ARHITEKTURA I

URBANIZAM

2008

YU ISSN 0354-6055

22/23

122/23
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a Santiago Caletrava

a Station to Station, Steven Parissien

London's Historic Railway Stations, John Betjeman, Photo John Gray

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11000 , 73/II
: 011/ 3370-091, 3370-185, faks 3370-203
e-mail: milap@iaus.org.yu, au@iaus.org.yu

22/23
, 2008.

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2008.
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(2008)

77

Perth Station

George Earl

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This issues topic is sustainable transport. The

articles devoted to this subject deal with the
renewed interest in rail transportation, which is
accompanied by the building of important
architectural achievements passenger
terminals, then the development of
transportation systems and alternative means of
transportation inside cities. Big changes on a
global scale are influencing the transportation
infrastructure, by integrating all forms of
transportation into a singular system. Thus,
today the world is experiencing a revival of
railway passenger travel, and together with this
the city terminals are regaining importance,
being the key factors in the railway network. Big
railway terminals have always been objects of
importance for one city, society, architecture and
architects. The development of transportation
systems, apart from demonstrating a countrys
economic power, tells about the movement of
general social needs, economic progress,
technology, development policy, urbanism,
architecture and the esthetics of a country.

EDITORIaL
For example, the French transportation system
manifests the strategic option of its
development, encouraged by the current global
demands. One of the solutions for sustainable
city and suburb public transportation is based
on the introduction of complementary means of
travel like cable railways, street elevators,
escalators, cable cars et al. One of the articles
deals with this burning topic by analyzing the
different ways in which such transportation
systems could be introduced in Belgrade.
In the column Architecture, two significant
objects are presented, which have been recently
built in Banja Luka. The Town Market whose
authors are Branislav Stojanovic and Dalibor
Bjelica and the headquarters of the Government
of Republic Srpska whose authors are Ksenija
Bulatovich, Vesna Cagich-Milosevich and Igor
Cubre. It concerns two extraordinary
architectural achievements that have
significantly altered the image of the town and
have contributed to promoting the idea of a
town with a recognizable architecture in these
parts of Europe.
Mila Pucar

antwerp

Central Station

7
725.27.025 (497.6)

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2002 / 2003.
: 2003 / 2005.
: 2007.

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13

XXI
MINIMaLISM aS CIVILIYaTION
PaRaDIGMa aT THE BIGINING OF THE
21. CENTURY

Abstract

72.038.42 20

14

The term minimalism is carently used de

scriptively to refer to a style marked by a

certain asceticism in the art, architecture

and design.

(Donald
Judd)
It has begun from american Minimal art
of the 1960s in the filds of painting and
,
sculpture and has filtered into other sec
.
tors of society. It is now found in fashion,


music,
literature
and
interior
decoration,

,
as well as architecture.

(Michelangelo antioni)
Minimalisms has come to define the re -,
(Wim
sult of the use of simple geometric forms,

Wenders),
pure and simple lines, the modular prin ciple, surfaces with a smooth industrial
(John Cage)

.
appearance that negate any character of
,
(Mies
van
der
Rohe)
hand-made induviduality. as far as architecture is concerned, minimalism is cha (Luis Barragan),
,
racterized by the emphasis on essential
,

elements - like light and the way it falls
(Samuel Beckett)
.
on the volumes and masses that make

up buildings and shape space and struc(Ernesta Hemingway),

ture.

Linear structures and essential geometaM.

,
ric forms define identity but despite the


apparent simplicity of these works the
,

effect they make is extremely complex.

,
,
Kee words: minimalisms, essence, simpli
city, absence, reduction.




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* , ,

, 62-64,
e-mail:dvasilski@fgm.edu.yu

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(

)
,
.

. 1
:
, 1968.
Fig. 1
Donald Judd - Untitled, 1968.

. 2
: 15

, ,
, 1980-84.
Fig. 2
Donald Judd - 15
Untitled works
in Concrete,
Marfa, Texas,
1980-84.

, . ,
,
: ABC Art, ,
.
,
.

(Kasimir
Malevich), (De Stijl Group),

(Mondrian).
(Ursprung, 2003.)

, ,
. ,

, . ,
,
-.

(Robert Morris) 1963.
(Donald Judd) 1965.
.

,
, .

. (. 1, . 2)

. .

15

 , (Dan Flavin) (.3), (Carl andre)

,
(Sol LeWitt) (. 4),

,

.
. 3
:
25. , 1963.
Fig. 3
Dan Flavin - The Diagonal of
May 25, 1963.
. 4
:
, 1967.
Fig. 4
Sol LeWitt - Tripartite variations of
three different kinds of cube, 1967.

. .
. (John Cage)
: 433
.
, (Debussy)

16

, ,

,
- (high-tech) .

. ,
, . , , , ,
. -

,
.
:
- Ser Terence Conran,
:

- . .
- Colette,
1977, .
,
, ,
,


, ,
.

1990-.

, , . -

 (John Pawson)

(Calvin Klein), 1999.
(Claudio Silvestrin)

(Georgio armani), Armani 18 .
. .
,
(Bil Blass), 1992.
1990- (Prada)
(Gucci)
,
,

. (Helmut
Lang)
.
1990-,
.
,


.

, (Jil Sander)

,
,

.
. .

,
,
, ,
.
, .
,

(Raymond Carver),
Will You Please be Quiet?
1976.
.
(Ernest Hemingway) (Samuel
Beckett),
.

-
.
.


.
(
,
1919.),

( Interna
tional Style 1934. MoMa - Museum of
Modern art , New York).
,

.

,

.

,
,
,
.


(Massimo Vignelli): ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
,
,
,

17

 ,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,

, .( Bertoni,
1999. .226)

18

1980. 1990.
.


, .
1996. Minimum


,

. .

(Royal academy of arts)
, 1998. , (
) 1960,

(Jencks, 1999. .9)
,
(Jencks,
1999. .16),
.
,
,
, .

( Zumthor, 1998. . 24)
, (Maggy Toy)

(adolf Loos) Ornament und
Vebrechen (Toy, 1999. .7)
,
(Peter Murray)

,
(Zumthor, 1998. .14).
less is more.

Minimalisms (Zabalbeascoas i Marcos, 2000) Architettura minimalista

(Bertoni, 2002.) fotografije gradjevina
(Walter Gropius)
(Mes van der Rohe) ,

,
.
,
: . ,
,
, 19- (, , , , ).
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( 1960-
)

(, , , , ,
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1970. , , ,
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. 5
:
, , 2003.
Fig. 5
hn Powson - House in
Germany, Germany, 2003.

. 6
: ,
PUERTA AMERICA, ,
, 2005.
Fig. 6
hn Powson, Lobby, Hotel Puerta
Amerca, Madrid, Spain, 2005.

. 7
:
, ,
. , 2001.
Fig. 7
Claudo Silvestrin - Canal Building Apartment, London, UK,
2001.

(John Pawson)
- , , ,
,
.
( .5, .6).
-

,
. :

(Claudo Slvestrin)
- , , ,
, (William Shakespeare)
,
.
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(. 7, . 8)

. 8
:
,
, . ,
2001.
Fig. 8
Claudo Slvestrn Donnelly Gallery,

, , , , , -.
, , -:


( : Tony Fretton, David
Chipperfield David adjaye).

19

 (alberto Campo Baeza)

- More wth less
.
, .

...
...
,

. (. 9, . 10).
. 9

- , ,
1995.
Fig. 9
Alberto Campo Baesa Centre for Innovatve
Technologes, Inca, Majorca, 1995.

. 10
:
, ,
, 2000.
Fig. 10
Alberto Campo Baesa De
Blas House, Madrid,
Spain, 2000.

. 11
,
, , 1993.
Fig. 11
Eduardo Souto de Moura Baiao
House, Bajao, Portugal, 1993.

. 12

, ,
, 2004.
Fig. 12
Eduardo Souto de
Moura Braga House,
Braga, Portugal, 2004.

20

(Eduardo Elisio
Machado Souto de Moura)
-
, ,
,

,
. (. 11, . 12).


.
: Gigon/Guyer (. 13, . 14) i Diener&Diener (.
15, . 16) .

. 16
: ,
, , 1995-2001.
Fig. 16
Diener& Diener - KNSM - and
Java-Island Apartment Blocks,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
1995-2001.

. 14
: ,
, , 1996-99.
Fig. 14
Gigon&Guyer- Switching Station, Zurich,
Switzerland, 1996-99.

. 15
:
, ,
, 1995-2000.
Fig. 15
Diener&Diener - Migros
Shopping Centre and
Klubschule, Lucerne,
Switzerland, 1995-2000.

,

less is more.
,
.

,

.

. 13
: ,
, 1993-95.
Fig. 13
Gigon&Guyer -Extension of the Winterthur
Museum of Art, Winterthur, Switzerland,
1993-95.

21

 ,
.

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(Luis Barragan)
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(

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),


. (. 17, . 18).

22

(Tadao ando)
-
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.



. (. 19, . 20).

. 17
:

,
,
1977.
Fig. 17
Luis Barragan Franscisco Gilardi
House, Mexico City,
Mexico, 1975-77.

. 20
:

, ,
, , 2001.
Fig. 20
Tadao Ando Pulitzer
Foundation for the
Arts, Missouri, USA,
2001.

. 18
- :
, 1947.
Fig. 18
Luis Barragan house - office,
Mexico City, 1947.

. 19
:
, , ,
1993.
Fig. 19
Tadao Ando - Vitra Conference
Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, Alemania,
1993.

. 21
i : i i,
i, , 1992.
Fig. 21
Herzog&deMeuron - Goetz Collection,
Gallery for a Private Collection of Modern
Art, Munich, Germany, 1992.

(Peter Zumthor)
-
,
.

. ,
. (. 23, . 24).

. 23
:

, ,
,
1996.
Fig. 23
Peter Zumthor
Thermalbad Vals,
Vals, Switzerland,
1996.

. 22
i :
, ,
, 1994.
Fig. 22
Herzog&deMeuron Signal
Box, Auf dem Wolf, Basel,
Switzerland, 1994.

. 24
:
i, ,
, 1997.
Fig. 24
Peter Zumthor- Kunsthaus,
Bregenz, Switzerland, 1997.

(Herzog&deMeuron)
-
,
.
,

,

. ,
, ,


(. 21, . 22).

23

. 25
:
, , ,
, 1995.
Fig. 25
Shigeru Ban - Curtain Wall
House, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan,
1995.

(Shigeru Ban)
-


.

, ,
.
, ( )
.
,
, , .

. (. 25, . 26).

24

, . .

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. 26
: , ,
, , 2000.
Fig. 26
Shigeru Ban - Naked House,
Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan, 2000.

| 1.| Bertoni F. (2002.), Minimalist architecture, Basel,

Birkhauser
| 2.| |Cerver F. (1997.), The architecture of Minimalism,
New York , Books International
| 3.| Jencks Ch. (1999.), London, Open discusion in architectural Design, 69,5/6, may -june, .15-16
| 4.| McQuaid M.( 2003. ), Shigeru Ban, London, Phai
don Press
| 5.| Zabalbeascoa ., Marcos R.J., (2000.), Minimalisms,
Barcelona
| 6.| Toy . (1999.) Editorial, Architectural Design 69,
5/6, May-June 1999, str.7
| 7.| Ursprung Ph. Sachs a. Ruby I&a. (2003.), Minimal
Architecture, New York, Prestel
| 8.| Vignelli M., Bertoni F. (1999.), Claudio Sulvestrin,
Firenze, Octavo, 226
| 9.| Zumthor P. (1998.), A Way of looking at Things,
a+u, 02, 14, 24
|10.|(2005.), Minimalist Interiors, Koln, Taschen Gmbh
|11.|(2004.), Minimalism Design Source, New York,
Collins Design
|12.|(2006.), Minimalist Houses/Maisons Minimalistes/
Minimalistiche Hauser, Koln,Taschen Gmbh
|13.|(2006.), John Powson 19952005. Madrid, Croquis
editorial

(
e ),
.

,


( Blur building,
, Tower of sound )

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(Heinrich Klotz),1
( XX )

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25
72.01 18/19

IS THE MaTERIaLIZaTION OF
aRCHITECTURE NECESSaRILY
MaTERIaL?
Abstract:
architectural dematerialization process
has started in the first half of the previous century, and has intensively developed at the beginning of this one. architectural form decomposition on homogeneous envelope and dependent internal structure, affect on faade materials
to liberate from the ballast of supported
role, and to gain the privilege to be the
main holder of symbolic and sensual dimension. Therefore, on semantic level,
they became primary driving force of dematerialization of form, and architecture
in the whole.
With new technological development,
continuity in relieving of matter has
been brought to the extreme. Striving
for complete liberty of conventional
firmness and stability (in functional and
phenomenal mode) architecture take
over the efemer week substances from
nature: water, air, light, sound, and turn
them in it`s proper frame. Therefore, the
general thesis of this paper is the absurd
of architectural materialization with it`s
on demateriality. Being brought to the
turning point, this absurd transforms
both architecture (as artificial matter) as
well as nature itself.
The goal of this paper is to predicate
principles of material, formal and architectural genesis, in relation to the theoretical sources, as well as by examples of
two developed constructions (pavillion
Blur building by Diller&Skofidio, and
Tower of sound by yo Ito).
Key words: dematerialization, paradox,
form, transformation, nature.


26

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Chora L Works 9 (Jacques
Derrida), (Peter Eisenman).
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. 1
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, 1991.
Fig. 1
Bernard Tschumi, Fireworks
at Parc de la Villete, 1991.

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Yverdon-Les-Bains, 2002.
Fig. 2
Diller+Scofidio, Blur building, YverdonLes-Bains, Ekspo 2002.

.
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Blur building ( )

2002. ,
(Diller& Scofidio). (.2)
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.25
, 26 . (Peter
Behrens) bien nicht ( ), Less is more ( ),
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: Blur: the making of noth
ing (: ). 27

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Yverdon-Les-Bains, 2002.
Fig. 3
Diller+Scofidio, Blur building,
Yverdon-Les-Bains, Ekspo 2002.

.30 (.3)
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(Toyo Ito) :
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(Richard Neutra) 1949. :

. 4
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, 1996.
Fig. 4
Toyo Ito, Tower of sound,
Yokohama, 1996.

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. 32
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, 33
(Federico Soriano).
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(
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. 5
,
, 1963-1965.
Fig. 5
Hans Haacke, Condensation
cube, 1963-1965.
. 6
,
, 1991.
Fig. 6
Bernard Tschumi, Fireworks
at Parc de la Villete, 1991.

. 7
,
, Quemado,
New Mexico, 1977.
Fig. 7
Valter de Maria, The Lighting
field, Quemado, New Mexico,
1977.

,
. (2004.), ,
, : -
..., 57.
1 . (1995.), XX (
), , , 5.
2 (2004.), 88.
3 Tschumi B. (2003.), Vectors and Envelopes,
The state of the architecture at the Beginning
of the 21st century / Edited by Tschumi B., Cheng I., The
Monacelli Press, 64.
4 Kahn L., Hill J. (2006.), Immaterial
architecture, Routledge, New York, 76.
5 (2004.), 88.
6 Jean Nouvel, .
(2006.), :
/ XX ,
/
, 28.
7 Weston R. (2003.), Materials, Form and Architecture, London, Laurence King, 193. ( .)
8 , Hill ( 2006.), 75.
9 Derrida J, Eisenman P. (1997.), Chora L Works:
Jacques Derrida, Peter Eisenman, New 10 Derrida J,
Eisenman P. Hill (2006.), 75-76.
11 Cousins Mark, ., 75.
12 Hill (2006.), 75.
13
14 (2004.), 57.
15
., 88.
16 Op.cit., 88.
17 Op.cit., 92.
18 Op.cit., 31.
19 Op.cit., 26.
20 Nouvel ., kako je navedeno u Baudrillard ., Nouvel .
(2002.), The singular object of Architecture, Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 64.
20 Semper G., Hill, (2006.), 114.
21 (2006.), , , , XIV
22 Klein, Hill, (2006.), 87.
23 Hill, (2006.), 45.
24 ., 195.
25 Scofidio E., Diller R. (2002.), Blur: the making of nothing,

New York, Harry N. abrahms, 45.

26
Expo, 1851,
Werkbund 1914. ,
(Joseph Paxton)
(Bruno Taut), Blur building
.
27 Scofidio E., Diller R. (2002.)
28 Diller, Hill, (2006.), 95.
29 Op., cit., 94.
29 Op., cit.
30 Scofidio E., Diller R. (2002.), 56.
31 , .
(2004), /
, ,
, 224.
32 Baudrillard . (2002.), 24.
32 Ito T. (1999.), Toyo Ito: Blurring Architecture 19712005,
351.
32 Neutra R., Mori T. (2002.), Immate
rial/Ultramaterial, architecture, design,
and materials, New York, George Braziller, 68.
33 Soriano F. music, kako je navedeno u Gausa M, Guallart
V., Muller W., Soriano F., Porras F., Morales J. (2003.), The
metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture, Barcelona, actar, 444.
33a Do Hu Suh, Hill, (2006.), 168.
34 Ito T., www.mediaruimte.
be/digital_territories/projects/cybernetic/Tower-ofWinds_Toyo-Ito
35 (2006.), 171.
36 Menin S., Samuel F. (2003.), Nature and space, Aalto and
Le Courbusier, New York, Routledge, 163. (
..)
37 Heidegger M., Mori (2002.), 65.
38 Le Kourbusie, Kuma K. (1997.), Dig
ital gardening, Kengo Kuma: Selected Works, Princeton
architectural Press, 224.
39 Duncan L., Herve P., camouflage, Gausa, Guallart, Muller, Soriano, Porras, Morales (2003.), 96.
40 Soriano, arthificial, ., 63.

33

7.041(091)

34

Abstract
The relationship of painting towards
motion and its representation has been
analysed by three essays: Gallery cave;
The Da Vinci Concept Muybridge; and
Conditioned stories. Starting from the
cave drawings, then with Da Vinci,
Picasso and Muybridge, the way of
representing motion had evolved and
followed various conceptions both in art
and in science.
Drawings from addaura caves are the
product of direct observations on reality
and are a part of the Paleolithic mans life
experience, therefore the starting
impulse should be generally attributed
to the cave man. Da Vinci looks into
motion in the experimental way: Since
the same position will be differently
displayed up to infinity, as it can be
observed from infinite number of
places.
Muybridge records the studies of motion
and develops Da Vincis observations
using the modern technology which is
represented by several photo cameras.
The role of light as a visual gradient of
movement and its spatiality is observed
by the atmosphere captured in the
photograph of Picasso at work. The
motion in painting is visual spatial
phenomenon with the appearance of
light, which is the major visual premise
both in perception and in interpretation.

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Fig. 1.
Ritual dance? dated circa 15,000
10,000 B.C. engraved in the rock of
caves in Addaura, Monte Pellegrino
(Palermo) Source: Janson H.W. (1970),
(History of art),
Beograd, Yugoslavia, 20

.
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Fig. 2.
Details, Addaura cave, Monte
Pellegrino (Palermo) Source: Janson
H.W. (1970),
(History of art), Beograd,
Yugoslavia, 20

35


36

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Fig. 3.
The figure leans to the ground by
fingers. Body doesnt show a tendency to detach from the ground. Head
reclines backwards, swinging left and
right, what is suggested in hair
torsion. The dancer is in trance.
Source: Janson H.W. (1970),
(History of art), Beograd,
Yugoslavia, 20
. 4.

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, 20
Fig. 4.
The moment in which the dancer
detaches from the ground. He is
uprising, not reaching yet the climax.
With the motion of his head and hair
which presses the shoulders, he
suggests the moment before the
zenith. Source: Janson H.W. (1970),
(History of art),
Beograd, Yugoslavia, 20


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Fig. 5.
Muybridge. Source: Da Vinci,
L. (1953),
(A treatise of
painting), Beograd,
Kultura, 103

. 6
. :
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Fig. 6.
Muybridge. Source:
Da Vinci, L. (1953),

(A treatise of painting),
Beograd, Kultura, 103

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(camera obscura),
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Fig. 7.
Muybridge, The sequence of vertical
photographs taken by optics number 9,
with each camera at the same time,
recording the same motion from three
different sides. Source: Da Vinci, L.
(1953), (A treatise
of painting), Beograd, Kultura, 103

. 8.
.
Fig. 8.
J. Viktorovski

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Fig. 9.
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, .. (1968.), , ,

Taft R. (1985.), The Humane Figure in Motion, New
.
, - York, Dover Publications
.. (1984.), .
, , ,
. - ... (1972.), , ,
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2 (1972.), ,
,
Lucie-Smith E. (1978.), , ,
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39

New York

Grand CentralPerth

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Abstract
Global outstanding architectural production
appears as consequence of fast comprehensive
technological and economical improvement.
Traffic infrastructures also run out the transition and
rationalization all over the world. The all kind of
traffic is going to be integrated in unique system
improving all their advantages, minimizing their
drawback. according to those tendentious becomes
revival of railway traffic as well as importance of city
railway terminals , h key check points in whole
railway network.
The great railway terminals were unique distinctive
objects for the city as well as for society, but also for
history of architecture. Examples of those historical
objects enables tracing of their genesis from 19.
century glamour throughout 20 century lagging, to
their renaissance those days.
Railway station objects has been changed
functionaly and appearsly, therefore it is possible to
shortly recognize global functional requiremets
necessary to fulfil large customer requirements.
Concept of transit type railway station is more
acceptable then head type railway stations
constructed in early phase of railway development.
This modern type is more suitable for city giving
large abilities for smooth and easy interchanges.
Different modality of that type allows creation of
different shapes and forms, designing object from
just an entrance to the subterainien lines, to unique
station shed covering the whole statin complex.
The main goal is fadeing of obstacles, planty of
daylight, a pleasent ambience, easy resourcefulness
and reliable visual aids, therefore all those becomes
an categorical imperative.
Gathering distinguish architects and constructors,
great investments bids abundance of modern
terminals, putting together in unique object its
static and dynamic caracter, promoting new
technologies and speed, opening new glory era in
history of railway station architecture.
Key words: railway terminals, genesis, intergration,
superposition, renissance

* . , ,

41
725.31 20/21

42

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Future Viena station as a new city
megastructure

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Waterloo International station,
London, Eurostar line
/
The platform ambience

43

. 3.
/
, 1863.
Victorian apearance of Pancras station,
London, 1863.

/
74
Train shed at Pankras st. with overall span of
74 m

44

. 4.

1852. ,
King`s Cross st, London,
1852.

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Elevated Stadtbahn railway, running above
historical city parts

. 6.



The old Frankfurt st. ocupying
great deal of city teritory, making
bariere to the city parts

. 5.


2. ,

19. ,



Milano st, 1933. the last
one of the old station
koncept beeing the
homage to it in the era of
modern movement in
architecture

45

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Lerhter station, Berlin, 2oo6, urban grid remains
due to the elevated and underground tracks

. 8.
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1994., .
Lilleurope station, 1994.

. 10.



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21, .
Tiburtina bridge station, as
the city boulevrd linking two
separated parts of the city of
Rme

. 11.
/ ,

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Roterdam Blaak, entrance to
the underground station
/ ,
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Vanishing architecture of the

New Stutgart station

(. 9). ,
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47



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48

. 13.

:
The railway terminals at the airports
/ , .
Lyon
/ , . ,

Frankfurt

. 12.
/
, , 1998., .

Orient station, Lisbone, platform
level over the station square and
atation hall
/

Advanteges of the Waterloo`s
vertical plan

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Modern terminals at
daylight and by night
/
Florence
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Charles de Gaule airport

station
/

Orient station, Lisbone

/ ,
Lyon airport station

. 14.
, 2006,
,
..
Liege station as a city
happening

49

5.
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high-tech ,
,
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50

. 2007.
,
,

Ferrarini a, 2005, Railway Stations, Electa architecture

Ventura P, 2004, Citta e Stazione Ferroviaria, Firenze
University Press, Edifir
Blow C, 2005. Transport Terminals and Modal
Interchanges, architectural press, Oxford
Ross J, 2000, Railway StationsPlanning, design and
management, architectural Press, Oxford
Thorne M, 2001, Modern Train and Splendid Stations,
Marrell, Chicago
Meeks C, 1956, The Railroad Stations, Dover publication
321, 1999, LArchitecteur dAujourdhui
25, 22, The Architects Journal
area 76, Rivista di Architectura e Arti del Progetto,
Larca 1o8, 1996.

 *, **

aa

1

Abstract
according to the Master Plan for the city of Belgrade a strategic solution for the city and suburban public transport is based on introducing
new complementary means of transport as
ropeway systems including funiculars, cable
line shuttles, gondolas, street escalators, etc.
By introducing alternative means of transport,
the Belgrades traffic and transport network can
be enriched with a new quality the direct access to the most attractive parts of the city (as
Sava riverbank, plateau under Kalemegdan fortress, the ambiental entity of Kosaniev venac
and square Terazijska terasa as well as recreational areas as Koutnjak and ada Ciganlija
Lake). This should also considerably enhance
Belgrade tourist offer.
Basic goals for introducing ropeway systems in
Belgrade are:
connecting most atractive parts of the city,

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, 2006-07.

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-mail: office@juginus.rs

,

, 2008.

,
.

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2021., , 2003.

51
711.553 (497.11)

20212.



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( ,
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( ,
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, , , .),

ALTERNaTIVE TRaNSPORT
CaSE STUDY: CONNECTING aTTRaCTIVE
TOURIST LOCaTIONS OF THE CITY BELGRaDE
BY ROPEWaY SYSTEMS

 ( , . ,



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(
)
,

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K : ,
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52

introducing

traffic system complementary to

existing public transport systems,
developing sustainable means of transport
and reducing the urgency to expanding capacities of existing public transport systems,
developing entertaining and attractive alternative transport,
creating possibilities for new investments in
the zone of future station locations,
redesigning the image of the Belgrade as a
city with a recognizable motif.
Key words: City of Belgrade, alternative transport,
ropeway systems, transportation network,
tourism

,
3,
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( park and ride
).

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2011.
2021.

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Fig. 1.
Most favourable ropeway connections by citizens of Belgrade
(Research of the potential demands
for tranport at selected locations,
developed for the Study by Institute
of Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering)

,
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,

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55


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Fig. 2.
Ilustration of nominated corridors

1. - -;
2. - ;
3. (-
) - ;
4. -;
5. - ;
6. .

56

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1.
2.
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6.

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2006.

2010.

2020.

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()
Fig. 3.
Panoramic detachable gondola,
Muenchen, Germany (Doppelmayr)

57

. 4.


(y)
Fig. 4.
Panoramic detachable gondola,
coast of the Black Sea, Romania
(Doppelmayr)

. 5.


Fig. 5.
General Design of the ranked
corridors

58

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59

TGV

TECHNOLOGICaL MODEL OF
SUSTaINaBLE DEVELOPMENT EXaMPLE OF TGV TRaNSPORT SYSTEM
IN FRaNCE

656.2 (44)

60

,
Abstract

Strategy of transport system develop

,

ment based on real estimate of spatial
, and functional region possibilities, cre ,
ates a communication web as an illustra
tion
of
whole
social
needs
trend,
eco
nomical
progress
and
planning
policy.
?

TGV system is considered as significant


direction of France region development,

,
designed by global time demands but

proceeded by connecting local level po
.
tentials .
GV
The highest ambition in railway develop-
ment project is Mediteranee line, linking , .
Marceille Lyon, demonstrating a step

beyond speed limit, tecnological aes
,
thetic and architecture.


Key
words:
high
speed
rail
system,
techno
, ,
logical progress, strategy development,
,
,
subsystem TGV Mediterranee, viaduct

.
.

Mediteranee

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TGV Mediterranee,
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(. 1).
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19. .


, :
JR Kyoto Railway Station, Hiroshi Hara (1991-97) -

(Shinkansen system
); Oriente Station, Santiago Calatrava, Lisbon, Portugal (1993-98),
; Waterloo International Terminal, Nicholas Grimshaw, London (1990-93); atocha Station, Rafael Moneo, Madrid
(1986-92), Lille-Europe Station, Jean-Marie Duthilleul, Lille, France,
(1988-92)1; TGV (Train a Grande Vitesse),
, ,


(. 2. 3).

. 1.

Fig.1.
Viaduct construction

TGV

E E

62

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,
1

Jean-Marie Duthilleul
(SNCF), ,
Lille-Europe Station je . URaLILLE
. Lille-Europe
30 .
TGV,

rgaret htcher Francois Mitterrand,
-

EURaLILLE R olhas,
,
, 60-70
90min. .
Lille .
TGV
,

.

. 3.

Fig. 3.
Continuity of landscape

(Garden City) (benezer Howard) (Ciudad Lineal)

, (artuto Soria y Mata),

.

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,
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.
2 Peripheral urbanization in the eyes of
the builders and the dwellers is to be
functionally as little countryside as
possible and as much city as possible,
... aesthetically as little city as possible
and as much countryside as possible,
Hoffman-axthelm (1991)

, , .

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Fig. 2.
Relation between nature and
technological demands

63

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3
New light railway systems, ,
, - ; BaRT Station,
Smith Group, Pleasanton, California, USa,

. 4.
TGV (Train a Grande Vitesse)
Fig. 4.
TGV (Train a Grande Vitesse)

;

,
Metro Station,
Busby+associates, Vancouver, Canada,
Bangkok sky-rail system, .

 GV
, - TGV (Train a Grande
Vitesse),), SNCF-
,
.



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,


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,

.
180-200km/h,
-

. 6.

Fig. 6.
Sign of technological
progress
. 5.


Fig. 5.
High speed rail system in global
transport context

4 ,
- , , .
(

),

1967. .
(1974.),
, SNCF ( ), , .4 TGV,
.

,

, .

TGV

,
(. ;
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65

 ,
,
,
300km/h 186mph (. 7).


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5 - (
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. 7.
TGV 2001.
Fig. 7.
TGV transport system 2001.

GV MEDITERRaNEE




, ,
,
2001
-
300km/h.


, ,
, SNCF-
.
TGV
1981. ,
, ,
, , 1989.,
1996, (
) (. 8).

. 8.
/


/ TGV Mediterranee

Fig. 8.
a/ Map of France reconfigured according to rail travelling time distance
b/ TGV Mediterranee from Lion to
Marceille

66

5 ,
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(

),
-

.

,

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.

K
TGV MEDITERRaNEE

(
- ,
,
Dombes-Costieres, Messiez La Gularie, 5km),
TGV
,
.
100m2

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,


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6 , 63m2 230km/h,

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XII .
7 , 1730m, ,
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4000t, .

TGV SNCF-,

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67


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,

Gare du Nord Grand Central , ,
.8

VaLENCE STaTION

68

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TGV (
-),


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. 9.


Fig. 9.
Traditional shades contemporary
improvised

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. 11.


Fig. 11.
Cubist form build upon irregular
column spread

8

,
GV Lehrter Bahnhof, GMP, Berlin,
-
-. ( ),

.

,
.

Underground station, Ingenhoven Overdiek & Partner,
Stuttgart, Germanu,
,
.

. 10.

Fig. 10.
Object shape related to functional context

69

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TGV . ,
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AVIGNON STaTION

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70

. 12.

Fig. 12.
Shaltered platform levels

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. 13.

Fig. 13.
Horizontally developed volume

. 14.

Fig. 14.
Material and form choice according
to climate

. 15.

Fig. 15.
Dominant pedestrian way up
to platform level


,
,
( ),
.
,
,
,

(. 16. 17).
,
.

. 16.

Fig. 16.
Coherent unity of material
and shape

72

. 17.

Fig. 17.
Balanced station form

aIX-EN-PROVENCE STaTION
TGV ,
-- , - ,
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Fig. 18.
Roof shape and topography in
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Fig. 20.
Rails direction entrance

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Fig. 21.
Pedestrian way permeates in object

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Fig. 19.
Main west entrance

73

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Fig. 22.
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,
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Philip Jodidio, New forms; architecture in the 1990s,

Taschen 2001
Philip Jodidio, Building a new millennium, Taschen,
2000
rchitectural Review, 3/ 2003
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_City
www.has-architectuur.nl/res/
paper%5Blodz2001%5D.pdf
www.Decouvrir aREP.com
www.Jean-Marie Duthilleul.com
www.Rail Travel TGV-Provence.com
www.Railway Technologu.com
www.tgv.com
www.TGV Mediterranee.com
www.Tgv Valence.com
www.Trains.com

rchitectural Review, 3/ 2003
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TGVDuplex_arriere.
JPG
www.scmf.com.fr/images/_hd/gare_tgv_aix-enprovence08.jpg
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carte_TGV.svg

75

New York

Grand Central Perth

 -*

SPRaWL aND SUSTaINaBLE URBaN

50


,

(urban
sprawl).


,



.



.




,


, (smart urban sprawl).
,
.
: ,
,
,
.

* ,
x, 32, ,
mmmicic@singidunum.ac.yu: micic70a@yahoo.com

,

.


2020.
80%,

90% (, 2006).
50


,

(urban
sprawl).


.
,


20%,
6%.

(EEa)


.



(. 1).

77
711.416 (4) 19

Abstract
Over 50 years urban development in Europe has been affected by extensive urban sprawl. Environmental, economic
and social impacts of long lasting sprawl
are threatening urban identity, urban
culture and cultural identity of European
territory. Last two decades the main concept in European planning and governance system has been the sustainable
development, namely sustainable urban
development and its implementation.
We ought to be realistic about the possibilities to counter sprawl. Realistic seams
to steer sprawling tendencies in more
suitable and sustainable manner, so
called smart urban sprawl. This paper
analyses the planning concepts and
gives the brief review of current policies
for steering the urban sprawl in EU, which
are considered to be of importance in
achieving more sustainable urban development and efficient urban management in Serbia.
Key words: urban sprawl, sustainable ur
ban development, steering the urban
sprawl, concepts and policies for steering the
urban sprawl.

DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE

. 1.



, 1950-1990.
Figure 1.
Population growth and the
growth of built-up areas
(mid-1950s to late 1990s),
selected european cities
: EEA, Report 10, 2006, pp. 14.

78

,


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, ,
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(ITC), , .
().
,
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20. .
,
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(ibid).

.

,
,
(smart urban sprawl, Couch Ch.
et al., 2007).

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,
(a, 2006; Couch Ch. et al., 2007).

,
.

(1999) ,
.

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(2003), (2006) (2007).
(Thematic Strategy on
the Urban Environment, 2006; The Common Declaration of Saarbrucken, 2005; Integrated Environment Management, 2007)
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. 2.

, 1955-1990.
Figure 2.
Land use changes in Munich urban area from
1955 to 1990
: , port 10, 2006, pp.47.

,
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().

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80

ww
Sprawl

Contcentrated/Clustered deconcentration

. 3.

Figure 3.
Concept of concentrated
deconcetration in Dutch
spatial planning

: Remmen Y., Burg A.J., Past and future of Dutch urbanization policies, 44th ISOCARP Congress, 2008


,
.


,
.
(integrated
area development),
, ( )
. ,
,
(. 4).
(.5)
(Remmen, Burg, 2008).

,

Amsterdam

. 4.



,

Figure 4.
Designated VINEX
locations and
regional green areas
in Randstad area,
Netherlands

The Hague

Rotterdam

. 5.

Figure 5.
Protection of open
views on national
landscapesa round
highways in Netherlands
: Ibid.

: Remmen Y., Burg

A.J., Past and future of
Dutch urbanization poli
cies, 44th ISOCARP Con
gress, 2008

81


82

.

(URBS PaNDENS)
, , , , ,
(Couch Ch. et al., 2007)

,
(smart
urban sprawl).

(,
, .)
,
/ .



.
.
, , (.
,
brownfield
greenfield ,
, / , /
.),
, .

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al., 2007) :
1.



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2.


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3.
,


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).
,

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,
, :
;
,
; , ; .

1. Couch Ch., Leontidou L., Petschel-Held G. (2007),

Urban Sprawl in Europe landscapes, landuse chan
ge & policy, Blachwell Publishing, Oxford
2. Committee on Spatial Development EU (1999), Eu
ropean Spatial Development Perspective, Potsdam
3. CEC (2006), Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environ
ment, COM(2005)718 final, Brussels
4. CEC (2005), The Common Declaration of Saarbruck
en, URBaN Future Conference, Saarbrucken
5. CEMaT (2003), Ljubljana Declaration on the Territori
al Dimension of Sustainable Development, Ljubljana
6. EC (2007), Integrated Environment Management,
Guidance in relation to the Thematic Strategy of the
Urban Environment, Technical Report 2007-013,
Luxembourg
7. EEa (2006), Urban sprawl in Europe the ignored
challenge, Report EEa nr 10/2006, Kopenhagen
8. Informal Ministerial Meeting on Urban Development and Territorial Cohesion (2007), Territorial
Agenda of the European Union, Leipzig

;

;

, .;
,

;
, .


brownfield
.

(2002)

130 ha/
2000. (80% 20%
) 30 ha/
2020. (, 2006).

, ,
. .

,
(
) ,

. 21. ( )

(Couch Ch. et al., 2007).
, ,

,
.

,


(, 2006).
()

83

London

Victoria Station

SYMMETRY NOTION aS a UNIVERSaL
PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN

* Mr , ...,

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85
72.012

abstract
Symmetry is a word that appears in a variety of disciplines over a variety of ages,
carries many meanings and has always
been in direct relation to the most important notions which explain architectural creativity. Wide spectrum of situations with which the term symmetry can
be related to, shows the complexity of its
meaning. as in its meaning symmetry includes: idea of geometry of form, idea of
connection to the nature, simplicity,
scale and proportion, as well as according to relation which symmetry notion
possess to: the parts and the whole of
certain things, ordinance notion and hierarchy in architecture, geometry, measure and number in architecture, and architectural composition, it can be deduced that symmetry has one of the key
roles in creation of principles of modern
architecture of the XXth century. In that
way symmetry represents one of the
clearest index that many dimensions of
history of architecture, as well as the history of architectural theory, are timeless.
Key Words: notion, principle, meaning, in
terpretation, symmetry


86

.

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mmetrie).
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. 17.

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,
, 1 G.Darvas, Perspective as a Symmetry Transformation,
NN, vol.5 no.1

2 .
3 I.Hargittai, M. Hargittai, Symmetry A Unifying Concept,
1994, xvii

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87


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Fig. 1.
Point Groups Symmetry Class

. 2.

Fig. 2.
Space Groups Symmetry Class

(. 2)

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88

. 3.

Fig. 3.
Egyptian temple Pylon

. 4.
,
Fig. 4.
Parthenon, Athens

I
,
(. 3), (. 4), (.5),
(. 6), (.7),
20. (.8,9).
,9).
.
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. 5.
,
Fig. 5.
Arch of Constantine, Rome

. 9.
,
Fig. 9.
Arche de la Dfense, ,
Johann Otto von Spreckelsen

. 7.
,
,

Fig. 7.
Basilica of Santa Maria Novella,
Florence, comleted by Leon Battista
Alberti

. 8.
,
,
Fig. 8.
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chapel, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

. 10.
,
Fig. 10.
Dome, Pantheon, Rome

, , ,
.4
II
,

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(II.1),
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(. 10), , (. 11).
4 :
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, , , 2001, 13-23

. 11.
-
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Fig. 11.
Florence Cathedral Basilica di
Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence,
Filippo Brunelleschi

. 6.
,
Fig. 6.
Milan Cathedral

89

II.2

.
, ,
(. 12), (. 13),
,
(. 14) (. 15).

. 12.
,
Fig. 12.
Temple of Vesta, Rome

90

. 13.
, ,

Fig. 13.
Tempietto, Rome,
Donato Bramante

. 14.
, ,
o a
Fig. 14.
Cathedral of the
Resurrection, France,
Mario Botta

. 16.

,
Fig. 16.
Cenotaph for Isaac Newton,
tienne Louis Boulle

II.3 ,
, .
1784.
(. 16),
1990. ,
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III chiral
.
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.15.
a , ,
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Fig. 15.
Tower of Winds, Japan,
Toyo Ito

. 17.

,
a,
a
Fig. 17.
Shonandai
Cultural Center,
Fujisawa, Itsuko
Hasegawa


, 5.
,
, (. 18),
Royal Hospital

chiral (. 19).

6 Puerta de Europa
,

(. 20).

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. 19.
, ,

Fig. 19.
Royal Hospital,
Greenwich, Sir Christopher Wren

IV
,


,


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5 chiral ;

;
-
,

. 21.
,
,

Fig. 21.
Piazza del
Campidoglio,
Rom, MichelangeloBuonarroti
. 22.
a
a,
,

Fig. 22.
Sydney Opera
House, Australia,
Jrn Utzon

. : I. Hargittai, M.
Hargittai, 1994, 28
6 K. Williams, Symmetry in architecture, http://www.
mi.sanu.ac.yu/vismath/kim/index.html

. 18.

, ,

Fig. 18.
Saint Peters Square, Rome,
Gian Lorenzo Bernini

. 20.
,
,

Fig. 20.
Twin Towers of Puerta de Europa,
Madrid, Philip Johnson and John
Burgee

91

 ,

,
,

. 20.

,

. ,
, .

IV.1
.
. (. 23)
.

(S.Ivo alla Sapienza)

(. 24).
(. 25)

.
1919.
(. 26).

92

. 23.
a a
Fig. 23.
Tower of Babel

. 24.

, ,

Fig. 24.
San Ivo alla Sapinza,
Rome, Francesco
Borromini

. 25.
, ,

Fig. 25.
Guggenheim Museum, New
York, Frank Lloyd Wright

V
.
. (.
27), (. 28),

.

. 26.

,

Fig. 26.
The Monument to the
Third International,
Vladimir Tatlin


,
(. 29)
(. 04) ,

(. 30).
,
. 27.
, a
Fig. 27.
Doge's Palace, Venice

. 28.
,
Fig. 28.
Cathedral of Pisa

,
,
Seagram building
(. 31).
, ,
.
. 29.
,
a
Fig. 29.
Hatsepsut Temple, Egypt

. 31.
, ,
e
Fig. 31.
Seagram building, New York, Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe

. 32.
,
Fig. 32.
Pavilion, Philip Johnson

. 33.
a a,
, A o
Fig. 33.
Villa Capra La Rotonda,
Vicenza, Andrea Palladio

VI

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. 30.

Fig. 30.
Aqueduct of ancient Rome

93

, ,
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94

. 34.
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Fig. 34.
Pantheon, Rome

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(. 6. 7. 4. 8.)
Fig. 36.
Prportional analysis of represented
buildings (fig. 6. 7. 4. 8.)

8 C.N.Schulz, Meaning in Western Architecture, Praeger

Publishers, New York, 1975.

95

XX

96

20. ,

. XX ,

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9 R. Wittkower: The Changing Concept of Proportion,

Idea and Image, Studies in the Italian Renaissance,
Thames and Hudson, London, 1978., 109-124.

, , .
, ,
- ,


.

- Hargittai, I., Hargittai, M.: Symmetry: A Unifying

Concept, Bolinas, California: Shelter Publications,
1994.
- Kask, T.: Symmetrie und Regalmigkeit fran
zcle Architektur im Grand Sicle, Birkhuser Verlag, Basel und Stuttgart, 1971
- Pollitt, J.J.: The Ancient View of Greek Art: Criti
cism, History, and Terminology, Yale University
Press, New Haven and London, 1974
- Stevens, P.S.: Handbook of Regular Patterns: An
Introduction to Symmetry in Two Dimensions, Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 1992
- Tatarkjevi, V.: Istorija est pojmova: Umetnost.
Lepo. Forma. Stvaralatvo. Podraavanje. Estetski
doivljaj, Nolit, Beograd
- Vitruvije: Deset knjiga o arhitekturi, Velike knjige
arhitekture, Gradjevinska knjiga, Beograd, 2000
- Weyl, H.: Symmetry, Princeton Science Library,
Princeton University Press, 1980
- Williams, K.: Symmetry in architecture, http://
www.mi.sanu.ac.yu/vismath/kim/index.html

, ,
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97

London

Liverpool Street



INTERNaTIONaL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS AND CITIES
, 25 - 26.01.08.

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Kings Cross

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and socio-economic transition; 2) Development and organisation
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