Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1029/2006TC002083, 2007
1. Introduction
[2] The collision of India with Asia occurred at equatorial
latitudes approximately 54 49 Ma ago [Dewey et al., 1989;
Zhu et al., 2005]. Since then India has indented northward
some 2000 km into central Asia creating the Himalaya and
enhancing crustal thickening and the whole scale uplift of
the Tibetan Plateau (Figure 1). A large geochronological
data set now exists for the Himalayan region leading to a
reasonably detailed knowledge of the metamorphic and
magmatic consequences of the collision along the Indian
plate (see, e.g., Searle et al. [1999a, 1999b, 2006] and
Godin et al. [2006] for reviews). However, the metamorphic
and magmatic consequences of collision on the Asian side
are less well known, partly due to the fact that very few
deep crustal metamorphic rocks are exposed along the south
Asian margin in Tibet. Prior to the Indian collision, the
southern margin of Asia was an Andean-type plate boundary, dominated by calc-alkaline, subduction-related granitoids and volcanic rocks, with continental red bed
deposition. It is likely that, prior to Indian plate collision,
the Lhasa Block of south Tibet had a similar crustal
thickness and altitude to the present-day Andes [England
and Searle, 1986; Leier et al., 2007]. The 2000 km long
Kohistan-Ladakh-Gangdese batholith, stretching from NW
Pakistan to SE Tibet, is composed of diorite, granodiorite
and hornblende-biotite granite, intruded between circa 103
49 Ma [Honegger et al., 1982; Scharer et al., 1984;
Weinberg and Dunlap, 2000].
[3] Whereas the postcollisional thermal history of the
south Asian crust is not well known in Tibet, it is reasonably
well constrained in the far west, in the Hindu Kush
[Hildebrand et al., 1998, 2000, 2001] and Karakoram
[Fraser et al., 2001] ranges (Figure 1). In these areas, deep
crustal rocks have been extensively exhumed due to extreme rates of rock uplift and erosion, resulting in 7 8 km
high mountains and deeply incised glacial and river valleys
[Searle, 1991]. In the Karakoram, sillimanite-grade metamorphism occurred along the south Asian margin both
before Indian plate collision, and more or less continuously
after the collision from circa 65 to at least 5.4 Ma [Searle et
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Figure 1. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) image of the Indian plate and South Asian
margin region from the Hindu Kush and Karakoram Ranges to Burma and SE Asia, showing the main
zone of collision and major faults.
contains some of the worlds best quality rubies and sapphires [Chhibber, 1934; Iyer, 1953; Searle and Haq, 1964;
Bender, 1983; Mitchell, 1993].
[5] Geochronological data along the MMB are limited.
Metamorphism in the Mogok belt was originally interpreted
as Precambrian [Chhibber, 1934]. After the most comprehensive field study of the MMB to date, Searle and Haq
[1964, p. 154] concluded that the protolith rocks of the
MMB spanned Precambrian to Late Paleozoic and that the
metamorphism was post-Paleozoic and almost certainly
related to the Himalayan orogeny. A range of Rb-Sr and
K-Ar ages from rocks in the Mogok belt were reported by
Brook and Snelling [1976], and Cobbing et al. [1992]. On
the basis of these radiometric data, combined with stratigraphic evidence, Mitchell et al. [2004, 2007] inferred three
orogenic events resulting in metamorphism and granite
emplacement in Burma: an early Permian event, an early
Jurassic event and early to mid-Tertiary event.
[6] Garnier et al. [2006] reported Miocene 39Ar/40Ar
ages between 18.7 0.2 and 17.1 0.2 Ma from phlogopite
micas in marble hosted ruby deposits in the MMB. Bertrand
et al. [1999] reported late Oligocene to early Miocene
39
Ar/40Ar ages ranging from 26.9 1 Ma to 16.6
0.3 Ma on biotite and muscovite from rocks along the Shan
scarp. They interpreted these as ages of metamorphic
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Figure 2. Geological map of SE Asia, Burma, and the Andaman Sea region north to southeastern Tibet,
showing the major suture zones, faults, and terrane boundaries.
3 of 24
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Figure 3. Geological map of the Mandalay-Kyanigan area, modified from Mitchell et al. [2007].
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SEARLE ET AL.: U-TH-PB AGES OF MOGOK BELT
4 of 24
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Figure 4. Geological map of the Belin-Kyaukse area, modified from Mitchell et al. [2007].
events. Because metamorphism reached kyanite and sillimanite grade, the 39Ar/40Ar method will, however, only
reveal later cooling, not timing of peak metamorphism.
These cooling ages may also not be related to motion along
the Sagaing fault, because the Mogok rocks were clearly
metamorphosed prior to shearing along the Sagaing fault.
[7] Barley et al. [2003] reported the first sensitive highresolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb age data from
the MMB. These authors reported zircon ages of Jurassic,
mid-Cretaceous and early Eocene time, confirming that
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2. Geology of Burma
[9] The geology of Burma, together with eastern Bangladesh and eastern India has traditionally been divided into
three terranes, the Indian plate to the west, the Burma
microplate west of the Sagaing fault and the Shan-Thai
block, east of the Sagaing fault (Figure 2). The presently
active Indian plate boundary is the east dipping Andaman
subduction zone that continues onshore along the western
margin of the Indo-Burman range accretionary prism. The
eastern margin of the Burma microplate is the right-lateral
Sagaing fault that has accommodated some of the northward
motion of India subsequent to the collision.
2.1. Burma Microplate
[10] The Indo-Burman (Arakan-Yoma) ranges are composed mainly of Late Cretaceous Paleogene marine sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying Upper Triassic
flysch-type sediments and associated ophiolitic rocks,
thought to be the southern continuation of the Indus
Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone [Mitchell, 1993]. These rocks
are in tectonic contact with a belt of mica schists (Mount
Victoria-Kawlun belt) to the west. The western part of the
Indo-Burman ranges are dominantly Eocene to Quaternary
molasse conglomerates and sandstones, part of a pile of
sediments, up to 20 km thick beneath the Ganges delta, that
were eroded from the Himalaya [Curray, 2005]. The Paleogene sediments are continuous south to the Andaman
Nicobar Islands where they overlie ophiolite complexes
and form the forearc sediments to the active volcanic arc
to the east (Barren Island Narcondam volcanoes, the northward continuation of the Sumatra Java volcanic arc).
[11] To the east of the Indo-Burman ranges a series of
sedimentary basins (Chindwin, Minbu and Pathein basins)
show intermittent subsidence from mid-Cretaceous to Miocene time followed by basin inversion and east-west compression during the Pliocene-Pleistocene [Pivnik et al.,
1998]. Beneath these basins the Burma seismic zone shows
a narrow, east dipping, steeply inclined subduction zone
revealed by recent earthquakes extending down to at least
200 km [Ni et al., 1989; Guzman-Speziale and Ni, 1996].
Above this seismic zone two large calc-alkaline andesitedacite stratovolcanoes (Mounts Popa and Taungthonlon),
and the smaller Mount Loimye, were active from Pliocene
to recent times [Stephenson and Marshall, 1984] suggesting
that the seismic zone may represent a thin slab of subduct-
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Figure 5. (a) Xenoliths of sillimanite schist within Kfeldspar augen gneiss from Kyauskse. Sample M54 came
from the sillimanite schist at this locality and indicates
the metamorphism and high grade were Oligocene in age
(29.3 0.5 Ma). (b) Biotite granite dike (sample M33)
showing flow banding intruding and crosscutting earlier
biotite granite sills, migmatites, calc-silicates, quartzites, and
pelitic bands from Belin quarry. (c) K-feldspar augen gneiss
(sample M4) showing in situ melts of quartz + tourmaline
leucogranite (sample M5) from Kyanigan quarry. Melts
seams percolate through the preexisting fabric of the augen
gneiss.
[15] The Shan-Thai block is continuous with the Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks of central Tibet to the north and the
Malay Peninsula, including the central granite belt of
Cobbing et al. [1986, 1992] to the south. The Shan-Thai
block is bounded to the east by the Sukhotai-Lao fold belt
and the Nan-Uttaradit suture [Barr and McDonald, 1987]
separating the Shan-Thai block from the Indo-China block
of eastern Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Final suturing
occurred during the Late Triassic [Mitchell, 1977]. The
Shan-Thai block east of the Sagaing fault includes the
metamorphic rocks of the Mogok belt, Jurassic-Cretaceous
granites that are continuous south to the western Thailand
Sn-W-bearing granite belt (western granite belt of Cobbing
et al. [1986, 1992]), and Late Carboniferous Lower Permian Mergui Group sediments [Mitchell, 1992, 1993].
[16] Most of the Shan-Thai block is composed of Cambrian to Triassic sedimentary rocks structurally overlying
metamorphic rocks (Chaung Magyi Group of Mitchell
[1992]), and overlain by Upper Jurassic Lower Cretaceous
red beds. Apatite fission track dating of these red beds in
northern Thailand indicate maximum burial between 70 and
50 Ma [Upton, 1999] suggesting that metamorphism was
older than this. The Mergui Group is a distinctive unit of
sedimentary rocks comprising Upper Carboniferous
and Lower Permian mudstones, slates and rare limestones
that bounds the eastern margin of the MMB and extends
from Mandalay at least as far south as Phuket [Mitchell,
1992, 1993] and into Sumatra [Barber et al., 2005]. The
metamorphic rocks (Chaung Magyi Group of Mitchell et al.
[2007]) may be structurally continuous with the MMB
and possibly also with some major metamorphic core
complexes in NW Thailand, the Doi Inthanon and Doi
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Figure 6a. Photomicrograph of part of the M54 probe section, showing the typical mylonitic
sillimanite-bearing domain at top right, but primarily showing the coarse white mica and andalusitebearing domain that may reflect a zone of late high-T fluid infiltration. Garnet 2 is in the center left,
andalusite is the pale gray moderate relief phase in the lower right.
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Location
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
ZnO
Total
Number of oxygens
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Zn
Sum
Mg/(Mg + Fe)
Grt
Bt
Ms
Pl
location 2 mean
35.02
2.02
19.35
0.03
20.27
0.18
8.17
0.10
0.29
9.22
0.05
94.69
location 2 mean
45.72
0.73
36.37
0.03
0.92
0.03
0.50
0.01
0.56
8.92
0.03
93.83
location 2 mean
60.45
0.01
25.19
0.05
0.10
0.00
0.00
6.35
7.77
0.02
0.02
99.96
12
2.960
0.000
2.004
0.001
2.187
0.449
0.278
0.139
0.040
0.000
0.000
8.058
0.113
22
5.391
0.234
3.512
0.004
2.610
0.023
1.874
0.017
0.085
1.811
0.005
15.566
0.418
22
6.108
0.073
5.727
0.003
0.103
0.003
0.099
0.002
0.146
1.521
0.003
13.787
0.491
8
2.689
0.000
1.320
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.302
0.670
0.001
0.001
4.989
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Bt
Pl
Pl
Kfs
Location
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
ZnO
Total
core
36.18
0.00
20.68
0.02
34.81
3.85
3.01
0.86
0.20
0.00
0.00
99.60
with Sil
35.27
2.54
19.53
0.03
21.39
0.22
6.85
0.01
0.17
10.22
0.10
96.33
with Bt
63.01
0.01
23.43
0.05
0.10
0.01
0.02
4.12
9.22
0.22
0.04
100.23
with Grt
63.08
0.00
23.06
0.03
0.08
0.00
0.00
3.79
9.35
0.22
0.02
99.64
mean
65.48
0.02
18.98
0.03
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.05
1.84
14.83
0.07
101.36
Number of oxygens
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Zn
Sum
Mg/(Mg+Fe)
12
2.956
0.000
1.991
0.001
2.378
0.266
0.366
0.075
0.032
0.000
0.000
8.066
0.134
22
5.390
0.292
3.518
0.003
2.733
0.028
1.561
0.002
0.050
1.991
0.011
15.579
0.364
8
2.783
0.000
1.220
0.002
0.004
0.000
0.002
0.195
0.789
0.013
0.001
5.009
8
2.800
0.000
1.207
0.001
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.180
0.805
0.012
0.001
5.009
8
2.976
0.001
1.017
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.162
0.860
0.002
5.025
lyzed samples of schist, gneiss and leucogranite for petrology, thermobarometry and U-Th-Pb dating.
4. Analytical Methods
[24] This study makes use of two complimentary analytical
techniques, isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and laser ablationmulticollectorinductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) to
obtain U-Th-Pb isotopic data. All geochronology analytical
work was undertaken at the Natural Environment Research
Council Isotope Geoscience Laboratories (NIGL) at the
British Geological Survey. Zircon, monazite, xenotime and
thorite were separated by standard crushing, heavy liquid,
and isodynamic magnetic separation techniques. Dated minerals were handpicked under ethanol, and only the highest
quality crack-free grains were selected for analysis. Ages
were calculated using the U decay constants of Jaffey et al.
[1971], and the Th decay constant of Le Roux and Glendenin
[1963] and Amelin and Zaitsev [2002]. Pbdat [Ludwig, 1993]
was used for TIMS raw data reduction and an in-house excel
spreadsheet for LA-MC-ICPMS data processing. Calculated
ages and data plots for both TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS data
were generated using Isoplot [Ludwig, 2003]. Tables 2, 3a
and 3b contain the full data set. All errors in data tables and
concordia plots are quoted at the 2s confidence level.
4.1. ID-TIMS
[25] Prior to dissolution selected monazites, zircons,
xenotimes, and thorites were washed in distilled 2N
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2159
3095
13.2
19.6
3544
5.1
2824
1595
3.6
6.6
2446
5.7
1960
16.0
58.60
41.14
56.37
224.7
99.70
143.5
171.0
133683 2029
9.0
19566 74.94
5.5
119.4
65.02
107.6
180.1
5032 63.90
30852 176.6
7758
4693
7180
15609
2.1
2.6
4.4
3.5
209.2
346.9
262.1
222.8
Pb,
ppm
4.6
4.1
20702
14220
16839
14602
U,
ppm
12.9
18.4
7.7
8.3
Weight,
mg
30
14
10
12
4.1
14
24
73
1.4
2.4
100
3.0
2.7
3.8
4.6
37
55
18
17
Common
Pb,
pg
613.2
601.7
550.6
639.0
568.8
424.6
692.9
8878
19043
3019
371.8
2050
3196
3704
4148
2517
2096
3168
2858
Pb/204Pbc
206
3.544
3.643
3.931
10.15
10.24
9.123
0.1164
1.024
0.004681
0.33
0.65
0.51
Sample M54
0.004571
0.004657
0.73
0.006524
0.59
0.92
Sample M52
0.006626
0.006366
0.34
0.008266
0.14
Sample M33
0.008460
0.15
0.21
Sample M5
0.005103
0.004375
0.11
0.26
0.31
0.19
0.15
0.25
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.005951
0.005888
0.005781
0.005609
Sample M4
0.005443
0.006889
0.006966
0.006193
Pb/238Ud Error
206
0.004203
0.01322
1.823
0.2866
1.941
1.675
1.950
1.328
1.085
3.018
1.530
1.795
Pb/206Pbd
208
0.03050
0.03019
0.02943
0.04034
0.03825
0.04040
0.05381
0.05472
0.02707
0.03116
0.02702
0.03763
0.03737
0.03657
0.03486
0.03312
0.04291
0.04387
0.03883
0.81
0.74
0.82
0.77
0.81
1.07
0.67
0.16
0.13
0.20
1.77
0.28
0.32
0.21
0.18
0.40
0.35
0.19
0.21
Pb/235Ud Error
207
Atomic Ratios
0.04726
0.04701
0.04669
0.04485
0.04358
0.04422
0.04721
0.04691
0.04672
0.04429
0.04479
0.04587
0.04603
0.04588
0.04507
0.04414
0.04518
0.04568
0.04547
0.74
0.35
0.64
0.24
0.55
0.54
0.58
0.07
0.07
0.14
1.76
0.11
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.31
0.31
0.11
0.13
Pb/206Pbd Error
207
30.10
29.95
29.40
41.92
40.91
42.57
53.07
54.31
27.03
32.81
28.14
38.25
37.84
37.16
36.06
34.99
44.26
44.75
39.80
Pb-238U
206
30.51
30.20
29.45
40.15
38.12
40.21
53.21
54.10
27.12
31.16
27.07
37.51
37.25
36.47
34.79
33.09
42.66
43.60
38.68
Pb-235U
207
Pb-206Pb rhoe
0.95
64.09
62.48
49.93
0.40
0.88
0.62
0.73
134.5
33.45
0.86
0.51
0.88
0.86
98.70
59.84
44.83
34.80
0.74
0.10
0.93
0.98
0.91
0.84
9.45
0.67
8.65
51.98
94.42
67.21
0.64
0.46
0.81
0.79
103.1
45.95
19.34
30.55
207
Ages, Ma
a
Fraction abbreviations are mo, monazite; zr, zircon; th, thorite; xe, xenotime; l:w aspect ratio; abr, air abraded; eu, euhedral; sub, subhedral; ye, yellow; gr, green; dk, dark green; cl, colorless; oi, opaque
inclusions; ci, colorless inclusions; length (mm); (x), number of grains analyzed.
b
Maximum errors are 20%. Weights were measured on a Cahn C32 microbalance or calculated from grain dimensions measured on binocular microscope photos.
c
Measured ratio corrected for mass fractionation and common Pb in the 205Pb/235U spike.
d
Corrected for mass fractionation, spike, laboratory blank Pb and U, and initial common Pb [Stacey and Kramers, 1975] (calculated at 30 Ma, with an uncertainty of 2% propagated through calculations).
The laboratory blank Pb composition is 206Pb/204Pb:207Pb/204Pb:208Pb/204Pb = 17.46:15.55:37.32. Quoted errors are 2 sigma (% for atomic ratios, absolute for ages).
e
The 207Pb/235U 206Pb/238U error correlation coefficient is calculated following Ludwig [1993].
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fractions
Concentrationsb
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207
Pb/
207
Pb
2s, %
206
Pb/
238
2s, %
207
Pb/
Uncorrected Ages
235
2s, %
Rho
206
238
Pb/
Pb/235U
U, ppm
004-1
004-2
005-1
005-2
009-1
009-2
003-1
003-2
8999.81
8788.20
2727.78
2389.79
17097.54
19557.67
12629.68
16817.97
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
3.27
3.45
7.75
6.59
3.08
2.60
2.80
2.86
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sample
2.51
2.51
2.52
2.54
2.50
2.51
2.51
2.54
M5 Xenotime
0.03
4.12
0.03
4.27
0.04
8.15
0.03
7.06
0.02
3.97
0.02
3.61
0.03
3.76
0.02
3.82
0.61
0.59
0.31
0.36
0.63
0.70
0.67
0.66
30.87
30.93
35.21
34.58
24.61
24.37
25.01
23.89
0.78
0.78
0.89
0.88
0.62
0.61
0.63
0.61
31.20
31.46
35.39
33.92
24.31
24.63
25.43
23.91
1.30
1.36
2.93
2.43
0.98
0.90
0.97
0.92
005-1
005-2
005-3
015-1
015-2
006-1
006-2
79941.47
72605.58
82615.32
80845.68
85196.17
72864.14
92129.50
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
6.63
6.64
6.63
7.00
6.67
6.65
6.65
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Sample
3.13
3.18
3.09
3.25
3.14
3.27
3.10
M33 Thorite
0.06
7.33
0.06
7.36
0.06
7.32
0.06
7.72
0.07
7.38
0.06
7.41
0.06
7.34
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.42
59.55
58.48
59.39
57.91
60.07
56.35
58.88
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.89
1.89
1.85
1.84
59.50
58.93
58.87
61.41
63.97
57.18
58.85
4.48
4.45
4.42
4.87
4.86
4.35
4.43
f206%
207
Pb/
207
Pb
2s%
206
Pb/
238
2s%
207
Pb/
2s, Ma
207
Name
2s, Ma
2s%
Rho
206
238
Pb/
2s (Ma)
207
Pb/235U
2s, Ma
004-1
004-2
005-1
005-2
009-1
009-2
003-1
003-2
1.04
0.48
3.38
2.43
0.67
0.81
0.85
0.29
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
15.68
14.03
50.04
53.83
10.81
9.30
13.31
10.36
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sample
2.48
2.50
3.11
3.28
2.46
2.46
2.54
2.49
M5 Xenotime
0.03
15.88
0.03
14.25
0.03
50.13
0.03
53.93
0.02
11.09
0.02
9.62
0.02
13.55
0.02
10.66
0.16
0.18
0.06
0.06
0.22
0.26
0.19
0.23
31.24
31.40
35.04
34.78
24.93
24.67
25.41
24.34
0.78
0.79
1.09
1.14
0.61
0.61
0.65
0.61
28.38
28.53
27.79
27.34
21.44
22.31
23.30
24.71
4.56
4.12
14.03
14.83
2.40
2.17
3.19
2.66
005-1
005-2
005-3
015-1
015-2
006-1
006-2
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.45
0.38
0.17
0.11
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
3.37
3.70
3.34
4.09
3.44
4.83
3.43
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Sample
3.42
3.46
3.39
3.50
3.44
3.52
3.38
M33 Thorite
0.06
4.80
0.06
5.07
0.06
4.75
0.06
5.39
0.06
4.87
0.06
5.98
0.06
4.82
0.71
0.68
0.71
0.65
0.71
0.59
0.70
60.05
59.10
60.03
58.11
60.42
56.57
59.75
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.04
2.09
2.00
2.03
58.12
59.34
60.51
58.77
61.10
55.86
60.03
2.87
3.09
2.96
3.25
3.06
3.43
2.97
12 of 24
Th,a
ppm
31726
43727
45001
42607
30134
34690
32367
38409
39931
115887
104227
46209
22829
58879
49077
43854
30341
42895
30150
32605
31945
33072
13108
33906
22827
21716
20470
19543
29687
57865
33747
70684
66773
80775
22670
36888
80465
43631
41255
Name
A 020-1
A 017-1
A 017-2
A 005-1
A 003-1
A 007-1
A 004-1
A 010-1
A 012-1
B 015-1
B 015-2
B 013-1
B 004-1
B 010-2
B 013-2
B 016-2
A 005-2
A 012-2
L 001-1
L 001-2
L 003-1
L 005-1
001-3
L 006-1
R 011-1
R 001-1
R 001-2
R 002-1
13 of 24
004-1a
031-1
002-1
025-1
018-1
027-1
032-1
032-2
028-1
015-1
007-1
0.0072
0.0081
0.0072
0.0074
0.0074
0.0075
0.0072
0.0065
0.0072
0.0072
0.0081
0.0036
0.0037
0.0051
0.0036
0.0039
0.0037
0.0053
0.0037
0.0037
0.0038
1.71
2.02
1.91
1.77
1.64
1.65
3.12
2.62
1.54
1.57
1.65
2.27
2.14
2.23
2.21
2.35
2.19
2.27
2.18
2.17
2.18
0.0023
0.0023
0.0020
0.0023
0.0022
0.0023
0.0020
0.0022
0.0024
0.0022
0.0023
0.0012
0.0012
0.0016
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0018
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
1.20
1.38
1.38
1.29
1.35
1.21
2.14
2.10
1.91
1.84
1.73
2.61
2.63
2.66
2.64
2.78
2.68
2.68
2.65
2.69
2.62
5.19
5.20
5.20
5.30
5.20
3.06
3.06
3.09
3.06
3.07
3.15
3.15
3.07
3.97
3.98
4.02
3.98
4.04
3.98
0.0018
0.0031
0.0019
0.0017
0.0016
0.0018
0.0030
0.0020
0.0017
0.0016
0.0029
0.0029
0.0020
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0019
0.0020
0.0018
0.0062
0.0102
0.0065
0.0061
0.0063
0.0060
0.0093
0.0063
0.0058
0.0055
0.0100
0.0096
0.0064
0.0069
0.0062
0.0062
0.0061
0.0064
0.0062
8.75
8.76
8.75
8.75
8.74
3.77
3.81
3.76
3.75
3.79
3.78
5.16
5.06
2.99
2.95
3.04
2.95
2.92
2.95
Pb/232Th 2s, %
208
Pb/238U 2s%
206
45.9
52.0
46.0
47.8
47.3
47.9
46.3
41.5
46.1
46.2
51.9
22.9
23.6
32.9
23.5
25.1
24.0
33.8
23.7
24.0
24.7
40.1
65.1
41.7
39.1
40.6
38.5
59.7
40.7
37.4
35.4
63.9
61.4
40.8
44.1
39.7
40.1
39.4
41.2
39.6
0.8
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.1
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
3.5
5.7
3.7
3.4
3.6
1.5
2.3
1.5
1.4
1.3
2.4
3.2
2.1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Pb/238U 2s, Ma
206
0.0063
0.0103
0.0065
0.0061
0.0064
0.0061
0.0095
0.0063
0.0060
0.0056
0.0102
0.0096
0.0064
0.0069
0.0063
0.0063
0.0062
0.0066
0.0062
0.0036
0.0038
0.0051
0.0037
0.0040
0.0038
0.0053
0.0037
0.0038
0.0039
0.0073
0.0079
0.0068
0.0073
0.0078
0.0076
0.0068
0.0073
0.0068
0.0067
0.0088
Sample M4 Monazite
36.8
1.9
0.9
62.4
3.3
0.2
37.7
2.0
0.6
33.4
1.8
0.3
33.2
1.7
0.5
36.2
1.1
0.2
59.8
1.8
1.3
39.7
1.2
1.9
35.1
1.1
0.3
32.4
1.0
0.8
58.9
1.9
0.6
58.4
1.8
0.1
39.5
1.2
0.5
39.2
1.6
1.2
38.4
1.5
0.6
36.7
1.5
0.7
38.7
1.5
0.5
39.6
1.6
0.3
37.2
1.5
0.8
Sample M5 Monazite
24.3
0.6
0.2
24.8
0.7
0.2
33.3
0.9
0.4
25.2
0.7
0.4
25.9
0.7
0.2
24.9
0.7
0.4
36.2
1.0
1.9
25.1
0.7
0.4
25.1
0.7
0.2
26.4
0.7
0.8
Sample M52 Monazite
46.6
0.6
1.3
45.7
0.6
4.9
40.3
0.6
2.7
45.7
0.6
0.0
45.0
0.6
1.4
46.3
0.6
2.5
40.4
0.9
8.4
45.1
0.9
4.9
47.6
0.9
5.8
44.0
0.8
4.7
46.3
0.8
2.9
3.05
6.30
9.19
3.65
3.82
3.15
17.25
8.25
4.11
7.45
5.86
2.09
1.81
3.12
1.90
2.60
1.94
3.24
1.97
1.95
2.05
7.73
7.25
7.30
7.22
7.28
4.36
4.61
4.38
4.20
4.23
4.13
4.27
4.16
3.62
3.13
3.04
3.07
3.36
3.37
Pb/238U 2s, %
206
0.0023
0.0023
0.0020
0.0023
0.0022
0.0023
0.0020
0.0023
0.0023
0.0021
0.0023
0.0012
0.0012
0.0016
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0018
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0018
0.0030
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0018
0.0029
0.0019
0.0018
0.0016
0.0029
0.0029
0.0019
0.0019
0.0019
0.0018
0.0019
0.0020
0.0018
2.26
1.58
2.79
1.54
1.72
1.42
3.44
2.68
2.21
2.49
2.51
4.04
4.01
3.73
4.16
8.47
3.45
3.57
4.13
5.77
4.52
6.05
5.49
5.68
5.53
6.11
3.79
3.43
3.67
3.78
3.70
3.14
3.17
3.40
5.36
4.17
4.11
4.37
4.53
4.44
Pb/232Th 2s, %
208
208
Uncorrected Ages
47.0
50.8
44.0
47.1
50.0
49.0
43.8
46.7
43.4
42.8
56.5
23.3
24.2
32.6
23.8
25.4
24.5
34.0
24.1
24.4
24.9
40.5
65.9
42.1
39.1
41.1
39.4
60.8
40.2
38.3
36.2
65.2
61.9
41.3
44.1
40.4
40.5
40.1
42.4
39.8
1.4
3.2
4.1
1.7
1.9
1.5
7.6
3.9
1.8
3.2
3.3
0.5
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.5
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
3.1
4.8
3.1
2.8
3.0
1.7
2.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
2.7
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
Pb/238U 2s, Ma
206
47.3
45.9
40.0
45.8
45.4
46.9
39.6
46.6
46.9
43.0
47.0
23.9
24.6
32.8
24.5
24.1
24.3
35.6
25.3
24.3
25.0
36.4
61.5
37.0
33.4
33.1
35.6
59.4
38.6
35.4
31.7
59.0
58.3
39.1
37.7
38.5
36.2
38.7
40.2
36.6
1.1
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
2.0
0.8
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.1
2.2
3.4
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.9
1.9
1.3
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6
Pb/232Th 2s, Ma
208
11.9
36.2
26.9
24.5
24.2
21.4
33.2
30.9
30.5
33.6
23.0
0.8
0.8
5.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
6.3
0.9
0.8
1.0
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.1
8.7
4.8
3.7
3.5
13.5
12.9
4.1
3.4
5.6
4.0
3.8
4.3
4.2
Th/Ub
TC3014
TC3014
52.3
51.8
52.3
49.9
51.4
49.9
52.2
Pb/232Th 2s, Ma
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
208769
214016
225184
220815
229921
206420
235009
005-1
005-2
005-3
015-1
015-2
006-1
006-2
Pb/
U 2s%
Pb/
Th/U
Name
3.10
3.10
3.16
3.60
4.50
3.39
3.41
0.0026
0.0026
0.0026
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
0.0026
3.42
3.46
3.39
3.50
3.44
3.52
3.38
0.0094
0.0092
0.0094
0.0091
0.0094
0.0088
0.0093
U 2s, %
Pb/
Th 2s, Ma f206%
Pb/
U 2s, Ma
Pb/
Th 2s, %
206
232
208
238
206
b
Th,a
ppm
60.0
59.1
60.0
58.1
60.4
56.6
59.7
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
208
U 2s, Ma
Th 2s, %
Pb/
232
208
238
206
c
232
208
238
Uncorrected Ages
206
Pb/
238
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.3
1.7
1.8
TC3014
TC3014
5. U-Th-Pb Geochronology
5.1. M4 K-Feldspar Augen Gneiss, Kyanigan Quarry
[27] Monazites separated from Kyanigan augen gneiss
(M4) are translucent yellowish-green squat subhedral
prisms with long axes typically ranging from 100 to
180 mm in length. BSE images (Figures 7a 7c) reveal a
complex chemical petrography with the majority of grains
displaying patchy zoning where significant portions of the
grain have been recrystallized. Some crystals preserve a
multidomain (in BSE) core mantled by a thick, relatively
homogeneous rim. Remnant oscillatory zoning is also
preserved in a few crystals. All of the grains examined
contain abundant microinclusions predominately of quartz
and K-feldspar with rare zircon and thorite also present.
5.1.1. ID-TIMS
[28] Eight single and multigrain flawless subhedral monazite fractions were analyzed by ID-TIMS with the results
shown in Figure 8a. All analyses are reversely discordant
and form an array above and parallel to concordia with
207
Pb/235U ages ranging between 33.1 and 43.6 Ma. As the
end-members of the ID-TIMS data array have not been
replicated, the maximum and minimum ages of metamorphic monazite in this rock cannot be determined with any
degree of confidence. In an attempt to resolve the age of this
rock additional grains were analyzed by LA-MC-ICPMS.
5.1.2. LA-MC-ICPMS
[29] Nineteen analyses were obtained from 13 grains via
the LA-MC-ICPMS method (Figure 8b). The majority of
analyses display minor reverse discordance, as noted in the
TIMS analyses, which we attribute to the incorporation of
excess 230Th leading to an excess of 206Pb [Scharer, 1984;
Parrish, 1990]. With this in mind we take the 208Pb*/232Th
(where Pb* represents the radiogenic Pb, the total Pb minus
common Pb) dates as the most reliable estimates of the ages
of these grains. The data show two distinct clusters, one at
31 Ma to 40 Ma and the other at 59 Ma. On the basis
of good agreement between the youngest ID-TIMS and LAMC-ICPMS analyses our best estimate of the cessation of
monazite growth recording high-grade metamorphism in
M4 is 31 33 Ma. We interpret the oldest age component in
the younger group of analyses (at 40 Ma) to represent the
earliest phase of monazite growth associated with this
metamorphic event.. In the light of the ICP data, the two
> 40 Ma TIMS monazite analyses are interpreted as
representing mixtures of 31 40 Ma and 59 Ma domains.
The remaining 4 analyses define a 208Pb*/232Th weighted
mean age of 59 1 Ma with a mean squared weighted
14 of 24
TC3014
Figure 7. Backscatter electron (BSE) images of minerals analyzed. Circles represent positions of LA-MCICPMS spot analyses with the ages (208Pb*/232Th ages for monazite and 207Pb/235U ages for xenotime and
thorite) for each analysis. Prefixes M, X, and T refer to grain type: monazite, xenotime, and thorite,
respectively. Note that gray scale intensities are not necessarily directly comparable between images. Sample
M4, K-feldspar augen gneiss, Kyanigan quarry: (a) image of grain M-A22 which comprises a thick
homogeneous rim surrounding a complex multidomain core that contains inclusions of K-feldspar, (b) image
of grain M-B15, an older grain that preserves patchy zoning where portions of the grain have been
recrystallized; (c) image of grain M-B10, this grain preserves a multidomain core mantled by a thick, relatively
homogeneous rim. Sample M5, Tourmaline quartz leucogranite Kyanigan quarry: (d) image of grain X-R3,
displaying oscillatory zoning with large ovoid zircon inclusion, (e) image of grain X-R4, internally
homogeneous grain with a thin 24 Ma(?) rim; (f) image of grain X-R5, surrounded by a rim of 24 Ma(?)
xenotime; (g) image of grain M-L1, an example of a typical monazite from M5, a large homogeneous grain
with little internal structure evident; (h) image of grain M-R2, a homogeneous grain with faint oscillatory
zoning toward the center of the grain; (i) image of grain M-R1, a homogeneous grain with rare microinclusions
of quartz and K-feldspar. Sample M52, Tourmaline 2 mica leucogranite Kyaukse hills: (j) image of grain M25, an equant grain with patchy zoning; (k) image of grain M-32 a homogeneous core surrounded by a thin
rim, the core contains numerous inclusions of quartz; (l) image of grain M-4, in which an equant core has been
partially resorbed prior to overgrowth of a thick, and in places oscillatory zoned, rim. Sample M33, Biotite
granite dike, Belin quarry: (m) image of grain T-006; (n) image of grain T-005; (o) image of grain T-015. The
three images show evidence of alteration, in the form of hydration along cracks and near inclusions. Outside
the altered areas the grains are internally very homogeneous. Sample M54, Kyanite staurolite schist, Kyaushe
north: (p) and (q) image of representative monazite grains showing inclusions of muscovite, quartz, and
ilmenite; (r) field of view showing typical textural setting of monazite (arrowed), occurring as elongate grains
subparallel to foliation within mica-rich pods: bt, biotite; ms, muscovite; qz, quartz; kfs, K-feldspar.
15 of 24
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16 of 24
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Figure 8
17 of 24
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Figure 8. Concordia diagrams showing U-Th-Pb ID-TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS isotope data. (a) U-Pb ID-TIMS
monazite data from sample M4, K-feldspar augen gneiss, Kyanigan quarry. (b) U-Th-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS monazite data
from M4. (c) U-Pb ID-TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS monazite and xenotime data from sample M5, tourmaline quartz
leucogranite Kyanigan quarry. (d) U-Th-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS monazite data from M5. (e) U-Pb ID-TIMS monazite data
from M52, tourmaline 2 mica leucogranite Kyaukse hills. (f) U-Th-Pb LA-MC-ICPMS monazite data from M52. (g) U-Pb
ID-TIMS zircon and thorite and LA-MC-ICPMS thorite data from M33, biotite granite dike, Belin quarry. Dashed ellipses
are those rejected from the final age determination, see text for details. (h) U-Pb ID-TIMS monazite data from M54, kyanite
staurolite schist, Kyaushe north.
18 of 24
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19 of 24
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Figure 9. Time chart showing all U-Th-Pb age data from Burma. Our ID-TIMS and LA-MC-ICPMS
data (crosses) and SHRIMP ages (squares) of Barley et al. [2003] are compared with the U-Pb data from
the NW Thailand metamorphic core complexes [Dunning et al., 1995; Barr et al., 2002] and U-Pb ages
from granites along the Red River Shear zone in Yunnan and Vietnam (age data from Scharer et al.
[1994], Zhang and Scharer [1999], Gilley et al. [2003], and Chung et al. [1997, 2005]). Timing of
shearing along the Red River shear zone is from Searle [2006].
Figure 10. Time chart comparing all the published U-Th-Pb age data from the southern margin of the Asian plate. The
Lhasa block of southern Tibet does not expose deep crustal metamorphic rocks, but the along-strike rocks from the Hindu
Kush and Karakoram are compared to those of the Mogok belt in Burma.
20 of 24
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Figure 10
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21 of 24
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8. Conclusions
[54] Our field and structural data, combined with thermobarometry and U-Th-Pb geochronology, indicate that the
MMB represents a middle to lower crustal section exhumed
during the Tertiary by compressional deformation, prior to
dextral strike-slip motion along the Sagaing fault. The
Burma microplate was probably continuous northward to
the Lhasa block, which formed the southern margin of the
Asian plate with semicontinuous Andean, I-type magmatism (diorite-granodiorite-granite magmatism and associated
calc-alkaline andesitic volcanism) from at least Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Calc-alkaline magmatism in
the Lhasa block probably extended from the Early Cretaceous to circa 50 Ma, the timing of India-Asia collision,
whereas similar I-type magmatism in the MMB extends as
far back as the Middle Jurassic (circa 170 Ma [Barley et al.,
2003]). These granites can all be linked to the northward
subduction of Tethyan oceanic lithosphere beneath the
southern margin of the Asian landmass prior to the collision
of India during the early Eocene.
[55] A significant phase of I-type granitoid magmatism
along the Mogok belt has been dated at Middle Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous time (171 120 Ma; Kyanigan augen
gneiss protolith, Mandalay hills, and Yebokson granodiorites and Yepanung-Kalaw hornblende granodiorites [Barley
et al., 2003]). Regional metamorphism, migmatization,
biotite granite sill injection and ductile deformation in the
Belin and Kyaukse areas occurred prior to 59.4 Ma, the age
of the crosscutting Belin dike. This metamorphic episode
occurred before the early Eocene India-Asia collision. A
second, postcollisional high-grade sillimanite metamorphic
event occurred between 37 and 29 Ma and may have lasted
as long as 47 24 Ma, when metamorphic zircon overgrowths and metamorphic monazites crystallized. Localized
partial melting resulted in in situ tourmaline + garnet
leucogranite melt pods (24.5 0.7 Ma) and crosscutting
garnet, muscovite + biotite leucogranite dikes (45.5
0.6 Ma). Right-lateral motion on the Sagaing fault must
have initiated after circa 22 Ma and probably after 16 Ma by
which time the MMB had cooled through 350C (the
nominal 40Ar/39Ar muscovite closure temperature). These
data strongly suggest that shear heating on the Sagaing fault
cannot be responsible for metamorphism and melting within
the MMB.
22 of 24
TC3014
[56] Striking similarities exist in the structural, metamorphic, magmatic and temporal evolution of the MMB and
core complexes in northwestern Thailand suggesting that
these two areas may be genetically linked.
TC3014
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