UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2 (CHE 523)
NAME
GROUP
EXPERIMENT
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
LECTURER
No.
Title

: MUHAMMAD SOLAHUDIN BIN MUSA

: EH 220 3
: LAB 4: SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
:3
: EH220
: MADAM NURHASLINA CHE RADZI
Allocated Marks (%)
Marks

Abstract/Summary

Introduction

Aims

Theory

10

Apparatus

Methodology/Procedure

10

Results

10

Calculations

10

Discussion

20

10

Conclusion

11

Recommendations

12

Reference / Appendix

10

TOTAL MARKS
Remarks:
Checked by :

-------------------------Date :

100

ABSTRACT
In this experiment, the objective is to determine the efficiency of enhanced concentric
shell-tube heat exchanger using water as the heat exchange medium for counter-current flow heat
exchanger. The experiment was also to evaluate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance,
LMTD, heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and the pressure drop of the
shell and tube heat exchanger. The instrument was combined with thermometer , thus the TT1(hot
in) , TT2(hot out) , TT3(cold in) , TT4( cold out) can be measured. At first, the hot water water
flow rate (FT1) was set to fixed which is 10LPM and cold water flow rate (FT2) was varied.The
experiment then repeated by varied the hot water water flow rate (FT1) and fixing the cold water
flow rate (FT2) to 10LPM . The data is being recorded for temperature and pressure for each flow
rates within 10 minutes interval. From the results, it can be concluded that the pressure drop is
depends on flow rate not the temperature. Furthermore, for shell and tube heat transfer coefficient
is depends on flow rate, which is for tube coefficient is constant because the flow rate is constant
but for shell coefficient, the shell coefficient is increase as the flow rate is increase

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is a device which is used for transferring energy in the form of heat from
one fluid to another. In some cases, a solid wall may separate the fluids and prevent them from
mixing. In other designs, the fluids may be in direct contact with each other. In the most efficient
heat exchangers, the surface area of the wall between the fluids is maximized while simultaneously
minimizing the fluid flow resistance. Fins or corrugations are sometimes used with the wall in
order to increase the surface area and to induce turbulence. Heat exchangers are widely used in the
process industries so their design has been highly developed. Most exchangers are liquid-to-liquid,
but gas and no condensing vapours can also be treated in them.
Shell and tube heat exchanger is most common type of heat exchanger been used in
industrial applications. Shell and tube heat exchanger placed a large number of tubes, about
several hundred packed in a shell with their axes parallel to that of their shell. Heat transfer take
place as one fluid flows inside the tube, while the other tube flows throughout the shell. Baffles
installed inside the shell functions to force shell-side fluid to flow across the shell and to
increase residence time so that enhance heat transfer between the fluids. Besides, baffles
also placed in the shell to maintain uniform spacing between the tubes. Note that the tubes in
shell tube heat exchanger are connected to large flow area called header at both ends of the shell,
parts where fluid accumulates before entering the tubes and after leaving them. In the counterflow heat exchanger, the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite sides. This is the most efficient
design because it transfers the greatest amount of heat. Next, counter current heat exchangers
allow the highest log mean temperature difference between the hot and cold streams. Many
companies however do not use single pass heat exchangers because they can break easily in
addition to being more expensive to build. Often multiple heat exchangers can be used to
simulate the counter current flow of a single large exchanger.

In the parallel-flow heat

exchanger, the fluids come in from the same end and move parallel to each other as they flow to
the other side. The coss-flow heat exchanger moves the fluids in a perpendicular fashion.

Figure 1: Concurrent and countercurrent flow

Figure 2 : the schematic of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (one shell pass one tube pass)

OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the function of the shell and tube heat exchanger
2. To evaluate the value of heat transfer and heat loss, LMTD, heat transfer coefficient, overall
heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop
THEORY
The Heat Exchanger Design Equation
Heat exchanger theory leads to the basic heat exchanger design equation:
Q = U A Tlm , where
Q is the rate of heat transfer between the two fluids in the heat exchanger in W,
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.k,
A is the heat transfer surface area in m2,
and Tlm is the log mean temperature difference in K, calculated from the inlet and outlet
temperatures of both fluids.
The basic heat exchanger design equation can be used to calculate the overall heat transfer
coefficient for known or estimated values of the other three parameters, Q, A, and T lm. Each of
those parameters will now be discussed briefly.
Heat Transfer Rate, Q
Heat transfer rate, Q can be calculated from the known flow rate of one of the fluids, its heat
capacity, and the required temperature change. Following is the equation to be used:
Qhot = mt Cpt (THin - THout) = Ws Cps (TCout - TCin) , where
mt = mass flow rate of hot fluid, kg/s,
Cpt = heat capacity of the hot fluid, J/s,
Ws = mass flow rate of cold fluid, kg/s,
Cps = heat capacity of the cold fluid, J/s,

The required heat transfer rate can be determined from known flow rate, heat capacity and
temperature change for either the hot fluid or the cold fluid. Then either the flow rate of the other
fluid for a specified temperature change, or the outlet temperature for known flow rate and inlet
temperature can be calculated.
Log Mean Temperature Difference
The driving force for any heat transfer process is a temperature difference. For heat exchangers,
there are two fluids involved, with the temperatures of both changing as they pass through the heat
exchanger, so some type of average temperature difference is needed. Log mean temperature is
defined in terms of the temperature differences as shown in the equation at below. Th,inand Th,out are
the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot fluid and T c,in and Tc,out are the inlet and outlet
temperatures of the cold fluid.

For Counter current flow,

T1 = T hot, in T cold, out

T2 = T hot, out T cold, in

T hot, in = Inlet temperature of hot fluid (oC ) , T hot, out = Outlet temperature of hot fluid (oC )
T cold, in = Inlet temperature of cold fluid (oC), T cold, out = Outlet temperature of cold fluid (oC
For the counter flow direction as in Figure 3, the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite
directions, and leave at opposite ends. Once value of TLM and area, A is obtained, the overall
heat transfer coefficient can be determined. Heat transfer rate, Q also can be calculated using
this formula
Q = m x Cp x T
For constant specific heats with no change of phase, the heat balance for both co-current and
counter current flow is Q = (mc Cpc)cold (Tc2 Tc1) = (mh Cph)hot (Th1 Th2)

Cp at specified temperature of liquid water as given in appendices Table A1. Interpolation

required the efficiency or effectiveness, of the heat exchanger is ration of actual heat transfer
rate, Q over the maximum possible heat transfer rate, Qmax . The equation is
= Q
Qmax
Where Qmax is calculated from following equation: Qmax = Cmin (T hot in - T cold in ).Cmin
value is chosen either from Ch or Cc value calculated. The lowest value between these two is
chosen as Cmin.
Chot = mh cp hot

, Ccold= mc cp cold

The temperature profiles in the heat exchanger can be study by looking at the
characteristics of the heat exchangers which are the flow arrangement ( either the hot and cold
fluids move in the same or opposite directions) and type of construction. The temperature
profile obtained from chart of temperature difference between the hot fluid and cold fluid at inlet
and outlet. It may vary along the length of the heat exchanger. This is due to the fact that the hot
fluid temperature decreases as it transfers heat to the cold fluid, while the cold fluid temperature
increases. As shown in the figure 3.1 below, for co-current flow arrangement, the temperature
difference is maximum at the inlet and decreases slowly towards the outlet. For countercurrent flow arrangement, the difference between the temperature of the hot and cold fluid
almost uniform, means that the heat transfer rate at any location is usually maximum at any
location throughout the tube. The temperature difference decreases less dramatically compared
to parallel flow arrangement as we move towards hot fluid exit. For either flow arrangement, it
can be observed that the T is not constant and changes along the length of a heat exchanger.

Figure 3 : Counter current flow Temp. profile

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Figure 4 : SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (HE 158C)

12

1. Spiral heat exchanger

12. TT1 (hot water inlet reading)

2. Concentric heat exchanger

13. TT2 (hot water outlet reading)

3. Shell and tube heat exchanger

14. TT3 (cold water inlet reading)

4. Valve 17
5. Valve 15

15. TT4 (cold water outlet reading)

16. TT5

6. Valve 16
7. Valve 18
8. Hot water centrifugal pump

17. PT1 reading

18. PT2 reading

9. Cold water centrifugal pump

19. Heater switch

10. Flowrate meter 1 (Hot water)

20. Hot water pump switch

11. Flowrate meter 2 (Cold water)

21. Cold water pump switch

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
13

General Start-Up Procedure

Note : Whenever the annunciator TAH3 is activated during the course of the experiment,
press the red acknowledge button to stop the buzzer.
1. All the pump suction valves (for PH, PC1, PC2) was checked to make sure all valves are
fully opened at the time.
2. The BVC2 is fully opened but the CV2 is fully shut so that PC2 shall operate as a
backing-mixing pump for tank T2 in the next experiment. Both CV1 and BVC1 are fully
opened. Only PC1 shall be used here to pump CW into the Heat Exchanger in the next
experiment. (CW pumps (PC1 and PC2) were not opened yet).
3. The HV was shut fully while the BVH is fully opened.
4. The pump PH was started to circulate the around tank T1 via only BVH.
5. Then, the heater was switched on and the temperature of TIC5 was noted. When the HW
in the tank T1 was almost 50

(see TT5), the HV was fully opened. Then, the HW

flowrate was adjusted to about 25 USGPM by regulating the by-pass valve BVH.
6. The CW pumps PC1 and PC2 were switched on simultaneously. Then, the CW flowrate
was adjusted to 10 LPM by regulating the by-pass valve BVC1.
7. The DP Selector Switch was switched to the DP (Shell) position.

14

Experiment 1 : Counter- Current Flow Direction inside Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
1. General start-up procedures was performed.
2. The valves were switched to the counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
arrangement. V15 and V18 were opened while V16 and V17 were closed.
3. Heater switch, Pump P1 and P2 was switched on. TT5 is ensured to be at 50
4. The valves V3 and V14 were adjusted to desired flow rates for hot water and cold water
stream .
5. The system is left ,run for 10 minutes until steady state operating condition is reached.
6. FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 readings were recorded after next 3 minutes to
after the process has stable.
7. Pressure drop measurement for shell-side and tube-side was taken at DPT1 and DPT2
readings
8. Steps 4 till 7 was repeated for different combination of flow rates FT1 and FT2.
9. V15 and V18 is tightly closed.
General Shut-down Procedures
1. Heater is switched off and waits until hot water temperature drops below 40 .
2. Pump P1 and P2 was switched off.
3. All water was drained off in the process lines. Water retained in the hot and cold water
tanks for next laboratory session.
4. All valves are closed.

RESULT

Counter current flow for constant hot water flow rate

FT1(LPM)

TT1( C)

TT2( C)

TT3( C)

TT4( C)

DT1(mmH2O)

DDT2(mmH2O)

10

FT2(LPM)
2

49.2

47.8

31.5

44.8

91

10

49.0

46.7

31.4

39.6

92

17

10

49.3

46.0

30.5

36.7

93

67

10

48.9

45.4

30.2

35.2

93

126

10

10

48.9

45.1

30.9

34.5

93

243

Counter current flow for constant cold water flow rate

FT1(LPM)

TT1( C)

TT2( C)

TT3( C)

TT4( C)

DT1(mmH2O)

DDT2(mmH2O)

FT2(LPM)
10

48.7

39.9

30.8

32.4

-5

243

10

49.2

43.5

30.9

32.8

238

10

49.4

44.1

30.6

33.4

22

242

10

49.5

45.0

30.5

34.3

50

240

10

10

49.4

45.4

30.5

34.5

87

245

FOR FIXED HOT WATER FLOW RATE AT 10LPM

TEST 1
Hot water (Tube)
Volumetric flow rate
Mass flow
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Heat transfer rate
Pressure drop
Cold fluid (Shell)
Volumetric flow rate
Mass flow
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Heat transfer rate
Pressure drop
Temp difference
Hot side inlet T,TT1
Hot side outlet T,TT2
Cold side inlet T,TT3
Cold side outlet T,TT4
T log mean, Tlm
Heat loss
Efficiency
Overall heat transfer
coefficient
Total exchange area
Overall heat transfer
coefficient
Exchanger layout
Tube
Shell
Length of tubes
Tube ID
Tube OD
Tube pitch
Tube surface area
Number of tubes
Shell diameter
Baffle distance
Tube side
Cross section area
Number of tubes
Total cross section area

TEST 2

TEST 3

TEST 4

TEST 5

L/min
Kg/s
0
C
0
C
J/s
mmH20

10.0
0.1647
49.2
47.8
962.65
91

10.0
0.1647
49.0
46.7
1581.50
92

10.0
0.1647
49.3
46.0
2269.11
93

10.0
0.1647
48.9
45.4
2406.63
93

10.0
0.1647
48.9
45.1
2612.91
93

L/min
Kg/s
0
C
0
C
J/s
mmH20

2.0
0.0332
31.5
44.8
1846.43
3

4.0
0.0664
31.4
39.6
2276.81
17

6.0
0.1000
30.5
36.7
2582.23
67

8.0
0.1328
30.2
35.2
2776.59
126

10.0
0.1659
30.9
34.5
2498.93
243

C
C
0
C
0
C
0
C
W
%

49.2
47.8
31.5
44.8
9.09
-883.78
191.81

49.0
46.7
31.4
39.6
12.11
-695.31
143.97

49.3
46.0
30.5
36.7
14.00
-313.12
113.80

48.9
45.4
30.2
35.2
14.44
-369.96
215.37

48.9
45.1
30.9
34.5
14.30
113.98
95.64

m2
W/m2.K

0.15
706.01

0.15
870.63

0.15
1080.53

0.15
1111.09

0.15
1218.14

mm
mm

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

m2

0.000047

0.000047
2

0.000047
2

0.0000472

0.0000472

10
0.000472

10
0.000472

10
0.000472

10
0.000472

0
0

m
mm
mm
mm
m2

2
10
0.000472

Kg/m2.s
m/s

349.13
0.3533
4924.98
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0039

349.13
0.3533
4924.98
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0039

349.13
0.3533
4924.98
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0039

345.64
0.3498
4875.73
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0039

342.15
0.3462
4826.48
3.56
Turbulent
64.52
0.0039

W/m2.K

2426.16

2426.16

2426.16

2401.90

2377.64

m2
Kg/m2.s
m/s
mm

0.002
16.60
0.0167
27.78
575.88
5.44
laminar
20
0.023
513.18

0.002
31.53
0.0317
27.78
1094.17
5.44
laminar
20
0.018
763.08

0.002
46.47
0.0467
27.78
1612.46
5.44
laminar
20
0.016
999.59

0.002
60.57
0.0608
27.78
2101.96
5.44
laminar
20
0.014
1140.16

0.002
75.51
0.0758
27.78
2620.25
5.44
laminar
20
0.012
1218.25

heat exchanger
Tube-side friction

0.0058

0.0058

0.0058

0.0058

0.0058

factor, Jf
Shell-side friction

0.098

0.086

0.075

0.072

0.070

factor, Jf
Tube-side pressure drop,

338.8

338.8

338.8

332.1

325.4

DPtube (Pa)
Tube-side pressure drop,

33.4

33.4

33.4

32.8

32.1

DPtube (mmH20)
Shell-side pressure

0.3

10.5

19.9

32.5

49.1

drop, DPshell (Pa)

Shell-side pressure

0.3

1.0

2.0

3.2

4.8

Mass velocity
Linear velocity
Reynolds number
Prandtl number
Type of flow
L/ID
Heat transfer factor,
Jh
Tube coefficient,
Hi
Shell side
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
Linear velocity
Equivalent diameter
Reynolds number
Prandtl number
Type of flow
Baffle cut
Heat transfer factor,jh
Shell coeffient,hs
Pressure drop across

drop, DPshell
(mmH2O)

%
W/m2.K

FOR FIXED COLD WATER FLOW RATE AT 10LPM

TEST 1
Hot fluid (Tube)
Volumetric flow rate
Mass flow
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Heat transfer rate
Cold fluid (Shell)
Volumetric flow rate
Mass flow
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Heat transfer rate
Temp difference
Hot side inlet T,TT1
Hot side outlet T,TT2
Cold side inlet T,TT3
Cold side outlet T,TT4
T log mean, Tlm
Heat loss
Efficiency
Overall heat transfer
coefficient
Total exchange area
Overall heat transfer
coeffient
Exchanger layout
Tube
Shell
Length of tubes
Tube ID
Tube OD
Tube pitch
Tube surface area
Number of tubes
Shell diameter
Baffle distance
Tube side
Cross section area
Number of tubes
Total cross section area
Mass velocity
Linear velocity

TEST 2

TEST 3

TEST 4

TEST 5

L/min
Kg/s
0
C
0
C
J/s

2.0
0.0329
48.7
39.9
1210.19

4.0
0.0659
49.2
43.5
1567.75

6.0
0.0988
49.4
44.1
2186.60

8.0
0.1318
49.5
45.0
2475.39

10.0
0.1647
49.4
45.4
2750.43

L/min
Kg/s
0
C
0
C
J/s

10.0
0.1659
30.8
32.4
1110.64

10.0
0.1659
30.9
32.8
1318.88

10.0
0.1659
30.6
33.4
1943.61

10.0
0.1659
30.5
34.3
2637.76

10.0
0.1659
30.5
34.6
2776.59

C
C
0
C
0
C
0
C
W
%

48.7
39.9
30.8
32.4
12.35
99.55
91.77

49.2
43.5
30.9
32.8
14.42
248.87
84.13

49.4
44.1
30.6
33.4
14.71
242.99
88.89

49.5
45.0
30.5
34.3
14.85
-162.37
106.56

49.4
45.4
30.5
34.6
14.85
-26.16
100.95

m2
W/m2.K

0.15
653.27

0.15
724.80

0.15
990.98

0.15
1111.29

0.15
1234.76

mm
mm

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

1
1
0.5
7.75
9.53
18
0.0150
10
85
50

m2

0.000047

0.000047

0.000047

0.0000472

0.0000472

m2
Kg/m2.s
m/s

2
10
0.000472
69.79
0.0706

2
10
0.000472
139.57
0.1412

2
10
0.000472
209.36
0.2119

10
0.000472
279.15
0.2825

10
0.000472
348.93
0.3531

0
0

m
mm
mm
mm
m2

Reynolds
Prandtl number
Type of flow
L/ID
Heat transfer factor, Jh
Tube coefficient, hi
Shell side
Cross flow area
Mass velocity
Linear velocity
Equivalent diameter
Reynolds number
Prandtl number
Type of flow
Baffle cut
Heat transfer factor, Jh
Shell coefficient, hs
Pressure drop across

W/m2.K
m2
Kg/m2.s
m/s
mm

%
W/m2.K

984.48
3.56
Laminar
64.52
0.0050
621.54

1968.82
3.56
Laminar
64.52
0.0030
745.80

2953.29
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0036
1342.46

3937.77
3.56
turbulent
64.52
0.0039
1939.13

4922.11
3.56
Turbulent
64.52
0.0040
2486.02

0.002
82.97
0.0833
27.78
2880.69
5.44
laminar
20
0.01
1510.37

0.002
82.97
0.0833
27.78
2880.69
5.44
laminar
20
0.01
1510.37

0.002
82.97
0.0833
27.78
2880.69
5.44
laminar
20
0.01
1510.37

0.002
82.97
0.0833
27.78
2880.96
5.44
laminar
20
0.01
1510.37

0.002
82.97
0.0833
27.78
2880.69
5.44
Laminar
20
0.01
1510.37

heat exchanger
Tube-side friction

0.0058

factor, Jf
Shell-side friction

0.098

0.086

0.075

0.072

0.070

factor,Jf
Tube-side pressure

13.05

41.37

100.39

184.97

292.26

drop,DPtube (Pa)
Shell-side pressure

8.53

8.53

8.53

8.53

8.53

0.0058

0.0058

drop,DPshell (Pa)

Temperature Profile for Counter-current Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

0.0058

0.0058

Temperature Profile
60

50

47.8
44.8

40

Hot water
Cold water

Temperature

30

20

10

0
1

Figure 5 : Temperature profile of heat exchanger

Overall heat transfer coefficient

Overall heat transfer coefficient against cold water flowrate

1400
1200
1000
800

Overall heat transfer coefficient(W/m2K

600
400
200
0

10

Cold water flow rate(L/min)

Figure 6 : Graph of overall heat transfer coefficient against cold water flow rate

Overall Heat Transfer coefficient Vs Cold Water Flow rate

4000
3500
3000
2500

Overall heat transfer coefficient(W/m2K

tube side

2000

shell side

1500
1000
500
0
2 4 6 8 10

Cold water flow rate(L/min)

Figure 7 : Graph of relationship between heat transfer coefficient and cold water flow rate

CALCULATIONS

Typical Chemical Data :

HOT WATER
Density (kg/m )
988.18
Heat Capacity (J/kg.K)
4175.00
Thermal cond. (W/m.K)
0.6436
Viscosity (Pa.s)
0.0005494
For fixed Hot Water Flowrate (10 LPM)
3

COLD WATER
995.67
4183.00
0.6155
0.0008007

Cold Water Flowrate = 2.0 LPM

Volume flow (L/min)

Inlet temperature,( )

HOT WATER (tube side)

10.0
49.2(TT1)

COLD WATER (shell side)

2.0
31.5 (TT3)

Outlet temperature( )

47.8 (TT2)

44.8 (TT4)

1. Calculation of Heat transfer and heat lost :

The heat transfer rates of both hot and cold water are both calculated using the heat balance
equation.
Heat transfer rate for hot water,
Q H =m H C pH ( T 1T 2 )=10.0

L
1 m3
1 min 988.18 kg 4175 J (

49.247.8 )
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m3

962.65 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

Q C =m C C pC ( t 2 t 1 ) =2.0

L
1 m3
1 min 995.67 kg 4183 J (

44.831.5 )
min 1000 L 60 s
kg .
m3

1846.43W

Heat lost rate = QH QC =( 962.651846.43 ) W =883.78 W

Efficiency =
QC
1846.43 W
100 =
100 =191.81
QH
962.65 W
2. Calculation of LMTD
h ,T c ,out =49.244.8=4.4
T 1=T
c ,=47.831.5=16.3
T 2=T h ,out T

T lm=

T 1 T 2 4.416.3
=
=9.09
T1
4.4
)
ln (
) ln (
16.3
T2

3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns method :
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,

T m=T lm

Heat transfer coefficient at tube side :

d 2i 0.007752
Cross flow area , A=
=
=0.0000472m2
4
4
Total cross flow area , A t= A number of tubes=0.0000472m2 10=0.000472 m2

Mass velocity , G t =

mt
0.1647
kg
=
=349.13 2 . s
At 0.000472
m

349.13 kg
G
m2 . s
Linear velocity ,ut = t =
=0.3533 m/s
988.18 kg /m3

349.13 kg
7.75 m
Gt de
m2 . s
1
Renolds number , =
=

=4924.9( turbulent flow )

0.0005494 Pa. s
1000

Prandtl , Pr=

Cp H
=
k

0.0005494 Pa . s 4175
0.6436

J
kg . K

W
m. K

=3.56

Tube side heat transfer factor, jh = 0.0039 (From Appendix)

j h Pr 0.33 k 0.0039 4924.9 3.560.33 0.6436
W
Tube side coefficient , hi=
=
=2425.2 2
di
0.00775
m .K
Heat transfer coefficient at shell side :
( 0.0180.009530)m 0.085m 0.05 m

[ ( tube pitchTube OD ) ( shell diameter ) ( baffle distance )]

Cross flow area , A s=
=
tube pitch
0.0332 kg
Ws
s
kg
Mass velocity , Gs=
=
=16.60 2
2
As
0.002m
m .s
kg
G
m2 . s
Linear velocity ,u s= s =
=0.0167 m/s
995.67 kg /m3
16.60

Equivalent diameter , de=

1.1 2
1.1
t 0.917 d 20 ) =
( 1820.917 ( 9.53 )2 ) mm=27.78 mm
(
d0
9.53

16.60 kg
27.78 mm
2
G s de
m .s
1
Reynolds number , =
=

=575.93(laminar flow )

0.0008007 Pa . s
1000

Prandtl number , Pr=

CpC
=
k

0.0008007 Pa. s 4183

0.6155

J
kg . K

W
m.K

=5.44

Shell side heat transfer factor, jh = 0.022 ( From Appendix)

j Pr
Shell side coefficient , hi = h
de

0.33

0.022 575.93 5.44

0.02778

0.33

0.6155

=490.95

W
2
m .K

Overall heat transfer coefficient :

Total exchange area , A=number of tube tube OD lenght of tube=10 0.00953 m 0.5 m=0.15 m

Overall heat transfer coefficient ,U =

QH
962.65W
W
=
=706.01 2
2
A T lm 0.15 m 9.09
m .

4. Calculation of pressure drop across tube and shell

8 0.0057

Pt =N p

2
t

0.5m
0.0005494 Pa. s

0.00775m
0.0005494 Pa. s

)(

u
L
8 jf
2
di

( )( )
w

0.14

+2.5 =338.8 Pa

988.18 kg /m3 (0.3533

+ 2.5 =1

m 2
)
s

Jf = 0.0057 (from appendix)

Ds
Ps =8 j f
de

2
L u s
IB 2

0.0167 m/s

2
995.67 kg
(
)
m3
0.14 (
0.085 m
= 8 0.092 )
w
0.02778 m

( )( ) ( )

DISCUSSION

0.5m
)( 0.05m
)

This experiment was conducted in order to determine the performance and

effectiveness of heat transfer between hot fluid and cold fluid in a shell and tube heat
exchanger with different flow pattern for counter current flow. Besides that are to study the
heat balance, Log mean temperature (LMTD) and overall heat transfer coefficient. In order to
get pressure drop, Reynolds number and Prandtl number at the shell-tube heat exchanger
need to be determined. This experiment was also affected by flow rate of the fluid when hot
water flow rate is constant, the cold water flow rate become the manipulated variable at
interval of 2 LPM, and vice versa.
For counter current flow and constant hot water flow rate, the data of hot fluid
collected shows temperature of hot water out is lower than the temperature of hot water in,
meanwhile for cold fluid it shows that the temperature of cold water in is higher than the inlet
temperature of cold water. For data of constant cold water and manipulated hot water flow
rate, it shows that outlet temperature of hot fluid is lower than the inlet temperature and as for
cold fluid, the inlet temperature is lower than the outlet temperature.
The heat balance was calculated for all sets of data. As we can see, the efficiencies of
counter current flow heat exchanger are increase as the cold water flow rate increase. For
tube side heat transfer coefficient, the value is constant at 2425.2 W/m 2K. Type of flow of
tube side is turbulent flow which is constant at 4924.9. Next for shell side, the shell
coefficient is increase as the cold flow rate is increase. This conclusion is proved by looking
at the graph at Figure 9. Type of flow is laminar flow which is the range is between 513.18
and 1218.25. For overall heat transfer coefficient, the value for test 1 is 706.01 W/m 2K, for
test 2 is 870.63 W/m2K, for test 3 is 1080.53W/m2K, test 4 is 1111.09 W/m2K and test 5 is
1218.14 W/m2K. Based on result we can conclude that the value of overall heat transfer
coefficient is increase as the cold flow rate increase and it is proved by looking at graph at
Figure 6.
For pressure drop in hot water which is tube side, 338.8 Pa was calculated but for
measured value is increase from 3 to 243 mmH 2O. For pressure drop in cold water which is
shell side, the value is 0.3 Pa for test 1, 10.5Pa for test 2, 19.9Pa for test 3, 32.5Pa for test 4
and 49.1Pa for test 5.
For pressure drop in cold water which is shell side, 8.53 Pa was calculated but for
measured value is increase from -5 to 87 mmH 2O. For pressure drop in hot water which is
tube side, the value is 13.05 Pa for test 1, 41.37Pa for test 2, 100.39Pa for test 3, 184.97Pa for

test 4 and 292.26Pa for test 5. But for measure value of pressure drop, the value is 243
mmH2O for test 238 mmH2O for test 2, 242 mmH 2O for test 3, 240 mmH2O for test 4 and
245mmH2Ofor test 5. Maybe some error had been done while handling the equipment.
The graph plotted in Figure 5 shows inlet temperature of hot fluid is higher than the
outlet and as for cold fluid the inlet temperature is lower than the outlet temperature as it
increases throughout the process.
From result above, the pressure drop is depends on the flow rate not the temperature. The
pressure drop is increase as the cold flow rate increase and constant at tube side because the
flow rate is constant at 10 LPM. Same goes to heat transfer coefficient for tube side and shell
side. For tube side, the value of tube coefficient is constant as the hot water flow rate is
constant at 10 LPM but for shell coefficient, the value is increasing as the cold water flow
rate increase. The pressure drop is depend on the flow rates as the flow rates is changed the
pressure drop also change. This is due to the flow does not achieved the steady state yet.

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the efficiency and performance of

enhanced concentric tube and shell and tube heat exchangers using water as the heat
exchange medium for counter-current flow heat exchanger. Based on evaluate and study the
performance of shell and tube heat exchanger at counter current flow was determined.
Besides that, the heat balance, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient also determined.
The Reynolds number at the shell and tube heat exchanger was identified. From the results, it
can be concluded that the pressure drop is depends on cold water flow rate not the
temperature. The pressure drop for shell side is increase as the flow rate increase but constant
at tube side because the flow rate is constant at 10 LPM. Furthermore, for shell and tube heat
transfer coefficient is depends on flow rate, which is for tube coefficient is constant ecause
the flow rate is constant but for shell coefficient, the shell coefficient is increase as the flow
rate is increase. Next, Heat transfer and heat loss, heat transfer coefficient, overall heat
transfer coefficient and the pressure drop are depend on the changes of the flow rates of the
stream. The lower the pressure drop of the shell and tube heat exchanger, the higher the
efficiency of the heat exchanger.

RECOMMENDATION
As recommendation, firstly make sure the system is fully drain after each use of water
on tube side and steam condensate on shell side in order to avoid corrosion build-up during
down-times. Next, the eye position should be perpendicular to the meniscus and the scale to
prevent from parallax error. Beside that, the water to the tube side should be the first and last
flow rate to be turned on. The steam should be turned on only after the water is flowing
through the tube side. Avoid any leakage of the instrument, the instrument should be working
properly and lastly make sure that the time taken to collect the data is punctually followed.

REFFERENCES

1. Equipment for Engineering Education, Instruction and Operation Manuals, Gunt

Hamburg Germany,02/98
2. Cengel, Y. A., and Turner, R. H. 2005. Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences,
2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
3. YunusA.Cengel, 2006, Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach. McGraw Hill,,
3rd Edition
4. Christie John Geankoplis, Transport Process AND Separation (includes unit
operations) , 4thEdition

APPENDIX

Figure 8 : Tube side heat transfer factors

Figure 9 : Shell side heat transfer factors, segmental baffles