Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014
AbstractThis
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
KeywordsInverters,
Proportional-Integral
Proportional-Resonant Controller, Photovoltaic.
Controller,
I. INTRODUCTION
Daniel Zammit, Prof. Cyril Spiteri Staines, and Dr Maurice Apap are with
the Department of Industrial Electrical Power Conversion, University of
Malta, Msida, MSD 2080 (e-mail: daniel.zammit@um.edu.mt, cyril.spiteristaines@um.edu.mt, maurice.apap@um.edu.mt).
(s 2 + [ 1
])
Lg C f
( L + Lg )
(s 2 + [ i
])
( Li Lg C f )
(1)
res =
( Li + Lg )
(2)
( Li Lg C f )
221
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375
G F (s) =
1
Li s
Ii
Ui
(s 2 + s(
Rd
[( L + L g ) Rd ]
(s 2 + s( i
Lg
(3)
) +[ 1
Li Lg
) +[
])
Lg C f
( Li + L g )
( Li Lg C f )
])
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
G PI ( s ) = K P +
KI
s
(4)
1
1 + sTs
(5)
C. PR Control
Fig. 3 below shows the PR current control strategy. Ii is the
inverter output current which is used as feedback, Ii* is the
inverter current reference and Ui* is the inverter voltage
reference.
G PR ( s ) = K P + K I
2 c s
2
s + 2 c s + 0
s
2
s + 0
(6)
(7)
G PR ( s ) = K P + K I
222
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375
300
200
0.92
0.84
0.74
0.6
300
200
0.42
0.22
0.965
100 0.99
800
0
-100
-200
700
600
500
400
100
0.99
1000
0.46
0.34
0.24
0.17
0.11
0.05
800
800
0.965
0.64
600
600
0.92
-300
-800
-700
0.84
-600
-500
0.74
-400
-300
0.6
0.42
-200
0.22
-100
400
400
0.86
200
200
Root Locus
1.5
x 10
-200
0.62
0.48
0.36
0.26
0.16
1.4e+004
0.08
1.2e+004
-400
0.78
600
1e+004
-800
8e+003
-1000
-600
800
0.46
0.5 0.94
Imaginary Axis
400
0.64
-500
0.34
-400
0.24
-300
-200
1.5
2e+003
x 10
0
1
0.62
0.48
0.36
0.26
0.16
0.78
Imaginary Axis
8e+003
1e+004
0.62
-12000
0.48
-10000
-8000
0.36
-6000
0.26
0.16
-4000
1.2e+004
0.08
1.4e+004
-2000
-100
1.4e+004
0.08
1.2e+004
6e+003
0.5 0.94
6e+003
-1.5
-14000
1e+003
8e+003
4e+003
0.78
0.05
1e+004
2e+003
-1
0.11
4e+003
-0.5 0.94
0.17
Root Locus
6e+003
4e+003
2e+003
0
2e+003
4e+003
-0.5 0.94
Real Axis
6e+003
8e+003
-1
1e+004
0.78
0.62
100
Magnitude (dB)
50
0
-1.5
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
0.36
-6000
0.26
0.16
-4000
-2000
-50
-100
Magnitude (dB)
50
-135
-180
-225
0
-50
-100
-150
-270
-200
0
-315
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
Phase (deg)
-360
1
10
100
-200
-90
Phase (deg)
0.48
1.2e+004
0.08
1.4e+004
Real Axis
-150
-90
-180
-270
-360
1
10
20
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
Magnitude (dB)
-20
-40
-60
Magnitude (dB)
-100
45
0
-45
-20
-40
-60
-90
-80
-135
-100
45
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
Phase (deg)
-180
1
10
20
-80
Phase (deg)
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
200
0.86
-600
-90
-135
-180 1
10
B. PR Controller Design
The PR controller was designed for a resonant frequency 0
of 314.2rad/s (50Hz) and c was set to be 0.5rad/s, obtaining a
Kp of 5.1 and KI of 2073.15.
Fig. 7 below shows the root locus plot in Matlab of the
system including the LCL filter, the processing delay, anti-
-45
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
223
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375
V. SIMULATIONS
The 3kW Grid-Connected PV Inverter was modeled and
simulated in Simulink with PLECS blocksets, both in the sdomain and the z-domain.
Figs. 10 and 11 below show the grid voltage (Vgrid), the
inverter current (Iinv), the grid current (Igrid) and the reference
current (Iref) from the simulation using the PI controller and
from the simulation using the PR controller, respectively.
400
30
Iinv
Igrid
Iref
20
Vgrid
300
200
Current (amps)
Voltage (volts)
0
-100
-10
-200
-20
-300
-400
0.12
0.122
0.124
0.126
0.128
0.13
0.132
Time (sec)
0.134
0.136
0.138
-30
0.14
400
30
Iinv
Igrid
Iref
20
Vgrid
300
200
100
0
-100
Current (amps)
10
Voltage (volts)
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
10
100
-10
-200
-20
-300
-400
0.12
0.122
0.124
0.126
0.128
0.13
0.132
Time (sec)
0.134
0.136
0.138
-30
0.14
Fig. 13 Inverter Output Voltage, Grid Voltage and Grid Current with
a Preset Current of 8A Peak using the PI Controller
Fig. 14 Inverter Output Voltage, Grid Voltage and Grid Current with
a Preset Current of 8A Peak using the PR Controller
224
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375
9
8
120
14
10
Ig
Igr
Igfund
12
10
100
5
4
90
80
2
1
70
0
0
60
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Frequency (Hz)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
10
-12
-14
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
110
0.04
Time (sec)
7
6
100
90
14
12
10
8
6
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
110
4
3
80
70
60
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
50
40
30
20
2
0
10
-2
0
0
-4
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Frequency (Hz)
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
Time (sec)
225
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997375
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a comparison between standard PI
and PR current controllers in Grid-Connected PV Inverters.
Results from simulations and experimental analysis of a 3kW
inverter connected to the 50Hz grid are shown. Both
simulation and experimental results show that a PI controller
with voltage feed-forward suffered from a steady state error
when following a sinusoidal reference. In the experimental
results obtained when using the PI controller there was an
error of approximately 9% in the grid current fundamental in
following the current reference. This error is reduced to zero
when using the PR controller. Regarding the 3rd, 5th and 7th
harmonics in the grid current, from the results obtained with
both controllers the 3rd and 5th harmonics were outside the
permissible limits. Thus although these results demonstrate the
superiority of the PR controller for applications requiring
sinusoidal references, additional harmonic compensation is
needed in both cases to conform to the standard regulations.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
226
scholar.waset.org/1999.5/9997375