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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Business
Culture
in
Hungary
.....................................................................................................
4
Xenophobia: being a foreigner in HUNGARY ................................................................................... 5
International business in HUNGARY ................................................................................................. 5
General education ................................................................................................................................ 6
Educational standards .......................................................................................................................... 8
Student Placements .............................................................................................................................. 8
Other issues such as transport infrastructure ....................................................................................... 9
Cultural taboos ..................................................................................................................................... 9
10
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5isEVENRVI
Hungary is a landlocked Central European country, the 16th largest in Europe (93,030 km2).
It is a member of the European Union since 2004 and a member of the Schengen area since
2007. Its neighbours are: Slovakia, to the north; Ukraine, to the north-east; Romania, to the
east; Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia to the south; and Austria to the west. The Hungarian
territory consists mostly of plains and hills. Hungarys climate is temperate, being influenced
by three important climate zones: oceanic, continental and Mediterranean. Consequently, it
can experience dramatic weather changes. The annual average temperature is 9.7C
(49.46F) across most of the country and 11.2C (52.16F) in Budapest. The population of
Hungary totals 9,909,000 (January 2013). With a population of 1.7 million inhabitants,
Budapest has the role of economic and political centre of the country. The largest Hungarian
cities, beside Budapest, are: Debrecen (205,000), Miscolk (178,000), Szeged (164,000), Pcs
(159,000) and Gyr (126,000).
Hungary has a birth rate of 9.1 (2012), and a slightly higher death rate, at 13 (2012).
The age distribution of the population is: 15.6 % are 14 years old or younger, 69.2 % are
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between the ages of 15 to 64 and 15.2% are 65 or older. Hungarys main ethnic group is
Hungarian (92.3%). Its most numerous minorities include: Romany (5%), Germans,
Romanians, Slovakians, Serbians and Ukrainians.
Hungary is in the Central European Time Zone and is one hour ahead of Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT+1) during the winter months and two hours ahead of it (GMT+2), to
accommodate Daylight Saving Time (DST), from March to October.
The weather in winter is rather cold, cloudy and damp, or windy, while summers are warm to
hot and dry.
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This section focuses on the general business environment in Hungary. In the first section, we
examine the attitudes and values of the people, while the section presents a business-related
perspective of the education system, training and placements in Hungary.
Knowing the attitudes and values of your business partner can be extremely important for
opening and maintaining effective relationships with your foreign partners. This will allow you
to avoid mistakes that could result in cultural barriers, which could hinder your success in a
particular country.
How can the work-life balance be described, in the case of Hungary? What is the Hungarians
attitude to foreigners and what subjects should be avoided? All these pieces of information
may become extremely valuable when doing business in Hungary. The following section will
highlight essential attitudes and values and their consequences in business practice in
Hungary.
Young people are enthusiastic about trying their chances abroad or in different areas in
Hungary, but the older generation is generally reluctant to move around, being attached to
the places and the people they are used to. Of the most numerous minorities in Hungary, 5%
of the population are Romany, who are extremely poor and often find work in the grey and
black sectors of the economy, which still accounts for a considerable portion of the GDP. Due
to cultural prejudices and the status of the Roma population in Hungarian society, it is best
not to bring up the subject in conversation.
The economy in Hungary is improving despite the economic difficulties and the introduction of
austerity measures by the government. Unemployment is around 10% and competition for a
job remains high. Workers with specialist skills have more chances to find a job and graduates
can find work in one of the main companies with subsidiaries in Hungary. Normally, graduates
will be faced with fierce competition from qualified local professionals. So, it is good to know
Hungarian when in search of a job. English and German are also widely spoken in Hungary,
particularly by the younger generation.
Some of the major industries are: mining, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals, construction,
processed food, motor vehicle manufacturing and agriculture. Among the areas of recent
growth, one can find the domains of retail, services, telecommunications, finance, machinery,
and the pharmaceutical industry.
General
education
In Hungary, school is obligatory between the age of 5 and 16. Most schools and kindergartens
are set up and run by the state, local governments, minority local governments, legal entities
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(foundations, churches, etc.) and natural persons. Only 10 per cent of children attend private
institutions.
Primary schools are obligatory, and may have 4, 6 or 8 grades. General secondary schools
continue primary school education up to the 8th grade and conclude with the so-called
maturity examination. Secondary vocational schools currently provide upper secondary
general and pre-vocational education in grades 9-12/13 (an extra year is included in certain
programmes starting with a language preparatory year). The secondary school leaving
examination qualifies for higher education entry.
Beginning with September 2013 (following the Vocational Education and Training Act of
2011), there will be a secondary vocational education in parallel to the general one from
grade nine. The pupils undertaking it will obtain a vocational secondary school leaving
examination.
The new VET Act of 2011 launched a three year-programme (grades 9-11). In some schools
this offer became available in 2012, and as of September 2013 vocational schools can only
offer this type of training. Graduates can go on with their studies at post-secondary nontertiary level or in higher education only if they complete three more years of a full- or parttime general education programme in order to pass the secondary school leaving
examination. In the new structure of vocational education, graduates can acquire a secondary
school leaving certificate within two years. Those who do not have this certificate but pass the
master craftsman examination and at the same time accumulate five years of work
experience can enter post-secondary VET.
In Hungary, 81% of adults aged 25-64 are the possessors of an equivalent of a high-school
degree. This situates Hungary above the OECD average of 74%.
Out of the best 44 universties in Hungary, half are located in Budapest. the other half being
spread throughout the country.
All the signatory countries of the Lisbon Convention (Hungary inclued) allow the possessors of
a valid school leaving certificate who qualify for higher education studies in their home
country to also qualify for higher education studies in the other countries. However, an
appropriate knowledge of either Hungarian or English needs to be demonstrated. Sometimes
additional qualifying courses (preparatory courses) are also necessary.
To join a masters degree program, a relevant Bachelors or equivalent degree diploma is
needed.
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To apply for doctoral studies at an institution in Hungary, you need a relevant diploma or
Masters degree program.
Scholarships fall under two systems: bilateral agreements and scholarship pool. Romania
benefits of the second category.
Scholarships can be received for: semester/partial studies for a period established in
advance; postgraduate studies; full / partial PhD studies; postdoctoral studies; research stay;
and summer courses.
Where do local residents and expatriates send their children to school?
Most Hungarians use the public school system. Children normally go to the local public
schools in their area. In almost all Hungary, public schools are the only option.
In Budapest, there are several international schools and private bilingual schools; they all
charge tuition fees. International schools are very expensive for ordinary Hungarians and so
these schools are available to a small minority.
Most expatriates send their children to international or private schools. International schools
accept students (non-native speakers) at all times throughout the school year, and provide
language support. If the family plans to be in Hungary for an extensive period, private
bilingual schools can help children attain an effective knowledge of Hungarian while studying
some subjects in their native language. These possibilities are characteristic rather for
Budapest and main cities than for the rural areas. International schools frequently have wait
lists.
Educational
standards
Just as in other European countries, the educational standards are similar for all levels of
education. This offers the advantage of compatible education with other counties. During
undergraduate studies, certain specializations require the students to go through a practical
work experience.
Student
Placements
A placement involves the placement of a student in a temporary work, school or research
environment to acquire valuable experience profitable in the long run.
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There are several student organizations facilitating student placements in Hungary: the
International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IASTE) helps
students find summer placements for science and engineering; AIESEC (Association
Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales) facilitates the
exchange of information on programmes for students and recent graduates worldwide; the
Leonardo Da Vinci Programme helps students with vocational training and business
placements and is funded by the European Commission.
In the private sector, placements can be found more often in multinational companies, which
are, many of them, based in Budapest.
Cultural
taboos
Hungarians consider their country as part of Central Europe, rather than Eastern Europe. The
expression Central-Eastern Europe can also be deemed appropriate. Some topics are safe
(such as sport, the economy, culture, history, food, and family); while other more delicate
subjects should be avoided (religion, politics, minorities, salaries and living costs).
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Business
Communication
The right language and gestures can be very important in establishing a trusting relationship.
During a meeting try to be polite and avoid giving the impression that you are in a hurry.
Hungarians like to take their time and evaluate a situation thoroughly before making
important decisions.
Face-to-face
communication
Hungarians use circulars, memos and written records in their business dealings. They are not
very good at answering written communications or returning missed calls. So, in a business
context, it is better to invest in constant direct interaction. When business partners meet,
they usually shake hands with each other. When a man and a woman meet for business, it is
expected that the woman will extend her hand first. In Hungary, it is still considered good
manners for a man to open the door for a woman and such like.
Maintaining direct eye contact is when being spoken to is crucial, in both social and business
situations. You should maintain a medium interpersonal distance of about an arms length
between you and a Hungarian partner; any more may be taken as a lack of respect or an
expression of mistrust, which could complicate the talks. Verbal communications should
always be clear and direct.
Language
matters
Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, but many people speak several languages
because of its closeness to many countries. The business language in Hungary is English and
most Hungarian business people speak English to different levels of ability. Learning a few
words and phrases in Hungarian is a good way to break the ice and impress your host.
Hungarians are not generally reserved, but they might give that impression on the first
meeting. Nonetheless, once they get familiar with you, they are able to relax and
communicate more. If a business relationship develops into a partnership, your Hungarian
counterpart might invite you to their home for a meal and to meet the family.
Useful phrases
The following table contains phrases that you may find useful when visiting Hungary:
English-Hungarian:
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Hello. Hel.;
Hi. Hel.;
Goodbye. Viszontltsra.
Bye. Viszontltsra.
Sorry! Sajnlom!
Yes! Igen!
Of course! Persze!
OK! OK!
No! Nem!
Cheers! Egszsgedre!
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Business relationship
Hungary welcomes most international business opportunities. Due to the need to build
personal relationships in business, recurrent visits and phone calls are necessary. Indeed,
important phases in the development of a business relationship require face-to-face meetings
to show respect and build up the necessary level of trust.
Making
contact
Communication is an extremely important aspect of business, and when dealing with people
from different backgrounds, the differences between face-to-face, verbal and written
communications need to be recognized.
Hungary has a strategic location in central Europe, which makes it perfect as a central
distribution point for Europe. The government policies favour the creation and expansion of
new companies and support foreign investment. Nevertheless, to start a business in Hungary,
it would be advisable to contact one of the Hungarian business development centres or an
international advisor for assistance. A good opportunity for direct meetings with business
companies is participation in business fairs, exhibitions or conferences. The most significant
national fair in Hungary is the Budapest National Fair, which takes place annually.
The Hungarian Convention Bureau provides a great deal of information and assistance with
planning meetings and conventions.
Once a potential business partner has been selected, it is best to approach them using a
written form of communication (fax or letter) to avoid possible language barriers and
miscommunications. You should express your preference concerning the language in which
you would like to communicate, and mention whether or not you speak Hungarian. Email is
frequently used for everyday business communications, but any important documents are
exchanged on paper and many companies still use a fax to communicate.
Personal
titles
Hungarian surnames normally precede first names, so pay attention when addressing your
Hungarian business partner. The right way to address a Hungarian man is Mr followed by the
family name. If you are unsure whether your female business partner is married or not, then
call her Miss with the family name or employ the increasingly popular Ms form. However,
many Hungarians, especially those working in international settings or for companies dealing
internationally, change the format of their names on their business cards to the style
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preferred by their international partners. Academic titles are rarely used and the only
exceptions are the medical and legal sectors. However, the title of Doctor is not expected to
be used when talking (e.g. Dr. Kovacs Janos). One can encounter three different ways of
addressing married Hungarian women. For example: Dr. Molnr Arpd (man) marries Dr.
Timr Andrea (woman). So, she might be addressed Dr. Molnr Andrea, Dr. Molnr rpdn
or Dr. Molnrn Timr Andrea.
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Business
Etiquette
Values and beliefs are measurements of the importance a person gives to something. The
way values and beliefs are expressed forms the attitude that is then revealed through words
and behaviour. Usually unwritten, these values and beliefs govern the expectations of social
behaviour within a society, social class or group. Accepting attitudes and values as essential
elements of every culture with a huge influence on peoples behaviour can contribute to
improved intercultural understanding and reduced misunderstandings when doing business
with foreign partners.
Punctuality
Punctuality is extremely important when Hungarians meet foreigners. If possible, try to arrive
about ten minutes before your scheduled meeting time and allow for heavy traffic when
travelling in a city, especially in Budapest. Nevertheless, traffic is always a good excuse for
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being late. Compared to business meetings, public events almost never start on time, and a
delay of 5 to 10 minutes is typical. To be a little bit late is not a problem if you are a foreign
collaborator. Such a lack of punctuality will not influence business negotiations or the final
result.
Gift
giving
In Hungary, gifts are not usually expected, except at Christmas time. Small presents, like a
corporate gift (such as a diary or pen engraved with the company logo) or a souvenir
representing the country you are coming from (such as liquor, artisanal handicrafts or
porcelain) would be acceptable but not necessary. An exchange of corporate Christmas cards
will also be appreciated.
If invited to a business partners home for a meal, it is normal to bring flowers, high quality
chocolates or a bottle of liquor from your country. It is important to note that there are a
number of cultural conventions surrounding the giving of flowers. Flowers should always be
given in odd numbers, except the number 13, which is considered bad luck. Also, lilies, red
roses and chrysanthemums, as these are typical at funerals. Bringing a bottle of wine may be
a difficult choice, as Hungarians are immensely proud of their wines.
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corruption. There is no independent organization charged with the duty of fighting corruption.
Responsibility for law enforcement is divided between the Police and Border Guards, with
certain criminal offences under the investigative remit of the Customs and Excise Authority.
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Negotiation
process
Business negotiations can be perceived from the perspective of relationships rather than the
deals that can be made. During talks, Hungarians are more direct than polite. Most Hungarian
businessmen seem to enjoy bargaining and wise negotiators make allowances for this
bargaining nature until the discussions have come to a conclusion. The opening bid should be
pragmatic, but at the same time should include enough room for manoeuvre. Hungarians are
known to be well prepared and flexible in business negotiations, where the main goal in their
strategy is to obtain a final agreement. They are ready to compromise only if they had
already included this as one of the possible solutions.
Talks can last for different periods of time, depending on partners attitudes and on the nature
of the sector. Negotiating with the public sector usually takes longer than with the private
sector. Hungarians like to express vividly their satisfaction about how well they do things.
Meeting
protocol
Greet your partner looking them in the eyes, shake hands firmly, state your name clearly and
present your business card. Shake hands with all the participants. Pay attention when your
partner pronounces their name. Once introduced, address your counterparts by their title and
family name if you are not invited to do otherwise. If your hosts invite you to call them by
their first name, this will be a sign that the relationship has reached a certain level of comfort,
without necessarily meaning that you are negotiating on friendly terms. Business cards are
usually exchanged at the beginning of a meeting. Hungarian business cards contain all the
necessary business information and occasionally personal details (mainly for entrepreneurs).
If you place your partners business cards in front of you when discussions begin, it may help
you remember names and positions. Most Hungarian companies naturally use Hungarian as
the language of their business card. International companies will usually have their business
cards in two languages, Hungarian and English. When saying good-bye, shake hands again
with all the participants.
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understanding of the discussion. When presenting a project, do your research because you
need to give good reasons and arguments. Hungarians are known to be inquisitive and if you
want to convince Hungarian managers, you will need to prove your ability for reflective
thinking. They will appreciate a broad knowledge of the context more than just a narrow field
of specialization. Be prepared to answer many questions. Often, especially with a large
delegation of attendees, decisions will not be made on the spot. Decisions are usually made
when management has had the time to reflect and discuss. During meetings, coffee, tea, soft
drinks and water will be offered; and sometimes a sandwich lunch may be provided.
Business
meals
To be invited to a business contacts home is a rare event and an honour in Hungary, which
happens when a business relationship turns into friendship. Otherwise, business meals and
entertaining typically take place in restaurants. Business meetings take place in the office,
bigger events in hotel meeting rooms. Breakfast meetings are not common and tend to only
occur on a visitors request. Business lunches do happen, but an evening meal is preferred as
the main way to relax and get to know each other. Breakfast is served between 8am and
9am, lunch between noon and 2pm, while the evening meal starts around 7 or 8 pm. Business
lunches and dinners are usually fairly formal, so formal dress is recommended, especially on a
first meeting. When a business dinner is more for entertaining and spending time getting to
know one another, rather than discussing business, then more casual attire can be worn.
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Hungarian people are famous for and proud of their hospitality. They may also propose nonbusiness activities (e.g. sightseeing). Socializing outside business is seen as part of doing
business and they may suggest activities like sightseeing to complement your visit.
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Student
Placements
A placement involves the placement of a student in a temporary work, school or research
environment to acquire valuable experience profitable in the long run.
There are several student organizations facilitating student placements in Hungary: the
International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IASTE) helps
students find summer placements for science and engineering; AIESEC (Association
Internationale des Etudiants en Sciences Economiques et Commerciales) facilitates the
exchange of information on programmes for students and recent graduates worldwide; the
Leonardo Da Vinci Programme helps students with vocational training and business
placements and is funded by the European Commission.
Safety
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In Hungary, safety precautions are similar for those of other countries. Non residents should
try to beware of pickpockets and should not leave their luggage unattended.
Do
I
need
a
visa?
Citizens of the EU do not require a visa to enter Hungary. For them, an identity card is
sufficient to travel throughout the European Union.
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Cost
of
Living
A student with a limited budget, including paying the rent, going out once or twice a month,
and eating at a cheap restaurant needs at least 400 per month to live basically. The cost of
running a family home would be at least 1000 per month in the suburbs and three to six
times greater in certain districts in Budapest.
Universities generally provide information on the possibility of renting student apartments and
accommodation.
The price of a flat or shared apartment can vary widely.
Travelling
costs
Travel costs depend on the city in which you are staying in Hungary. Larger cities tend to be
slightly more expensive than smaller ones in point of travelling costs.
Foreign students can benefit of a discounts of their transport fees, with a valid student card.
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Work-life
Balance
Hungarians do not mind working overtime for the sake of a good life for themselves and their
families. As in other developed countries, a balance between work and leisure time is
sometimes hard to find.
Once a comfortable business relationship has been established, Hungarians usually enjoy
talking about their families. An average Hungarian family has no more than 2 children. During
their adulthood, children, just as the elderly and extended family are expected to provide for
themselves and do not normally receive financial support from their relatives. Usually, both
spouses go to work and many will get a second job in farming or small family enterprises to
be able to earn sufficient income. The declining birth rate is ascribed to the increasing number
of educated and economically active women who are tending to marry later in life and have
fewer children. Important events such as weddings, funerals and other occasions bring the
family together. When abroad, Hungarians tend to maintain their national ties and establish
local communities.
National
holidays
The Public Holidays in Hungary are: January 1 (New Years Day); March 15 (National Day);
May 1 (Labour Day); August 20 (Constitution Day/Saint Stephens Day); October 23 (Republic
Day); November 1 (All Saints Day); December 25-26 (Christmas).
In Hungary, people can take 21 days of vacation, which increases with seniority. Hungarians
tend to take their holidays in June, July and August and around Christmas in winter.
Sometimes, when Public Holidays fall on a Tuesday or Thursday, workers may exchange a
Saturday in order to gain a long weekend.
Working
hours
A standard working week is 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, starting at 8 or 8:30 am. Part-time
work is not well regulated yet and business people commonly stay late at work, even on
weekends. As office hours may vary, you should check before contacting your business
partner. Friday is often a short day and business people may leave at about 4 pm or earlier.
Banks generally open at 8am and close early, while shops are open until 6pm from Monday to
Friday. Daily lunch breaks usually do not last long, although business lunches may turn into
long discussions.
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Working
in
Hungary
Generally, working hours and employment conditions (defined in the Hungarian Labour Code)
are like in Western Europe. Fulltime working hours are generally eight hours a day (40 hours
per week). Despite some flexibility in certain employment areas, the rules in force make sure
that working hours do not go over 12 hours a day (60 hours a week).
Holiday leave in Hungary is in harmony with age, although employers may offer more than
the minimum. Holiday entitlement starts from 20-30 days, and increases as one gets older.
Moreover, there are ten public holidays, including Christian festivals and Hungarys National
Day (October 23).
In point of tax rates, personal income tax is commonly 16%. The employer also deducts an
additional amount from the gross salary for pension insurance (10%), health insurance (6%)
and labour market contributions (1.5%) (paid directly to the National Customs and Tax
Authority NAV).
Work
culture
Hungary work culture is mainly based on seriousness, good quality and respect of the
customers. The working program is according with the international labour regulation of 40
hours per week, but it could be extended since the employees are interested in additional
income. Second jobs are also an option for the ones interested, the general behaviour is in
favour of work.
Punctual and dedicated to their jobs, Hungarian are efficient at their working position no
matter the field of activity. In business they are hard negotiators, but ones their obligations
are settled the results are on the way.
Health
insurance
If you get ill or have an accident during a visit to Hungary, free or reduced-cost treatment is
available, in most cases, on production of a valid EHIC card or relevant documentation. This
only covers state-funded hospital treatment, so you will receive treatment on the same terms
as insured residents of Hungary. Treatment in private clinics is generally not covered without
additional private health insurance and sometimes you may have to pay for a part of the
treatment received from the state-hospital. Pharmacies are usually open from 8am to 8pm
from Monday to Friday for prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs. However, pharmacists
are not allowed to distribute controlled medication without a prescription from a doctor.
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Pharmacies are usually open from 8am to 8pm from Monday to Friday. There are also
designated duty pharmacies that can be accessed during the night, at weekends and on public
holidays. Three types of hospital exist in Hungary: the standard type (korhaz), a hospital
tied in with a university (klinika) and a private clinic (rendelo).
The national emergency telephone number for ambulance services is 104. (Source: Global
Market Briefing. (2003) Doing Business with Hungary. London, Kogan Page).
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