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-new growth
Neoplasm- abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds & is
uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues & persists in the same
excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the
change.
BENIGN
MALIGNANT
o
-collectively referred to as Cancer (crab)
o
-spreading to distant sites (metastasis)
o
-Invasive destroying adjacent structures
TUMOR
NOMENCLATURE
Two Basic Components of Tumors
1) Parenchyma
- made up of transformed or neoplastic cells
- determines the biologic behavior
- the component from which the tumor derives its name
2) Stroma
- non-neoplastic
- carries the blood supply
- provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells
- crucial to the growth of the neoplasm
- does not aid in the separation of benign from
malignant
T UMO
R NOMENC L AT UR E : BE N IGN T U MO R S
Generally designated by attaching the suffix oma to the
cell type or connective tissue from which the tumor arises
A benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is a FIBROMA; a
benign cartilaginous tumor is a CHONDROMA.
** Choristomas,
Lymphatic spread
e.g.
* breast cancer spreading to lymph nodes in the axilla
* carcinoma of the tongue spreading to lymph nodes in the
neck
Environmental influences
workplace
food
Age
Heredity
polyposis
neoplasia
2.
Familial Cancers
e.g. carcinomas of colon, breast,
ovary & brain
sometimes multiple or
bilateral tumors
Chemicals
Radiant energy
Microbial agents
Chemical Carcinogens
leukemia
INDIRECT-ACTING AGENTS
- refers to chemicals that require metabolic conversion before
they become active
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Examples
Radiation is oncogenic
The effect of ionizing radiation is related to its mutagenic
effects: it causes chromosome breakage, translocations less
frequently point mutations
Natural UV radiation derived from the sun can cause skin
cancers (melanomas, squamos cell carcinomas & basal cell
carcinomas)
Post-transplant
lymphoproliferative disease
a subset of Hodgkin
lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
which is endemic inSouthern
China
secondary arrangement of
chromosomes
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Gastric lymphomas
o
B-cell in origin
o
called MALTomas (marginal
zone associated lymphomas)
o
Pathogenesis- initial chronic
gastritis that causes lymphoid
follicles to develop in the
gastric mucosa
Gastric carcinoma
o
Pathogenesis initial
development of chroni
gastritis, followed by gastric
atrophy, intestinal metaplasia
of the lining cells, dysplasia &
cancer
Takes decades to complete &
occurs in only 3% of infected
patients
CLINICAL
renal carcinoma
Three classes of normal regulatory genes are the
principa targets of genetic damage:
regulates apoptosis
2.
RB gene
Immunocytochemistry
Flow cytometry
involved
M0 = no metastases
M1 = demonstrable metastases
MX = suspected metastases