriks, J., & Mezey, G. (1997). Psychological Trauma a
Developmental Approach. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
Black, P. J., Woodworth, M., Tremblay, M., & Carpenter, R. (2012). A review of traumainformed treatment for adolescents. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie candienne,
doi: 10.1037/a0028441
Blausten, M. E., & Kinniburgh, K. M. (2010). Treating traumatic stress in children and
adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press.
5
Bloch, D. A., Silber, E., & Perry, S. E. (1956). Some factors in the emotional reaction of
children to disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 416422.
Bocknek, E. L., Sanderson, J., & Britner, P. A. (2009). Ambiguous loss and posttraumatic
stress in school-age children of prisoners. The Journal of Child and Families Studies,
18, 323333.
Bokszczanin, A. (2007). PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents 28 months after a flood:
Age and gender differences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 347351.
Bokszczanin, A. (2008). Parental support, family conflict, and overprotectiveness: Predicting
PTSD symptom levels of adolescents 28 months after a natural disaster. Anxiety, Stress
& Coping, 21, 325335.
Bolton, D. A., Hill, J., ORyan, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., & Yule, W. (2004). Long-term
effects of psychological trauma on psychosocial functioning. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 10071014.
Bolton, D. A., O`Ryan, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., & Yule, W. (2000). The longterm
psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: II: General
psychopathology. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 513523.
Borofsky, L. A., Kellerman, I., Baucom, B., Oliver, P. H., & Margolin, G. (2013). Community
violence exposure and adolescents school engagement and academic achievement over
time. Psychology of Violence. Advanced online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0034121
Bossert E. (1994). Stress appraisals of hospitalized schoolage children. Childrens Health
Care, 23, 3349.
Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., (2011) The importance of the pediatric experience in defining
traumatic stress. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 4767.
Boyce, W. T., Chesterman, E. A., Martin, N., Cohen, F., & Wara, D. (1993). Immunologic
changes occurring in kindergarten entry predict respiratory illnesses after the Loma
Prieta earthquake. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14, 296303.
Braarud, H. C. (2012). Utprving av manual for barnefokusert traumeterapi: Single cases
studier. Senter for Krisepsykologi, 134.
Braarud, H. C., & Nordanger, D. . (2011). Kompleks traumatisering hos barn: En
utviklingspsykologisk forstelse. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 48, 968972.
Bradburn, I. S. (1991). After the earth shook: childrens stress symptoms 68 months after a
disaster. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 13, 173179.
Bradley, R., & Follingstad, D. (2001). Utilizing disclosure in the treatment of the sequelae of
childhood sexual abuse: a theoretical and empirical review. Clinical Psychology
Review, 21, 132.
Brand, B. L., & Alexander, P. C. (2003). Coping with incest: The relationship between
recollections of childhood coping and adult functioning in female survivors of incest.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 285293.
Brandenburg, M. A., & Arneson, W. L. (2007). Pediatric disaster response in developed
countries: ten guiding principles. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 2, 151162.
Brannon, L. C. (1994). The trauma of testifying in court for child victims of sexual assault v.
the accused's right to confrontation. Law & Psychology Review, 18, 439460.
Bremner, J. D., & Vermetten, E. (2001). Stress and development: Behavioral and biological
consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 473489.
Bremner, J. D., Krystal, J. H., Charney, D. S., & Southwick, S. M. (1996). Neural mechanisms
in dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: relevance to the current controversy
surrounding the false memory syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 71
82.
Brent, D. A. (1995). Risk factors for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior: mental and
substance abuse disorders, family environmental factors, and life stress. Suicide & Life
Threatening Behavior, 25, 5263.
Breunlin, D. C., Cimmarusti, R. A., Hetherington, J. S., & Kinsman, J. (2006). Making the
smart choice: a systemic response to school-based violence. Journal of Family
Therapy, 28, 246266.
Broberg, A. (2002). Hur mr du nu Uppfljing av ungdomar som fll offer fr
diskotekbranden p Hisingen. Skriftserie frn verksamhetsomrde Barn och
ungdomspsykiatri, 4, nr. 1. Gteborg: Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset.
Brock, S. E. (1998). Helping classrooms cope with traumatic events. Professional School
Counseling, 2, 110116.
Brom, D., Pat-Horfenczyk, R., & Ford, J.D. (2009). (Eds.). Treating traumatized children,
risk, resilience and recovery. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Bromet, E., Goldgaber, D., Carlson, G., Panina, N., Golovakha, E., Gluzman, S., Gilbert, T.,
Gluzman, D., Lyubsky, S., & Schwartz, J. (2000). Childrens wellbeing 11 years after
the Chernobyl catastrophe. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 563571.
Bronfman, E. T., Biron Campis, L., & Koocher, G. P. (1998). Helping children to cope:
clinical issues for acutely injured and medically traumatized children. Professionals
Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 574581.
Bronner, M. B., Beer, R., Eldik, van v. Z. M. J., Grootenhuis, M. A., & Last, B. F. (2009).
Reducing acute stress in a 16-year old using trauma-focused cognitive behaviour
therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Developmental
Neurorehabilitation, 12, 170174.
Bronner, M. B., Knoester, H., Bos, A. P., Last, B. F., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2008). Follow-up
after paediatric intensive care treatment: parental posttraumatic stress. Acta
Pdiatrica, 97, 181186.
Brown, E. J., & Bobrow, A. L. (2004). School entry after a community-wide trauma:
Challenges and lessons learned from September 11th, 2001. Clinical Child and Family
Psychology Review, 7, 211221.
Brown, R. T., Madan-Swain, A., Lambert, R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in
adolescent survivors of childhood cancer and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 16, 309318.
Brown, T., Pitman, E., & Pullen, S. (1996). Training in work with traumatised children: a
placement at the Traumatic Stress Clinic, London, UK. Bereavement Care, 15, 1719.
Bruce. D. P., & Pollard, R. (1998). Homeostasis, stress, trauma and adaptation. . Child and
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 3351.
Bryant, R. A., Salmon, K., Sinclair, E., & Davidson, P. (2007). A prospective study of
appraisals in childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and
Therapy, 45, 25022507.
Burke, J. D., Borus, J. F., Burns, B. J., Millstein, K. H., & Beasley, M. C. (1982). Changes in
children's behavior after a natural disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry; 139,
10101014.
Burnham, J. J., & Hooper, L. M. (2008). Fears of American children following terrorism.
Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13, 319329.
Butler, J. L., & Platt, A. L. (2008). Bullying: A family and school system treatment model. The
American Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 1829.
Butler, W. M., Leitenberg, H., & Fuselier, G. D. (1995). Child hostages. Incidence and
outcome. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 378383.
Caes, L., Goubert, L., Devos, P., Verlooy, J., Benoit, Y., & Vervoort, T. (2014). The
relationship between parental catastrophizing about child pain and distress in response
7
to medical procedures in the context of childhood cancer treatment: A longitudinal

analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39, (7), 677686.
Callahan, J. (1996). Negative effects of a school suicide postvention program A case
example. Crisis, 17, 108115.
Cameron, R. J., Gersch, I., MGadzah, H. & Moyse, S. (1995). Educational psychologists and
posttrauma stress management. Educational and Child Psychology, 12, 512.
Capewell, E. (1994). Responding to children in trauma: a systems approach for schools.
Bereavement Care, 13, 27.
Capewell, E. (1994). Systems for managing critical incidents in schools. Report to the
Churchill Memorial trust on research undertaken in Australia, New Zealand and the
USA through a Churchill fellowship. Centre for Crisis Management and Education.
Carlsson, E., Frostell, A., Ludvigsson, J., & Faresj, M. (2014). Psychological stress in
children may alter the immune response. The Journal of Immunology, doi:
10.4049/jimmunol.1301713.
Carney, A., G., & Merrell, K. W. (2001). Bullying in schools. School Psychology
International, 22, 364382.
Carr, A. (2004). Interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.
Pediatric Rehabilitation, 7, 231244.
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children.
A pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the
hippocampus. Pediatrics, 19, 509516.
Carson, D. K., & Bittner, M. T. (1994). Temperament and school-aged children's abilities and
responses to stress. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155, 289302
Cary, C. E., & McMillen, C. (2012). The data behind the dissemination: A systematic review of
trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for use with children and youth,
Children and Youth Services Review, 152. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.003
Catani, C., Jacob, N., Schauer, E., Kohila, M., & Neuner, F. (2008). Family violence, war, and
natural disasters: a study of the effect of extreme stress on childrens mental health in
Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 33. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-33
CATS consortium. (2007). Implementing CBT for traumatized children and adolescents after
September 11: Lessons learned from the child and adolescents trauma treatments and
services (CATS) project. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36,
581592.
CATS Consortium. (2010). Implementation of CBT for youth affected by the World Trade
Center disaster: Matching need to treatment intensity and reducing trauma symptoms.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, doi:10.1002/jts.20594, 19.
Cederborg, A-C. (1999). The construction of childrens credibility in judgements of child
sexual abuse. Acta Sociologica, 42, 147158.
Celano, M., Hazzard, A., Webb, C., & McCall, C. (1996). Treatment of traumatic beliefs
among sexually abused girls and their mothers: An evaluation story. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 117.
Ceyhan, E., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2007). Earthquake survivors quality of life and academic
achievement six years after the earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. Disasters, 31, 516
529.
Chartrand, M. M., Frank, D. A., White, L. F., & Shope, T. R. (2008). Effects of parents
wartime deployment on the behaviour of young children in military families. Archives
Pediatric Adolescents Medicine, 162, 10091014.
Charuvastra, A., Goldfarb, E., Petkova, E., & Cloitre, M. (2010). Implementation of a screen
and treat program for child posttraumatic stress disorder in a school setting after a
school suicide. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (4), 500503.
8
Chemtob, C. M., Gudio, O. G. & Laraque, D. (2013). Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder
and depression in pediatric primary care. Association with child maltreatment and
frequency of child exposure to traumatic events. JAMA Pediatrics, 2, Doi:
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2218.
Chemtob, C. M., Madan, A., Berger, P., & Abramocitz, R. (2011). Adolescent exposure to the
World Trade Center attacks, PTSD symptomatology, and suicidal ideation. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 24, 526529.
Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G. (2002). Brief treatment for elementary
school children with disasterrelated posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 99112.
Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Hamada, R. S. (2002). Psychosocial intervention for
postdisaster trauma symptoms in elementary school children: A controlled community
field study. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 211216.
Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., & Abramovitz, R. A. (2008). Impact of conjoined exposure to
the World Trade Center attacks and to other traumatic events on the behavioral
problems of preschool children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescents Medicine, 162,
126133.
Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Josephson, L., Adams, R. E., & Sederer, L. (2009). Substance
use and functional impairment among adolescents directly exposed to the 2001 World
Trade Center attacks. Disasters, 33, 337352.
Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Rajendran, K., Yehuda, R., Schwartz, D., & Abramovitz, R.
(2010). Impact of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following
exposure to the September 11 attacks on preschool childrens behavior. Child
Development, 81 (4), 11291141.
Chemtob, C., Taylor, K., Woo, L., & Coel, M. (2001). Mixed handedness and trauma
symptoms in disasterexposed adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, 189, 5860.
Chu, A. T., & Lieberman, A. F. (2010). Clinical implications of traumatic stress from birth to
age five. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,
doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131204.
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community
violence and child maltreatment: consequences for children's development. Psychiatry,
56, 96118.
Cicchetti, D., & Walker, E. F. (2001). Editorial: Stress and development : Biological and
psychological consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 413418.
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and
interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phasebased treatment for PTSD
related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067
1074.
Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., et al. (2009). A
development approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as
predictors of symtom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399408.
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., et al.
(2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial.
The American Journal of Psychiatry, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247.
Cobham, V. E., March, S., De Young, A., Leeson, F., Nixon, R., McDermott, B., & Kenardy,
J. (2012). Involving parents in indicated early intervention for childhood PTSD
following accidental injury. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 345
363.
9
Coffman, S. (1994). Children describe life after hurricane Andrew. Pediatric Nursing, 20,
363368, 375.
Cohen, E., Chazan, S., Lerner, M., & Maimon, E. (2010). Postraumatic play in young children
exposed to terrorism: An empirical study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31 (2), 159
181.
Cohen, E., Dekel, R., Solomon, Z., & Lavier, T. (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and
fear of intimacy among treated and non-treated survivors who were children during the
Holocaust. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 611617.
Cohen, J. A. (2003). Treating acute posttraumatic reactions in children and adolescents.
Society of Biological Psychiatry, 53, 827833.
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. (2010). Trauma focused CBT for children with cooccurring trauma and behavior problems. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 215224.
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. P. (2003). Psychosocial and pharmacological
interventions for child crime victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 175186.
Cohen, J. A., Bukstein, O., Walter, H., Chrisman, A., Farchione, T. R., Hamilton, J., et al.
(2010). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and
adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49 (4), 414430.
Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004). A multisite, randomized
controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related symptoms. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 393402.
Cohen, J. A., Kelleher, K. J., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Identifying, treating, and referring
traumatized children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 162, 447452.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A., Berliner, L., & Deblinger, E. (2000). Traumafocused cognitive
behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1996). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused
preschool children: initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 4250.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1997). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused
preschool children: outcome during 1-year follow-up. Journal of the American
Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 12281235.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: initial
treatment findings. Child Maltreatment, 3, 1726.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Disseminating and implementing trauma-focused
CBT in community settings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9, 214226.
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for
children and parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13, 158162.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2003). Child and parent trauma-focused
cognitive behavioral therapy treatment manual. Pittsburgh: Center for Traumatic
Stress in Children and Adolescents, Allegheny General Hospital.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused
CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.007
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Perel, J. M., & Staron, V. (2007). A pilot randomized
controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD
symptoms. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46,
811819.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Zhitova, A. C. & Capone, M. E. (2003). Treating child abuserelated posttraumatic stress and comorbid substance abuse in adolescents. Child Abuse
& Neglect, 27, 13451365.
10
Cohen, J. A., Perel, J. M., DeBellis, M. D., Friedman, M. J., & Putnam, F. W. (2002). Treating
traumatized children. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 3, 91108.
Cohen, P. (2011). Project conclusion. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent
Cohen, P. (2011). The evolution of the project: Helping the mothers, infants and young
children of September 11, 2001. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent
Cole, E. (1995). Responding to school violence: understand today for tomorrow. Canadian
Journal of School Psychology, 11, 108116.
Collison, B. B., Bowden, S., Patterson, M., Snyder, J., Sandall, S., & Wellman, P. (1987).
After the shooting stops. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 389390.
Colville, G., Kerry, S., & Pierce, C. (2008). Childrens factual and delusional memories of
intensive care. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, 177, 976982.
Comer, J. S., Dantowitz, A., Chou, T., Edson. A. L., Elkins, R. M., & Kerns, C., et al. (2014).
Adjustment among area youth after the Boston marathon bombing and subsequent
manhunt. Pediatrics, doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-4115.
Comer, J. S., Fan, B., Duarte, C. S., Wu, P., Musa, G. J., Mandell, D. J., et al. (2010). Attackrelated life disruption and child psychopathology in New York City public
schoolchildren 6-months post-9/11. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology, 39 (4), 460469.
Comer, J. S., Kerns, C. E., Elkins, M., Edson, A. L., Chou, T., & Dantowitz, A., et al. (2014).
Adjustment among children with relatives who participated in the manhunt following
the Boston marathon attack. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 542-50. doi:
10.1002/da.22281
Comer, J. S., Weiner, C. L., Furr, J. M., Beidas, R. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Children and
terrorism-related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 568578.
Connolly, D., McClowry, S., Hayman, L., Mahony, L., & Aartman, M. (2003). Posttraumatic
stress disorder in children after cardiac surgery. The Journal of Pediatrics, 12, 480
484.
Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Harding Thomsen, A., & Saltzman,
H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary
stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976992.
Contractor, A, A., Layne, C. M., Steinberg A. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Ford, J. D.,Elhai, J.D.
(2013). Do gender and age moderate the symptom structure of PTSD? Findings from a
national clinical sample of children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.012.
Conway, A., McDonough, S. C., MacKenzie, M. J., Follett, C., & Sameroff, A. (2013). Stressrelated changes in toddlers and their mothers following the attack of September 11.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83, (4), 536544.
Cooley, M. R., Turner, S. M., & Beidel, D. C. (1995). Assessing community violence: the
childrens report of exposure to violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child
& Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 201208.
Cooley-Quille, M., & Lorion, R. (1999). Adolescents exposure to community violence: sleep
and psychophysiological functioning. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 367375.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and
posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577584.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2010). Posttraumatic stress
without trauma in children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167 (9), 10591065.
11
Corbo-Richtert, B. H. (1994). Coping behaviors of young children during a chest tube

procedure in the pediatric intensive care unit. MaternalChild Nursing Journal, 22,
134146.
Cornell, D. G., & Sheras, P. L. (1998). Common errors in school crisis response: Learning
from our mistakes. Psychology in the Schools, 35, 297307.
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Fairbank, J. A., & Angold, A. (2002). The prevalence of potentially
traumatic events in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 99
112.
Cotton, N. U., 1994Resnick, J., Browne, D., Martin, S. L., McCarraher, D. R., & Woods, J.
O. Aggression and fighting behavior among AfricanAmerican adolescents: individual
and family factors. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 618622.
Cowley, A. & Durge, N. (2014). The impact of parental accompaniment in paediatric trauma:
a helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) perspective. Scandinavian Journal of
Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 22, (32),
http://www.sjtrem.com/content/22/32
Cox, C. M., Kenardy, J. A., & Hendrikz, J. K. (2010). A Randomized Controlled Trial of a
Web-Based Early Intervention for Children and their Parents Following Unintentional
Injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(6), 581-592. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp095
Crenshaw, D. A., Boswell, J., Guare, R., & Yingling, C. J. (1986). Intensive psychotherapy of
repeatedly and severely traumatized children. Residential Group Care & Treatment, 3,
1725.
Cryder, C. H., Kilmer, R. P., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2006). An exploratory study
of posttraumatic growth in children following a natural disaster. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 76, 6569.
Curle, C. E., & Williams, C. (1996). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children: gender
differences in the incidence of trauma reactions at two years and examination of factors
influencing adjustment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 297309.
Curry, S. L., & Russ, S. W. (1985). Identifying coping strategies in children. Journal of
Clinical Child Psychology, 14, 6169.
Cyr, M., Wright, J., McDuff, P., & Perron, A. (2002). Intrafamilial sexual abuse: brothersister
incest does not differ from fatherdaughter and stepfatherstepdaughter incest. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 26, 957973.
DAndrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (2012).
Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally
appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsyciatry, 82 (2), 187 200.
Dalgleish, T., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Smith, P. (2005). Cognitive aspects of posttraumatic
stress reactions and their treatment in children and adolescents: An empirical review
and some recommendations. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 459486.
Dalgleish, T., Meriser-Stedman, R., Kassam-Adams, N., Ehlers, A. WInston, F., Smith, P. et.
al. (2008). Predictive validity of acute stress disorder in children and adolescents. The
British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 392393.
Dallas, D. (1978). Savagery, show and tell. American Psychologist, April, 388390.
Davenport, L. B. (1995). Lifethreatening situations: supporting the child survivor and the
family. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 10, 219223.
Davidson-Arad, B., Englechin-Segal, D., & Wozner, Y. (2003). Short-term follow-up children
at risk: comparison of the quality of life of children removed from home and children
remaining at home. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 733750.
Davis, L., & Siegel, L. J. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A
review and analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 135154.
12
Daviss, W., Racusin, R., Fleischer, A., Mooney, D., Ford, J., & McHugo, G. (2000). Acute
stress disorder symptomatology during hospitalisation for pediatric injury. Journal of
the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 569 575.
Daviss, W., Racusin, R., Fleischer, A., Mooney, D., Ford, J., & McHugo, G. (2000).
Predicting posttraumatic stress after hospitalisation for pediatric injury. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 576583.
Day, A., Thurlow, K., & Woolliscroft, J. (2003). Working with childhood sexual abuse: a
survey of mental health professionals. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 191198.
Day, R. C., & Sadek, S. N. (1982). The effect of Benson's Relaxation Response on the anxiety
levels of Lebanese children under stress. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,
34, 350356.
de Anda, D., (1998). The evaluation of a stress management program for middle school
adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 15, 7385.
De Bellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of
maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment , and policy.
De Bellis, M. D., Burke, L., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1996). Antinuclear antibodes
and thyroid function in sexually abused girls. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 369378.
De Bellis, M. D., Chrousos, G. P., Dorn, L. D., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M. A., Trickett,
P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1994). Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis dysregulation in
sexually abused girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 78, 249
255.
De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Spratt, E. G., & Woolley, D. P. (2009). Neuropsychological
findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to pediatric PTSD. Journal of the
International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 868-78.
De Bellis, M. D., & Putnam, F. W. (1994). The psychobiology of childhood maltreatment.
Child and Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 3, 116.
De Bellis, M. D., & van Dillen, T. (2005). Childhood post-traumatic stress disorder: An
overview. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 745772.
De Soir, E., Zech, E., Alisic, E., Versporten, A., Van Oyen, H., & Kleber, R., et al. (2014).
Children following the Ghislenghien gas Explosion: PTSD predictors and risk factors.
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, doi: 10.1007/s40653-014-0002-3.
de Vries, A. P., Kassam-Adams, N., Cnaan, A., Sherman-Slate, E., Gallagher, P. R., & F. K.
(1999). Looking beyond the physical injury: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children
and parents after pediatric traffic injury. Pediatrics, 104, 12931299.
de Young, A. C., Kenardy, J. A. & Cobham, V. E. (2011). Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress
disorder in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40,
375384.
de Young, A. C., Kenardy, J. A., & Cobham, V. E. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: A
neglected population. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 231250.
Dean, K,. L., Langley, A. K., Kataoka, S. H., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., & Stein, B. D. (2008).
School-based disaster mental health services: Clinical, policy, and community
challenges. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 5257.
Deblinger, E., Lippman, J., & Steer, R. A. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering
posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child
Maltreatment, 1, 310321.
Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J: A., & Steer, R. A. (2006). A follow-up study of
multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD
syndromes. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescents Psychiatry, 45, 1474
1484.
13
Deblinger, E., McLeer, S. V., & Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually
abused children suffering posttraumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the
Deblinger, E., Staufferf, L. B., & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and
cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused
and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6, 332343.
Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A., & Lippman, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive
behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress
symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 13711378.
Deering, C. G. (2000). A cognitive developmental approach to understanding how children
cope with disasters. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Vol. 15, 7
16.
Dekel, R., & Goldblatt, H. (2008). Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case
of combat veterans children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 281289.
Dekovic, M., Koning, I. M., Stams, G. J., & Buist, K. L. (2008). Factors associated with
traumatic symptoms and internalizing problems among adolescents who experienced a
traumatic event. Anxiety Stress & Coping, 21, 377386.
Delamater, A. M., & Brooks Applegate, E. (1999). Child development and posttraumatic
stress disorder after hurricane exposure. Traumatology, 5:3, Article 3.
http://www.fsu.edu/~trauma/
DeMore, M., & Cohen, L. L. (2005). Distraction for pediatric immunization pain: A critical
review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 12, 281291.
DeMsao, D. R., Meyer, E. C. & Beasley, P. J. (1997). What do I say to my surviving children?
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1299
1302.
Denholm, C. J. (1995). Survival from a wild animal attack: a case study analysis of adolescent
coping. MaternalChild Nursing Journal, 23, 2634.
Deskin, G., & Steckler, G., (1997). When nothing Makes Sense. Disaster, crisis and their
effects on children. Minneapolis: Fairview Press.
deYoung, A. C., Kenardy, J. A., & Spence, S. H. (2007). Elevated heart rate as a predictor of
PTSD six months following accidental pediatric injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress,
20, 751756.
Di Gallo, A., Barton, J., & ParryJones, W. (1997). Road Traffic accidents: early psychological
consequences in children and adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 358
362.
Diego, M. A., Field, T., HernandezReif, M., Shaw, J. A., Rothe, E. M., Castellanos, D., &
Mesner, L. (2002). Aggressive adolescents benefit from massage therapy. Adolescence,
37, 597607.
Diehl, A. S., & Prout, M. F. (2002). Effects of posttraumatic stress disorder and child sexual
abuse on selfefficacy development. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2, 262
265.
Diehle, J., Opmeer, B. C., Boer, F., Mannarino, A. P., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2014). Traumafocused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing: what works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A
randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, doi.
10.1007/s00787-014-0572-5
Dimidjian, V. J. (1985). Helping children in times of trouble and crisis. Journal of Children in
Contemporary Society, 17, 113118.
14
Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Kerssens, J. J., & Yzermans, C. J. (2006). Health problems in children
and adolescents before and after a man-made disaster. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 94103.
Diseth, T. (2005). Dissociation in children and adolescents as reaction to trauma an overview
of conceptual issues and neurobiological factors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 59,
7991.
Diseth, T. H., & Christie, H. J. (2005). Trauma-related dissociative (conversion) disorders in
children and adolescents an overview of assessment tools and treatment principles.
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 278292.
Dittmann, I., & Jensen, T. K. (2013). Giving a voice to traumatized youth Experiences with
trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Child Abuse & Neglect,
doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.11.008
Dixon, L. J., Leen-Felder, E. W., Ham, L. S., Feldner, M. T., & Lewis, S. F. (2009). Alcohol
use motives among traumatic event-exposed, treatment-seeking adolescents:
associations with posttraumatic stress. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 10651068.
Dodge, K. A. (2008). Framing public policy and prevention of chronic violence in American
youths. American Psychologist, 63, 573590.
Dogan, A. (2011). Adolescents posttraumatic stress reactions and behavior problems
following Marmara earthquake. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 29.
Dolev, R., & Zeedyk, M.S. (2006). How to be a good parent in bad times: constructing
parenting advice about terrorism. Child, Care, Health & Development, 32, 467476
Dollinger, S. J. (1986). The need for meaning following disaster: attributions and emotional
upset. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 300310.
Dorn, T., Yzermans, J. C., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., Schilder, A., & van der Zee, J. (2008). A
cohort study of the longterm impact of a fire disaster on the physical and mental
health of adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 239242.
Doron-LaMarca, S., Vogt, D. S., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Saxe, G. N. (2010). Pretrauma
problems, prior stressor exposure, and gender as predictors of change in posttraumatic
stress symptoms among physically injured children and adolescents. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78 (6), 781793.
Dreikus, S. G. (1987). Psychological techniques applied in a group situation an experiment
in group work, Individual Psychology, 43, 219236.
Drell, M. J., Gaensbauer, T. J., Siegel, C. H., & Sugar, M. (1995). Clinical round table: a case
of trauma to a 21monthold girl. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 318333.
Dreman, S., & Cohen, E. (1990). Children of victims of terrorism revisited: integrating
individual and family treatment approaches. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60,
204209.
Dreyer, M. (2010). Prinsen og dronningen. Om traumearbejde med brn i kroppsorientert
sandkasseterapi. Pychoterapeuten, 3, 1419.
Driver, C., & Beltran, R. O. (1998). Impact of refugee trauma on childrens occupational role
as school students. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 45, 2338.
Drotar, D. (2005). Commentary: involving families in psychological interventions in pediatric
psychology: Critical needs and dilemmas. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 689
693.
Dubrow, N. F., & Garbarino, J. (1989). Living in a war zone: mothers and young children in a
public housing development. Child Welfare, 68, 320.
Dufour, S., & Chamberland, C. (2004). The effectiveness of selected interventions for
previous maltreatment: enhancing the well-being of children who live at home. Child
and Family Social Work, 9, 3956.
15
Duncan, D. F. (1996). Growing up under the gun: children and adolescents coping with
violent neighborhoods. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 16, 343356.
Duncan, R. D., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Hanson, R. F., & Resnick, H. S. (1996).
Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse:
findings from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 437448.
DuRant, R. H., Cadenhead, C. H., Pendergrast, R. A., Slavens, G., & Linder, C. W. (1994).
Factors associated with the use of violence among urban black adolescents. American
Journal of Public Health, 84, 612617.
Durkin, M. S., Khan, N., Davidson, L. L., Zaman, S. S., & Stein, Z. A. (1993). The effects of
a natural disaster on child behavior: evidence for posttraumatic stress. American
Journal of Public Health, 83, 15491553.
Dyb, G., Holen, A., Steinberg, A. M., Rodriguez, N., & Pynoos, R. S. (2003). Alleged sexual
abuse at a day care center: impact of parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 939950.
Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., & Nygaard, E. (2011). Childrens and parents posttraumatic stress
reactions after the 2004 tsunami. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 114.
Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., Nygaard, E., Ekeberg, ., Diseth, T. H., Wentzel-Larsen, T., &
Thoresen, S. (2013). Post-traumatic stress reactions in survivors of the 2011 massacre
on Utya Island, Norway. The British Journal of Psychiatry, doi:
10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133157.
Dyb, G., Rodriguez, N., Brymer, M. J., Saltzman, W. R., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S.
(2008). Emotional reactions, preitraumatic dissociation, and posttraumatic stress
reactions in adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1, 6374.
Dyregrov, A. (1988). Responding to traumatic stress situations in Europe.
Bereavement Care, 7, 69.
Dyregrov, A. (1997). Barn og traumer. Bergen: Sigma forlag. Ny utgave r 2000 p
Fagbokforlaget.
Dyregrov, A. (2001). Telling the truth or hiding the facts. An evaluation of current strategies
for assisting children following adverse events. Association for Child Psychology and
Psychiatry Occasional Papers nr. 17, 2538.
Dyregrov, A. (2002). Barn i krise: Gjr ikke situasjonen enda verre! Noen praktiske
retningslinjer i en travel hverdag. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma and Energy
Medicine, 10, 8588.
Dyregrov, A. (2004). Educational consequences of loss and trauma. Educational and Child
Dyregrov, A., & Yule, W. (2006). A review of PTSD in children. A commissioned review Child
and Adolescent Mental Health, 11, 176184.
Earls, F., Smith, E., Reich, W., & Jung, K. G. (1988). Investigating psychopathological
consequences of a disaster in children: A pilot study incorporating a structured
diagnostic interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (2003). Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress
disorder in children: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research
and Therapy, 41, 110.
Eide-Midtsand, N. (1991). Traumatiserte barns dramalek: I. Noen typiske trekk ved post
traumatisk lek, illustrert med utdrag fra en tolvrings dramatisering av sine
misbrukserfaringer. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 28, 871885.
Eide-Midtsand, N. (1991). Traumatiserte barns lek: II. Lekens formidlingsmte og
formidlingsverdi med spesiell referanse til rettsforhandlinger omkring seksuelle
forbrytelser mot barn. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 28, 967980.
16
Eide-Midtsand, N. (2002). Den barneterapeutiske dialogen: III. Formidling gjennom

symbollek og induktivt drama. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening,39,806814.
Eitinger, L. (1947). Skolebarnas boligforhold i Bod. Sosialt Arbeid, hefte34,21, 108112.
Eitinger, L. (1948). Boligforhold og skoleprestasjoner. Sosialt Arbeid, hefte5, 22, 144152.
Ekeland, T-J., & Myklebust, V. (1997). Brukarperspektiv p foreldremekling ved samlivsbrot.
Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 9, 767778.
Eksi, A., & Braun, K. L. (2009). Over-time changes in PTSD and depression among children
surviving the 1999 Istanbul erathquake. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
18, 384391.
Elklit, A. (2002). Victimization and PTSD in a Danish national youth probability sample.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 174181.
Elklit, A., & Kurdahl, S. (2013). The psychological reactions after witnessing a killing in
public in a Danish high school. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,
http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19826
Elklit, A., Nielsen, L. H., Lasgaard, M., & Duch, C. (2013). A cartoon-based measure of
PTSD symptomatology in children exposed to a disaster. Journal of Loss and Trauma:
International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 18, (1), 5463.
Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four
nations. Torture, 18, 110.
Elliott, D. M., & Briere, J. (1994). Forensic sexual abuse evaluations of older children:
disclosures and symptomatology. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12, 261277.
Ellis, A., Stores, G., & Mayou, R. (1998). Psychological consequences of road traffic
accidents in children. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 7, 6168.
Ellis, B., & Garber, J. (2000). Psychosocial antecedents of variation in girls pubertal timing:
maternal depression, stepfather presence, and marital and family stress. Child
Ellis, J. A., & Spanos, N. P. (1994). Cognitivebehavioral interventions for children's distress
during bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures: a critical review. Journal of
Pain and Symptom Management, 9, 96108.
Elmer, E. (1977). A followup study of traumatized children. Pediatrics, 59, 273279.
El-Sheikh, M., Buckhalt, J. A., Mize, J., & Acebo, C. (2006). Marital conflict and disruption
of childrens sleep. Child Development, 77, 3143.
Endo, T., Shioiri, T., Someya, T., Toyabe, S., & Akazawa, K. (2007). Parental mental health
affects behavioural changes in children following a devastating disaster: a community
survey after the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29,
175176.
English, D. J. (2003). The importance of understanding a childs maltreatment experience
cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 877882.
Enlow, M. B., Egeland, B., Blood, E. A., Wright, R. O., & Wright, R. J. (2012). Interpersonal
trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years: a longitudinal
study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 1 6.
Eriksen, L. (1999). Dommeravhr og observasjon av sm barn som vitner i straffesaker.
Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 36, 210217.
Erol, N., Simsek, Z., ner, ., & Munir, K. (2005). Effects of internal displacement and
settlement on the mental health of Turkish children and adolescent. European
Espejo, E. P., Hammen, C. L., Conolly, N. P., Brennan, P. A., Najman, J. M., & Bor, W.
(2007). Stress sensitization and adolescent depressive severity as a function of
childhood adversity: A link to anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child
17
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J. & Petermann, F. (1999). Hufigkeit der posttraumatischen

blastnungsstrung bei jgendlichen: ergebnisse der Bremer jugendstudie. Zeitschrift fr
Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 27, 3745
Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1985). Developmental perspective on psychic trauma in childhood.
In C. R. Figley (Red.): Trauma and its wake. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1985). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. Washington,
American Psychiatric Press.
Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1994). Children who witness the homicide of a parent, Psychiatry,
57, 287306.
Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1994). Children who witness the homicide of a parent. Psychiatry:
Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 57, 287306.
Famularo, R., Fenton, T. Kinscherff, R., & Augustyn, M. (1996). Psychiatric comorbidity in
childhood post traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 953961.
Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R., & Fenton, T. (1991). Posttraumatic stress disorder among
children clinically diagnosed as borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease, 179, 428431.
Farrell, S. P., Hains, A. A., & Davies W. H. (1998). Cognitive behavioral interventions for
sexually abused children exhibiting PTSD symptomatology. Behavior Therapy, 29,
241255.
Fast, I., & Chetnik, M. (1976). Aspects of depersonalization Derealization in the experience
of children. International Review of PsychoAnalysis, 3, 483490.
Feather, J. S., & Ronan, K. R. (2006). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for
abused children with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a pilot study. New Zealand
Journal of Psychology, 35, 132145.
Feeney, N. C., Treadwell, K. R., Foa, E. B., & March, J. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder
in youth: A critical review of the cognitive and behavioral treatment outcome literature.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 466476.
Feeney, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., & Kahana, S. Y. (2009). Providing a treatment rationale for
PTSD: Does what we say matter? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 752760.
Fein, J. A., Kassam-Adams, N., Gavin, M., Huang, R., Blanchard, D., & Datner, E. (2002).
Persistence of posttraumatic stress in violently injured youth seen in the emergency
department. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 156,836840.
Felson, R.B., Liska, A. E., South, S. J., & McNulty, T. L. (1994). The subculture of violence
and delinquency: individual vs. school context effects. Social Forces, 73, 155173.
Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2003). A school-based eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli
building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 129136.
Fiddler, M., Phil, M., Jackson, J., Kapur, N., Wells, & A., Creed, F. (2004). Childhood
adversity and frequent medical consultations. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26, 367
377.
Field, T., Diego, M. A., Dieter, J., HernandezReif, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., Yando, R., &
Bendell, D. (2001). Depressed withdrawn and intrusive mothers effect on their fetuses
and neonates. Infant Behavior & Development, 24, 2739.
Field, T., Hernandez-Rief, M., Diego, M., Feijo, L., Vera, Y., & Gil, K. (2004). Massage
therapy by parents improves early growth and development. Infant Behavior &
Field, T., Kilmer, T., HernandezReif, M., & Burman, I. (1996). Preschool childrens sleep and
wake behavior: effects of massage therapy. Early Child Development and Care, 120,
3944.
18
Field, T., Seligman, S., Scafidi, F., & Schanberg, S. (1996). Alleviating posttraumatic stress in
children following hurricane Andrew. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,
17, 3750.
Fields, S. A., & McNamara, J. R. (2003). The prevention of child and adolescent violence. A
review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 61 91.
Finkelhor, D. (1995). The victimization of children: a developmental perspective. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 177193.
Fishman, S. H. (1981). Losing a loved one to incarceration: the effect of imprisonment on
family members. Personnel and Guidance Journal, February, 372375.
FishMurray, C. C., Koby, E. V., & Kolk, B. A. van der (1987). Evolving ideas: the effect of
abuse on children's thought. In Kolk, B. A. van der (Ed.), Psychological Trauma (89
110). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Flinn, M. V., & England, B. G. (1995). Childhood stress and family environment. Current
Anthropology, 36, 854866.
Flory, K., Kloos, B., Hankin, B. L., & Cheely, C. A. (2008). Clinical research after
catastrophic disasters: Lessons learned from hurricane Katrina. Professional
Psychology Research & Practice, 39, 107112.
Flynn, B. W., & Nelson, M. E. (1998). Understanding the needs of children following large
scale disasters and the role of government. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics
of North America, 7, 211227.
Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Capaldi, S., & Rosenfield, D. (2013). Prolonged exposure vs
supportive counseling for sexual abuse-related PTSD in adolescent girls. A randomized
clinical trial. JAMA, 310, (24), 26502657.
Forbes, F., Duffy, J. C., Mok, J., & Lemvig, J. (2003). Early intervention service for non
abusing parents of victims of child sexual abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183,
6672.
Ford, J., Thomas, J., Racusin, R., Daviss, W., Ellis, C., Rogers, K., Reiser, J., Schiffman, J., &
Sengupta, A. (1999). Trauma exposure among children with oppositional defiant
disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 67, 786789.
Foy, D. W., Madvig, B. T., Pynoos, R. S., & Camilleri (1996). Etiologic factors in the
development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of
School Psychology, 34, 133145.
Franck, L.S., Sheikh, A., Oulton, K. (2008). What helps when it hurts: children`s views on
pain relief. Child: care, health and development, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available
online 8 October 2007.
Freeman, J., Epson, D., & Lobovits, D. (1997) Playful Approaches to Serious Problems,
N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co. Inc.
Freiberg, P. (1991). Killing by kids 'epidemic' forecast. The APA Monitor, 22, 131.
Fremont, W. (2004). Childhood reactions to terrorism-induced trauma: A review of the past 10
years. Journal American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 381392.
Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal trauma: traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood
abuse. Ethics & Behavior, 4, 307329.
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma. The Logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press.
Friedrich, W. (1991). Hypnotherapy with traumatized children. The International Journal of
Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 39, 6781.
Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disaster and youth: A
meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 78 (6), 765780.
19
Gaensbauer, T. J. (1994). Therapeutic work with a traumatized toddler. Psychoanalytic Study

of the Child, 49, 412433.
Gaensbauer, T. J. (2000). Psychotherapeutic treatment of traumatized infants and toddlers. A
case report. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 373385.
Gaensbauer ,T. J., Chatoor, I., Drell, M., Siegel, D., & Zeanah CH. (1995). Traumatic loss in
a one-year-old girl. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Gaensbauer, T., & Siegel, C. H. (1995). Therapeutic approaches to posttraumatic stress
disorder in infants and toddlers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 292305.
Gaffney, D. A. (2008). Families, schools, and disaster. Family Community Health, 31, 4453.
Gaffney, D. A. (2006). The aftermath of disaster: Children in crisis. Journal of Clinical
Galante, R., & Foa, D. (1986). An epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment
effectiveness for children after a natural disaster. Journal of the American Academy of
Child Psychiatry, 25, 357363.
Gallo, A. D., Barton, J., & ParryJones, W. L. (1997). Road traffic accidents: early
psychological consequences in children and adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry,
170, 358362.
Galovski, T. E., Monson, C., Bruce, S. E., & Resick, P. A. (2009). Does cognitivebehavioral
therapy for PTSD improve perceived health and sleep impairment? Journal of
Gammonley, D., & Dziegielewski, S. F. (2006). Crisis intervention responses to children
victimized by terrorism: Children are not little adults. Brief Treatment and Crisis
Intervention, 6, 2235.
Garbarino, J. (1993). Children's response to community violence: what do we know? Infant
Mental Health Journal, 14, 103115.
Garbarino, J. (1995). Raising children in a socially toxic environment. San Francisco: Jossey
Bass Publishers.
Garbarino, J. (1998). Children in a violent world. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 36,
360367.
Garbarino, J. (1998). The stress of being a poor child in America. Child and Adolescent
Garbarino, J., & Bedard, C., (1996). Spiritual challenges to children facing violent trauma.
Childhood: A Global Journey of Child Research, 3, 467478.
Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in
danger. American Psychologist, 46, 376383.
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in
children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55,
97111.
Garrett, A. L., Grant, R., Madrid, P., Brito, A., Abramson, D., & Redlener, I. (2007). Children
and megadisasters: Lessons learned in the new millennium. Advances in Pediatrics,
54, 189214.
Garrison, C. Z., Bryant, E. S., Addy, C. L., Spurrier, P. G., Freedy, J. R., & Kilpatrick, D. G.
(1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after hurricane Andrew. Journal of
the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 11931201.
Gelkopf, M., & Berger, R. (2009). A school-based, teacher-mediated prevention program
(ERASE-stress) for reducing terror-related traumatic reactions in Israeli youth: a
quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50,
962971.
20
Gelkopf, M., Ryan, P., Cotton, S. J., & Berger, R. (2008). The impact of training the trainers
course for helping Tsunami-survivor children on Sri Lankan disaster volunteer
workers. International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 117135.
Geller, P. A., Neugebauer, R., Possemato, A. K., Walter, P., Dummit, E. S., Silva, R. R.
(2007). Psychometric properties of Darryl, a cartoon based measure to assess
community violence-related PTSD in children. Psychiatric Quarterly, 78, 157168.
Gerhardt, C. A., Yopp, J. M., Leininger, L., Valerius, K. S., Correll, J., Vannatta, K., & Noll,
R. B. (2007). Brief report: Post-traumatic stress during emerging adulthood in
survivors of pediatric cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 10181023.
Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Ware, A., & Kotler, J. A. (2010). Exposure to 9/11 among youth
and their mothers in New York City: Enduring associations with mental health and
sociopolitical attitudes. Child Development, 81 (4), 11421160.
Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E.
(1995). Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older
adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,
13691380.
Giannopoulo, I., Strouthos, M., Smith, P., Dikaiakou, A., Galanopoulo, V., & Yule, W. (2006).
Post-traumatic stress reactions of children and adolescents exposed to the Athens 1999
earthquake. European Psychiatry, 21, 160166.
Giannopoulo, J., Dikaiakou, A., & Yule, W. (2006). Cognitivebehavioural group intervention
for PTSD symptoms in children following the Athens 1999 earthquake: A pilot study.
Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 543553.
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., Shafran, N., Aderka, I. M., Powers, M. B., Rachamim, L.,
et al. (2010). Prolonged exposure versus dynamic therapy for adolescent PTSD: A
randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 49 (10), 10341042.
Gill, S., Gulsvig, L., & Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters annotated resource list.
Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 485510.
Gillies, D., Taylor, F., Gray C., Obrien L., DAbrew, N. (2012). Psychological therapies for the
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Review). The
Cochrane Library, 12, 1-110.
Gil-Rivas, V., Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., & Poulin, M. (2007). Parental
response and adolescent adjustment to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Glad, K. A., Aadnanes, M., & Dyb, G. (2012). Opplevelser og reaksjoner hos de som var p
Utya 22. juli 2011. En oppsummeringsrapport fra prosjektgruppen. Nasjonalt
kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress.
Gladstone, B. M., Boydell, K. M., Seeman, M. V. & McKeever, P. D. (2011). Childrens
experiences of parental mental illness: a literature review. Early Intervention in
Psychiatry, Aug 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00287.x..
Gladstone, B. M-C., Boydell, K. M., & McKeever, P. (2006). Recasting research into
childrens experiences of parental mental illness: beyond risk and resilience Social
Science & Medicine, 62, 25402550.
Glaser, J-P., van Os, J., Portegijs, P. J. M., Myin-Germeys, I. (2006). Childhood trauma and
emotional reactivity to daily life stress in adult frequent attenders of general
practitioners. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 229236.
Gleason, M. M., Egger, H. L., Emslie, G. J., Greenhill, L. L., Kowatch, R. A., Lieberman, A.
F., et al. (2007). Psychopharmacological treatment for very young children: contexts
and guidelines. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
46(12), 15321572.
21
Gleason, W. J. (1995). Children of battered women: developmental delays and behavioral

dysfunction. Violence & Victims, 10, 153160.
Glew, G. M., Fan. M-Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying,
psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archieves
Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 159, 10261031.
Godeau, E., Vignes, C., Navarro, F., Iachan, R., Ross, J., Pasquier, C., & Guinard, A. (2005).
Effects of large-scale industrial disaster on rates of symptoms consistent with
posttraumatic stress disorder among schoolchildren in Toulouse. Archives of Pediatric
and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 579584.
Goel, K. S., Amatya, K., Jones, R. T., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014). Child and adolescent
resiliency following a residential fire: The role of social support and ethnicity. Journal
of Children and Family Studies, 23, 537547.
Goenjian, A. K., Karayan, I., Pynoos, R. S., Minassian, D., Najarian, L. M., Steinberg, A. M.,
& Fairbanks, L. A. (1997). Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after
trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 536542.
Goenjian, A., K., Molina, L., Steinberg, A., M., Fairbanks, L., A., Alvarez, M., L., Goenjian,
H., A., & Pynoos, R., S. (2001). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among
Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158,
788794.
Goenjian, A. K., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Endres, D., Abraham, K., Geffner, M. E., &
Fairbanks, L. A. (2003). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity among Armenian
adolescents with PTSD symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 319323.
Goenjian, A. K., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Asarnow, J. R., Karayan, I.,
Ghurabi, M., & Fairbanks, L. A. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the
1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Goenjian, A. K., Stilwell, B. M., Steinberg, A. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Galvin, M. R., Karayan,
I., & Pynoos, R. S. (1999). Moral development and psychopathological interference in
conscience functioning among adolescents after trauma. Journal of the American
Goenjian, A. K., Waling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Karayan, I., Najarian, L. M., & Pynoos, R.
(2005). A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among
treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster. American
Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Roussos, A., Goenjian, H. A., & Pynoos, R.
S. (2008). Depression and PTSD symptoms among bereaved adolescents 6
years after the 1998 Spitak earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112, 81
84.
Goldman, E. E., Bauer, D., Newman, D. L., Kalka, E., Lochman, J. E., Silverman, W. K., et
al. (2014). A school-based post-Katrina therapeutic intervention. Administration and
Policy in Mental Health, doi: 10.1007/s10488-014-0576-y
Goldstein, A. P., & Conoley, J. C. (1997). School Violence Intervention. New York: The
Guilford Press.
Goodman, R. F., & Brown, E. J. (2008). Service and science in times of crisis. Developing,
planning, and implementing a clinical research program for children traumatically
bereaved after 9/11. Death Studies, 32, 154180.
Goodman-Brown, T. B., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H., & Gordon, D. S.
(2003). Why children tell. A model of childrens disclosure of sexual abuse. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 27, 525540.
22
Goodwin, J, M. (ed.). (1993). Rediscovering childhood trauma: historical casebook and

clinical applications. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Gordon, J. S., Staples, J. K., Blyta, A., & Bytyqi, M. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder in postwar Kosovo high school students using mind-body skills groups:
A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 143 147.
Gordon, N. S., Faberow, N. L., & Maida, C. A. (1999). (Eds.) Children & disasters.
Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Graham-Bermann, S. A., Banyard, V., Halabu, H., Lynch, S., & DeVoe, E. R. (2007).
Community-based intervention for children exposed to intimate partner violence: an
efficacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 199209.
Graham-Bermann, S. A., Howell, K., Habarth, J., Krishnan, S., Loree, A., & Bermann, E. A.
(2008). Toward assessing traumatic events and stress symptoms in preschool children
from low-income families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 220228.
Grant, K, E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., Gipson, P. Y., Campbell, A. J.,
Krochock, K., & Westerholm, R. I. (2006). Stressors and child and adolescent
psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects. Clinical Psychology
Review, 26, 257283.
Grasseti, S., Herres, J., Williamson, A. A., Yarger, H. A., Layne, C. M., & Kobak, R. (2014).
Narrative focus predicts symptom change trajectories in group treatment for
traumatized and bereaved adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology, doi: 10.1080/15374416.2014.913249
Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Vary, M. G., Kramer, T. L., Gleser, G. C., & Leonard, A. C.
(1994). Children and disaster in the second decade: a 17year followup of Buffalo
Creek survivors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,
33, 7179.
Green, B. L., Korol, M., Lindy, J., Gleser, G., & Kramer, L. A. (1991). Children and disaster:
age, gender, and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American
Green, M. K., Rani, C. S. S., Joshi, A., Soto-Pia, A. E., Martinez, P. A., et al. (2011).
Prenatal stress response systems in the brain and impairing extinction of conditioned
fear after adult stress. Neuroscience, in press, 114.
Greenberg, H. S. (1994). Responses of children and adolescents to a fire in their homes.
Child and Adolescent Work Journal, 11, 475492.
Greenberg, S. F. (2007). Active shooters on college campuses: Conflicting advice, roles of the
individual and first responder, and the need to maintain perspective. Disaster Medicine
and Public Health Preparedness, 1, 5761.
Greenwald, R. (Ed.).(2005). Child Trauma Handbook. New York: The Haworth Press Inc.
Greif, G. L. (2009). The long-term aftermath of child abduction: Two case studies and
implications for family therapy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 273
286.
Greyber, L. R., Dulmus, C. N., & Cristalli, M. E. (2012). Eye movement desensitization
reprocessing, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma: A review of randomized
controlled trials with children and adolescents. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal,
29, 409425.
Gross, J. & Hayne, H. (1998). Drawing facilitates childrens verbal reports of emotionally
laden events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4, 163179.
Groves, B. (1993). Silent victims. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 262
264.
Grupp-Phelan., J. (2005). Post-traumatic stress and its effect on health outcomes in children.
Journal of Pediatrics, 146, 309310.
23
Grych, J. H., Wachsmuth-Schlaefer, T., & Klockow, L. L. (2002). Interparental aggression and
young childrens representations of family relationships. Journal of Family Psychology,
16, 259272.
Guerra, C., Cusille, P., & Martnez, M. L. (2014). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in
adolescents exposed to an earthquake: Association with self-efficacy, perceived
magnitude, and fear. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14,
202207.
Gudmundsdottir, H. S., Elklit, A., & Gudmundsdottir, D. B. (2006). PTSD and psychological
distress in Icelandic parents in chronically ill children: Does social support have an
effect on parental distress? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 303312.
Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., & Darvill, T. (2005). Terrorism and
cardiovascular responses to acute stress in children. Health Psychology, 24, 594600.
Gurwitch, R. H., Sullivan, M. A., & Long P. J. (1998). The impact of trauma and disaster on
young children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 1932.
Guterman, N. B., Hahm, H. C., & Cameron, M. (2002). Adolescent victimization and
subsequent use of mental health counseling services. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30,
336345.
Haen, C., & Brannon,K. H. (2002). Superheroes, monsters, and babies: roles of strength,
destruction and vulnerability for emotionally disturbed boys. The Arts in
Hafstad, G. S., Gil-Rivas, V., Kilmer, R. P., & Raeder, S. (2010). Parental adjustment, family
functioning, and posttraumatic growth among Norwegian children and adolescents
following a natural disaster. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (2), 248257.
Hafstad, G. S., Haavind, H., & Jensen, T. K. (2012). Parenting after a natural disaster: A
qualitative study of Norwegian families surviving the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia.
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 293302.
Hahn, R. A. (2008). Recommendations to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events
among children and adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 314
316.
Halpern-Felsher, B. L., & Millstein, S. G. (2002). The effects of terrorism on teens
perceptions of dying: The new world is riskier than ever. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 30, 308311.
Haravuori, H., Suomalainen, L., Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2011). Effects of
media exposure on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 24, 7077.
Hardin, S. B., Weinrich, S., Weinrich, M., Garrison, C., Addy, C., & Hardin, T. (2003). Effects
of a long-term psychosocial nursing intervention on adolescents exposed to
catastrophic stress. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 537551.
Hardin, S. B., Weinrich, M., Weinrich, S., Hardin, T. L., & Garrison, C. (1994). Psychological
distress of adolescents exposed to hurricane Hugo. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7,
427440.
Hardy, E., & Stallard, P. A pilot study to explore the effect of symptom monitoring in children
and adolescents with posttraumatic stress reactions following road traffic accidents.
Behavioural and Cognitive psychotherapy, 36, 431435.
Harnett, P. H., & Dawe, S. (2008). Reducing child abuse potential in families identified by
social services: Implications for assessment and treatment. Brief treatment and Crisis
Intervention, 8, 226235.
Harris, W. W., Putman, F. W., & Fairbank, J. A. (2004). Mobilizing trauma resources for
children. Paper presented in part at the meeting of the Johnson and Johnson Pediatric
24
Institute: Shaping the Future of Childrens Health, San Juan, Puerto Rico, February 1216, 2004.
Harwille, E. W., Xiong, X., Smith, B. W., Pridjian, G., Elkind-Hirch, K., et. al. (2010).
Combined effects of hurricane Katrina and hurricane Gustav on the mental health of
mothers of small children. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01658.x
Hasan, N., & Power, T. G. (2004). Childrens appraisal of major life events. American Journal
of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 2632.
Haugland, B. S. M. (2006). Barn som omsorgsgivere: Adaptiv versus destruktiv
parentifisering. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 43, 211220.
Hausman, A. J. (1994). Adolescents' knowledge and attitudes about and experience with
violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 400406.
Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R. (2002). Deliberate self harm in
adolescents: self report survey in schools in England. British Medicine Journal, 325,
12071211.
Heath, M. A., Ryan, K., Dean, B., & Bi8ngham, R. (2007). History of school safety and
psychological first aid for children. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7, 206
223.
Helstel, L., & Sourlander, A. (2001). Selfreported competence and emotional and
behavioural problems in a sample of Finnish adolescents. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry,
55, 381385.
Henrich, C. C., & Shahar, G. (2008). Social support buffers the effects of terrorism on
adolescent depression: findings from Sderot, Israel. The Journal of American
Academy of children and adolescent psychiatry, 10731076.
Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (2004). Have there been lasting effects
associated with the September 11th, 2001, Terrorist attacks among inner-city parents
and children? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 542547.
Herkov, M. J., Myers, W. C., & Burket, R. C. (1994). Childrens reactions to serial murder.
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12, 251259.
Herman, J. L., Perry, J. C., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1989). Childhood trauma in borderline
personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490495.
Herwig, B., & Denecke, H. (2002). Cognitivebehavioral therapy of pediatric headache. Are
there differences in efficacy between a therapistadministered group training and a
selfhelp format? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 11071114.
Heskestad, S. (2001). Mistet og funnet minner om seksuelle overgrep i barndommen.
Tidsskrift for Norsk Lgeforening, 20, 23862389.
Hestyanti, Y. K. (2006). Children survivors of the 2004 Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia. A study of
reciliency. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 303307.
Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Brausch, A. M., & Montgomery, B. S. (2007). A meta-analytic
investigation of therapy modality outcomes for sexually abused children and
adolescents: An exploratory study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 125141.
Hill, R., Lewis, V., & Dunbar, G. (2000). Young children's concepts of danger. British Journal
of Developmental Psychology, 18, 103119.
Hilliard, M., Ernst, M. M., Gray, W., Saeed, S., & Cortina, S. (2012). Adapting pediatric
psychology interventions: Lessons learned in treating families from the Middle East.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, (8), 882892.
Hizli, F.G., Taskintuna, N., Isikli, S., Kilic, C., & Zileli, L. (2009). Predictors of posttraumatic
stress in children and adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 349354.
25
Hock, E., Hart, M., Kang, M. J., & Lutz, W. J. (2004). Predicting childrens reactions to
terrorist attacks: The importance of self-reports and preexisting characteristics.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 253262.
Hoffman, S., & Kuperman, N. (1990). Indirect treatment of traumatic psychological
experiences: the use of TAT cards. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44, 107115.
Hoksbergen, R. A. C., ter Laak, J., van Dijkum, C., Rijk, S., Rijk, K., & Stoutjesdijk, F.
(2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adopted children from Romania. American
Holbrook, T.L., Hoyt, D.B., Coimbra, R., Potenza, B., Sise, ., & Anderson, J.P. (2005). Longterm posttraumatic stress disorder persists after major trauma in adolescents: new data
on risk factors and functional outcome. The Journal of Trauma, 58, 764771.
Holden, G. W., Geffner, R., & Jouriles E. N. (1998). Children Exposed to Marital Violence.
Washington DC: American Psychological Association
Holmes, E. A., Creswell, C., & OConnor, T. G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in
London school children following September 11, 2001: An exploratory investigation of
peri-traumatic reactions and intrusive imagery. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 474490.
Honig, R. G., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Newman, C. J., & Titchener, J. L. (1993). A twenty
year followup of the children of Buffalo Creek. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child,
48, 327355.
Hopkins, J. (1986). Solving the mystery of monsters: steps towards the recovery from trauma.
Journal of Child Psychology, 12, 6171.
Hopkins, J. (1986). Solving the mystery of monsters: steps towards the recovery from trauma.
Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 12, 6171.
Hopkins, O., & King, N. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.
Behaviour Change, 11, 72120.
Horowitz, F. D. (1996). Developmental perspectives on child and adolescent posttraumatic
stress disorder. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 189191.
Horowitz, K., Weine, S., & Jekel, J. (1995). PTSD symptoms in urban adolescent girls:
compounded community trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 13531361.
Howard, D., Cross, S., Li, X., & Huang, W. (1999). Parentyouth concordance regarding
violence exposure: relationship to youth psychosocial functioning. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 25, 396406.
Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D., et. al.
(2005). Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after
September 11. Archieves General Psychiatry, 6, 545552.
Hranitz, J. R, & Eddowes, E. A. (1990). Violence: a crisis in homes and schools. Childhood
Education, Fall, 47.
Hubbard, J., Realmuto, G. M., Northwood, A. K., & Masten, A. S. (1995). Morbidity of
psychiatric diagnoses with posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood
trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,
11671173.
Hukkelberg, S. S., & Jensen, T. K. (2011). The dimensionality of posttraumatic stress
symptoms and their relationship to depression in children and adolescents. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 24, 326-33.
Hunter, S. C., & Boyle, J. M. E. (2002). Perceptions of control in the victims of school
bullying: the importance of early intervention. Educational Research, 44, 323336.
26
Hyde, C., & Bentovim, A., & Monck, E. (1995). Some clinical and methodological
implications of a treatment outcome study of sexually abused children. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 19, 13871399.
Hyman, I. A., Zelikoff, W., & Clarke, J. (1987). Victimization of American school children.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies,
October, Baltimore.
Igelman, R., Taylor, N., Gilbert, A,, Ryan, B., Steinberg, A., Wilson, C., & Mann, G. (2007).
Creating more trauma-informed services for children using assessment-focused tools.
Child Welfare, 86, 1533.
Iglebk, T., & Jensen, T. K. (2008). Barns meningsdannelse under flodblgekatastrofen i
Srst-Asia. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 45, 14881497.
Irwin, H. J. (1994). Childhood trauma and the origins of paranormal belief: a constructive
replication. Psychological Reports, 74, 107111.
Ishikawa, S., Motomura, N., Kawabata, Y., Tanaka, H., Shimotsu, S., Sato, Y., & Ollendieck,
T. H. (2012). Cognitive behavioural therapy for Japanese children and adolescents with
anxiety disorders: A pilot study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 271
285.
Jackowski, A. P., de Araujo, C. M., de Lacerda, A. l. T., Mari, d. J., J., & Kaufman, J. (2009).
Neurostructural imaging findings in children with post-traumatic stress disorder: Brief
review. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 63, 18
Jackson, H. J., & King, N. (1981). The emotive imagery treatment of a child's traumainduced
phobia. Journal of Behavioral Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 12, 325328.
Jacobsen, M. S., Rubenstein, E: M., Bohannon, W. E., Sondheimer, D. L., Cicci, R., Toner, J.,
Gong, E., & Heald, F. P. (1986). Followup of adolescent trauma victims: a new model
of care. Pediatrics, 77, 236241.
Jaffe, P. G., Hastings, E., & Reitzel, D. (1979). Child witnesses of woman abuse: how can
schools respond? Response, 14, 1215.
James, B. (1989). Treating traumatized children; new insights and creative interventions.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
James, B. (Ed.) (1994). Handbook for treatment of attachmenttrauma problems in children.
New York: Lexington Books.
James, B. (Ed). (2008). Handbook for treatment of attachment-trauma problems in children.
New York: The Free Press.
James, R. K., Logan, J., & Davis, S. A. (2011). Including school resource officers in schoolbased crisis intervention: Strengthening student support. School Psychology
International, 32 (2), 210224.
Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., & Wong, M. (2014). School intervention related to school and
community violence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23,
281293.
Jellesma, F. C., Verkuil, B., & Brosschot, J. F. (2009). Postponing worrisome thoughts in
children: the effects of a postponement intervention on perseverative thoughts,
emotions and somatic complaints. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 278284.
Jeney-Gammon, P. Daugherty, T. K., Finch, Jr. A. J., Belter, R. W., & Foster, K. Y. (1993).
Children's coping styles and report of depressive symptoms following a natural disaster.
The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 259267.
Jensen, P. S., Martin, D., & Watanabe, H. (1996). Childrens response to parental separation
during operation desert storm. Journal of the American Academy of Childs &
Jensen, T. K. (2011). Posttraumatisk stress hos barn og unge forstelse og prinsipper for
behandling. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 48, 5763.
27
Jensen, T. K., Dyb, G., Hafstad, G. S., Nygaard, E., & Lindgaard, C. V. (2008). Tsunamien:
Berrte barn og deres familier. Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk
stress A/S, rapport nr. 4, 371.
Jensen, T. K., Ellestad, A., & Dyb, G. (2013). Children and adolescents self-reported coping
strategies during the Southeast Asian tsunami. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,
52, 92106
Jensen, T. K., & Nygaard, E. (2009). A .longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress reactions in
Norwegian children and adolescents exposed to the 2004 Tsunami. Archives of
Pediatric and Adolescents Medicine, 163, 856861.
Jessee, P. O., Strickland, M. P., & Ladewig, B. H. (1992). The aftereffects of a hostage
situation on children's behavior. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 309312.
Ji, L., Xiaowei, Z., Chuanlin, W., & Wei, L. (2010). Investigation of posttraumatic stress
disorder in children after animal-induced injury in China. Pediatrics, doi:
10.1542/peds.2009-3530, 319325.
Jia, Z., Shi, L., Duan, G., Liu, W., Pan, X., Chen, Y., & Tian, W. (2013). Traumatic
experiences and mental health consequences among child survivors of the 2008
Sichuan earthquake: a community-based follow-up study. BMC Health Services, 13,
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/104
Johansson, L. (Ed.), 2002). Angeredsgymnasiet och brankatastrofen 1998. Dokumentation
over krishantering och krisuppfljing. Gteborg: HS Offset AB
John, P. B., Russell, S., & Russell, P. S. (2007). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress
disorder among children and adolescents affected by Tsunami disaster in Tamil Nadu.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood
maltreatment increases for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of
General Psychiatry, 56, 600606.
Johnson, K. (1989). Trauma in the lives of children. Claremont, CA: Hunter house.
Johnson, K. (2000). Crisis response to schools. International Journal of Emergency Mental
Health, 2, 173 180.
Johnson, K. M., Foa, E. B., Jaycox, L. H., & Rescorla, L. (1996). Posttrauma attitudes in
traumatized children. Paper presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. San Francisco, Ca.
Jones, B. L., Parker-Raley, J., Maxson, T. & Brown, C. (2011). Understanding health care,
professionals views of family presence during pediatric resuscitation. American
Journal of Critical Care, 20, (3), 199208.
Jones, D., Low, G., MacLeod, A., Power, M., & Duggan, C. (2000). Childhood trauma,
dissociation and selfharming behaviour: a pilot study. British Journal of Medical
Jones, L. (2008). Responding to the needs of children in crisis. International Review of
Jones, R. T. (2008). 4-16: Whos looking out for the kids? Traumatology, 14, 100105.
Jones, R. T., & Ribbe, D. P. (1991). Child, adolescent, and adult victims of residential fire.
Behavior Modification, 15, 560580.
Jones, R. T., Ribbe, D. P., & Cunningham, P. (1994). Psychosocial correlates of fire disaster
among children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 117123.
Jones, T., Craig, A., Hoy, D., Gunter, E., Ashley, D., Barr, D., Brock, J., & Schaffner, W.
(2000). Mass psychogenic illness attributed to toxic exposure at a high school. The
New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 96100.
28
Jones-Alexander, J., Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (2005). Psychophysiological

assessment of youthful motor vehicle accident survivors. Applied Psychophysiology
and Biofeedback, 30, 115123.
Jonkman, C. S., Verlinden, E., Bolle, E. A., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2013). Traumatic
stress symptomatology after child maltreatment and single traumatic events: different
profiles. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 18.
Jordan, K. (2003). A trauma and recovery model for victims and their families after a
catastrophic school shooting focusing on behavioral, cognitive, and psychological
effects and needs. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 3, 397411.
Joseph, R. (1999). Environmental influences on neural plasticity, the limbic system, emotional
development and attachment: a review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,
29, 189208.
Joseph, S., Mynard, H. & Mayall, M. (2000). Lifeevents and posttraumatic stress in a
sample of English adolescents. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology,
10, 475482.
Joseph, S., Wiliams, R., Yule, W., & Walker A. (1992) Factor analysis of the impact of events
scale with survivors of two disasters at sea. Personal & Individual Differences. 13,
693697
Jurgens, J. J., Houlihan, D., & Schwartz, C. (1996). Behavioral manifestations of adolescent
school relocation and trauma. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 18, 18.
Kagan, R., Douglas, A. N., Hornik, J., & Kratz, S. L. (2008). Real life heroes pilot study:
evaluation of a treatment model for children with traumatic stress. Journal of Child &
Adolescent Trauma, 1, 522.
Kaminer, D., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children.
World Psychiatry, 4, 121125.
Kanagaratman, P., Raundalen, M., & Asbjrnsen, A. E. (2005). Ideological commitment and
posttraumatic stress in former Tamil child soldiers. Scandinavian Journal of
Kanter, R. K., & Abramson, D. (2014). School interventions after the Joplin tornado.
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 29, (2), 14.
Kanter, K. S., & Roberts, M. C. (2012). A systematic and quantitative review of interventions
to facilitate school reentry for children with chronic health conditions. Journal of
Pediatric Psychology, 37, (10), 10651075.
Kaplan, T., Black, D., Hyman, P., & Knox, J. (2001). Outcome of children seen after one
parent killed the other. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 6, 922.
Kaplow, J. B., Saxe, G. N., Putnam, F. W., Pynoos, R. S., & Lieberman, A. F. (2006). The
long-term consequences of early childhood trauma: a case study and discussion.
Psychiatry, 69(4), 362375.
Kar, N. Psychological impact of disasters in children: review of assessment and interventions.
World Journal of Pediatrics, Feb;5(1):5-11. Epub 2009 Jan 27.
Kar, N., Mohapatra, P. K., Nayak, K. C., Pattanaik, P., Swain, S. P., & Kar, H. C. (2007).
Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a supercyclone in Orissa, India: exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors.
BMC Psychiatry, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 14 February 2007.
Kassam-Adams, N. (2014). Design, delivery, and evaluation of early interventions for children
exposed to acute trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5: 22757
http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.22757
Kassam-Adams, N., & Winston, F. K. (2004). Predicting child PTSD: the relationship between
acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children. Journal American Academic Child
Adolescent Psychiatry, 43,403411.
29
Kassam-Adams, N., Carca-Espaa, J. F., Marsac, M. L. Kohser, K. L., Baxt, C., et al. (2011).
A pilot randomized controlled trial assessing secondary prevention of traumatic stress
integrated into pediatric trauma care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 252259.
Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., & Cirilli, C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder
symptom structure in injured children: Functional impairment and depression
symptoms in a confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49 (6), 616625.
Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., Hildenbrand, A., Winston, F. (2013). Posttraumatic stress
following pediatric injury update on diagnosis, risk factors, and intervention. JAMA
Pediatrics, Oct 7.doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2741.
Kassam-Adams, N., Palmieri, P. A., Rork, K., Delahanty, D. L., Kenardy, J., Kohser, K. L., et
al. (2012). Acute stress symptoms in children: Results from an international data
archive. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, (8),
812820.
Kataoka, S. H., Langley, A., Wong, M., Baweja, S., & Stein, B. (2012). Responding to
students with PTSD in schools. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America. 21 (1), 119 134.
Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Escudero, P., Tu, W., Zaragoza, C., &
Fink, A. (2003). A schoolbased mental health program for traumatized Latino
immigrant children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1995). Vagal tone protects children from marital conflict.
Kazak, A. E. et al. (1997). Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in
survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 65, 120129.
Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Child reactions to terrorism: Cautions and next steps for research.
Clinical Psychology Science Practice, 14, 213218.
Kean, E. M., Kelsay, K., Wamboldt, F., & Wamboldt, M. Z. (2006). Posttraumatic stress in
adolescents with asthma and their parents. Journal of American Child Adolescent
Keane, T. M. (1996). Clinical perspectives on stress, traumatic stress, and PTSD in children
and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 193197.
Keeton, C. P., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2008). Combining and sequencing medication and
cognitive-behaviour therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. International Review of
Keilson, H. (1979). Sequential traumatization in children. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Kelleher, I., Harley, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2008).
Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among
school-based adolescent sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 378382.
Kelley, T. M., Pransky, J. (2013). Principles for realizing resilience: A new view of trauma and
inner resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 2, (1), 19.
Kellogg, N. D. & Menard, S. W. (2003). Violence among family members of children and
adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 14671376.
Kenardy, J., Smith, A., Spence, S. H., Lilley, P-R., Newcombe, P., Dob, R., & Robinson, S.
(2007). Dissociation in childrens trauma narratives: an exploratory investigation.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 456466.
Kenardy, J., Thompson, K., Le Brocque, R., & Olsson, K. (2008). Information-provision
intervention for children and their parents following pediatric accidental injury.
European Children & Adolescents Psychiatry, 17, 316325.
30
Kendall, P. C., Hudson, J. L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schrder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008).
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial
evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
76, 282297.
Kendall, P. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2007). The role of self-statements as a mediator in
treatment for youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (Ed.).(2004). Health consequences of abuse in the family. Washington
DC: American Psychological association.
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Annas, P., Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., Lichtenstein, P. (2008).
A longitudinal twin study of fears from middle childhood to early adulthood. The
Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 421429.
KeppelBenson, J. M., Ollendieck, T. H., & Benson, M. J. (2002). Posttraumatic stress in
children following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and
Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thomson, M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). "Nothing really matters":
emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent
youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 272279.
Kernic, M. A., Wolf, M. E., Holt, V. L., Mc Knight, B., Huebner, C. E., & Rivara, F. P.
(2003). Behavioral problems among children whose mothers are abused by an intimate
partner. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 12311246.
Kerns, C. E., Elkins, R. M., Carpenter, A. L., Chou, T., Green, J. G., & Comer, J. S. (2014).
Caregiver distress, shared traumatic exposure, and child adjustment among area youth
following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Journal of Affective Disorders, doi.
10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.040
Keyser, J. L., Seelaus, K., & Kahn, G. B. (2000). Children of trauma and loss: their treatment
in group psychotherapy. Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma, 209238.
Khamis, V. (2008). Post-traumatic stress and psychiatric disorders in Palestinian adolescents
following intifada-related injuries. Social Sciences & Medicine, 67, 19991207.
Khashan, A. S., McNamee, R., Henriksen, T. B., Pedersen, M. G., Kenny, L. C., et al. (2011).
Risk of affective disorders following prenatal exposure to severe life events: A Danish
population-based cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 879885.
Khoury, E. L., Warheit, G. J., Hargrove, M. C., Zimmerman, R. S., Vega, W. A., & Gil, A. G.
(1997). The impact of hurricane Andrew on deviant behavior among a multi
racial/ethnic sample of adolescents in Dade County, Florida: a longitudinal analysis.
Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2010). Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by
hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the phenomenon and development considerations.
Child Development, 81 (4), 12111227.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L.
(2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence,
and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692700.
Kilpatrick, K. L., & Williams, L. M. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in child witnesses
to domestic violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 639644.
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S. et al., (2000).
Preventive intervention for maltreated preschool children: impact on children's
behavior, neuroendocrine activity, and foster parent functioning. Journal of the
American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 39, 13471355.
31
Kirsch, V., Wilhelm, F. H., & Goldbeck, L. (2011). Psychophysiological characteristics of

PTSD in children and adolescents: A review of the literature. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 24, 146154.
Kiser L. J., Ostoja, E, & Pruitt D. B. (1998). Dealing with stress and trauma in families. Child
and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 87103.
Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to
domestic violence: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Kletter, H., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2009). Guilt and posttraumatic stress symptoms
in child victims of interpersonal violence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
14, 7183.
Klingman, A., Koenigsfeld, E., & Markman, D. (1987). Art activity with children following
disaster: A preventiveoriented crisis intervention modality. The Arts in Psychotherapy,
14, 153166.
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., Martin, J., & Caspi, A. (2006). Early childhood
factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from
a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, xxx, 112.
Kolaitis, G., Kotsopoulos, J., Tsiantis, J., Haritaki, S., Rigizou, F., Zacharaki, L., et al. (2003).
Posttraumatic stress reactions among children following the Athens earthquake for
September 1999. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 273 280.
Kolk, B. A. van der, & Fisler, R. E. (1994). Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self
regulation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 145168.
Kolk, van der, B.A., Perry, J. C., & Herman, J. L. (1991). Childhood origins of self
destructive behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 16651671.
Kolko, D. J. (1992). Characteristics of child victims of physical violence, research findings and
clinical implications. Journal of Interpersonal violence, 7, 244276.
Kolko, D. J., Hoagwood, K. E., & Springgate, B. (2010). Treatment research for children and
youth exposed to traumatic events: Moving beyond efficacy to amp up public health
impact. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 465476.
Koplewicz, H. S., Vogel, J. M., Solanto, M. V., Morrissey, R. F., Alonso, C. M., Abikoff, H.,
Gallagher, R., & Novick, R. M. (2002). Child and parent response to the 1993 World
Trade Center bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 7785.
Koren-Karie, N., Oppenheim, D., & Getzler-Yosef, R. (2008). Shaping childrens internal
working models through motherchild dialogues: the importance of resolving past
maternal trauma. Attachment & Human Development, 10, 465483.
Korol, M., Green, B. L., & Gleser, G. C. (1999). Childrens responses to nuclear waste
disaster: PTSD symptoms and outcome prediction. Journal of the American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 368375.
Kostinsky, S., Bixler, E., O., & Kettl, P., A. (2001). Threats of school violence in Pennsylvania
after media coverage of the Columbine high school massacre. American Medical
Association, 155, 9941001.
Kouyoumdjian, H., Perry, A. R., & Hansen, D. J. (2005). The role of adult expectations on the
recovery of sexually abused children. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 475489.
Kovachy, B., O`Hara, R., Hawkins, N., Gershon, A., Primeau, M. M., Madej, J., et al. (2013).
Sleep disturbance in pediatric PTSD: Current findings and future directions. Journal of
Clinical Sleep Medicine, doi: 10.5664/jcsm.2678.
Kramer, D. N., & Landholt, M. A. (2011). Characteristics and efficacy of early psychological
interventions in children and adolescents after single trauma: a meta-analysis.
European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 124.
32
Kramer, D. N., & Landolt, M. A. (2014). Early psychological intervention in accidentally

injured children ages 2-16: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of
Psychotraumatology, 5: 24402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.24402
Kramer, D. N., Hertli, M. B., & Landholt, M. A. (2013). Evaluation of an early risk screener
for PTSD in preschool children after accidental injury. Pediatrics, Oct;132(4):e945-51.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0713. Epub 2013 Sep 23.
Kratochwill, T. R. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents:
commentary and recommendations. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 185188.
Krell, R., Suedfeld, P., & Sorianom E. (2004). Child holocaust survivors as parents: A
transgenerational perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 502508.
Kringlen, E. (2002). Seksuelle overgrep, gjenvunnet hukommelse og multippel
personlighetsforstyrrelse. Tidsskrift for den Norske Lgeforening, 122, 202208.
Kronenberg, M. E., Hansel, T. C., Brennan, A. M., Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., &
Lawrason, B. (2010). Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster
symptoms and recovery patterns. Child Development, 81 (4), 12411259.
Krupnick, J. L., Green, B. L., Stockton, P., Goodman, L., Corcoran, C., & Petty, R. (2004).
Mental health effects of adolescent trauma exposure in a female college sample:
Exploring differential outcomes based on experiences of unique trauma types and
dimensions. Psychiatry, 67, 264279.
Kurtz, C., Bunzell, M., & Nagler, S. (1993). Anxiety and autonomy in adolescence among
fatherorphaned kibbutz children. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 457462.
La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Lai, B., & Jaccard, J. (2010). Hurricane-related exposure
experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: Concurrent and
Prospective impacts on childrens persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78 (6), 794805.
La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Lochman, J. E. (2009). Moving beyond efficacy and
effectiveness in child and adolescent intervention research. Journal of Consulting and
La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Roberts, M. C. (Eds.). (2002).
Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism. Washington: American
Psychological Association.
La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Wasserstein, S. B. (1998). Childrens predisaster
functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following hurricane Andrew. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 883892.
Lack, C. W., & Sullivan, M. A. (2008). Attributions, coping, and exposure as predictors of
long-term posttraumatic distress in tornado-exposed children. Journal of Loss and
Trauma, 13, 7284.
Lack, C. W., Sullivan, M. A., & Knight, L. A. (2008). Assessing posttraumatic stress in
children: a review and further examination of the psychometrics of Frederick`s reaction
index. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1, 225232.
Lai, B. S., La Creca, A. M., & Llabre, M. M. (2013). Childrens sedentary activity after
hurricane exposure. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.
Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0033331
Lamontagne, L. L., Mason, K. R., & Hepworth, J. T. (1985). Effects of relaxation on anxiety
in children: implications for coping with stress. Nursing Research, 34, 289292.
Landolt, M. A., Buehlmann, C., Maag, T., & Schiestl, C. (2009). Brief report: Quality of life is
impaired in pediatric burn survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of
Pediatric Psychology, 34, 1421.
33
Landolt, M., Ribi, K., Laimbacher, J., Vollrath, M., Gnehn, H. E., & Sennhauser, F. H. (2002).
Brief report: Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with newly diagnosed
type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 647652.
Landolt, M., Vollrath, M., Ribi, K., Gnehm, H., & Sennhauser, F. H. (2003). Incidence and
associations of parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric patients.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 11991207.
Landolt, M. A., Vollrath, M., Timm, K., Gnehm, H. E., & Sennhauser, F. H. (2005). Predicting
posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after road traffic accidents. Journal of
American Academy of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 12761283.
Landholt, M. A., Ystrom, E., Sennhauser, F. H., Gnehm, H. E., & Vollrath, M. E. (2012). The
mutual prospective influence of child and parental post-traumatic stress symptoms in
pediatric patients. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 7, 767774.
Landrigan, P. J., Forman, J., Galvez, M., Newman, B., Engel, S. M., & Chemtob, C. (2008).
Impact of September 11 World Trade Center Disaster on children and pregnant
women. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 75, 129134.
Langeland, W., & Olff, M. (2008). Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in pediatric
injury patients: A review of the literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,
32, 161174.
Lange-Nielsen, I. I., Kolltveit, S., Thabet, A. A. M., Dyregrov, A., Pallesen, S., Johnsen, T. B.,
& Laberg, J. C. (2012). Short-term effects of a writing intervention among adolescents
in Gaza. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspective on Stress & amp;
Coping, 17, 5, 403422.
Langfeldt, T. (1993). Early childhood and juvenile sexuality, development and problems.
Nordisk Sexologi, 11, 78100.
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E. & Pain, C. (Eds.) (2010). The impact of early life trauma on
health and disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002). A
12-year prospective study of the long term effects of early child physical maltreatment
on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Archives of
Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 824830.
Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Alon, M., Siev, J., Samuel, E., & Toren, P. (2006). Risk and protective
factors mediating psychological symptoms an ideological commitment of adolescents
facing continuous terrorism, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 279
286.
Laor, N., Wolmer, L., & Cohen, D. J. (2001). Mothers functioning and childrens symptoms 5
years after a SCUD missile attack. American Journal Psychiatry, 158, 10201026.
Latino, R., Friedman, B., & Bellucci, V. (2006). Treatment with children and adolescents
traumatized by the September 11th attacks. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34, 447466.
Lauterbach, D., Kock, E. I., & Porter, K. (2007). The relationship between childhood support
and later emergence of PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 857867.
Law, E. F., Dahlquist, M., Soumitri, S., Weiss, K. E., Herbert L. J., et. al. (2010). Videogame
distraction using virtual reality technology for children experiencing cold pressor pain:
the role of cognitive processing. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36 (1), 8494.
Layne, C. M. (2011). Developing interventions for trauma-exposed children. Archives of
Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 165, 8990.
Layne, C. M., Beck, C. J., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J. S., Moreno, M. M., & Hobfoll, S. E.
(2009) Promoting resilient posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond.
Unpacking life events, adjustment trajectories, resources, and interventions. In
Brom, D., Pat-Horenczyk, R. & Ford, J. D. Treating Traumatized children. Risk,
Resilience, and Recovery (pp.1347). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
34
Layne, C. M., Ippen, C. G., Strand, V., Stuber, M., Abramovitz, R., et al. (2011). The core
curriculum on childhood trauma: A tool for training a trauma-informed workforce.
Psychological Trauma, 3, 243252.
Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Poppleton, L., Burlingame, G. M., Pasali, A., Durakovi, E.,
Musi, M., et al. (2008). Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy
program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1048-1062.
doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eecae
Le Brocque, R. M., Hendrikz, J., & Kenardy, J. A. (2010a). The course of posttraumatic stress
in children: Examination of recovery trajectories following traumatic injury. Journal of
Pediatric Psychology, 35 (6), 637645.
Le Brocque, R. M., Hendrikz, J., & Kenardy, J. A. (2010b). Parental response to child injury:
Examination of parental posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories following child
accidental injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35 (6), 646655.
Leander, L. (2012). Police interviews with child sexual abuse victims: Patterns of reporting,
avoidance and denial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 192205.
Lebovici, S. (1974). Observations on children who have witnessed the violent death of one of
their parents: a contribution to the study of traumatization. International Review of
PsychoAnalysis, 1, 117123.
Lee, P. W. H. et al. (1996). An episode of syncope attacks in adolescent schoolgirls:
Investigations, interventions and outcome. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 69,
247257.
Lee, T. C., Lin, Y. S., Chiang, C. H., & Wu, M. H. (2012). Dance/movement therapy for
children suffering from earthquake trauma in Taiwan: A preliminary exploration. The
Arts in Psychotherapy, doi:10.1016/j.aip.2012.12.002
Lehmann, P. (1997). The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of
child witnesses to mother assault. Journal of Family Violence. 13, 241257.
Lengua, L. J. (2002). The contribution of emotionality and selfregulation to the
understanding of childrens response to multiple risk. Child Development, 73, 144
161.
Lengua, L. J., Long, A. C., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Pre-attack stressload, appraisals, and
coping in childrens responses to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Child
Lengua, L. J., Long, A. C., Smith, K. I., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005) Pre-attack symptomatology
and temperament as predictors of childrens responses to the September 11 terrorist
attacks. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 631645.
Lesmana, C. B. J., Suryani, L. K., Jensen, G. D., Tilipoulos., N. (2009). A spiritual-hypnosis
assisted treatment of children with PTSD after the Bali Terrorist Attack. American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 52, 2334.
Lesser, Y. (2007). Potential space: knowing and not knowing in the treatment of traumatized
children and young people. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 2337.
Levenson, R., Memoli, M., & Flannery, R. (2000). Coping with psychological aftermath of
school violence: the teacher and the assaulted staff action program. International
Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2, 105112.
Levetown,. M. (2008). Communicating with children and families: From every interactions to
skill in conveying distressing information. Pediatrics, 121, 14411460.
Levi, R. B., Drotar, D., Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (1999). Posttraumatic stress symptoms
in children following orthopedic or traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Child
35
Lewis, M. W., & Lewis, A. C. (1996). Peer helping programs: helper role, supervisor training,
and suicidal behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 307313.
Levy, A., & Wall, J. (2000). Children who have witnessed community homicide: incorporating
risk and resilience in clinical work. Families in Society, 81, 402 411.
Levy, D. M. (1938 November). "Release therapy" in young children. Paper presented at the
Child Guidance Session of the Fiftieth Anniversary Conference and Institute of the
Child Study Association, November 17.
Levy, E. (1959). Children's behavior under stress and its relation to training by parents to
respond to stress situations. Child Development, 30, 307324.
Li, X., Huang, X., Tan, H., Liu, A., Zhou, J., & Yang, T. (2010). A study on the relationship
between posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victim parents and children in Hunan,
China. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 543550.
Liamwanich, K., Ngamsamit, N., Nakpomgphun, A., Chinajitphant, N., Burapakajornpong, N.,
Thongphitakwong, W. et. al. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral intervention for young
Tsunami victims. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 90, 618523.
Libov, B. G., Nevid, J. S., Delcovitz, D., & Carmony, T. M. (2002). Posttraumatic stress
symptomatalogy in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors. Psychology and Health, 17,
501511.
Lieberman, A. F., Chu, A., van Horn, P., & Harris, W. W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood:
Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23,
397410.
Lieberman, A. F., & Knorr, K. (2007). The impact of trauma: a developmental framework for
infancy and early childhood. Pediatric Annals, 36(4), 209215.
Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2008). Psychotherapy with infants and young children.
New York: The Guilford Press.
Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2009). Giving voice to the unsayable: repairing the effects
of trauma in infancy and early childhood. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of
North America, 18(3), 707720.
Lieberman, A. F., Ghosh Ippen, C., & Van Horn, P. (2006). Child-parent psychotherapy: 6month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 913918.
Lieberman, A. F., van Horn, P. & Ippen, C. G. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment:
childparent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence, Journal
Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P. & Ozer, E. J. (2005). Preschooler witnesses of marital
violence: Predictors and mediators of child behavior problems. Development and
Psychopathology, 17, 385396.
Liedl, A., ODonnell, M., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A., Knaevelsrud, C., & Bryant, R. B.
(2010). Support for the mutual maintenance of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder
symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 40, 12151223.
Liem, J. H., Jacquelyn B. J., OToole B.A., & Boudewyn, A. C. (1997). Assessing resilience in
adults with histories of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,
67, 594606.
Lipschitz, D. S., Mayes, L. M., Rasmusson, A. M., Anyan, W., Billingslea, E., Gueorguieva,
R., & Southwick, S. M. (2005). Baseline and modulated acoustic responses in
adolescent girls with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 807814.
Lipschitz, D. S., Rasmusson, A. M., & Southwick, S. M. (1998). Childhood posttraumatic
stress disorder: A review of neurobiologic sequelae. Psychiatric Annals, 28, 452457.
36
Lipschitz, D. S., Winegar, R. K., Hartnick, E., Foote, B., & Soutwick, S. M. (1999).
Posttraumatic stress disorder in hospitalized adolescents: Psychiatric comorbidity and
clinical correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Little, S. G., Akin-Little, A., & Gutierrez, F. (2009). Children and traumatic events:
Therapeutic techniques for psychologists working in the schools. Psychology in
Schools, 46, 199205.
Liverant, G. I., Hofmann, S. G., & Litz, B. T. (2004). Coping and anxiety in college students
after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 17, 127139.
Lochman, J. E., Boxmeyer, C., Powell, N., Wojnaroski, M., & Yaros, A. (2007). The use of
the coping power program to treat a 10-year-old girl with disruptive behaviors.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 677687.
Loftus, E. F., Garry, M., & Feldman, J. (1994). Forgetting sexual trauma: what does it mean
when 38% forget? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 11771181.
Lonigan, C. J., Anthony, J., & Shannon, M. (1998). Diagnostic efficacy of posttraumatic
symptoms in children exposed to disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27,
255267.
Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Taylor, C. M., Finch, A. J., Daugherty, T. K., & Taylor, C. M.
(1991). Childrens reactions to a natural disaster: symptom severity and degree of
exposure. Advances in Behavioral Research & Therapy, 13, 135154.
Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Taylor, C. M., Finch, A. J., & Sallee, F. R. (1994). Children
exposed to disaster: II. Risk factors for the development of posttraumatic
symptomatology. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33,
94105.
Looman, W. S. (2006). A developmental approach to understanding drawings and narratives
from children displaced by hurricane Katrina. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 20,
158166.
Lopez, U., Habre, W., van der Linden, M., & Iselin-Chaves, I. A. (2008). Intra-operative
awareness in children and post-traumatic stress disorder. Anaesthesia, 63, 474481.
Lowenstein, L. B. (1995). The resolution scrapbook as an aid in the treatment of traumatized
children. Child Welfare, 74, 889904.
Lovett, J. (1999). Small Wonders. Healing childhood trauma with EMDR. New York: The
Free Press.
Lubetzky, O., & Gilat, I. (2002). The impact of premature birth on fear of personal death and
attachment styles in adolescence. Death Studies, 26, 523543.
Luby, J., Belden, A., Botteron, K., Marrus, N., Harms, M. P., Babb, C., Nishino, T., & Barch,
D. (2013). The effects of poverty on childhood brain development. The mediating
effect of caregiving and stressful life events. JAMA Pedriatics, doi:
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3139
Luce, A., FirthCozens, J., Midgley, S., & Burges, C. (2002). After the Omagh bomb:
Posttraumatic stress disorder in health service staff. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15,
2730.
Lundin, T., & Jansson, L. (2007). Traumatic impact of a fire disaster on survivors A 25-year
follow-up of the 1978 hotel fire in Bors, Sweden. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61,
479485.
Lundquist, G., Rasmussen, B. H., & Axelsson, B. (2011). Information of imminent death or
not: Does it make a difference? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 15.
Lusyne, P., & Page, H. (2008). The impact of children on parents risk of suicide following
death of spouse, Belgium 1991-96.Population Studies, 62, 5567.
37
Luthar, S. S. (1993). Annotation: methodological and conceptual issues in research on

childhood resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 441453.
Lutz, W. J., Hock, E., & Kang, M. J. (2007). Childrens communication about distressing
events: The role of emotional openness and psychological attributes of family
members. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 8694.
LyonsRuth, K. & Block, D. (1996). The disturbed caregiving system: relations among
childhood, trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant
Mental Health Journal, 17, 257275.
Ma, X., Liu, X, Hu, X., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., et al. (2011). Risk indicators for post-traumatic
stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China.
Psychiatry Research, 189, 385391.
Maccoll, G. J, (2007). A 9/11 parent support group. International Journal of Group
Macdonald, G. M., Higgins, J. P. T., & Ramchandani, P. (2006). Cognitive-behavioural
interventions for children who have been sexually abused (review). The Cochrane
Library.
MacMillan, H., L., Fleming, J.,E., Streiner, D., L., Lin, E., Boyle, M., H, Jamieson, E., Duku,
E., K., Walsh, C., A., Wong, M., Y., Y., & Beardslee, W., R. (2001). Childhood abuse
and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry,
158, 18781883.
Macy, R. D., Macy, D. J., Gross, S., & Brighton, P. (2006). Basic training manual for the 9session CBI. Version 4.0. A psychosocial, trauma informed, structured intervention for
youth facing life threat and other extreme traumatic stress exposures. The Center for
Trauma Psychology.
Macy, R. D., Macy, D. J., Gross, S., & Brighton, P. (2006). Basic training manual for the 15session CBI. Version 4.01. A psychosocial, trauma informed, structured intervention
for youth facing life threat and other extreme traumatic stress exposures. The Center
for Trauma Psychology.
Madge, N. (1983). Unemployment and its effects on children. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 24, 311319.
Madkour, A. S., Johnson, C. C., Clum, G. A., & Brown, L. (2011). Disaster and youth
violence: The experience of school-attending youth in New Orleans. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 49, 213215.
Madrid, P. A., Grant, R., Reilly, & Redlener, N. B. (2006). Short-term impact of a major
disaster on childrens mental health: Building resiliency in the aftermath of hurricane
Katrina. Pediatrics, 117, 448453.
Major, E. F. (1997). Barn til konsentrasjonsleirfanger er de brere av foreldrenes traumer?
Linjer, 1, 811.
Mallon, F., & Best, C. (1995). Trauma in school: a psychological service response.
Educational psychology in Practice, 10, 231237.
Malmquist, C. P. (1985). Children who witness violence: tortuous aspects. Bulletin of the
American Academy of Psychiatry, 13, 221231.
Malmquist, C. P. (1986). Children who witness parental murder: posttraumatic aspects.
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 320325.
Mann, B. J., & Sanders, S. (1994). Child dissociation and the family context. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 373388.
Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Smith, J. A., & MooreMotily, S. (1991). Six and twelve
month followup of sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 494
511.
38
Manne, S. (2009). Commentary: Adopting to a broad perspective on posttraumatic stress

disorder, childhood medical illness and injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34,
2226.
March, J. S., AmayaJackson, L., Murray, M. C., & Schulte, A. (1998). Cognitivebehavioral
psychotherapy for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after a
singleincident stressor. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
March, J. S., AmayaJackson, L., Terry, R., & Costanzo, P. (1997). Posttraumatic
symptomatology in children and adolescents after an industrial fire. Journal of the
Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children.
Annual Review of Psychology, 51 445479.
Margolin, G., & Vickerman, K. A. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents
exposed to family violence: I. Overview and Issues. Professional Psychology:
Research and Practice, 38, 613619.
Margolin, G., Ramos, M. C., & Guran, E. L. (2010). Earthquakes and children: The role of
psychologist with families and communities. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 41, 19.
Markese, S. (2011). Dyadic trauma in infancy and early childhood: Review of the literature.
Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 341378.
Markward, M. J. (1997). The impact of domestic violence on children. Families in society:
The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 78, 6670.
Markward, M. J., Cline, S., & Markward, N. J. (2001). Group socialization, the Internet and
school shootings. Violent Youth,.., 135146.
Marsac, M. L., Kohser, K. L., Winston, F. K., Kenardy, J., March, S., Kassam-Adams, N.
(2013). Using a web-based game to prevent posttraumatic stress in children following
medical events: design of a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of
Psychotraumatology, 4, 21311 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21311
Marsee, M. A. (2008). Reactive aggression and posttraumatic stress in adolescents affected by
the hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 519
529.
Martin, L. R., Friedman, H. S., Clark, K. M., & Tucker, J, S. (2005). Longevity following the
experience of parental divorce. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 21772189.
Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Childrens
distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 2235.
Masten, A. S., & Osofsky, J. D. (2010). Disasters and their impact on child development:
Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 81 (4), 10291160.
Mathews, C. A., Kaur, N., & Stein, M. B. (2008). Childhood trauma and obsessive
compulsive symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 742751.
Mathews, T., Dempsey, M., & Overstreer, S. (2009). Effects of exposure to community
violence on school functioning: the meditating role of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 586591.
Matthey, S. (1988). Cognitivebehavioral treatment of a thunderphobic child. Behavior
Change, 5, 8084.
Matulis, S., Resick, P.A., Rosner, R. & Steil, R. (2013). Developmentally adapted cognitive
processing therapy for adolescents suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder after
childhood sexual or physical abuse: a pilot study. Clinical Child and Family
Psychology Review, doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0156-9.
39
Max, J. E., Castillo, C. S., Robin, D. A., Lindgren, S. D., Smith, W. L., Sato, Y., & Arndt, S.
(1998). Posttraumatic stress symptomalogy after childhood traumatic brain injury.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 589596.
May, J, C. (2005). Family attachment narrative therapy: healing the experience of early
childhood maltreatment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 31, 221237.
Mayers, H. A. (2005). Treatment of a traumatized adolescent mother and her two-year old
son. Clinical Social Work Journal, 33, 419431.
McCart, M. R., Davies, W. H., Harris, R., Wincek, J., Calhoun, A. D., & Melzer-Lange, M. D.
(2005). Assessment of trauma symptoms among adolescent assault victims. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 36, 70.e70.e13.
McCart, M. R., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H., & Ruggerio, K.
J. (2007). Do urban adolescents become desensitized to community violence? Data
from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 434442.
McCloskey, L. A., & Walker, M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress in children exposed to family
violence and singleevent trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
McDermott, B. M., & Cobham, V. E. (2014). A stepped-care model of post-disaster child and
adolescent mental health service provision. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,
5:24294 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.24294
McDermott, B. M., Cobham, V. E., Berry, H., & Stallman, H. M. (2010). Vulnerability factors
for disaster-induced child post-traumatic stress disorder: The case for low family
resilience and previous mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of
McDermott, B. M., & Cvitanovich, A. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder and emotional
problems in children following motor vehicle accidents: an extended case series.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 446452.
McDermott, B. M., Lee, E. M., Judd, M., & Gibbon, P. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder
and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 137143.
McDermott, B. M., & Palmer, L. (1999). Postdisaster service provision following proactive
identification of children with emotional distress and depression. Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 855863.
McDermott, B. M., & Palmer, L. J. (2002). Postdisaster emotional distress, depression and
eventrelated variables: findings across child and adolescent developmental stages.
McFarlane, A. C. (1987). Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster.
The longitudinal effects of posttraumatic morbidity. Australian and New Zealand
McFarlane, A. C. (2009). Military deployment: the impact on children and family adjustment
and the need for care. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22, 369373.
McFarlane, A. C., & van Hoof, M. (2009). Impact of children exposure to a natural disaster
on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. The British Journal of
McFarlane, A., Policansky, S. K., & Irwin, C. (1987). A longitudinal study of the psychological
morbidity in children due to a natural disaster. Psychological Medicine, 17, 727738.
McGarvey, T. P., & Haen, C. (2005). Intervention strategies for treating traumatized siblings in
a pediatric impatient unit. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 3, 395408.
McKay, M. M., Lynn, C. J., & Bannon, W. M. (2005). Understanding inner city child mental
health need and trauma exposure: Implications for preparing urban service providers.
40
McKinnon, A. C., Nixon, R. D. V., & Brewer, N. (2008). The influence of data-driven
processing on perceptions of memory quality and intrusive symptoms in children
following traumatic events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 766775.
McLean, L. M., & Gallop, R: (2003). Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult
borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American
McLear, S. V., Deblinger, E., Atkins, M. S., Foa, E. B., & Ralphe, D. L. (1988). Post
traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. Journal of the American
Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 650654.
McLevin, L. A., & Muller , R. T. (2006). Childhood trauma, imaginary companions, and the
development of pathological dissociation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 531
545.
McMenamy, C., & Katz, R. C. (1989). Brief parentassisted treatment for children's nighttime
fears. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 145148.
McMurtry, C. M., McGrath, P. J., & Chambers, C. T. (2006). Reassurance can hurt: Parental
behavior and painful medical procedures. Journal of Pediatric, 148, 560561.
McNally, R. J. (1996). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and
adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 147161.
McNeal, C., & Amato, P. R. (1998). Parents marital violence. Longterm consequences for
children. Journal of Family Issues, 19, 123139.
McPherson, K. F. (2004). Pastoral crisis intervention with children: recognizing and
responding to the spiritual reaction of children. International Journal of Emergency
Mental Health, 6, 223233.
Meir, Y., Slone, M., Reina, L., & Livni, Y. B. D. (2012). Crisis intervention with children of
illegal migrant workers threatened with deportation. Professional Psychology:
Research and Practice, doi: 10.1037/a0027760.
Meiser-Stedman, R. (2002). Towards a cognitive-behavioral model of PTSD in children and
adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 217232.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T, Yule, W., & Smith, P. (2012). Intrusive memories and
depression following recent non-traumatic negative life events in adolescents. Journal
of Affective Disorders, March;137(1-3):70-8. Epub 2012 Jan 12.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Shepperd, A., Glucksman, E., Dalgleish, T., Yule, W. & Smith, P. (2014).
Thought control strategies and rumination in youth with acute stress disorder and
posttraumatic stress disorder following single-event trauma. Journal of child and
adolescent psychopharmacology, 24, (1), 4751.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Parent and
child agreement for acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other
psychopathology in a prospective study of children and adolescents exposed to singleevent trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 191201.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). The
posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in preschool- and elementary school-age
children exposed to motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165,
13261337.
Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Diagnostic,
demographic, memory quality, and cognitive variables associated with acute stress
disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 6579.
Meiser-Stedman, R. A., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., Smith, P., & Glucksman, E. (2006). The role
of the family in child and adolescent posttraumatic stress following attendance at an
emergency department. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 397402.
41
Meiser- Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2005). Acute stress
disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in
assaults or motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 13811383.
Melchert, T. P. (1996). Childhood memory and a history of different forms of abuse.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 438446.
Melinder, A. (2011). Gjentatte avhr: Flere forhold har betydning for pliteligheten i barns
utsagn. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 48, 10911095.
Melinder, A., Fuglestvedt, M., & Rommetveit, G. H. (2005). Barns minner om traumatiske
hendelser fra et kognitivt utviklingsperspektiv: Tsunamikatastrofen. Tidsskrift for
Norsk Psykologforening,42, 11301137.
Melle, I., & Johansen, R. (2002). De usynlige barna nr mor eller far har schizofreni.
Tidsskrift for den Norske Lgeforening, 23, 22992302.
Melton, G. B. (2005). Building humane communities respectful of children: The significance
of the convention on the rights of the child. American Psychologist, 60, 918926.
Mengeot, S. W. (1982). The impact of cumulative trauma in infancy: some treatment
techniques. Clinical Social Work Journal, 10, 265274.
Mercuri, A.& Angelique, H.L(2004) Brief Reports. Childrens responses to natural,
technological, and na-tech disasters. Community Mental Health Journal, 2, 167175.
Messo, I. N. (2012). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in children: The case of the
Mbagala bomb blast in Tanzania. Journal of Health Psychology, doi:
10.1177/1359105312451188.
Michal, M., Beutel, M. E., Jordan, J., Zimmermann, M., Wolters, S., & Heidenreich, T.
(2007). Depersonalization, mindfulness, and childhood trauma. The Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 693696.
Migden, S. D. (1994). The role of transitional experiences in child psychotherapy: dependence
and trauma. Psychotherapy, 31, 398406.
Milgram, N., & Toubiana, Y. H. (1996). Childrens selective coping after a bus disaster:
confronting behavior and perceived support. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 687702.
Milgram, N., Toubiana, Y. H., Klingman, A., Raviv, A., & Goldstein, I. (1988). Situational
exposure and personal loss in childrens acute and chronic stress reactions to a bus
disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 339352.
Miller, K., Rodger, S., Kipping, B., & Kimble, R. M. (2011). A novel technology approach to
pain management in children with burns: A prospective randomized controlled trial.
Burns, 37, 395405.
Miller, L. (1999). Treating posttraumatic stress disorder in children and families: basic
principles and clinical applications. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 21
34.
Miller, T. W. (1995). Stress adaptation in children: theoretical models. Journal of
Contemporary Psychotherapy, 25, 514.
Miller, T. W., Kraus, R. F., Tatevosyan, A. S., & Kamenchenko, P. (1993). Posttraumatic
stress disorder in children and adolescents of the Armenian earthquake. Child
Psychiatry & Human Development, 24, 115123.
Ministry of Justice Finland. (2009). Jokela School Shooting. Report of the Investigation
Commission. Publication 2009: 1
Mirza, K. A. H., Bhadrinath, B. R., Goodyer, I. M., & Gilmour, C. (1998). Posttraumatic
stress disorder in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. British
Misch, P., Phillips, M., Evans, P., & Berelowitz, M. (1993). Trauma in preschool children: a
clinical account. Occasional paper presented at the ACCP day meeting, ACCP, 8, 11
18.
42
Mitchell, T., Haynes, K., Hall, N., Choong, W., & Oven, K. (2008). The roles of children and
youth in communicating disaster risk. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 254279.
MitchellTimmons, J., ChaldlerHoltz, D., & Semple W. E. (1997).Posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms in child sexual abuse victims and their mothers. Journal of Child
Sexual Abuse, 6, 115.
Mongillo, E. A., Briggs-Gowan, M., Ford, J. D.; & Carter, A. S. (2009). Impact of traumatic
life events in a community sample of toddlers. The Journal of Abnormal Child
Moon, L. T., Wagner, W. G., & Fowler, W. E. (1993). Counselor preference and anticipated
comfort ratings for a clinic sample of sexually abused versus nonabused girls. Journal
of Child and Family Studies, 2, 327338.
Moore, S., & McCabe, A. E. (1996). Children learning to use the telephone: emergency and
nonemergency calling. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28, 6169.
Moradi, A. R., NeshatDoost, H. T., Taghavi, R., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999).
Performance of children of adults with PTSD on the stroop colornaming task: A
preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 663 671.
Moradi, A. R., NeshatDoost, H. T., Taghavi. M. R., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (1999).
Everyday memory deficits in children and adolescents with PTSD: performance on the
Rivermead behavioural memory test. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40,
357 361.
Mordock, J., B. (2001). Interviewing abused and traumatized children. Clinical Child
Moreau, D., & Weissman, M. M. (1992). Panic disorder in children and adolescents: a review.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 13061314.
Morris, A., Gabert-Quillen, C., & Delahanty, D. (2012). The association between parent
PTSD/depression symptoms and child PTSD symptoms: A meta analysis. Journal of
Pediatric Psychology, 37 (10), 10761088.
Morris, J., van Ommeren, M., Belfer, M., Saxena, S., & Saraceno, B. (2007). Children and the
sphere standard on mental and social aspects of health. Disasters, 31, 7190.
Morsette, A., Swaney, G., Stolle, D., Schuldberg, D., van der Pol, R., & Young, M. (2009).
Cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS): School-based
treatment on a rural American Indian reservation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 169178.
Moscardino, U., Axia, G., Scrimin, S., Capello, F. (2007). Narratives from caregivers of
children surviving the terrorist attack in Beslan: Issues of health, culture, and
resilience. Social Medicine & Medicine, 64, 17761787.
Moscardino, U., Scrimin, S., Capello, F., & Alto. (2011). Are Beslans children learning to
cope? A 3-year prospective study of youths exposed to terrorism. Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, 72, (9), 12771283.
Moscardino, U., Scrimin, S., Capello, F., Altoe`, G., & Axia, G. (2008). Psychological
adjustment of adolescents 18 months after the terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia: a
cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 854859.
Moskowitz, S. (2011). Primary maternal preoccupation disrupted by trauma and loss: Early
years of the project. Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 229
237.
Mossige, S. (2000). Resultater og problemer i internasjonal forskning om seksuelle overgrep
mot barn. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 37, 418430.
Mossige, S., Tjersland, O. A., Gulbrandsen, W., Jensen, T. K., & Reichelt, S. (2003). Mistanke
om seksuelle overgrep mot barn: Utviklingen i familier under og etter samtalehjelp. Del
II. Tidsskift for Norsk Psykologforening, 40, 295306.
43
Motta, R. W. (1994). Identification of characteristics and causes of childhood posttraumatic

stress disorder. Psychology in the schools, 31, 4956.
Motta, R.W. (1995). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder and the schools. Canadian
Mowder, B. A., Guttman, M., Rubinson, F., & Sosssin, K. M. (2006). Parents, children, and
trauma: Parent role perceptions and behaviors related to the 9/11 tragedy. Journal of
Children Family Studies, 15, 733743.
Mueller, J., Alie, C., Jonas, B., Brown, E., & Sherr, L. (2010). A quasi-experimental
evaluation of a community-based art therapy intervention exploring the psychosocial
health of children affected by HIV in South Africa. Tropical Medicine and
International Health, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02682.x, 110.
Mullet-Hume, E., Anshel, D., Guevara, V., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Cumulative trauma and
posttraumatic stress disorder disorder among children exposed to the 9/11 World Trade
Center attack. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 103108.
Munson, C.E. (1995). Overview of diagnosis and treatment of psychological trauma in
children. Early Child Development and Care, 106, 149166.
Muris, P., Debipersad, S., & Mayer, B. (2014). Searching for danger: On the link between
worry and threat-related confirmation bias in children. Journal of Children and Family
Studies, 23, 604609.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Gadet, B., & Moulaert, V. (2000). Fears, worries, and scary
dreams in 4 to 12year old children: Their content, developmental pattern, and
origins. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 4352.
Murphy, L., Pynoos, R. S., & James, C. B. (in press). The trauma/grief focused group
psychotherapy module of an elementary schoolbased violence prevention/intervention
program. In Osofsky, J. E. (Ed.). Children in a Violent Society. New York: The
Guilford Press.
Murray, B., Kenardy, J. A., & Spence, S. H. (2008). Brief report: Childrens responses to
trauma and nontraumarelated hospital admission: A comparison study. Journal of
Murray, L. K., Cohen, J. A., Ellis, B. H., & Mannarino, A. (2008). Cognitive behavioural
therapy for symptoms of trauma and traumatic grief in refugee youth. Child and
Murtonen, K., Suomalainen, L., Haravuori, H., & Marttunen, M. (2011). Adolescents
experience of psychosocial support after traumatization in a school shooting. Child
and Adolescent Mental Health, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00612.x
Musicar, L., & Josefowitz, N. (1996). Flashback phenomena in survivors of childhood sexual
abuse: a fourstage treatment model. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26,
177191.
Mynard, H., Joseph, S., & Alexander, J. (2000). Peer-victimisation and posttraumatic stress in
adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 815821.
Mytton, J. A., DiGuiseppi, C., Gough, D. A., Taylor, R. S., & Logan, S. (2002). Schoolbased
violence prevention programs. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 156,
752762.
Nader, K., & Pynoos, R. (1991). Play and drawing as tools for interviewing traumatized
children. In C. E. Schaefer, K. Gitlin & A. Sandgrund (Eds.). Play, Diagnosis and
assessment. New York: John Wiley.
Nader, K., & Pynoos, R. (1993). School disaster: planning and initial interventions. Journal of
Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 299320.
44
Nader, K., Pynoos, R., Fairbanks, L., & Frederick, C. (1990). Children's PTSD reactions one
year after a sniper attack at their school. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1526
1530
Nss, E. T. & Nygrd, I. (2011). Krisepedagogikk etter 22/7. Tidsskrift for Norsk
Psykologiforening, 48, 10961098.
Nagoshi, J. L., Terrell, H. K., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2007). Changes in authoritarianism and
coping in college students immediately after the terrorist attacks of September 11,
2001. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 17221732.
Najarian, L. M., Sunday, S., Labruna, V., & Barry, I. Twenty-year follow-up of adults
traumatized during childhood in Armenia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 5155.
Najavits, L. M., Gallop, R. J., & Weiss, R. D. (2007). Seeking safety therapy for adolescent
girls with PTSD and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled trial. The
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 453463.
Navia, C. E., & Ossa, M. (2003). Family functioning, coping, and psychological adjustment in
victims and their families following kidnapping. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 107
112.
Nem-Yun, B., & Jamli, F. M. (2007). Short duration of skin-to-skin contact: effects on growth
and breastfeeding. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 43, 831-836
Neugebauer, R., Wasserman, G. A., Fisher, P. W., Kline, J., Geller, P. A., & Miller, L. S.
(1999). Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of cardinal posttraumatic stress symptoms in
school-age children. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 758761.
Neuner, F., Catani, C., Ruf. M., Schauer, E., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2008). Narrative
exposure therapy for the treatment of traumatized children and adolescents. Child and
Adolescent Psychiatrics Clinics of North America, 17, 641664.
Neuner, F., Schauer, E., Catani, C., Ruf, M., & Elbert, T. (2006). Post-tsunami stress: a study
of posttraumatic stress disorder in children living in three severely affected regions in
Sri Lanka. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 339347.
New, M. J., Lee, S. L., & Elliott, B. M. (2007). Psychological adjustment in children and
families living with HIV. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 123131.
Newman, C. L., & Motta, R. W. (2007). The effects of aerobic exercise on childhood PTSD,
anxiety, and depression. International Journal of Mental Health, 9, 133158.
Newman, E. (2000). Group crisis intervention in a school setting following an attempted
suicide. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2, 97 100.
Nevo, G. A., & Manassis, K. (2011). An adaption of prolonged exposure therapy for pediatric
single incident trauma: A case series. Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 127133.
Ngo, V., Langley, A., Kataoka, S. H., Nadeem, E., Escudero, P., & Stein, B. D. (2008).
Providing evidence-based practice to ethnically diverse youths: examples from the
cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS) program. The Journal
of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 858862.
Nickerson, A. B., & Zhe, E. J. (2004). Crisis prevention and intervention: A survey of school
psychologists. Psychology in Schools, 41, 777788.
Nilsson, D., & Svedin, C. G. (2006). Dissociation among Swedish adolescents and the
connection to trauma. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 684689.
Nixon, R. D. V., Ellis, A. A., Nehmy, T. J., & Ball, S.-A. (2010). Screening and predicting
posttraumatic stress and depression in children following single-incident trauma.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39 (4), 588596.
Nixon, R. D. V., Nehmy, T. J., Ellis, A. A., Ball, S.-A., & Menne, A. (2010). Predictors of
posttraumatic stress in children following injury: The influence of appraisals, heart rate,
and morphine use. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 810815.
45
Nixon, R. D. V., Sterk, J., & Pearce, A. (2011). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour
therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following
single-incident trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Sep 3. [Epub ahead of
print].
Nomura, Y., & Chemtob, C. M. (2009). Effect of maternal psychopathology on behavioral
problems in preschool children exposed to terrorism. Archieves Pediatrics &
Adolescents Medicine, 163, 531539.
Noppe, I. C., Noppe, L. D., & Bartell, D. (2006). Terrorism and resilience: Adolescents and
teachers responses to September 11, 2001. Death Studies, 30, 4160.
Nordanger, D. ., Braarud, H. C., Albk, M., & Johansen, V. A. (2011). Developmental
trauma disorder: En lsning p barnetraumatologifeltets problem? Tidsskrift for Norsk
Psykologiforening, 48, 10861090.
Nordanger, D. ., Breivik, K., Haugland, B. S., Lehmann, S., Mhle, M., & Braarud, H. C.,
et al. (2014). Prior adversities predict posttraumatic stress reactions in adolescents
following the Oslo Terror events 2011. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, doi:
10.3402/ejpt.v5.23159.
Nordanger, D. ., Hysing, M., Posserud, M. B., Lundervold, A. J., Jakobsen, R., Olff, M.,
Stormark, K. M. (2013). Posttraumatic responses to the July 22, 2011 Oslo terror
among Norwegian high school student. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 17.
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters. A
systematic review. Clinical Review & Education, 310 (5), 507518.
Nucifora, F., Langlieb, A. M., Siegal, E., Everly jr., G. S., & Kaminsky, M. (2007). Building
resistance, resilience, and recovery in the wake of school and workplace violence.
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1, 3337.
Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C., & Delahanty, D. L. (2006). Initial psychological responses
and perceived hyperarousal predict subsequent emotional numbing in pediatric injury
patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 349359.
Nugent, N. R., Ostrowksi, S., Christopher, N. C., & Delahanty, D. L. (2007). Parental
posttraumatic stress symptoms as a moderator of childs acute biological and
subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric injury patients. Journal of
Nwe, Y. Y. (2005). Children and the Tsunami, a year on. A draft UNICEF summary of what
worked. 112.
Nygaard, E., Jensen, T. K., & Dyb, G. (2010). Posttraumatic stress reactions in siblings after
mutual disaster: Relevance of family factors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (2), 278
281.
Nygaard, E., Jensen, T. K., & Dyb, G. (2012). Stability of posttraumatic stress reaction factors
and their relation to general health problems in children: A longitudinal study. Journal
of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41 (1), 1526.
O`Halloran, M.S., & O`Halloran, T. (2001). Secondary traumatic stress in the classroom:
Ameliorating stress in graduate students. Teaching of Psychology, 28, 9297.
OBrien, M., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (1995). Relation among marital conflict, child
coping, and child adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 3, 346361.
ODonell, C.R. (1995). Firearm deaths among children and youth. American Psychologist, 50,
(9), 771776.
OHalloran, M., Carr, A., OReilly, G. O., Sheerin, D., Cherry, J., Turner, R., Beckett, R., &
Brown, S. (2002). Psychological profiles of sexually abusive adolescents in Ireland.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 349370.
46
O'Hara, D. M., Taylor, R., & Simpson, K. (1994). Critical incident stress debriefing:
bereavement support in schools developing a role for an LEA educational psychology
service. Educational Psychology in Practice, 10, 2734.
Ojola, M. (2012). How do children cope with global climate change? Coping strategies,
engagement, and well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, doi:
10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.02.004
Oleke, C., Blystad, A., & Rekdal, O. B. (2005). When the obvious brother is not there:
Political and cultural contexts of the orphan challenge in northern Uganda. Social
Science & Medicine, 61, 26282638.
Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1998). Empirically supported treatments for children with
phobic and anxiety disorders: current status. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27,
156167.
Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella-Broderick, D. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2003).
Adolescent resilience: a concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 111.
Olsson, K. A., Kenardy, J. A., de Young, A. C., & Spence, S. H. (2008). Predicting childrens
post-traumatic stress symptoms following hospitalization or accidental injury:
Combining the child trauma screening questionnaire and heart rate. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 22, 14471453.
Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: facts and intervention. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 196200.
Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention. European journal
of psychology of education, 12, 495510.
Ommundsen, . M. (2013). Nasjonal traumebearbeiding i sanglyrikk for barn og unge etter
22/7. Nordic Journal of ChildLit Aesthetics, 4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/blft.v4i0.23537
Oncu, E. C., & Wise, A. M. (2010). The effect of the 1999 Turkish earthquake on young
children: Analyzing traumatized childrens completion of short stories. Child
Development, 81 (4), 11611175.
Onyut, L. O., Neuner, F., Schauer, E., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, M. et al. (2005).
Narrative exposure therapy as a treatment for child war survivors with posttraumatic
stress disorder: Two case reports and a pilot study in an African refugee settlement. B
M C Psychiatry, 5, 19.
Ordaz, S., & Luna, B. (2012). Sex differences in physiological reactivity to acute psychosocial
stress in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 11351157.
Ormhaug, S. M., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Shirk S. R. (2013). The therapeutic
alliance in treatment of traumatized youths: Relation to outcome in a randomized
clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Advance online
publication. doi:10.1037/a0033884.
Ornitz, E. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (1989). Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic
stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 866870.
Osawa, M. (2013). Earthquake disaster footage and its effects on children: Request to the
media to help protect children. Brain & Development, 35, 188189
Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effects of exposure to violence on young children. American
Psychologist, 50, 782788.
Osofsky, J. D. (1997). Children in a Violent Society. New York: The Guilford Press.
Osofsky, J. D., Cohen, G., & Drell, M. (1995). The effects of trauma on young children; a case
of 2yearold twins. International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 76, 595607.
Osofsky, H. J., Ofofsky, J. D., Kronenberg, M., Brennan, A., & Hansel, T. C. (2009).
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after hurricane Katrina: predicting the need
for mental health services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 212220.
47
Osofsky, J. D., Wewers, S., Hann, D. M., & Fick, A. C. (1993). Chronic community violence:
what is happening to our children? Psychiatry, 56, 3645.
Ostrowski, S. A., Christopher, N. C., & Delahanty, D. L. (2007). Brief report: The impact of
maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and child gender on risk for
persistent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in child trauma victims. Journal of
Ostrowski, S. A., Cristopher, N. C., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Delahanty, D. L. ( 2007).
Acute child and mother psychophysiological responses and subsequent PTSD
symptoms following a childs traumatic event. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 677
687.
Otto, M: W., Henin, A., Hishrfeld-Becker, D. R., Pollack, M. H., Biederman, J., &
Rosenbaum, J. F. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following media
exposure to tragic events: Impact of 9/11 on children at risk for anxiety disorders.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 888902.
Overstreet, S., Salloum, A., & Badour, C. (2010). A school-based assessment of secondary
stressors and adolescent mental health 18 months post-Katrina. Journal of School
Overstreet, S., Salloum, A., Burch, B., & West, J. (2011). Ecological factors and trauma.
Challenges associated with childhood exposure to severe natural disasters: Research
review and clinical implications. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4, 5268.
Pai, A., & Kazak, A. E. (2007). Pediatric medical traumatic stress in pediatric oncology: family
systems interventions. Pediatrics, 18, 558562.
Palosaari, U. K., & Aro, H. M. (1995). Parental divorce, selfesteem and depression: an
intimate relationship as a protective factor in young adulthood. Journal of Affective
Disorders, 35, 9196.
Panina, N., Golovakha, E., & Gluzman, S. (2000). School and neuropsychological
performance of evacuated children in Kyiv 11 years after the Chernobyl disaster.
Journal of Child Psychiatry, 41, 291299.
Papadatou, D., Giannopoulou, I., Bitsakou, P., Bellali, T., Talias, M. A., & Tselepi, K. (2012).
Adolescents reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece. Journal of Traumatic Stress,
25, 17.
Paris, R., DeVoe, E. R., Ross, A. M., & Acker, M. L. (2010). When a parent goes to war:
Effects of parental deployment on very young children and implications for
intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (4), 610618.
Park, S., Kim, B-N., Choi, N_H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Song, S-H., et al.
(2013). The effect of persistent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on executive
functions in preadolescent children witnessing a single incident of death. Anxiety,
Stress & Coping: An International Journal. Doi: 10.1080/10615806.2013.853049
Parker, J., Watts, H., & Allsoppt, M. R. (1995). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children
and parents following a schoolbased fatality. Child: Care, Health & Development,
21, 183189.
Parson, E. R. (1996). Child traumatherapy: its role in managing the effects of trauma, loss,
damaged attachment, and dissociation in children exposed to lethal urban community
violence. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26, 117161.
Parson, W. R. (1997). Posttraumatic child therapy. Assessment ant treatment factors in clinical
work with innercity children. Exposed to catastrophic community violence. Journal
of Interpersonal Violence. 12, 172194.
48
Parvaresh, N., & Bahramnezhad, A. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Bam-survived

students who immigrated to Kerman, four months after the earthquake. Archives of
Iranian Medicine, 12, 244249.
Patterson, J. M. (2002). Understanding family resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58,
233246.
Patterson, K. L., & Ware, L. L. (1988). Coping skills for children undergoing painful medical
procedures. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 11, 113143.
Payton, J. B., & KrockerTuskan, M. (1988). Children's reactions to loss of parent through
violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27,
563566.
Pedersen, W. (2001). Adolescent victims of violence in a welfare state. British Journal of
Criminology, 41, 121.
Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities,
and promoting resilience an introduction. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 1
29.
Peled, E. (2000). Parenting by men who abuse women: Issues and dilemmas. British Journal
of Social Work, 30, 2536.
Peled, E., & Edleson, J. L. (1992). Multiple perspectives on groupwork with children of
battered women. Violence and Victims, 7, 4, 327346.
Peltzer, K. (1999). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in a population of rural children in South
Africa. Psychological Reports, 85, 646650.
Perkonigg, A., Pfister, H., Stein, M. B., Hfler, M., Lieb, R., Maercker, A., & Wittchen, H-U.
(2005). Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. American
Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). The assessment and treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and
Perry, B. D., & Pollard, R. (1998). Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaption. Child and
Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blakley, T. L., Baker, W. L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood
trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and usedependent development of the
brain: How states become traits. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 271291.
Pervanidou, P. (2008). Biology of Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood and
adolescence. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20, 632638.
Peters, V., Sottiaux, M., Appelboom, J., & Kahn. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder
after dog bites in children. Clinical and Laboratory Observations, 144, 121122.
Peterson, C. (1996). The preschool child witness: errors in accounts of traumatic injury.
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 3642.
Peterson, C. L., Maurer, S. H., Kaminski, P. L., Zander, K. A., Peters, C. M., Stokes-Crowe,
L. A. et. al. (2004). Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a communitybased sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse.
Peterson, C., & Biggs, M. (1997). Interviewing children about trauma: problems with
specific questions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 279290.
Peterson, C., & Rideout, R. (1998). Memory for medical emergencies experienced by 1 and
2 yearolds. Developmental Psychology, 34, 10591072.
Petti, T. A., & Wells, K. (1980). Crisis treatment of preadolescent who accidentally killed his
twin. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 34, 434443.
49
Pezza, P .E., & Bellotti, A. (1995). College campus violence: origins, impacts, and responses.
Educational Psychology Review, 7, 105123.
Pfefferbaum, B. (1998). Caring for children affected by disaster. The Child Psychiatrist in the
Community, 7, 57997.
Pfefferbaum B., & Allen J. R. (1998). Stress in children exposed to violence. Child and
Pfefferbaum, B., & Foster, T. E. (1995). Child witnesses in Oklahoma. Journal of Oklahoma
State Medical Association, 88, 479486.
Pfefferbaum, B., Gurwitch, R., McDonald, N., Leftwich, M., Sconzo, G., Messenbaugh, A., &
Schultz, R. (2000). Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a
friend of acquaintance in a terrorist bombing. Psychiatric Services, 51, 386388.
Pfefferbaum, B., Houston, J. B., Reyes, G., Steinberg, A. M., Pynoos, R. S., Fairbank, J. A.,
Brymer, M. J., & Maida, C. A. (2010). Building national capacity for child and family
disaster mental health research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41
(1), 2633.
Pfefferbaum, B., Houston, J. B., Wyche, K. F., van Horn, R. L., Reyes, G., Jeon-Slaughter, H.,
& North, C. S. (2008). Children displayed by hurricane Katrina: A focus group study.
Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13,303318.
Pfefferbaum, B., Newman, E., Nelson, S. D., Liles, B. D., Tett, R. P., Varma, V., & Nitima, P.
Research methodology used in studies of child disaster mental health interventions for
posttraumatic stress. Comprehensive Psychiatry,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.014
Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Krug, R. S., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Brown, J. M., Pynoos,
R. S., Foy, D., & Gurwitch, R. H. (1999). Clinical needs assessment of middle and high
school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 156, 10691074.
Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R. D., Doughty, D. E., Pynoos, R. S., Gurwitch, R. H., &
Foy, D. W. (2001). Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident.
Pfefferbaum, B., Noffsinger, M. A., Sherrieb, K., & Norris, F. H. (2012). Framework for
research on childrens reaction to disaster and terrorist events. Prehospital and
Disaster Medicine, 27, (6), 110.
Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Doughty, D. E., Gurwitch, R. H., Fullerton, C. S., & Kyula, J.
(2003). Posttraumatic stress and functional impairment in Kenyan children following
the 1998 American embassy bombing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 133
140.
Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Jeon-Slaughter, H., Houston, J. B., &
Regens, J. L. (2012). Incident-related television viewing and psychiatric disorder in
Oklahoma city bombing survivors. International Journal of Emergency Mental
Health, 14, (4), 247256.
Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Pollio, D. E., Wallace, N. E., & Jeon-Slaughter, H. (2006).
Adolescents discuss their reactions to the September 11 attacks. Journal of Loss and
Trauma, 11, 425438.
Pfefferbaum, B., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (1998). Contagion in stress. An infection disease model
for posttraumatic stress in children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America, 7, 183194.
Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A. K., Noffsinger, M. A., Sherrieb, K., & Norris,
F. H. (2012). The burden of disaster: Part II. Applying interventions across the childss
social ecology. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 14, (3), 175187.
50
Pfefferbaum, B., Shaw, J. A., & the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Committee on Quality Issues. (2013). Practice Parameter on Disaster Preparedness.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, (11), 1224
1238.
Pfefferbaum, B., Struber, J., Galea, S., & Fairbrother, G. (2006). Panic reactions to terrorist
attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. Journal of
Pfefferbaum, B., Tucker, P., North, C. S., Jeon-Slaughter, H., & Nitima, P. (2014). Children
of terrorism survivors: Physiological reactions seven years following a terrorist
incident. Comprehensive Psychiatry, doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.01.002.
Phillips, D., Prince, S., & Schiebelhut, L. (2004). Elementary school childrens responses 3
months after the September 11 terrorist attacks: A study in Washington DC. American
Phillips, S. D., & Zhao, J. (2010). The relationship between witnessing arrests and elevated
symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Findings from a national study of children involved
in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 12461254.
Phipps, S., Larson, S., Long, A., & Rai, S. N. (2006). Adaptive style and symptoms of
posttraumatic stress in children with cancer and their parents. Journal of Pediatric
Pine, D. S., & Cohen, J. A. (2002). Trauma in children and adolescents: Risk and treatment of
psychiatric sequelae. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 51, 519531.
Pitcher, G. D., & Poland S. (1992). Crisis Intervention in the Schools. New York: The
Guilford Press.
Pityaratstian, N., Liamwanich, K., Ngamsamut, N., Narkpongphun, A., Chinajitphant, N.,
Burapakajornpong, N., Thongphitakwong, W., et al. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral
intervention for young tsunami victims. Journal of the Medical Association of
Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet, 90, 518-523.
Pityaratstian, N., Piyasil, V., Ketumarn, P., Sitdhiraksa, N., Ularntinon, S., & Pariwatcharakul,
P. (2014). Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Tsunami in
Thailand. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 113.
doi:10.1017/S1352465813001197
Pityaratsian, N., Piyasil, V., Ketumarn, P., Sitdhiraksa, N., Ularntinon, S., & Pariwatcharakul,
P. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to tsunami in Thailand.
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, doi: 10.1017/S1352465813001197.
Plan (2005). Children and the Tsunami. Engaging with children in disaster response, recovery
and risk reduction: Learning from childrens participation in the tsunami response. 1
46.
Plummer, C. A., Cain, D. S., Fisher, R. M., & Bankston, T. Q. (2008). Practice challenges in
using psychological first aid in a group format with children: a pilot study. Brief
Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 8, 313326.
Poijula, S., Dyregrov, A., Wahlberg, K-E., & Jokelainen, J. (2001). Reactions to adolescent
suicide and crisis intervention in three secondary schools. International Journal of
Emergency Mental Health, 3, 97106.
Poland, S. (1994). The role of school crisis intervention teams to prevent and reduce school
violence and trauma. School Psychology Review, 23, 175189.
Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, A. (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically
abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 323338.
51
Ponton, L. E., & Bryant, E. C. (1991). After the earthquake: organizing to respond to children
and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 21, 539546.
Portnova, A. A. (2007). Typology of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and
adolescents. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 37, 711.
Poulton, R., Menzies, R. G., Craske, M. G., Langley, J. D., & Silva, P. A. (1999). Water
trauma and swimming experiences up to age 9 and fear of water at age 18: a
longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 3948.
Preti, P. (2008). School shootings as a culturally informed wayof expressing suicidal hostile
intentions. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law,36, 544550.
Prevatt, F., & Kelly, F. D. (2003). Dropping out of school: A review of intervention programs.
Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Childrens
coping assistance: how parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural
disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 463475.
Proctor, L. J., Fauchier, A., Oliver, P. H., Ramos, M. C., Rios, M. A., & Margolin, G. (2007).
Family context and young childrens responses to earthquake. Journal of Child
Pruett, K. D. (1979). Home treatment for two infants' who witnessed their mother's murder.
Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child
Psychiatry, Houston.
Punamki, R. L., Qouta, S., & Sarraj, E. E., (1997). Models of traumatic experiences and
childrens psychological adjustment: The roles of perceived parenting and the childrens
own resources and activity. Child Development. 64, 718728.
Purgato, M., Gross, A. L., Jordans, M. J. D., de Jong, J. T. V. M., Barbui, C., & Tol, W.
(2014). Psychosocial interventions for children exposed to traumatic events in low- and
middle-income countries: study protocol of an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Systematic Reviews, 3, (34).
Pynoos, R. S. (1989). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. I B. Garfinkel, G. Carlson &
E. Weller (Eds.). The medical basis of child and adolescent psychiatry. W. B.
Saunders.
Pynoos, R. S. (1993). Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and
adolescents. In J. M. Oldham, M. B. Riba & A. Tasman (Eds.), Review of Psychiatry,
volume 12. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
Pynoos, R. S., & Eth, S. (1984). The child as witness to homicide. Journal of Social Issues,
40, 87108.
Pynoos, R. S. & Eth, S. (1985). Children traumatized by witnessing acts of personal violence:
homicide, rape, or suicide behavior. I S. Eth & R. S. Pynoos (Eds.) Posttraumatic
stress disorder in children. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
Pynoos, R. S., & Eth, S. (1986). Witness to violence: the child interview. Journal of American
Pynoos, R., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, E., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., Nunez, F., &
Fairbanks, L. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school age children.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 10571063.
Pynoos, R. S., Goenijian A. K., & Steinberg A. M. (1998). A public mental health postdisaster
treatment of children and adolescents. . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of
North America, 7, 195210.
Pynoos, R. S., Goenjian, A., Tashjian, M., Karakashian, M., Manjikian, R., Manoukian, G.,
Steinberg, A. M., & Fairbanks, L. A. (1993). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children
after the 1988 Armenian earthquake. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 239247.
52
Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1988). Children who witness the sexual assault of their mothers.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 567572.
Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children
exposed to community violence: research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1,
445473.
Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1989). Children's memory and proximity to violence. Journal of
Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1990). Children's exposure to violence and traumatic death.
Psychiatric Annals, 20, 334344.
Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1993). Issues in the treatment of posttraumatic stress in children
and adolescents. In Wilson, J.P., & Raphael, B. (Eds.) (1993). International Handbook
of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. New York: Plenum Press.
Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Layne, C. M., Briggs, E. C., Ostrowski, S. A., & Fairbank, J.
A. (2009). DSM-V PTSD diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents: A
developmental perspective and recommendations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5),
391398.
Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood
traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of Developmental
Psychopathology, Vol 2, Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation. New York: John Wiley.
Qvortrup, J. (2002). September elevens and invisible enemies, Childhood, 9, 139145.
Ragg, D. M., & Webb, C. (1992). Group treatment for the preschool child witness of spouse
abuse. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 7, 119.
Ramchandani, P., & Jones, D. P. H. (2003). Treating psychological symptoms in sexually
abused children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183 ,484490.
Rappaport, N. (2003). School-based interventions for children exposed to violence. Journal
American Medical Association, 290, 25412542.
Rassin, M., Avraham, M., Nasi-Bashari, A., Idelman, S., Peretz, Y., Morag, S. et. al. (2007).
Emergency department staff preparedness for mass casualty events involving children.
Ray, M., & Mahli, P. (2005). Reactions of Indians adolescents to the 9/11 Terrorist attacks.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 217222.
Realmuto, G. M. et al. (1992). Adolescent survivors of massive childhood trauma in
Cambodia: life events and current symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 589599.
Redlener, I., Garett, A. L., Thomas, G. A. (2007). Safer schools in an age of mass violence:
Back to the basis of public health. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness,
1, 45.
Reid, M., Landesman, S., Treder, R., & Jaccard, J. (1989)."My family and friends": six to
twelveyearold children's perceptions of social support. Child Development, 60, 896
910.
Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M.R., Schuller, A.A., Verhulst, F.C., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S.P.
(2005). The changing impact of a severe disaster on the mental health and substance
misuse of adolescents: follow-up of a controlled study. Psychological Medicine, 35,
367376.
Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M. R., Verhulst, F. C., & Verloove-Vanhorick, P.S. (2003). The effect
of a severe disaster of the mental health of adolescents: a controlled study. The
Lancet, 362, 691696.
Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2002). Comment: A research agenda for school violence
prevention. American Psychologist, 57, 796797.
53
Rennick, J. E., & Rashotte, J. (2009). Psychological outcomes in children following pediatric
intensive care unit hospitalization: a systematic review of the research. Journal of
Children Health Care, 13, 128149.
Rheingold, A. A., Smith, D. W., Ruggiero, K. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., &
Resnick, H. S. (2004). Loss, trauma exposure, and mental health in a representative
sample of 12-17 year old youth: Data from the national survey of adolescents. Journal
of Loss and Trauma, 9 (1), 119.
Rhue, J. W., & Lynn, S. J. (1991). Storytelling, hypnosis and the treatment of sexually abused
children. The International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 198
214.
Richters, J. E. (1993). Community violence and childrens development: toward a research
agenda for the 1990s. Psychiatry, 56, 36.
Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. children as
victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 721.
Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Children's
distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 2235.
Roberts, Y. H., Mitchell, M. J., Witman, M., & Taffaro, C. (2010). Mental health symptoms
in youth affected by hurricane Katrina. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 41, 1018.
Roberts, Y. H., Snyder, F. J., Kaufman, J. S., Finley, M. K., Griffinh, A., Anderson, J., et al.
(2014). Children exposed to the arrest of a family member: associations with mental
health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2, 214224. Doi: 10.1007/s10826-0139717-2
Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., de Roos, C., Meijer, A. M., & Stams, G. J. (2009). Efficacy of
EMDR in children: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 599606.
Roesler, T. A. (1994). Reactions to disclosure of childhood sexual abuse. The effect on adult
symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 11, 618624.
Romito, P., Crisma, M., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M-J. (2003). Adult outcomes in women who
experienced parental violence during childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1127
1144.
Ronan, K. R., Crellin, K., Johnston, D. M., Finnis, K., Paton, D., & Becker, J. (2008).
Promoting child and family resilience to disasters: Effects, interventions, and
prevention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 332353.
Ronen, T. (1996). Constructivist therapy with traumatized children. Journal of Constructivist
Ronen, T., Rahav, G., & Appel, N. (2003). Adolescent stress responses to a single acute stress
and to continuous external stress: terrorist attacks. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 8,
261282.
Rosen, C. S., & Cohen, M. (2010). Subgroups of New York city children at high risk of
PTSD after the September 11 attacks: A signal detection Analysis. Psychiatric
Services, 61, 6469.
Rosenfeld, L. B., Caye, J. S., Ayalon, O., & Lahad, M. (2005). . (Eds.), When Their World
Falls Apart. Helping Families and Children Manage the Effects of disasters.
Washington DC: NASW Press.
Rosenheck, R., & Fontana, A. (1998). Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the
children of Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 731742.
Rosenthal, S., Feiring, C., & Taska, L. (2003). Emotional support and adjustment over years
time following sexual abuse discovery. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 641661.
Rossman, B. B. R., Bringham, R. D., & Emde, R. N. (1997). Symptomatology and adaptive
functioning for children exposed to normative stressors, dog attack, and parental
54
violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,
10891097.
Rousseau, C., & Kirmayer, L. (2009). Cultural adaptation of psychological trauma treatment
for children. The Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
48, 954.
Roussos, A., Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Sotiropoulo, C., Kakaki, M., Kabakos, C. et
al. (2005). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among children and
adolescents after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosia, Greece. American Journal of
Rowling, L., & Holland, J. (2000). Grief and school communities: The impact of social
context, a comparison between Australia and England. Death Studies, 24 2435.
Royse, D., Rompe, B. L., & Dhooper, S. S. (1991). Childhood trauma and adult life
satisfaction in a random adult sample. Psychological Reports, 69, 12271231.
Royse, D., Rompf, E. L., & Dhooper, S. S. (1993). Childhood trauma and adult life
satisfaction. The Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 17, 179189.
Rucklidge, J. J., Brown, D. L., Crawford, D. L., & Kaplan, B. J. (2006). Retrospective reports
of childhood trauma in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 631
641.
Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2010). Narrative
exposure therapy for 7- to 16-year-olds: A randomized controlled trial with
traumatized refugee children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (4), 437445.
Ruggiero, K., Morris, T., & Scotti, J. (2001). Treatment for children with posttraumatic stress
disorder: current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and
Practice, 8, 210227.
Runyon, M., & Orvaschel, H. (1999). Cognitivebehavioral treatment for adolescent
depression complicated by childhood trauma: a case illustration. Clinical Child
Rupa, M., & Srinath, S. (2013). Psychological intervention for a child exposed to murder. The
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, doi: 10.1007/s12098-013-01023-x.
Russell, J. (1995). Art therapy on a hospital burn unit: a step towards healing and recovery.
Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 12, 3945.
Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health,
14, 626631.
Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings: implications for family therapy. The
Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 119144.
Rutter, M. (1999). Psychosocial adversity and child psychopathology. British Journal of
Rutter, M. (2003). Commentary: Nature nurture interplay in emotional disorders. Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 934944.
Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience clinical implications, The Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, (4), 474487.
Rutter, M. (2013). Developmental psychopathology: A paradigm shift or jest a relabeling?
Rutter, M., Pickles, A., McGuinnes, D., & Angold, A. (2001). Do highthreat life events really
provoke the onset of psychiatric disorder in children? Journal of Child Psychology, 42,
523532.
Ryan, A. M., & Shim, S. S. (2012). Changes in help seeking from peers during early
adolescence: Associations with changes in achievement and perceptions of teachers.
Journal of Educational Psychology, doi: 10.1037/a0027696
55
Ryan-Wenger, N. M. (1992). A taxonomy of children's coping strategies. American Journal of

Orthopsychiatry, 62, 256263.
Sack, W. H. (1998). Multiple forms of stress in refugee and immigrant children. . Child and
Sack, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., & Kinzie, J. D. (1993).
A 6year followup study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children.
Sack, W. H., Him, C., & Dickason, D. (1999). Twelveyear followup study of Khmer youths
who suffered massive war trauma as children. Journal of the American Academy of
SagiSchwartz, A., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Grossman, K. E., Joels, T., Grossman, K., Scharf,
M., KorenKarie, N., & Alkalay, S. (2003). Attachment and traumatic stress in female
holocaust child survivors and their daughters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160,
10861092.
Sahin, N. H., Batign, A. D., & Yilmaz, B. (2007). Psychological symptoms of Turkish
children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake: exposure, gender, location, and
time duration. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 335345.
Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding in the treatment of a 6-yr-old boy's posttraumatic stress
disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 685688.
Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding of a childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. School
Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding of an adolescent's posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal
of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 203211.
Saigh, P. A. (1987). In vitro flooding of childhood posttraumatic stress disorders: A systematic
replication. Professional School Psychology, 2, 135146.
Saigh, P. A. (1989). A comparative analysis of the affective and behavioral symptomology of
traumatized and nontraumatized children. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 247255.
Saigh, P. A. (1989). The use of an in vitro flooding package in the treatment of traumatized
adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 107, 1721.
Saigh, P. A. (1991). The development of posttraumatic stress disorder following four different
types of traumatization. Journal of Behavioral and Res. Therapy, 29, 213216.
Saigh, P. A. (1992). Verbally mediated childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. British
Saigh, P. A. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents: an
introduction. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 103105.
Saigh, P. A., Green, B. L., & Korol, M. (1996). The history and prevalence of posttraumatic
stress disorder with special reference to children and adolescents. Journal of School
Saigh, P. A., Mroueh, M., Zimmerman, B. J., & Fairbank, J. A. (1995). Selfefficacy
expectations among traumatized adolescents. Behavior Research & Therapy, 33, 701
704.
Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, A. R., Inamdar, S. C., Yasik, A. E., Rubenstein, H., McHugh, M., &
Nester, J. (1997). A Comparative Analysis of the Future Orientation Ratings of
Traumatized Youth. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the International
Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, Canada.
Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandaris, P. V., & McHugh, M. (2002). An
analysis of the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of traumatized urban youth
with and without PTSD. Journal o Abnormal Psychology, 111, 462470.
56
Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandris, P. V., & Bremner, J. D. (2006). The
intellectual performance of traumatized children and adolescents with or without
posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 332340.
Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R., & Halamandaris, P. V. (2008). The self-concept of
traumatized children and adolescents with or without PTSD. Behavior Research and
Therapy, 46, 11811186.
Saigh, P. A., Yule, W., & Inamdar, S. C. (1996). Imaginal flooding of traumatized children and
adolescents. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 163183.
Saile, R., Ertl, V., Neuner, F., & Catani, C. (2013). Does war contribute to family violence
against children? Findings from a two-generational multi-informant study in Northern
Uganda. Child Abuse & Neglect, http://dxdoi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.007
Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma
interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2012). Grief and trauma intervention for children after disaster:
Exploring coping skills versus trauma narration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50,
169-179.
Salloum, A., & Storch, E. A. (2011). Parent-led, therapist-assisted, first-line treatment for
young children after trauma: A case study. Child Maltreatment, 16 (3), 227232.
Salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: the influence of
developmental factors. Clinical Psychological Review, 22, 163188.
Salmon, K., Sinclair, E., & Bryant, R. A. (2007). The role of maladaptive appraisals in child
acute stress reactions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 203210.
Salmond, C. H., Meiser-Stedman, R., Glucksman, E., Thomson, P., Dalgleish, T. (2010). The
nature of trauma memories in acute stress disorder in children and adolescents.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,111 doi: 10.1111/j.14697610.2010.02340.x
Salter, E., & Stallard, P. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in child survivors of road traffic
accidents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 335340.
Saltzman, K. M., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. C. (2006). IQ and the posttraumatic stress
symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal violence. Child Psychiatry and Human
Development, 36, 261-272.
Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Lester, P., Layne, C. M., & Beardslee, W. R. (2013).
Enhancing family resilience narrative co-construction. Clinical Child and Family
Psychology Review, doi: 10.1007/s10567-013-0142-2.
Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Eisenberg, E., & Layne, C. M. (2001).
Trauma and grieffocused intervention for adolescents exposed to community
violence. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research & Practice, 5, 291303.
Samper, R. E., Taft, C. T., King, D. W., & King, L. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder
symptoms and parenting satisfaction among a national sample of male Vietnam
veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 311315.
Samuelson, K. W., & Cashman, C. (2008). Effects of intimate partner violence and maternal
posttraumatic stress symptoms on childrens emotional and behavioral functioning.
Journal of Emotional Abuse, 8, 139153.
Sanchez, L., Fristad, M., Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B. & Moye, J. (1994). Anxiety in acutely
bereaved prepubertal children. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 6, 3943.
Sanders, B., & Giolas, M. H. (1991). Dissociation and childhood trauma in psychologically
disturbed adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 5054.
57
Sanders, D. R. ,& Riester, A. E. (1996). Schoolbased counseling groups for children of

divorce: effects on the selfconcepts of 5th grade children. Journal of Child and
Adolescent Group Therapy, 6, 2743.
Sansone, R. A., Leung, J. S., & Wiederman, M. W. (2012). Five forms of childhood trauma:
Relationships with employment in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 676679.
Sansone, R. A., Pole, M., Dakroub, H., & Butler, M. (2006). Childhood trauma, Borderline
personality symptomatology, and psychophysiological and pain disorders in adulthood.
Psychosomatics, 47, 158162.
Saraiya, A., Garakani, A., & Billick, S. B. (2013). Mental health approaches to child victims of
acts of terrorism. Psychiatric Quarterly, 84, 115124. doi: 10.1007/s11126-012-92324
Saunders, D. G. (2008). Group interventions for men who batter: A summary of program
descriptions and research. Violence and Victims, 23, 156172.
Saxe, G. N., Chawla, N., Stoddard, F., Kassam-Adams, N., Courtney, D., Cunningham, K.,
Lopez, C., Hall, E., Sheridan, R., King, D., & King, L. (2003). Child stress disorders
checklist: a measure of ASD and PTSD in children. Journal of American Academy of
Saxe, G. N., Ellis, B. H., Fogler, J., & Navalta, C. P. (2012). Innovations in practice:
Preliminary evidence for effective family engagement in treatment for child traumatic
stress-trauma systems therapy approach to preventing dropout. Child and Adolescent
Mental Health, 17, (1), 5861.
Saxe, G. N., Stoddard, F., Hall, E., Chawla, N., Lopez, C., Sheridan, R., King, D., King, L., &
Yehuda, R. (2005). Pathways to PTSD, part I: Children with burns. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 162, 12991304.
Saylor, C. F. (Ed.). (1993). Children and disasters. New York: Plenum Press.
Saylor, C. F., Swenson, C. C., & Powell, P. (1992). Hurricane Hugo blows down the broccoli:
Preschoolers post-disaster play and adjustment. Child Psychiatry and Human
Saywitz, K., Mannarino, A., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused
children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 10401049.
Scaramella, L. V., Sohr-Preston, S. L., Callahan, K. L., & Mirabile, S. P. (2008). A test of the
family stress model on toddler-aged childrens adjustment among hurricane Katrina
impacted and nonimpacted low-income families. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology, 37, 530541.
Schaal, S., & Elbert, T. (2006). Ten years after the genocide: Trauma confrontation and
posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 99105.
Schamess, G., Streider, F. H., & Connors, K. M. (1997). Supervision and staff training for
childrens group. Psychotherapy: General traumatized principles and applications with
cumulatively, innercity children. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 47,
399425.
Schechter, D. S., & Wilhelm, E. (2009). When parenting becomes unthinkable: Intervening
with traumatized parents and their toddlers. Journal of American Academic Child and
Adolescents, 48, 249253.
Scheeringa, M. (1999). Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in infants and toddlers.
Journal of Systemic Therapies, 18, 2031.
Scheeringa, M. S. (2008). Developmental considerations for diagnosing PTSD and acute
stress disorder in preschool and school-age children. American Journal of Psychiatry,
165, 12371239.
58
Scheeringa, M. S., Cobham, V. E., & McDermott, B. (2014). Policy and administrative issues
for large-scale clinical interventions following disasters. Journal of child and
adolescent psychopharmacology, 24, (1), 3946.
Scheeringa, M. S., Myers, L., Putman, F. W., & Zeanah, C. H. (2012). Diagnosing PTSD in
early childhood: An empirical assessment of four approaches. Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 25, 19.
Scheeringa, M. S., Salloum, A., Arnberger, R. A., Weems, C. F., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Cohen,
J., A. (2007). Feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for
posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children: two cases reports. Journal of
Scheeringa, M. S., Weems, C. F., Cohen, J. A., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Guthrie, D. (2011).
Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three
through six year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 52, 853860. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x.
Scheeringa M. S., Weems, C. F., Cohen, J. A., et al. (2011). Trauma Focused CBT for PSTD
in young children is feasible, and may reduce PTSD symptoms. Journal of Child
Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, C. H., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the
diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644651.
Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (1995). Symptom expression and trauma variables in
children under 48 months of age. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 259270.
Scheeringa, M., & Zeanah, C., H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early
childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 799815.
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Drell, M. J., & Larrieu, J. A. (1995). Two approaches to the
diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of
the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 191200.
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Myers, L., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). New findings on
alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children. Journal of American Academy of
Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Myers, L., & Putnam, F. W. (2005). Predictive validity in a
prospective follow-up of PTSD in preschool children. Journal of American Academy
of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 899906.
Schetky, D. H. (1973). Preschoolers' responses to murder of their mothers by their fathers: a
study of four cases. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 6,
4557.
Schoeman, R., Carey, P., & Seedat, S. (2009). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in
South African adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 244
250.
Schoenfeldt, M. (1993). School crisis response teams: lessening the aftermath. Training
manual. Schoenfeldt & Associates.
Schonfeld, D. J. (2002). Supporting adolescents in times of national crisis: Potential roles for
adolescent health care providers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30,3 02307.
Schore, A. (2001). The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect
regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 201269.
Schreier, H., Ladakakos, C., Morabito, D., Chapman, L., & Knudson, M.M. (2005).
Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after mild to moderate pediatric trauma: a
longitudinal examination of symptom prevalence, correlates, and parent-child symptom
reporting. The Journal of Trauma, 58, 353363.
59
Schultz, J-H., Raundalen, M., & Havik, T. (2005). Den store katastrofen en vurdering av
skolers pedagogiske hndtering av flomkatastrofen i Asia. Oslo:
Utdanningsdirektoratet.
Schultz, J-H., Langballe, ., & Raundalen, M. (2014). Explaining the unexplainable: designing
a national strategy on classroom communication concerning the 22 July attack in
Norway. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,
Shultz, J. M., Thoresen, S., Flynn, B. W., Muschert, G. W., Shaw, J. A., Espinel, Z., & et al.
(2014). Multiple vantage points on the mental health effects of mass shooting. Current
Psychiatry Reports, doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0469-5
Schwartz, D., & Gorman, A. H. (2003). Community violence exposure and childrens
academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 163173.
Schwarz, E. D. & Kowalski, J. M. (1993). Malignant memories. Effect of a shooting in the
workplace in school personnel's attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 468
485.
Schwarz, E. D., & Kowalski, J. M. (1991). Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults
after a school shooting. Journal of American Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30,
936944.
Schwarz, E. D. & Perry, B. D. (1994). The posttraumatic response in children and
adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 311326.
Schwarz, E. D., McNally, R. J., & Yeh, L. C. (1998). The trauma response of children and
adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 229239.
Schwebel, D. C., McClue, L. A., & Severson, J. (2014). Teaching children to cross streets
safely: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology. doi: 10.1037/hea0000032
Schfer, I., Barkman, C., Riedesser, P., & Schule-Marwort, M. (2006). Posttraumatic
syndromes in children and adolescents after road traffic accidents A prospective
cohort study. Psychopathology 39, 159164.
Scott, R. L., Knoth, R. L., Beltran-Quiones, M., & Gomez, N. (2003). Assessment of
psychological functioning in adolescent earthquake victims in Colombia using the
MMPIA. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 4957.
Scrimin, S., Axia, G., capello, F., Moscardino, U., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2006).
Posttraumatic reactions among injured children and their caregivers 3 months after the
terrorist attack in Beslan. Psychiatry Research, 141, 333336.
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U., Capello, F., & Axia, G. (2009). Attention and memory in schoolage children surviving the terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia. Journal of Clinical Child
& Adolescent Psychology, 38, 402414.
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U., Capello, F., Altoe, G., & Axia, G. (2009). Recognition of facial
expressions of mixed emotions in school-age children exposed to terrorism.
Development Psychology, 45, 13411352.
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U., Capello, F., Alto, G., Steinberg, A., M., & Pynoos, R. S.
Trauma reminders and PTSD symptoms in children three years after a terrorist attack
in Beslan. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 694700.
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U., Capello, F., Alto, G., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynos, R. S. (2010).
Trauma reminders and PTSD symptoms in children three years after a terrorist attack
in Beslan. Social Science and Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.030, 125.
Seebold, A. (2003). Responding to a murder/suicide at a rural junior high school.
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5, 153159.
Seinberg, M., True, F., & Fraenkel, P. (1994). Treating the sexually abused child: a recursive,
multimodal program. Family Process, 33, 247262.
60
Selden, B. S. (1989). Adolescent epidemic hysteria presenting as a mass casualty, toxic

exposure incident. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 18, 892895.
Selimbasic, Z., Sinanovic, O., Avdibegovic, E., & Kravic, N. (2009). Contact network and
satisfaction with contacts in children whose parents have post traumatic stress disorder.
Medical Archives, 63, 124127.
Seng, J. S., Graham-Bermann, S. A., Clark, M. K., McCarthy, A.M., & Ronis, D. L. (2005).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical comorbidity among female children and
adolescents: Results from service-use data. Pediatrics, 116, 767776.
Senior, N., Gladstone, T., & Nurcombe, B. (1982). Child snatching: a case report. Journal of
the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 579583.
Sevelinges, Y., Moriceau, S., Hofman, P., Miner, C., Muzny; K., Gervais, R., Mouly, A-M., &
Sullivan, R. M. (2007). Enduring effects of infant memories: Infant odor-shock
conditioning attenuates amygdale activity and adult fear conditioning. Society of
Biological Psychiatry, 62, 10701079.
Severson, H. H., Walker, H. M., Hope-Doolittle, J., Kratochwill, T. R., & Gresham, F. M.
(2007). Proactive, early screening to detect behaviorally at-risk students: issues,
approaches, emerging innovations, and professional practices. Journal of School
Shannon, M. P., Lonigan, C. J., Finch, A. J., & Taylor, C. M. (1994). Children exposed to
disaster: I. Epidemiology of posttraumatic symptoms and symptom profiles. Journal
of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 8093.
Shapiro, D. L., & Levendosky, A. A. (1999). Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse:
The mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal
functioning. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 11751191.
Shapiro, E. R. (2002). Chronic illness as a family process: A socialdevelopmental approach to
promoting resilience. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58, 13751384.
Sharp, S., Thomas, C., Rosenberg, L., Rosenberg, M., & Meyer III, W. (2010). Propranolol
does not reduce risk for acute stress disorder in pediatric burn trauma. Journal of
Trauma, 68, 1937.
Shaw, J. (2000). Children, adolescents and trauma. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71, 227243.
Shaw, J. A., Applegate, B., Tanner, S., Perez, D., Rothe, E., CampoBowen, A. E., & Lahey,
B. L. (1995). Psychological effects of hurricane Andrew on a elementary school
population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,
11851192.
Shaw, L. A., & Wainrub, C. (2006). When victims dont cry: Childrens understandings of
victimization, compliance, and subversion. Child Development, 77, 10501062.
Shaw, R. (1990). Prisoner's children and politics: an aetiology of victimisation. Children &
Society, 4, 315325.
Shaw, R., J. (2001). Treatment adherence in adolescents: Development and psychopathology.
Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 6, 137150.
Shemesh, E., Newcorn, J. H., Rockmore, L., Shneider, B. L., Emre, S., Gelb, B. D.,
Rapaport, R., Noone, S. A., Annunziato, R., Scmeidler, J., & Yehuda, R. (2005).
Comparison of parent and child reports of emotional trauma symptoms in pediatric
outpatient settings. Pediatrics, 115, 582589.
Shen, Y-J. ( 2003). Short-term group play therapy with Chinese earthquake victims: effects on
anxiety , depression, and adjustment. International Journal of Play Therapy, 11, 43
63.
Sheridan, R. L., Stoddard, F. J., Kazis, L. E., Lee, A., Li, N.-C., Kagan, R. J., Multi-Center
Benchmarking Study. (2014). Long-term posttraumatic stress symptoms vary inversely
with early opiate dosing in children recovering from serious burns: effects durable at 4
61
years. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76(3), 828832.
doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182ab111c
Shooshtary, M. H., Panaghi, L., & Moghadam, J. (2008). Outcome of cognitive behavioral
therapy in adolescents after natural disaster. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 466
472.
Shuchman, M. (2007). Falling through the cracksVirginia Tech and the restructuring of
college mental health service. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 105110.
Sigal, J. J., Perry, J. C., Rossignol, M., & Quimet, M. C. (2003). Unwanted infants:
Psychological and physical consequences of inadequate orphanage care 50 years later.
Silove, D. M. (1988). Children of apartheid: a generation at risk. The Medical Journal of
Australia, 148, 346353.
Silva, R. R. (2004). (Ed.), Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Children & Adolescents. New
York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Silva, R., Murray, A., Munoz, D., Singh, S., Matzner, F., & Dummit, S. (2000). Stress and
vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. American
Silverman, W. K. & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its
disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent
Silverman, W. K., Ortiz, C. D., Viswesvaran, C., Burns, B. J., Kolko, D. J., Putnam, F. W., &
Amaya- Jackson, L. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and
adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Simard, V., & Nielsen, T. (2009). Adaptation of imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmares in
children: A brief report. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 492
497.
Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., Sirof, B., & Knutelska, M. (2001). The role of
childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. American Journal
Psychiatry, 158, 10271033.
Sinclair, E., salmon, K., & Bryant, R. A. (2007). The role of panic attacks in acute stress
disorder in children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 10691073.
Singer, M. I., Anglin, T. M., Song, L. Y., & Lunghofer, L. (1995). Adolescents exposure to
violence and associated symptoms of psychological trauma. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 273, 477482.
Singer, M. I., Singer, L. T., & Anglin, T. M. (Eds.). (1993). Handbook for screening
adolescents at psychosocial risk. New York: Lexington Books: an Imprint of
Macmillan.
Sjberg, R. L., & Lindblad, F. (2002). Limited disclosure of sexual abuse in children whose
experiences were documented by videotape. American Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 312
314.
Skolverket. (2000) Beredd p det ofattbara. Stockholm: Skolverket.
Slovak, K., & Singer, M. (2001). Gun violence exposure and trauma among rural youth.
Violence and Victims, 16, 389400.
Smith, D. W., & Brodzinsky, D. M. (2002). Coping with birthparent loss in adopted children.
Smith, J. T., Barabasz, A., & Barabasz, M. (1996). Comparison of hypnosis and distraction in
severely III children undergoing painful medical procedures. Journal of Counselling
62
Smith, J., Berthelsen, D., & OConnor, I. (1997). Child adjustment in high conflict families.
Child Care, Health and Development, 23, 113133.
Smith, L. (2010). Tilknytning og omsorg for barn under tre r nr foreldrene gr fra hverandre.
Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 47, 804811.
Smith, P., Perrin, S., Dalgleish, T., Meiser-Stedman, R., Clark, D. M., Yule, W. (2013).
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents, Current
Opinion, 26, 6672.
Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy for
PTSD in children and adolescents. Treatment Manual. London: Institute of Psychiatry.
Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., & Clark, D. M. (2010). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Cognitive therapy with children and young people. Hove: Routledge.
Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitivebehavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized
controlled trial. Journal of Academic Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, 46, 1051
1061.
Smith, R. (1996). Introducing children to the accident and emergency department: the 999
club. Accident and Emergency Nursing, 4, 1215.
Smits, L., Krabbendam, L., de Bie, R., Essed, G., & van Os, J. (2006) Lower birth weight in
Dutch neonates who were in utero at the time of 9/11 attacks. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 61, 715717.
Smucker, M. R., Dancu, C., Foa, E. B., & Niederee, J. L. (1995). Imagery rescripting: a new
treatment for survivors of childhood sexual abuse suffering from posttraumatic stress.
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 9, 317.
Song, S. H., Kim, B. N., Choi, N. H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., et al. (2012). A
30-month prospective follows-up study of psychological symptoms, psychiatric
diagnoses, and their effects on quality of life in children witnessing a single incident of
death at school. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 5, 594600.
Sourander, A., Aromaa, M., Pihlakoski, L., Haavisto, A., Rautava, P., Helenius, H., &
Silanp, M. (2006). Early predictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents. A
prospective follow-up study from age 3 to age 5. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93,
8796.
Speaker, K., & Petersen, G. (2000). School violence and adolescent suicide: strategies for
effective intervention. Educational Review, 52, 6573.
Spell, A. W., Kelley, M. L., Wang, J., Self.Brown, S., Davidson, K. L., Pellegrin, A. et. al.
(2008). The moderating effects of maternal psychopathology ion childrens adjustment
post-hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 553
563.
Spilt, J. L., Hughes, J. N., Wu, J. Y., & Kwok, O. M. (2012). Dynamics of teacher-student
relationships: Stability and change across elementary school and the influence on
childrens academic success. Child Development, 116, doi: 10/1111/j.14678624.2012.01761.x
Sprung, M. (2008). Unwanted intrusive thoughts and cognitive functioning in kindergarten
and young elementary school-age children following hurricane Katrina. Journal of
Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 575587.
Sprung, M., & Harris, P. L. (2010). Intrusive thoughts and young childrens knowledge about
thinking following a natural disaster. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
51, 1115-1124.
Squire, S., & Stein, A. (2003). Functional MRI and parental responsiveness: a new avenue
into parental psychopathology and early parent child interactions? British Journal of
63
Stallard, P. (2002). Think good feel good. A cognitive behaviour therapy workbook for
children and young people. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Stallard, P. (2006). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic reactions in children and
young people: A review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review,
26, 895911.
Stallard, P., & Law, F. (1993). Screening and psychological debriefing of adolescent survivors
of lifethreatening events. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 660665.
Stallard, P., & Law, F. (1994). The psychological effects of traumas on children. Children &
Society, 8, 8997.
Stallard, P., Richardson, T., Velleman, S. & Attwood, M. (2011). Computerized CBT (think,
feel, do) for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: Outcomes and
feedback from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive
Stallard, P., & Salter, E. (2003). Psychological Debriefing with Children and Young People
Following Traumatic Events. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 445457.
Stallard, P., Salter, E., & Velleman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder following road
traffic accidents. A second prospective study. European Child and Adolescent
Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., Carter, T., Osborn, C., & Bush, S. (2005). An
evaluation of the FRIENDS programme a cognitive behaviour therapy intervention
to promote emotional resilience. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 10169
Stallard, P., Simpson, N., Anderson, S., Hibbert, S., & Osborn, C. (2005). A FRIENDS
emotional health programme: initial findings from a school based project.
Stallard, P., & Smith, E. (2007). Appraisals and cognitive coping styles associated with chronic
post-traumatic symptoms in child road traffic accident survivors. Journal of Child
Stallard, P., Velleman R., & Baldwin, S. (2001). Recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder
in children following road traffic accidents: the role of talking and feeling understood.
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 11, 3741.
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., & Baldwin, S. (1998). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress
disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. British Medical Journal, 317,
16191623.
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., & Baldwin, S. (1999). Psychological screening of children for post
traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 10751082.
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., & Baldwin, S. (2001). Children involved in road traffic accidents:
Psychological sequelae and issues for mental health services. Clinical Child
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., Langsford, J., & Baldwin, S. (2001). Coping and psychological
distress in children involved in road traffic accidents. British Journal of Clinical
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., Salter, E., Howse, I., Yule, W., & Taylor, G. (2006). A randomised
controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of an early psychological intervention
with children involved in road traffic accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and
Stein, B. D. Community reactions to disaster. School Psychology International, 18, 99118.
Stein, B. D., Comer, D., Gardner, W., & Kelleher, K. (1999). Prospective study of displaced
childrens symptoms in wartime Bosnia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Epidemiology, 34, 464469.
64
Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Wong, M., Tu, W., Ellicott, M. N. et al. (2003). A
mental health intervention for schoolchildren exposed to violence. Journal of the
Stephens, R. D. (1994). Planning for safer and better schools: school violence prevention and
intervention strategies. School Psychology Review, 23, 204215.
Stephens, R. D., & Feinberg, T. (2006). Managing Americas schools in an age of terrorism,
war and civil unrest. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 8, 111116.
Stewart, J. B., Hardin, S. B., Weinrich, S., McGeorge, S., Lopez, J., & Pesut, D. (1992).
Group protocol to mitigate disaster stress and enhance social support in adolescents
exposed to hurricane Hugo. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 13, 105119.
Stewart, M. E. (1994). Adolescents in a therapeutic community: treatment implications for
teen survivors of traumatic experiences. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26, (4), 409
419.
Stige, S. H., Tren, B., Rosenvinge, J. H. (2013). The process leading to help seeking
following childhood trauma. Quality Health Research Journal, doi:
10.1177/1049732313503907
Stiles, K., & Kottman, T. (1990). Mutual storytelling: and intervention for depressed and
suicidal children. The School Counselor, 37, 337343.
Stoddard, F. J., Ronfeldt, H., Kagan, J., Drake, J, E., Snidman, N., Murphy, J. M., Saxe, G.,
Burns, J., & Sheridan, R. L. (2006). Young burned children: The course of acute stress
and physiological and behavioral responses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163,
10841090.
Stoddard, F. J., Saxe, G., Ronfeldt, H., Drake, J. E., Burns, J., Edgren, C., & Sheridan, R.
(2006). Acute stress symptoms in young children with burns. Journal of American
Academic Child Adolescents Psychiatry, 45, 8793.
Stoppelbein, L. A., Greening, L., & Elkin, D. (2006). Risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms:
a comparison of child survivors of pediatric cancer and parental bereavement. Journal
of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 367376.
Stormyren, S., & Jensen, K. T. (2008). Verdensanskuelser etter en katastrofe. Tidsskrift for
Norsk Psykologforening, 45, 14981506.
Storr, C. L., Ialongo, N. S., Anthony, J. C., & Breslau, N. (2007). Childhood antecedents of
exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of
Stover, C. S., Hahn, H., Im, J. J. Y., & Berkowitz, S. (2010). Agreement of parent and child
reports of trauma exposure and symptoms in the early aftermath of a traumatic event.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2 (3), 159168.
Stratta, P., Capanna, C., Carmassi, C., Patriarca, S., Di Emidio, G., Riccardi, I., Collazzoni,
A., DellOsso, L., & Rossi, A. (2014). The adolescent emotional coping after an
earthquake: A risk factor for suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 605611.
StreeckFischer, A., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Down will come baby, cradle and all:
diagnostic and therapeutic implications of chronic trauma on child development.
Strieder, F. H., Schamess, G., & Connors, K. M. (1996). Creating and sustaining a group
treatment program for cumulatively and repetitively traumatized children:
Administrative principles and systematic considerations. Journal of Child and
Adolescent Group Therapy, 6, 6174.
Stubenbort, K., Donnelly, G. R., & Cohen, J. A. (2001). Cognitivebehavioral group therapy
for bereaved adults and children following an air disaster. Group Dynamics: Theory,
Research, and Practice, 5, 261276.
65
Stuber, J., Fairbrothre, G., Galea, S., Pfefferbaum,B., Wilson-Genderson, M., & Vlahov, D.
Determinants of counseling for children in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks.
Psychiatric Services, 53, 815822.
Stuber, J., Galea, S., Vandivere, S., Moore, K., Pfefferbaum, B., & Fairbrother, G. (2005).
Behavior problems in New York Citys children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist
attacks. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 190200.
Stuber, M. L., Christakis, D. A., Houskamp, B., & Malt, U. F. (1996). Posttrauma symptoms
in childhood leukemia survivors and their parents. Psychosomatics, 37, 254261.
Stuber, M. L., & Houskamp, B. (1996). Posttrauma symptoms in childhood leukemia
survivors and their parents. Psychosomatics, 37, 254261.
Stuber, M. L., Kazak A. E., Meeske K., & Barakat L. (1998). Is posttraumatic stress a viable
model for understanding responses to childhood cancer? Child and Adolescent
Stuber, M. L., Nader, K. O., Houskamp, B. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (1996). Appraisal of life
threat and acute trauma responses in pediatric bone marrow transplant patients.
Stuber, M.L., Nader, K., Yasuda, P., Pynoos, S.R., & Cohen, S. (1991). Stress response after
pediatric bone marrow transplantation: preliminary results of a prospective longitudinal
study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 952
957.
Strksen, I., Rysamb, E., Moum, T., & Tambs, K. (2005). Adolescents with a childhood
experience of parental divorce: a longitudinal study of mental health and adjustment.
Journal of Adolescence, 28, 725739.
Sugar, M. (1988). A preschooler in a disaster. American Journal of Psychotherapy, XLII, 619
629.
Sugar, M. (1989). Children in disaster: an overview. Child Psychiatry and Human
Sugar, M. (1992). Toddler's traumatic memories. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 245251.
Suliman, S., Mkabile, S. G., Fincham, D. S., Ahmed, R., Stein, D. J. & Seedat, S. (2009).
Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder,
anxiety, and depression in adolescent. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 121127.
Sulkowski, M. L., & Lazarus, P. J. (2013). Five essential elements of crisis intervention for
communities and schools when responding to technological disasters. International
Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 1:1, 212, doi:
10.1080/21683603.2013.780192
Sullivan, B. D., Gotman, N., Yonkers, K. A. Mayes, L., Lutyen, K., et al. (2011). Effects of
trauma and PTSD on parenting in mothers with preschool age children. [Abstract].
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 15.
Sullivan, T. P., Fehon, D. C., Andre-Hyman, R. C., Lipschitz, D. S., & Grilo, C. M. (2006).
Differential relationships of childhood abuse and neglect subtypes to PTSD symptom
clusters among adolescent inpatients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 229239.
Sunder Halvorsen, J. (2003). Hvor skadelig er seksuelt misbruk for et barn Tidsskrift for den
Norske Lgeforening, 123, 10861089.
Suomalainen, L., Haravuori, H., Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2011). A
controlled follow-up study of adolescents exposed to a school shooting
psychological consequences after four months, European Psychiatry, 26, 490497.
Swanston, H. Y., Plunkett, A. M., OToole, B. I., Shrimpton, S., Parkinson, P. N., & Oates, R.
K. (2003). Nine years after child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 967984.
66
Swenson, C. C., Saylor, C. F., Powell, M. P., Stokes, S. J., Foster, K. Y., & Belter, R. W.
(1996). Impact of a natural disaster on preschool children: adjustment 14 months after
a hurricane. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 122130.
Taft, C. T., Schumm, J. A., Panuzio, J., & Proctor, S. P. (2008). An examination of family
adjustment among operation desert storm veterans. Journal of Consulting and
Taeb, O., Moro, M. R., Baubet, T., Revah-Levy, A. & Flament, M. F. (2003). Posttraumatic
stress symptoms after childhood cancer. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12,
255264.
Tate, D. C., Reppucci, N. D., & Mulvey, E. P. (1995). Violent juvenile delinquents. Treatment
effectiveness and implications for future action. American Psychologist, 50, 777781.
Taylor, D. C. (2002). My fathers madness. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 53
56.
Taylor, J. L., & Steel, C. (2008). Developments in the theory and practice of cognitive and
behavioural therapies. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 639640.
Taylor, L. K., & Weems, C. F. (2009). What do youth report as a traumatic event? Toward a
developmentally informed classification of traumatic stressors. Psychological Trauma:
Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 1, 91106.
Taylor, L. K., & Weems, C. F. (2011). Cognitive-behavior therapy for disaster-exposed youth
with posttraumatic stress: Results from a multiple-baseline examination. Behavior
Therapy, 42, 349363.
Taylor, L. K., Weist, M. D., & DeLoach, K. (2012). Exploring the use of the interactive
systems framework to guide school mental health services in post-disaster contexts:
Building community capacity for trauma-focused interventions. American Journal of
Community Psychology, doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9501-2.
Taylor, L., Zuckerman, B., Harik, V., & Groves, B. M. (1994). Witnessing violence by young
children and their mothers. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 120123.
Taylor, T. L., & Chemtob, C. M. (2004). Efficacy of treatment for child and adolescent
traumatic stress. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 786791.
Terr, L. C. (1983). Time sense following psychic trauma: A clinical study of ten adults and
twenty children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 244261.
Terr, L. C. (1988). What happens to early memories of trauma? A study of twenty children
under age five at the time of documented traumatic events. Journal of the American
Academy of Child Psychiatry, 27, 96104.
Terr, L. C. (1989). Treating psychic trauma in children: A preliminary discussion. Journal of
Terr, L. C. (1990).Too scared to cry. How trauma affects children... and ultimately us all.
Basic Books: Harper Collins Publishers.
Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of
Terr, L. C., Bloch, D. A., Beat, A. M. Shi, H., Reinhardt, J. A., & Metayer, S. (1999).
Childrens symptoms in the wake of Challenger: A field study of distanttraumatic
effects and an outline of related conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156,
15361544.
Terr, L. C., Bloch, D. A., Michel, B. A., Hong Shi, M. S., Reinhardt, J. A., & Metayer, S.
(1996). Childrens memories in the wake of challenger. American Journal of
Terr, L. C., Bloch, D. A., Michel, B. A., Shi, H., Reinhardt, J. A. & Metayer, S. (1997).
Childrens thinking in the wake of Challenger. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154,
744 751.
67
Terr, L.C. (1979). Children of Chowchilla. A study of psychic terror. The Psychoanalytic study
of the child, 34, 547623.
Terr, L.C. (1983). Chowchilla revisited: The effect of psychic trauma four years after a school
bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 15431550.
Terr, L.C. (1983). Life attitudes, dreams, and psychic trauma in a group of normal. Journal
of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 221230.
Terranova, A. M., Boxer, P., & Morris, A. S. (2009). Factors influencing the course of
posttraumatic stress following a natural disaster: childrens reactions to hurricane
Katrina. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 344355.
Thomas, J. M. (1995). Traumatic stress disorder presents as hyperactivity and disruptive
behavior: case presentation, diagnoses, and treatment. Infant Mental Health Journal,
16, 306317.
Thomas, P. M. (2005). Dissociation and internal models of protection: Psychotherapy with
child abuse survivors. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 20
36.
Thompson, K. M., Crosby, R. D, Wonderlich, S. A., Mitchell, J. A., Redlin, J., Demuth, G.,
Smyth, J., & Haseltine, B. (2003). Psychopathology and sexual trauma in childhood
and adulthood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 3538.
Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996). The doubleedged sword: emotional regulation for
children at risk. Development & Psychopathology, 8, 163182.
Thompson, R. A., & Wilcox, B. L. (1995). Child maltreatment research. Federal support and
policy issues. American Psychologist, 50, (9), 789793.
Thoresen, S., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Dyb, G. (2014). Social support barriers and
mental health in terrorist attack survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 187
193. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.014
Thuen, F. (2002). Samlivsbrudd og psykisk helse: Psykiske virkninger. Tidsskrift for Norsk
Psykologforening, 39, 10831092.
Thuen, F. (2003). Samlivsbrudd og psykisk helse: Forebyggende tiltak. Tidsskift for Norsk
Psykologforening, 40, 1222.
Timm, N., & Reeves, S. (2007). A mass casualty incident involving children and chemical
decontamination. Disaster Management & Response, 5, 4955.
TimmonsMitchell, J., ChandlerHoltz, D., & Semple, W. E. (1997). Journal of Child Sexual
Abuse, 6, 114.
Timnick, L. (1989). Children and violence, what happens to kids who learn as babies to dodge
bullets and step over corpses on the way to school? Los Angeles Times Magazine,
September, 615.
Tinker, R. H. & Wilson, S. A. (1999). Through the eyes of a child. EMDR with children. W.W.
Norton & Company.
Tishelman, A. C., & Geffner, R. (2011). Child and adolescent trauma across the spectrum of
experience: Research and clinical interventions. Journal of Child & Adolescent
Trauma, 4, 17.
Tjersland, O. A., & Mossige, S. (1995). En alternativ tilnrmingsmte ved seksuelle overgrep
mot barn. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 32, 594603.
Tjersland, O. A., Mossige, S., Gulbrandsen, W., Jensen, T. K., & Reichelt, S. (2003). Mistanke
om seksuelle overgrep mot barn: Utviklingen i familier under og etter samtalehjelp. Del
I. Tidsskift for Norsk Psykologforening, 40, 282294.
Toubiana, Y. H., Milgram, N. A., Strich, Y., & Edelstein, A. (1988). Crisis intervention in a
school community disaster: Principles and practices. Journal of Community
68
Tourigny, M., & Hbert, M. (2007). Comparison of open versus closed group interventions
for sexually abused adolescent girls. Violence and Victims, 22, 335351.
Trickett, P. K., McBride-Chang, C., & Putnam, F. W. (1994). The classroom performance and
behavior of sexually abused females. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 183194.
Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A metaanalysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.
Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122138.
Tuicomepee, A., & Romano, J. L. (2008). Thai adolescent survivors 1 year after the 2004
Tsunami: a mixed methods study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 308320.
Turley, M. J., Obrzut, J. E. (2012). Neuropsychological effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in
children and adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, doi:
10.1177/0829573512440420
Turunen, T., Haravuori, H., Pihlajamki, J. J., Marttunen, M. & Punamki, R. L. (2014).
Framework of the outreach after a school shooting and the students perceptions
of the provided support. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5: 23079
Tutty, L. M., & Wagar, J. (1994). The evolution of a group for young children who have
witnessed family violence. Social Work with Groups, 17, 89104.
Tyano, S., Iancu, I., Solomon, Z., Sever, J., Goldstein, I., Touviana, Y., & Bleich, A. (1996).
Sevenyear followup of child survivors of a bustrain collision. Journal of the
Udwin, O., Boyle, S., Yule, W., Bolton, D., & ORyan, D. (2000). Risk factors for longterm
psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: predictors of post
traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 969979.
Uemoto, M., Asakawa, A., Takamiya, S., Asakawa, K., & Inui, A. (2012). Kobe earthquake
and post-traumatic stress in school-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral
Medicine, 19, 243251.
Ularntinon, S., Piyasil, V., Ketumarn, P., Sitdhiraksa, N., Pityaratstian, N., Lerthattasilp, T.,
Bunpromma, W., Booranasuksakul, T., Reuangsorn, S., Teeranukul, S., & Pimratana,
W. (2008). Assessment of psychopathological consequences in children at 3 years after
Tsunami disaster. The Journal of Medical Association Thailand, 91, S6975.
Undheim, A.M., & Sund, A. M. (2005). School factors and the emergence of depressive
symptoms among young Norwegian adolescents. European Child Adolescent
Usami, M., Iwadare, Y., Kodaira, M., Watanabe, K., Aoki, M., Katsumi, C. (2012).
Relationships between traumatic symptoms and environmental damage conditions
among children 8 months after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami. Public Library
of Science, 7, (11), 17.
Uttervall, M., Hultman, C. M., Ekerwald, H., Lindam, A., & Lundin, T. (2013). After the
flood: Resilience among tsunami-afflicted adolescents. Informa Healthcare, doi:
10.3109/08039488.2013.767373
Wagar, J. M., & Rodway, M. R. (1995). An evaluation of a group treatment approach for
children who have witnessed wife abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 10, 295306.
Wagner, B. M., Cole, R. E., & Schwartzman, P. (1995). Psychosocial correlates of suicide
attempts among junior and senior high school youth. Suicide and LifeThreatening
Behavior, 25, 358372.
Wahlsten, V.S., Ahmad, A., & von Knorring, AL. (2001). Traumatic experiences and
posttraumatic stress reaction in children and their parents from Kurdistan and Sweden.
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 395400.
69
Vaknin, O., & Zisk-Rony, R. Y. (2010). Including children in medical decisions and treatments:
Perceptions and practices of healthcare providers. Child: Care, Helath and
Development, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01153.x, 17.
Wallerstein, J. S., & Lewis, J. (1998). The longterm impact of divorce on children. Family
and conciliation courts review, 36, 368383.
Valli, K., Revonsuo, A., Plks, O., Ismail. K. H., Ali, K. J., & Punamki, R-L. (2005). The
threat simulation theory of the evolutionary function of dreaming: Evidence from
dreams of traumatized children. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 188218.
van der Hal-van Raalte, E., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2007).
Quality of care after early childhood trauma and well-being in later life: Child
holocaust survivors reaching old age. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 4, 514
522.
van der Kolk, B A. (2003). The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse. Child
Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 12, 293317.
Van der Oord, S., Lucassen, S., Van Emmerik, A. A. P., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2010).
Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural
writing therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 17, 240249.
Van Dijke, A., Ford, J. D., van der Hart, O., Van Son, M. J. M., Van der Hejden, P. G. M., &
Bhring, M. (2011). Childhood traumatization by primary caretaker and affect
dysregulation in patients with borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder.
European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2011, 2: 5628 - DOI:
10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5628
van Wesel, F., Alisic, E., & Boeije, H. (2013). Using qualitative evidence to optimize child
PTSD treatment guidelines. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and
Policy. Doi: 10.1037/a0035172
Wang, C. W., Chan, C. L. W., & Ho, R. T. H. (2013). Prevalence and trajectory of
psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic
review of epidemiological studies across 19872011. Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Epidemiology, doi: 10.1007/s00127-013-0731-x.
Wang, W., Fu, W., Wu, J., Ma, X., Sun, X., Huang, Y., Hashimoto, K., & Gao, C. (2012).
Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town
far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China. PLoS One.
2012,7(7):e41665. Epub 2012 Jul 23.
Ward- Begnoche, W. L., Aitken, M. E., Liggin, R., Mullins, S. H., Kassam-Adams, N., Marks,
A., & Winston, F. K. (2006). Emergency department screening for risk for posttraumatic stress disorder among injured children. Injury Prevention, 12, 323326.
Ward, C. S., & Haskett, M. E. (2008). Exploration and validation of clusters of physically
abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 577588.
Warner, B. S., & Weist, M. D. (1996). Urban youth as witnesses to violence: beginning
assessment and treatment efforts. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 25, 361377.
Watkins, B., & Bentovim, A. (1992). The sexual abuse of male children and adolescents: A
review of current research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 197248.
Vauhkonen, K. (1993). On manifestations of early traumas in symptoms and character traits.
The Scandinavian Psychoanalytical Review, 16, 121.
Webb, N. B. (1991). (Ed.), Play Therapy with Children in Crisis. New York: The Guilford
Press.
Weems, C. F., & Scheeringa, M. S. (2013). Maternal depression and treatment gains following
a cognitive behavioral intervention for posttraumatic stress in preschool children.
Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 27, 140146.
70
Weems, C. F., Pina, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007).
Predisaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after
hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 154159.
Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Banks, D. M., & Graham, R. A. (2012). Is TV traumatic for all
youths? The role of preexisting posttraumatic-stress symptoms in the link between
disaster coverage and stress. Psychological Science, 23, 1293-1297. doi:
10.1177/0956797612446952
Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Russel, J. D., Reiss, A. L., & Carrin, V. G. (2013).
Developmental variation in amygdala volumes among children with posttraumatic
stress. Developmental Neuropsychology, 38, (7), 481495.
Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Romano, D. M., & Perry, A. M.
(2013). A theoretical model of continuity in anxiety and links to academic achievement
in disaster-exposed school children. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 729737.
Weems, C. F., Taylor, L. K., Costa, N. M., Marks, A. B., Romano, D. M., Verrett, S. L., &
Brown, D. M. (2009). Effect of a school-based test anxiety intervention in ethnic
minority youth exposed to hurricane Katrina. Journal of Applied Developmental
Weinberg, R. B. (1990). Serving large numbers of adolescent victimsurvivors: Group
interventions following trauma at school. Professional psychology: Research and
Practice, 21, 271278.
Weine, S. M., Becker, D. F., Levy, K. N., Edell, W. S., & McGlashan, T. H. (1997). Childhood
trauma histories in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 291298.
Weisbrot, D. M. (2008). Prelude to a school shooting? Assessing threatening behaviors in
childhood and adolescence. Journal of American Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 847852.
Weissbecker, I., Sephton, S. E., Martin, M. B., & Simpson, D. M. (2008). Psychological and
physiological correlates of stress in children exposed to disaster: Current research and
recommendations for intervention. Children, Youth and Environments, 18, 3070.
Wenckstern, S. & Leenaars, A. A. (1993). Trauma and suicide in our schools. Death Studies,
17, 151171.
Verlinden, E., Schippers, M., Van Meijel, E. P. M., Beer, R., Opmeer, B. C., Olff, M., et al.
(2013). What makes a life event traumatic for a child? The predictive values of DSMCriteria A1 and A2. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4,
http:/dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20436
Verlinden, S., Hersen, M., & Thomas, J. (2000). Risk factors in school shootings. Clinical
Vernberg, E. M., & Johnston, C. (2001). Developmental considerations in the use of cognitive
therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An
International Quarterly, 15, 223236.
Vernberg, E. M., La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Prediction of
posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after hurricane Andrew. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 105, 237248.
Vernberg, E. M., Roberts, M. C., Randall, C. J., Biggs, B. K., Nyre, J. E., & Jacobs, A. K.
(2006). Intensive mental health services for children with serious emotional
disturbances through a school-based, community-oriented program. Clinical Child
Vernberg, E. M., & Vogel, J. M. (1993). Interventions with children after disasters. Journal of
Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 485498.
Vessey, J. A., Carlson, K. L., & McGill, J. (1994). Use of distraction with children during an
acute pain experience. Nursing Research, 43, 369372.
71
Wethington, H. R., Hahn, R. A., Fuqua-Whitley, D. S., Sipe, T. A., Crosby, A. E., Johnson, R.
L. et. al. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychological harm from
traumatic events among children and adolescents. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, 35, 287313.
Wickrama, K. A. S., & Kaspar, V. (2007). Family context of mental health risk in Tsunamiexposed adolescents: Findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science &
Medicine, 64, 713723.
Widom, C. S. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown
up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 12231229.
Vigil, J. M., & Geary, D. C. (2008). A preliminary investigation of family coping styles and
psychological well-being among adolescent survivors of hurricane Katrina. Journal of
Family Psychology, 22, 176180.
Vigil, J. M., & Geary, D. C. (2009). An exploratory analysis of family coping styles and
psychobiological distress among adolescents affected by a large-scale disaster. Journal
of Child & Adolescents Trauma, 2, 8189.
Viglione, D. J. (1990). Severe disturbance or traumainduced adaptive reaction: a Rorschach
child case study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 280295.
Vijayakumar, L., Kannan, G. K., & Daniel, S. J. (2006). Mental health status in children
exposed to tsunami. International Review of Psychiatry, 18, 507513.
Vijayakumar, L., Kannan, G. K., Kumar, B. G., & Devarajan, P. (2006). Do all children need
intervention after exposure to tsunami? International Review of Psychiatry, 18, 525
522.
Vik, K. (2001). Psykisk sykdom hos foreldre hva med barna? Tidsskrift for den Norske
Lgeforening, 121, 3437.
Vila, G., Porche, L-M., Mouren-Simeoni, M-C. (1999). An 18-month longitudinal study of
posttraumatic disorders in children who were taken hostage in their school.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 746754.
Wilcox, H. C., Storr, C. L., & Breslau, N. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide
attempts in a community sample of urban American young adults. Archieves General
Williams R., Alexander, D. A., Bolsover, D., & Bakke, F. K. (2008). Children, resilience and
disasters: recent evidence that should influence a model of psychosocial care. Current
Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 338344.
Williams, B. (2000). The treatment of adolescent populations: an institutional vs. a wilderness
setting. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 10, 4756.
Williams, L. M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women's memories
of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 11671176.
Williams, L. M. (1994). What does it mean to forget child sexual abuse? A reply to Loftus,
Garry, and Feldman. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 11821186.
Williams, M. B. (1993). Assessing the traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: what makes it
more severe? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2, 4159.
Williams, R. (2006). The psychosocial consequences for children and young people who are
exposed to terrorism, war conflict and natural disasters. Current Opinion in
Williams, R. (2007). The psychosocial consequences for children of mass violence, terrorism
and disasters. International Review of Psychiatry, 19, 263277.
Wilson, A. C., Lengua, L. J., Meltzoff, A. N., & Smith, K. A. (2010). Parenting and
temperament prior to September 11, 2001, and parenting specific to 9/11 as predictors
of childrens posttraumatic stress symptoms following 9/11. Journal of Clinical Child
and Adolescent Psychology, 39 (4), 445459.
72
Winje, D., & Ulvik, A. (1998). Longterm outcome of trauma in children: The psychological
consequences of a bus accident. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 635
642.
Vinnerljung, B., & Sallns, M. (2007). Into adulthood: a follow-up study of 718 young people
who were place in out-of-home care during their teens. Child & Family Social Work,
xxx, 112.
Winston, F. K., Baxt, C., Kassam-Adams, N. L., Elliott, M. R., & Kallan, M. J. (2005). Acute
traumatic stress symptoms in child occupants and their parent drivers after crash
involvement. Archieves of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 10741079.
Winston, F. K., Kassam-Adams, N., Garcia-Espana, F., & Cnaan, A. (2003). Screening for risk
of persistent posttraumatic stress in injured children and their parents. Journal of the
Wintgens, A., Boileau, B., & Robaey P., (1997). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and medical
procedures in children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 42, 61116.
Vitaro, F., Larocque, D., Janosz, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Negative social experiences
and dropping out of school. Educational Psychology, 21, 401415.
Wittmann, L., Zehnder, D., Schredl, M., Jenni, O. G., & Landolt, M. A. (2010). Posttraumatic
nightmares and psychopathology in children after road traffic accidents. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 23 (2), 232239.
Vogel, J. M., & Vernberg, E. M. (1993). Children's psychological responses to disasters.
Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 464484.
Woidneck, M. R., Morrison, K. L., & Twohig, M. P. (2013). Acceptance and commitment
therapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress among adolescents. Behavior
Modification, doi: 10.1177/0145445513510527
Wolfe, D. A., & Mosk, M. D. (1983). Behavioral comparisons of children from abusive and
distressed families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 702708.
Wolmer, L., Laor, N., Dedeoglu, C., Siev, J., & Yazgan, Y. (2005). Teacher-mediated
intervention after disaster: a controlled three-year follow-up of childrens functioning.
Wonderlich, S. A., Simonich, H. K., Myers, T. C., LaMontagne, W., Hoesel, J. A., et al.
(2011). Evidence-based mental health interventions for traumatized youth: A statewide
dissemination project. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 579587.
Wong, J. H. C. (2013). Psychological recovery for children disabled in an earthquake: School
social work in Dujiangyan, China. Journal of Social Work in Disability &
Rehabilitation, 12, (1-2), 102115.
Wong, M. (2008). Interventions to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events among
children and adolescent. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 398400.
Wood, B. L. (2005). Commentary: Is it time for family-based interventions in pediatric
psychology? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 694697.
Wood, K., Chase, E., & Aggleton, P. (2006). 'Telling the truth is the best thing': teenage
orphans' experiences of parental AIDS-related illness and bereavement in Zimbabwe.
Social Science & Medicine 63,19231933.
Woolsey, C., & Bracy, K. (2010). Emergency response and the psychological needs of schoolage children. Traumatology, 16 (2), 16.
Woolsey, C., & Bracy, K. (2010). Emergency response and the psychological needs of schoolage children. Traumatology, 16 (2), 16.
Vranceanu, A-M., Hobfoll, S. E., & Johnson, R.J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and
associated depression and PTSD symptoms. The role of social support and stress.
Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 7184.
73
Vythilingam, M., Heim, C., Newport, J., Miller, A. H., Anderson, E., Bronen, R., Brummer,
M., Staib, L., Vermetten, E., Charney, D. S., Nemeroff, C. B., & Bremmer, J. D.
(2002). Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with
major depression. American Journal Psychiatry, 159, 2072 2080.
Xu, J., & Liao, Q. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult
survivors on year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders,
133, 274280.
Yamamoto, K., Davis, Jr. O. L., Dylak, S., Whittaker, J., Marsh, C., & Westhuizen, P. C.
(1986). Across six nations: stressful events in the lives of children. Child Psychiatry &
Human Development, 26, 139150.
Yang, R., Xiang, Y. T., Shuai, L., Qian, Y., Lai, K. Y. C., Ungvari, G. S., et al. (2014).
Executive function in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder 4 and
12 months after the Sichuan earthquake in China. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 55, (1), 3138.
Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, A. R., Oberfield, A. R., Rubenstein, H., McHugh, M., &
Nester, J. (1997). Family Adaptability and Cohesion Among Traumatized Youth.
Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the International Society of Traumatic
Stress Studies, Montreal, Canada.
Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, R. A., & Halamandaris, P. V. (2007). Posttraumatic stress
disorder: memory and learning performance in children and adolescents. Biological
Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P., Oberfield, R., Green, B., Halamandaris, P., & Margaret McHugh.
(2001). The validity of the children`s PTSD inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14,
8194.
Yates, A. (1983). Stress management in childhood. Clinical Pediatrics, 22, 131135.
Yates, T. M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior:
Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clinical Psychology Review, 24,
3574
Yehuda, R., Bell, A., Bierer, L. M., & Schmeidler, J. (2008). Maternal, not parental, PTSD is
related to increased risk for PTSD in offspring og Holocaust survivors. Journal of
Psychiatric Research, 42, 11041111.
Yehuda, R., Engel, S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S. (2005).
Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed
to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90, 41158
Yehuda, R., Halligan, S., L., & Bierer, L., M. (2001). Relationship of parental trauma
exposure and PTSD to PTSD, depressive and anxiety disorders in offspring. Journal
of Psychiatric Research, 35, 261270.
Yeomans, P. D., Forman, E. M., Herbert, J. D., & Yuen, E. (2010). A randomized trial of a
reconciliation workshop with and without PTSD psychoeducation in Burundian
sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23 (3), 305312.
Young, B. (1995). A visit to the Children in Need project in Montenegro. Bereavement
Care, 14, 2021.
Young, B., DixonWoods, M., Windridge, K. C., & Heney, D. (2003). Managing
communication with young people who have a potentially life threatening chronic
illness: qualitative study of patients and parents. British Medical Journal, 326, 15.
Yu, X. N., Lau, J. T. F., Zhang, J., Mak, W. W. S., Choi, K. C., Lui, W. W. S., Zhang, J., &
Chan, E. Y. Y. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among
adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders,
123, 327331.
74
Yule, W. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder in child survivors of shipping disasters: The
sinking of the 'Jupiter'. Journal of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57, 200205.
Yule, W. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 4,
623629.
Yule, W. (1998). Anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress in childhood. In I Sclare (Ed.),
Child Psychology Portfolio. London: NFER-Nelson tests and assessments.
Yule, W. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and its treatment. In T. W. Miller
(Ed.) Children of Trauma: Stressful life Events and Their Effects on Children and
Adolescents. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc. (pp 219243).
Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., O`Ryan, D., & Nurrish, J. (2000) The longterm
psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and
course of PTSD. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 4, 503511.
Yule, W., & Canterbury, R. (1994). The treatment of post traumatic stress disorders in
children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry, 6, 141151.
Yule, W., & Gold, A. (1993). Wise before the event. Coping with crises in schools. London,
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
Yule, W., Perrin, S., & Smith, P. Posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents. In
W. Yule. (1999). (Ed.). Posttraumatic stress disorders: Concepts and therapy.
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Yule, W., Smith, P., & Perrin, S. (1998). Training Helpers for Bosnian children with PTSD.
Paper presented to Royal College of Psychiatrists, Winter Meeting, London.
Yule, W., Smith, P., & Perrin, S. (2007). Clinically effective interventions for PTSD. ACAMH
Occasional Papers, ., 6372.
Yule, W., & Udwin, O. (1991). Screening child survivors for posttraumatic stress disorders:
Experiences from the Jupiter sinking. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30,
131138.
Yule, W., Udwin, O., & Murdoch, K. (1990). The Jupiter sinking: Effects on childrens fears,
depression and anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 10511061.
Yule, W., & Williams, R. M. (1990). Posttraumatic stress reactions in children. Journal of
Zatzick, D. F., Jurkovic, G. J., Ming-Yu, F., Grossman, D., Russo, J., Katon, W., & Rivara, F.
P. (2008). Association between posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms and
functional outcomes in adolescents followed up longitudinally after injury
hospitalization. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162, 642648.
Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S: F., & Carlson, E. (2005). Attachment in
institutionalized and community children in Romania. Child Development, 76, 1015
1028.
Zeedyk, M. S., Wallace, L., Carcary, B., Jones, K., & Larter, K. (2001). Children and road
safety: Increasing knowledge does not improve behaviour. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 71, 573594.
Zehnder, D., Meuli, M., & Landolt, M. A. (2010). Effectiveness of a single-session early
psychological intervention for children after road traffic accidents: a randomised
controlled trial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 131.
Zhang, Y., Kong, F., Wang, L., Chen, H., Xiang, Y., Tan, X., et al. (2010). Mental health and
coping styles of children and adolescents survivors one year after the 2008 Chinese
earthquake. Children and Youth Services Review,
doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.009.
Ziegler, M.F., Greenwald, M.H., DeGuzman, M.A., & Simon, H.K. (2005). Posttraumatic
stress responses in children: awareness and practice among a sample of pediatric
emergency care providers. Pediatrics, 115, 12611267.
75
Ziller, R. C., & StewartDowdell, B. J. (1991). Life after parental death: monitoring a child's
selfconcept before and after family violence. Death Studies, 15, 577586.
76

Art Therapy Children Trauma and Disaster. Bibliografía.

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Art Therapy Children Trauma and Disaster. Bibliografía.

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Children and adolescents, trauma and disasters.

Anthony, E. J. (1986). Terrorizing attacks on children by psychotic parents. Journal of the

to medical procedures in the context of childhood cancer treatment: A longitudinal

Corbo-Richtert, B. H. (1994). Coping behaviors of young children during a chest tube

Eide-Midtsand, N. (2002). Den barneterapeutiske dialogen: III. Formidling gjennom

Essau, C. A., Conradt, J. & Petermann, F. (1999). Hufigkeit der posttraumatischen

Gaensbauer, T. J. (1994). Therapeutic work with a traumatized toddler. Psychoanalytic Study

Gleason, W. J. (1995). Children of battered women: developmental delays and behavioral

Goodwin, J, M. (ed.). (1993). Rediscovering childhood trauma: historical casebook and

Jones-Alexander, J., Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (2005). Psychophysiological

Kirsch, V., Wilhelm, F. H., & Goldbeck, L. (2011). Psychophysiological characteristics of

Kramer, D. N., & Landolt, M. A. (2014). Early psychological intervention in accidentally

Luthar, S. S. (1993). Annotation: methodological and conceptual issues in research on

Manne, S. (2009). Commentary: Adopting to a broad perspective on posttraumatic stress

Motta, R. W. (1994). Identification of characteristics and causes of childhood posttraumatic

Parvaresh, N., & Bahramnezhad, A. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Bam-survived

Ryan-Wenger, N. M. (1992). A taxonomy of children's coping strategies. American Journal of

Sanders, D. R. ,& Riester, A. E. (1996). Schoolbased counseling groups for children of

Selden, B. S. (1989). Adolescent epidemic hysteria presenting as a mass casualty, toxic

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen