Chromatography is an actual process of separation that distributes element to separate between

two phases, one stationary (stationary phase), the other (the mobile phase) passing in a definite
direction. The prime is the mobile phase, giving up the column. The island is the solvent that
bearing the analyzes.
There are twelve types are:
(1) Column Chromatography
(2) Paper Chromatography
(3) Thin Layer Chromatography
(4) Gas Chromatography
(5) High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(6) Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
(7) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
(8) Affinity Chromatography
(9) Reversed Phase Chromatography
(10) Two Dimensional Chromatography
(11) Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and
(12) Counter Current Chromatography.

(1) Column Chromatography

Column Chromatography is another general and effective separation technique in organic
chemistry. This separation process involves the identical ethics as TLC, but can be applied to
separate larger amounts than TLC. Column chromatography can be used on both a large and
small range. The appeal of this technique are ample prolong and across many systems, including
biology, biochemistry, microbiology and medicine. Many general antibiotics are reformed by
column chromatography. To understand to use of this separation technique, we can conduct the
last test as an example. In the TLC test, we separated and analyzed the various elements that
make up over-the-counter painkillers. The technique of TLC was useful in fixing the type and
number of ingredients in the composition, but it was not helpful for collecting the separated
ingredients. We could only separate and see the stage. If we needed to collect the separated
ingredients, column chromatography could be used. We could load 100 mg of a crushed Anacin
tablet on a column made up of a silica stationary phase and separates the aspirin from the
caffeine and collect each of these compounds in separate beakers. Column chromatography
allows us to separate and collect the compounds individually. In this test, Column
Chromatography (abbreviated CC) will be used to separate the starting material from the product
in the oxidation of fluorene to flourenone and TLC will be used to monitor the usefulness of this
separation
(2) Paper Chromatography
This principle connected to the partition chromatography wherein the substances are distributed
or partitioned among liquid phases. One phase is the water, which is held in the pores of the filter
paper used; and the other is the mobile phase which moves over the paper. The compounds in the
mixture get separated due to differences in their affinity towards water (in stationary phase) and
mobile phase solvents during the movement of mobile phase under the capillary action of pores
in the paper.
The ethics can also be adsorption chromatography between solid and liquid phases, where the
stationary phase is the solid surface of paper and the liquid phase is of mobile phase. But most of
the appeal of paper chromatography action of the principle of partition chromatography, i.e.
partitioned between two liquid phases.

(3) Thin Layer Chromatography

Chromatography is the separation of two or more elements or ions by the distribution between
two phases, one which is moving and the other is stationary. These two phases can be solidliquid, liquid-liquid or gas-liquid. Though there are many several changes of chromatography,
the principles are basically the same. The cellulose paper is the stationary or solid phase and the
1-propanol/water mixture is the mobile or liquid phase. In this chapter look for a very similar
microscale technique for separating organic molecules, thin-layer chromatography. Thin-layer
chromatography or TLC, is a solid-liquid form of chromatography where the stationary phase is
normally a polar absorbent and the mobile phase can be a single solvent or a summation of
solvents. TLC is a quick, common microscale technique that can be used for:
Identify the number of elements in a mixture
Confirm a substances identity
Monitor the development of a reaction
Identify the appropriate conditions for column chromatography
Analysis the fractions obtained from column chromatography
(4) Gas Chromatography
Gas

chromatography (GC)

is

the

General

type

of chromatography used

in analytical

chemistry for separating and analyzing elements that can be vaporized barring decomposition.
Typical uses of GC comprise testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the
different elements of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be
determined). In some condition, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preliminary
chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.
In this gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually
an inert gas such as helium or an unreactivegas such as nitrogen. Helium remains the most
usually used carrier gas in about 90% of instruments although hydrogen is introduce for

improved separations. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an

inert solid support, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (an homage to
the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas
chromatography is called a gas chromatograph.