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If Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Died in Crash, Why the Spying, Asks Family: 10
Developments
Cheat Sheet | Reported by Saurabh Gupta, Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh |
Updated: April 13, 2015 16:56 IST
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If Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Died in Crash, Why the Spying, Asks Family: 10
DevelopmentsFile photo of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
MUMBAI: After the explosive revelation that relatives of freedom fighter
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose were spied on for two decades, his family has
said it was always aware of the surveillance and saw it as a sign that the
leader was alive long after he was presumed dead.

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Here are the latest updates in the controversy
Netaji's nephew Ardhendu Bose, a former model and businessman, has said
that his father believed the phones at their home in Mumbai were tapped.
He said this was taken as proof that the iconic leader didn't actually die in a
plane crash in 1945. "My father never believed Netaji died in the plane
crash," Mr Bose told NDTV.
Files declassified recently revealed that the Intelligence Bureau kept relatives
of Netaji under close surveillance for two decades, mostly during the rule of
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India.

Mr Bose said his family believed the "only threat" that Jawaharlal Nehru ever
had was Subhas Chandra Bose. "If Netaji were really dead and perished in the
air crash then why all this? Obviously there was some element of fact that
Bose was alive, lurking around somewhere and would make an appearance,"
he said.
The declassified files have revealed that Netaji's close relatives, including his
two nephews Sisir Kumar Bose and Amiya Nath Bose - sons of his brother
Sarat Chandra Bose - were spied upon for 20 years between 1948 and 1968.
Mr Nehru was Prime Minister for 16 of these 20 years.
Intelligence Bureau officials allegedly intercepted and copied letters written
by the Bose family and even trailed them on foreign tours.
Netaji had quit Congress before Independence over differences with Mr Nehru
and Mahatma Gandhi and launched an organised military resistance against
the British after raising the Indian National Army. But he was said to have
died on August 18, 1945, two years before India won freedom.
Netaji's death has been one of the most enduring mysteries in India's history
and has been debated for decades. Ardhendu Bose said, "The conjecture is
Subhas Bose was made to disappear in Siberia under the powers that be in
India at that time," he added.
Against the backdrop of the snooping controversy, Netaji's grandnephew
Surya Kumar Bose is likely to meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Germany
and demand declassification of all secret files related to the freedom fighter.
"Subhas Bose did not belong just to his direct family. He had himself said that
the whole country is his family. I do not think it's just the duty of the family to
raise this issue (of declassification of Netaji files)," Surya Kumar Bose, the
president of the Indo-German Association in Hamburg, said.

Gandhi, Nehru saw Subhas Chandra Bose as threat to their positions: Swamy
Last Updated: Sunday, April 12, 2015 - 09:51
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Gandhi, Nehru saw Subhas Chandra Bose as threat to their positions: Swamy

Zee Media Bureau

New Delhi: Launching a scathing attack on Gandhi and Nehru, Bharatiya

Janata Party (BJP) leader Subramanian Swamy said in a Tweet that they saw
the revolutionary leader Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose as threat to their
positions.

Swamy's Tweet was retweeted on the social media, Sunday, following a

political row, which broke over the Intelligence Bureau (IB) spying on Bose's
two nephews, Sisir Kumar Bose and Amiya Nath Bose, sons of his brother
Sarat Chandra Bose between 1948 and 1968. Jawaharlal Nehru was Prime
Minister for 16 of these 20 years.

Related Stories
Nehru govt spied on Subhas Chandra Bose's family for 20 years, reveal IB
files
In January, the BJP leader had written on microblogging website Twitter: 'Selfinterest is uppermost for the modern Indians.'

Shortly after the above Tweet went viral on the net, in another one, Swamy
today wrote: "Netaji murder now unravelled must go further to include INA
treasure chests, returned to India by Japan, that were stolen by Nehru."

Another senior BJP leader and Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had
yesterday said snooping was in the "DNA" of the Congress.

With Congress being targeted over the snooping row, party's general
secretary Digvijay Singh hit out at PM Narendra Modi, saying he had, as
Gujarat Chief Minister, turned spying into an "art".

All India Forward Bloc, founded by Bose, had also demanded declassification
of all Netaji files.

Party general secretary Debbrata Biswas said in a statement, yesterday, that

the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government did not make available many documents
to the Mukherjee Commission of Inquiry it had formed to go into the
mysterious disappearance of Bose.

When under house arrest by the British, Netaji had escaped from India in
1941 to seek international support for the freedom struggle. After organising
the Indian National Army with Japanese help to wage a war against the
British, he had gone missing in 1945 and was believed to have died in a plane
crash.

The Mukherjee Commission had, however, rejected the theory that Bose was
killed in the crash in Taiwan on August 18, 1945.

(With Agency inputs)

Exclusive: New document shows the Intelligence Bureau informed the British
spy agency about Subhas Chandra Bose family snooping
Sandeep Unnithan New Delhi, April 12, 2015 | UPDATED 10:44 IST

Left to right: ACN Nambiar, an unidentified lady, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose,
Amiya Nath Bose and Emily Schenkl in Badgastein, Austria.As more damaging
revelations tumble out of the snooping on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's
family by the Jawaharlal Nehru government, a declassified document from
National Archives shows the Intelligence Bureau (IB) informed British internal

secret service MI5 about its discoveries.

A senior IB official wrote on October 6, 1947, to his MI5 counterpart in New

Delhi, attaching a copy of a letter intercepted from key Netaji aide A.C.N.
Nambiar in Switzerland to Netaji's nephew Amiya Nath Bose in Calcutta.
"Which masters was the IB serving when it was informing a foreign
intelligence service about freedom fighters?" asks Anuj Dhar, author of
'India's Biggest Cover-Up' on the Netaji mystery. The IB's recently declassified
papers, now placed in National Archives and accessed by Mail Today and
India Today, show the Nehru government snooped on the Bose family
between 1948 and 1968. This single-page document precedes the
declassified documents by at least one year.

Balakrishna Shetty, then IB's deputy director, wrote to K.M. Bourne, a

'Security Liaison Officer' posted in New Delhi. Shetty, who worked directly
under the first IB chief Sanjeevi Pillai and his successor B.N. Mullick, wrote
that Nambiar's letter was "seen during secret censorship" (a euphemism for
snooping).

Nambiar, who went to Berlin as a journalist in 1924, worked with Netaji and
later with Nehru. His letters to the Bose family continued to be intercepted
while he was posted as an Indian diplomat in Switzerland. Documents
declassified by National Archives in 2014 show that MI5 believed Nambiar to
be a Soviet spy.

"We would be grateful for your comments on this letter," Shetty asked Bourne
on Nambiar's letter to Netaji's nephew.

The real-life Bourne preceded Robert Ludlum's fictitious spy Jason Bourne by
several decades. K.M. Bourne was a former wartime military intelligence
officer, later posted to India. A supplement to the London Gazette notification
of June 20, 1947, mentions Major Bourne of the British Army's Intelligence
Corps relinquishing his commission on September 26, 1946, and getting the
honorary rank of Lt Colonel.

V. Balachandran, a former special secretary of RAW, termed the Bourne

document "very, very significant". He said: "This confirms revelations in the
Christopher Andrew's The Defence of the Realm, The Authorised History of
MI5 in 2009 that Prime Minister Nehru allowed an MI5 agent, called a
'Security Liaison Officer', in New Delhi."

Hart was the director of counterespionage in MI5 during the Second World
War and his job involved hunting out enemy spies posted in British
dominions. Andrew reveals how Liddell, as deputy director, was able to
persuade the Indian government to keep MI5's liaison officer in New Delhi
even after Independence.

"What was not made public, however, was that during a visit to India in March
1947, the DDG, Guy Liddell, obtained the Nehru government's agreement for
an MI5 officer to be stationed in New Delhi, after the end of British rule... In all
other newly independent Commonwealth countries, as in India, the continued
presence of an SLO became a significant, though usually undisclosed, part of
the transfer of power," Balachandran said.

The document is the missing piece in a puzzle and confirms how surveillance
on the Bose family started by the British intelligence agencies continued well
after Independence. Saying that the post of MI5 liaison officer continued at
least until the 1970s, Balachandran believes the British intelligence agency
managed to influence the IB about focusing on communism as a major threat
to internal security.

Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nehru-snoop-subhashchandra-bose-family-members-spy-exclusive/1/429700.html

A misguided patriot
Unlike Nehru, Netaji believed that authoritarian rule was essential for
achieving radical social goals

Mridula Mukherjee April 9, 2015 | UPDATED 11:39 IST

(From left) Subhas Chandra Bose, Jamnalal Bajaj and Jawaharlal Nehru.Subhas
Chandra Bose fulfilled a promise to his father that he would sit for the Indian
Civil Service examination in London. He secured the fourth position in 1920
but then went on to fulfil his own wish. He resigned from the coveted service
the following year, saying "only on the soil of sacrifice and suffering can we
raise our national edifice". Returning to India, he plunged into the national
struggle and by 1923, was secretary of the Bengal State Congress and
president of All India Youth Congress.

By 1927, he emerged, along with Jawaharlal Nehru, as leader of the new

youth movement, which came into its own by playing a major role in the antiSimon Commission agitation which swept India that year. He was also the
chief organiser of the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress (INC)
in December 1928, which demanded that the goal of the Congress be
changed to 'Purna Swaraj' or 'Complete Independence'.

Imprisonment in the Civil Disobedience movement followed by bad health in

1932 took him to Europe where he observed European politics, particularly
Fascism under Mussolini and Communism in the Soviet Union. He was
impressed by both and believed that authoritarian rule was essential for
achieving radical social goals.

In fact, it is in this period that the political views of Nehru and Bose begin to
diverge sharply, especially on the issue of Fascism and Nazism. Nehru was so
vehemently opposed to Fascism that he refused to meet Mussolini even when
the latter sought him out, whereas Bose not only met Mussolini but was
impressed by him. Nehru was sharply critical of the growing danger to the
world from the rise of Hitler. Bose, on the other hand, never expressed that
kind of aversion to Fascism, and was quite willing to seek the support of
Germany and later Japan against Britain. However, he was not happy with the
German attack on Soviet Union in 1941, and that was one reason why he left
Germany for Japan. For Bose, Socialism and Fascism were not polar opposites,
as they were for Nehru.

In 1938, Bose was unanimously elected, with the full support of Gandhiji, as
Congress president for the Haripura session. But the next year, he decided to
stand again, this time as a representative of militant and radical groups. An
election ensued which Bose won by 1,580 to 1,377 votes, but the battle lines
were drawn. The challenge he threw by calling Gandhian leaders rightists
who were working for a compromise with the British Government was
answered by 12 members of the Working Committee resigning and asking
Bose to choose his own committee. Nehru did not resign with other members
but he was unhappy with Bose's casting of aspersions on senior leaders. He
tried his best to mediate and persuade Bose not to resign.

The crisis came to a head at Tripuri in March 1939, with Bose refusing to
nominate a new Working Committee and ultimately resigning. The clash was
of policy and tactics. Bose wanted an immediate struggle led by Gandhiji,
whereas Gandhiji felt the time was not ripe for struggle.

Having burnt his boats with the Congress, Bose went first to Germany in
January 1941 and then to Japan in 1943 to seek help in the struggle against
their common enemy, Britain. He finally went to Singapore to take charge of
the Indian National Army (INA) which had been formed by Mohan Singh in
1941 from Indian prisoners of war captured by the Japanese. The INA was
clear that it would go into action only on the invitation of the INC; it was not
set up as a rival centre of power. Bose made this more explicit when on July
6, 1944, in a broadcast on Azad Hind Radio addressed to Gandhiji, he said,
"Father of our Nation! In this holy war of India's liberation, we ask for your
blessing and good wishes".

The INA was allowed to participate with the Japan Army only in the Imphal
Campaign, and the experience was none too happy-discriminatory treatment,
a painful retreat and surrender to the British. Captured soldiers were brought
back to India and threatened with court martials. The Congress, led by Nehru,
demanded leniency, calling the INA men patriots, albeit misguided. There was
a wave of sympathy across the country, and Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Sapru,
Katju and Asaf Ali donned lawyer's robes to defend the INA leaders in the Red
Fort trials.

Meanwhile, Subhas Bose succumbed to burn injuries received in a plane

crash in Taiwan on August 18, 1945. What Nehru said of the INA soldiers may
well be said of him: a patriot, albeit misguided.

Guest column Mridula Mukherjee Professor of History, JNU

Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/subhas-chandra-bosejawahar-lal-nehru-spying-a-misguided-patriot/1/429394.html

Joseph Stalin killed Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in Siberia prison, claims
Subramanian Swamy
IANS Kolkata, January 10, 2015 | UPDATED 09:43 IST

Subramanian SwamySwamy also claimed that the-then Indian Prime Minister

Jawahar Lal Nehru was aware about Bose being held captive in Yakutsk Prison
in Siberia. Claiming that Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose did not die in a plane
crash in 1945 but was killed at the instance of Soviet supremo Joseph Stalin,
BJP leader Subramanian Swamy Saturday demanded declassification of secret
files on the leader.

Seeking declassifciation of files to unravel the mystery behind the legendary

nationalist leader and freedom fighter's death, Swamy blamed Stalin of killing
Bose in captivity in Siberia.

Participating in a Merchant Chamber of Commerce and Industry organised

event here, Swamy, however, admitted that disclosing the secret files might
jeopardise India's relation with Britain and Russia but assured of taking up the
matter with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

"According to the papers that exist with us, Bose had faked his death and
escaped to Manchuria in China which was under Russian occupation, hoping
Russia would look after him. But Stalin put him in a jail in Siberia. Somewhere
around 1953, he hanged or suffocated Bose to death," said Swamy.

Swamy also claimed that the then Indian prime minister Jawahar Lal Nehru
was aware about Bose being held captive in Yakutsk Prison in Siberia.

"Declassification of Netaji documents in haste and without judging the

consequences would be difficult. India's relations with Britain and Russia may
be affected, but I will persuade the prime minister to disclose the
documents," said Swamy.

"The mystery of Bose's disappearance must be solved and the files must be
declassified. Because it was Bose's heroics that played a catalytic role in the
British leaving India despite winning the world war," added Swamy.

A host of Netaji's descendants, enthusiasts and historians and organisations

have been campaigning for declassification of secret files claimed to be in
possession of various government departments.

Read more at: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/netaji-subhas-chandra-bosedeath-mystery-plane-crash-joseph-stalin-subramanian-swamy-yakutsk-prisonsiberi/1/412603.html

Netajis Ghost: The Freedom Struggle by N. S. Rajaram

{I have not been able to properly date this article and I am not sure about the
source. It is probably from the Organiser. When I am able to, I will post the
exact reference to this piece. I came across it around April 2001.}
Revisiting the years before Independence shows that Subhas Bose was the
key figure in Indias freedom. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose is back, at least in
spirit. Like Banquos Ghost in Shakespeares Macbeth, Netajis ghost is
beginning to cast a heavy shadow on the national political and intellectual
scene. This is the message coming out of the hearings of the Justice Mukherji
Commission, from the testimony of Dr Puriba Roy of Jadhavpur University in
particular, who has been tirelessly investigating little known sources,
especially in the Soviet Archives. And the picture emerging from her
investigation has the potential to change the historical and even the political
landscape of India.
Following Indias Independence in 1947, generations of Indians have been
taught that the real heroes of the Freedom Movement were Mahatma Gandhi
and Jawaharlal Nehru, with grudging respect paid to Sardar Patel. Subhas
Bose is all but forgotten. Even worse, he is the victim of a propaganda
campaign by the Nehru Government and its successors that runs along the
following lines: (i) Subhas Bose was an ineffective dreamer who played an
insignificant part in the Freedom Struggle; and (ii) anyone questioning the
official truth, including the account of his death, is some kind of a crackpot.
The following passage by Surjit Mansingh in the Historical Dictionary of India
illustrates both:
Many Indians, especially in Bengal and Maharashtra, refused to believe [in
his death in an air crash], perhaps because of a deep seated need to
believe in an immortal hero, a saintly warrior king, even a Kalki or a future
incarnation of Vishnu who would return to the nation when needed. And
later, writing about Subhas Bose himself: the Bose cult has not died
despite his lack of a broad political base or solid political achievement when
alive.
So, according to Mansingh, who incidentally is a JNU professor and a former
fellow at the Nehru Museum and Library, Subhas Bose is nothing but a cult
figure who did little when he was alive. While this happens to be the official
(read Congress-Communist) line, not many historians today are prepared to
buy it. Probably the most distinguished historian to highlight Boses real
contribution was the late R.C. Majumdar. In his monumental, three-volume
History of the Freedom Movement in India (which the Congress-led by
Maulana Azad tried to suppress), Majumdar provided the following
extraordinary information:
It seldom falls to the lot of a historian to have his views, differing radically

from those generally accepted without demur, confirmed by such an

unimpeachable authority. As far back as 1948 I wrote in an article that the
contribution made by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose towards the achievement
of freedom in 1947 was no less, and perhaps, far more important than that of
Mahatma Gandhi The unimpeachable authority he cited happens to be
Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of Britain at the time of Indias
Independence. As this is of fundamental importance, and Majumdars
conclusion so greatly at variance with conventional history, it is worth placing
it on record. (See Volume III, pp. 609-10). When B.P. Chakravarti was acting as
Governor of West Bengal, Lord Attlee visited India and stayed as his guest for
three days at the Raj Bhavan. Chakravarti asked Attlee about the real
grounds for granting Independence to India. Specifically, his question was,
when the Quit India movement lay in ruins years before 1947, what was the
need for the British to leave in such a hurry. Attlees response is most
illuminating and important for history. Here is the Governors account of what
Attlee told him:
In reply Attlee cited several reasons, the most important were the activities
of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose which weakened the very foundation of the
attachment of the Indian land and naval forces to the British Government.
Towards the end, I asked Lord Attlee about the extent to which the British
decision to quit India was influenced by Gandhis activities. On hearing this
question Attlees lips widened in a smile of disdain and he uttered, slowly,
putting emphasis on each single letter-mi-ni-mal.
This unimpeachable truth will come as a shock to most Indians brought up
to believe that the Congress movement driven by the spiritual force of
Mahatma Gandhi forced the British to leave India. But both the evidence and
the logic of history are against this beautiful but childish fantasy; it was the
fear of mutiny by the Indian armed forces-and not any spiritual force- that
forced the issue of freedom. The British saw that the sooner they left India
the better for themselves, for, at the end of the war, India had some three
million men under arms. Majumdar had reached the same conclusion years
earlier, as far back as 1948 as he records. The most dramatic event after the
end of World War II was the INA Trials at the Red Fortnot any movement by
Gandhi or Nehru. This led directly to the mutiny of the naval ratings, which,
more than anything, helped the British make up their minds to leave India in
a hurry. They sensed that it was only a matter of time before the spirit spread
to other sections of the armed forces and the rest of the Government. None
of this would have happened without Subhas Bose and the INA.
The crucial point to note is that thanks to Subhas Boses activities and the
INA, the Armed Forces began to see themselves as defenders of India rather
than upholders of the British Empire. This, more than anything else, was what
led to Indias freedom. This is also the reason why the British Empire

disappeared from the face of the earth within an astonishingly short space of
twenty years. Indian soldiers, who were the main prop of the Empire, were no
longer willing to fight to hold the Empire together.
Subhas Bose did not see the country become free. According to official
accounts he left Saigon in a Japanese bomber and arrived at Taihoku in
Farmosa (Taiwan) on August 18, 1945. He left in another plane for an
unknown destination, after which there is a complete blank. The official
version is that his plane crashed almost immediately after the take off, but
there are serious gaps in the account. Japan surrendered on September 15,
1945, formally ending the war. After the war, the British Indian Government
put on trial three men of the INAa Hindu, a Muslim and a Sikhfor
desertion and treason. This historic trial, held at the historic Red Fort at Delhi
was a national sensation. The country, including many in the armed forces,
regarded these men as patriots rather than traitors. The British Indian Army
was now for all practical purposes the Indian National Army. This was Subhas
Boses great achievement. After this the British had no choice but to leave.
And now some historians are questioning official accounts even of his death.
They claim that interested parties in three governmentsIndia, Britain and
the Soviet Unionhad their own reasons for concealing the truth about
Subhas Bose, who, according to them, died in a prison in the Soviet Union
then under Stalin. This raises serious questions about Nehrus conduct of
foreign policy.
Netajis legacy
Although fifty years of Congress-Communist propaganda has succeeded to a
substantial degree in erasing the memory of Subhas Bose and his true
contribution, while turning Nehru into a colossus, the scene in India just
before Independence looked quite different. Both Patel and Subhas Bose
towered over him in the eyes of the public. In particular, during the crucial
War years, with the Congress and its leadership in the wilderness following
the collapse of the Quite India Movement, it was Subhas Bose and the INA
that was the vanguard of the Freedom Movement. This is reflected in the
major national events after the Warthe INA Trials and the Naval Mutiny that
led to British exit. Both stemmed from Subhas Boses activitiesnot anything
that the Congress did. Now there is something else that may prove to be
equally important: crucial foreign policy decisions in the first decade of Indian
Independence might have been influenced by the possibility of Netaji being
still alive in a Soviet prison-and of his return.
In a story on the Justice Mukherji hearings probing Netajis alleged
disappearance, The Times of India (January 19, 2001) reported: The
Commission will ask the Centre to take up the matter with the Russian
authorities; researchers, including Purabi Roy of Jadavpur University, have

provided several documents which indicate that the final solution to the
Netaji mystery may be resting in the Russian archives.
This bland report does not do justice to the potentially explosive impact of
the true facts. The Pioneer columnist Sandhya Jain wrote: The now credible
theory that he was not aboard the airplane that crashed fatally off Japans
Taihoku Island in August 1945 has damning repercussions for the historical
legitimacy of Jawaharlal Nehru as free Indias first Prime Minister. A truthful
unravelling of the Netaji story-with every moment of his life and the manner
of his death (murder?) in a Soviet concentration camp fully accounted forcannot but have a wintry effect on Nehrus personal reputation, the political
and economic policies he foisted upon the nation, his sordid compromises in
foreign policy, and finally, the credibility of his intellectual heirs These are
serious charges, but a question naturally arises: Why should the Nehruvians
and their allies (the Communists) fear the truth about Netajis
disappearance more than fifty years ago? To understand this it is necessary
to recognise that both the British and the Soviets wanted the Anglophile, proSoviet Nehru rather than a firebrand nationalist like Subhas Bose as Prime
Minister of India. As Nehrus conduct of foreign policy shows, he could be
made to subordinate Indias national interests to those of Britain (in Kashmir)
and the Soviet Unions most important ally, Communist China. Here are some
new details relating to Netajis disappearance, as reported by Jain:
Researching for the Asiatic Society in Moscow, Dr. [Purabi] Roy found
archival evidence that Netaji was in Russia long after the plane crash that
allegedly took his life. Deposing before the Commission, she revealed the
startling contents of Document No. 22, a statement by the then Soviet envoy
to Teheran. The ambassador had delivered a letter from Nehru to Stalin in
October 1946, in which Nehru referred to Netajis stay in the USSR at that
time. Another document records a meeting at Moscow in October 1946
between Stalin, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov and other high officials, in
which Netaji is referred to in the present tense, and as present in the USSR
at that time. Reports suggest that Netaji went to the Soviet Union some
time in 1945, via Manchuria. It is not clear how he was captured by the
Soviets According to the stray bits of information coming out, Netaji was
spotted alive till at least 1949.
This is extraordinary! From all this it may be surmised that in 1946, when it
was clear that India would soon be independent, leaders in three countries
Britain (Mountbatten), India (Nehru) and the Soviet Union (Stalin)knew that
Netaji was alive and in a Soviet prison. And as previously noted, they wanted
Nehru rather than a staunch nationalist like Subhas Bose (or Sardar Patel) as
Prime Minister. If Subhas were available, Nehru had little chance. Even
without Subhas, the Congress wanted Sardar Patel, but for reasons that are
unclear, Gandhi prevailed on Patel to withdraw in favour of Nehru. It would be

a different matter with Subhas Bose who had split with Gandhi in 1938. The
question is-did the fact that Subhas Bose was alive in Soviet custody have a
bearing on Nehrus conduct of foreign policy? Put another way, why did Nehru
pursue a policy that consistently favoured China at the cost of Indias
interests?
Choosing China over India
In the year 1950, two momentous events shook Asia and the world. One was
the Chinese invasion of Tibet, and the other, Chinese intervention in the
Korean War. The first was near, on Indias borders, the other, far away in the
Korean Peninsula where India had little at stake. By all canons of logic, India
should have devoted the utmost attention to the immediate situation in Tibet,
and let interested parties like China and the US sort it out in Korea. But Nehru
did exactly the opposite. He abandoned Tibet to China while getting heavily
involved in Korea. Nehru later complained that he had been led to believe by
the Chinese Foreign Office that the Chinese would settle the future of Tibet in
a peaceful manner The truth is that he knew about the coming Chinese
invasion for at least a year. In fact, he had himself written in September
1949: Chinese Communists are likely to invade Tibet. This came true in
October 1950!
Even after this foreign policy disaster, Nehru continued to support Chinese
interests at Indias cost. Panikkar, the Indian Ambassador in Beijing, went so
far as to pretend that there was lack of confirmation of the presence of
Chinese troops in Tibet and that to protest the Chinese invasion of Tibet
would be an interference to Indias efforts on behalf of China in the UN. This
made Sardar Patel warn Nehru that Panikkar has been at great pains to find
an explanation or justification for Chinese policy and actions.
Amazingly Nehru concurred with his pro-Chinese Ambassador. He wrote,
Recent developments in Korea have not strengthened Chinas position,
which will be further weakened by any aggressive action [by India] in Tibet.
So Nehru was ready to sacrifice Indias national security interests in Tibet so
as not to weaken Chinas case in the UN! The two greatest influences on
Nehru at this crucial juncture in history were Krishna Menon and K.M.
Panikkar, both Communists. He ignored Sardar Patels warning: Even though
we regard ourselves as friends of China, the Chinese do not regard us as
friends. Patel wrote a celebrated letter in which he expressed deep concern
over developments in Tibet. He noted that a free and friendly Tibet was vital
for Indias security, and everything including military measures should be
considered to ensure it. Patel recognized that in 1950, China was in a
vulnerable position, fully committed in Korea and by no means secure in its
hold over the mainland. For months General MacArthur had been urging
President Truman to unleash Chiang Kai Shek lying in wait in Formosa

(Taiwan) with full American support. India had little to lose and everything to
gain by a determined show of force when China was struggling to consolidate
its hold. In addition, India had international support, with world opinion
strongly against Chinese aggression in Tibet.
The highly influential English publication The Economist echoed the Western
viewpoint when it wrote: Having maintained complete independence of
China since 1912, Tibet has a strong claim to be regard as an independent
state. But it is for India to take a lead in this matter. If India decides to
support independence of Tibet as a buffer state between itself and China,
Britain and USA will do well to extend formal diplomatic recognition to it. All
this raises a fundamental question: did Nehru commit these colossal policy
blunders because of his idealism, or was he influenced by the knowledge that
Chinas ally Soviet Union still held Subhas Bose in captivity who may be
released any time? As Sandhya Jain puts it: Since it is nobodys case that the
Congress would have suffered Nehru if Netaji were still alive, the former
would logically have had to pay a price for such stupendous assistance. We
will have to look very closely at the long road from August 15, 1947 as we
seek the answers to these questions. In other words, was India being made
to pay for Nehrus ambition to be Prime Minister, which was only possible as
long as Subhas Bose was away from the scene?
Finding answers to these questions calls for full access to the records of the
period. Scholars have found that important records in the Nehru Library and
even the National Archives are not available to them without the permission
of the dynasty, which means they are unavailable. As long as this situation
prevails, with information coming in bits and pieces, there will be no end to
conspiracy theories. These are state papersnot family property. The
Government should help clear the air by releasing the Nehru papers to the
public. It is also in the interests of the members of the dynasty.
- See more at: http://www.deeshaa.org/netajis-ghost-the-freedom-struggle-byn-s-rajaram/#sthash.h5cxQSWu.dpuf

Indian Intelligence: Bose Alive in Russia,Govt Secrecy On Treasure on Netaji

Plane
By Yatish Yadav
Published: 07th Dec 2014 08:02:45 AM
Photos

Government Sent Spies to Snoop on Sadhu identified by Netajis Kabul friend

as Subhas Chandra Bose

No mystery in Indias history generates such passion and excitement as the

death of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. All governments, starting with the one
led by Jawaharlal Nehru have declined to make the voluminous files
pertaining to the national heros life, times and death public or accessible to
members of his family. Though the BJP, in its election campaign had attacked
the UPA government of keeping the files secret, last week the NDA
government declined to share copies of files on the details of Boses passing
in its response to an RTI application. Did Netaji die in when his plane crashed
over Formosa? was he carrying treasure which the governbment did not want
to m,ade public? Or did he make it to Japan where his mortal remains are
kept in Rankoji Temple in Japan at the behest of the Indian government? If the
ashes are not Boses, whose are they? Did he fake his own death after the fall
of Kohima?

Did he live in Russia as Stalins guest till he died? It was Soviet dictator who
facilitated Netajis relationship with the Germans and the Japanese in the
early years of World War II. Or did the famed general of the Indian National
Army, return to Bengal and live out his last days in secrecy as a sadhu to
escape the wrath of Nehru, who reportedly disapproved of him? The Modi
government declassified a portion of the Netaji papers last week and the
answers to some of these questions may lie in the documents accessed by
The Sunday Standard. Going through them reevals a massive disinformation
operation surrounding Netajis disappearance. The Japanese government
would not provide any records of the events that concern Bose. The British
government suspected that Netaji was alive and living in Russia, but also said
it could be part of a Soviet plot to cerate confusion. The Nehru government
deputed Intelligence Bureau agents to snoop on Sadhu Saradanandji living in
Shoulmari Ashram who they suspected was Netaji in disguise. The sadhu was
identified as being none other than Bose by his erstwhile host in Kabul, Uttam
Chand Malhotra. A greater mystery concerns treasure found in a plane that
had crashed off Formosa which allegedly carried Netaji. Medical evidence
over the identity of the man cremated by Japanese Army officers is also shaky
and inconclusive. Questions were raised in the report about the ashes being
kept in Rankoji Temple. The conduct of Shah Nawz, Junior Minister in Nehrus
Cabinet who chaired Netaji Inquiry commission in 1956 was constantly

questioned by Netajis brother Suresh Chandra Bose. The report was leaked
to the media, which Nehru attributed to an ntelligent guess of a reporter or
handiwork of a clerk in the PMO. In the 1970s, some crucial files pertaining
to the inquiry were destroyed by the PMO as part of the Weeding out of Old
Records.

Although, an affidavit filed by Taneyoshi Yoshimi, Captain, Medical in of the

Imperial Japanese army is widely quoted in the report to confirm that Netaji
died on August 18, 1945, the doctors statements appear to be inconclusive.A
three-page note dated June 30, 1956 in Shah Nawaz Committee report
indicates that even the committee members were apprehensive about the
credibility of medical evidence.
The evidence of the doctors will have to be discussed very carefully, as it will
surely be a matter of detailed criticism by eminent doctors throughout the
world, is the principal point which acted as guide while drafting the report,
declaring that Netaji died in Formosa hospital.

Point 3 of the note said: Whether Netaji met his death as a result of this
accident? The witnesses support this story. There is no reason why they
should be disbelieved. After a lapse of about 10 years, these witnesses, who
belong to different walks of life and of different nationalities, Habib and Indian
and subsequently a Pakistani and the others, who are Japanese, are mostly
unconnected with one another and no longer subordinates of their
government and Japan not being a totalitarian state, would not be expected
to state what was not true.

British intelligence was sceptical. Secret telegrams and notes from London
reval contradictions and conspiracy. A telegram bearing no. 2227, note.
IPI/EBP of 1946, dated March 2, 1946 reveals details of a visit by the DIB
(Director of Intelligence Branch) India who claimed that Bose may be alive.

The DIB during his recent visit to London mentioned the receipt from various
places in India of information to the effect that Subhas Bose was alive in
Russia. In some cases circumstantial details have been added. Consequently,
he is not more than 90 per cent sure that Subhas is dead, the note added.

http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Indian-IntelligenceBose-Alive-in-RussiaGovt-Secrecy-On-Treasure-on-NetajiPlane/2014/12/07/article2558685.ece

Explained: Everything you need to know about the Netaji files

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Subhas Chandra Bose, then president of the Indian National Congress, at the
centre of a crowd at the Lahore railway station, British India, November 24,
1938. Source: Wikipedia) Subhas Chandra Bose, then president of the Indian
National Congress, at the centre of a crowd at the Lahore railway station,
British India, November 24, 1938. Source: Wikipedia)
Written by Raghvendra Rao | New Delhi | Updated: December 3, 2014 10:49
am
Agrawal on September 14, 2013 asked whether it was true that there were
some files related to Bose with the union government, and sought complete
copies, along with the details of the matter. The application also sought
copies of requests made by people to make the files public, and the action
taken by the government on the requests.
What was the governments response?
It confirmed it has some files. The PMO provided a list with the file numbers
and their subject matter, marked under the heads Declassified, Top Secret,
Secret, Classified and Unclassifed. But the PMO refused to provide their
copies, saying disclosure of the documents contained in these files would
prejudicially affect relations with foreign countries, and that these files were
exempt from disclosure.
But hadnt the BJP asked for the files to be made public?
In the build-up to the Lok Sabha elections, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, who
was then BJP president, demanded that the government make public the

records of Boses death. Visited Netaji Subhas Chandra Boses birthplace at

Odia Bazar in Cuttack today The mystery behind his death should be
unveiled by the union government to let the people know the truth, Singh
posted on Facebook on Boses birth anniversary in January.
What happens now?
On November 27, Agrawal filed whats called a First Appeal with the
Appellate Authority in the PMO. Essentially, this is an appeal to a higher
authority, another shot at getting the files.
First Published on: December 3, 20142:28 am
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/explained-the-netaji-files/2/
comment reader:
Asit Guin
Declassificationof files may prove that Japan and British jointly played a foul
game withNetaji; In WW-I, Japan was an ally of British. Before WW-II, Japan-US
trade warandpolitical war started, this led to actual war between US and
Japan. So Britishbecame an enemy to Japan by diplomatic manipulation as US
- British alliancewas there. After WW-II, Japan revived their old connection
with British viaspies. Japanese and British spies were enough linked before
WW-II. Japanesespies agreed to eliminate Netaji. Motive was to appease the
British andpurchase security for Japan royal family. Thus, Japan handed over
Netaji toBritish and British executed him in secrete. The false news of air
crash wasJapans fabrication. In any controversial case, liar is to be suspected
first. Netajis plan to startsecond independence war with the help of USSR
was known to Japan. There wasenough scope for British and Japanese spies to
develop a common minimum programagainst pro-communist agenda of
Netaji. Why should Japanese imperialism agreeto patronize emergence of
independent India as a permanent communist ally? Isit not more logical to
fulfill British condition and purchase favor? Why Japanroyal family was not
tried as a war criminal? What is the mystery behind thisfavor?There is
anotherpoint about gumnami baba. Who was he? Gumnami baba was a
dummy created as apart of common minimum program of Japanese
imperialism and British imperialism.In axis camp, creation of dummy by
plastic surgery was a common practice.Hitler and Mussolini were having
number of dummies. Japan sold Netaji-dummy toBritish. British deputed this
dummy at faizabad of UttarPradesh, with a purpose to create confusion that
as if Netajis death or life isdoubtful. The confusion prevented the nation to be
doubtful about role of Japanor British. So gumnami baba of faizabad is a
common creation of Japanese spiesand British spies. Never had he told the
truth. If he had told anything, thatmust be lie. In a controversial case, liar is

to be suspected. So, Japan soldNetaji to British and British executed him in

secret. Japan sold Netaji-dummyto British and British deputed him at faizabad
of Uttar-Pradesh. Japansurrendered to US-UK side on 15th august 1945.
Netajis last flight was on 18thaugust 1945. A surrendered Japan was no
longer an ally of azad hind. Theyworked as per their new mentors, the British.

Bharat: An Untold Story

Mystery behind death of Subash Chandra Bose

At last few organizations and people tried to get the answer of the question
which was arising in their minds for so many years.Manoranjan Roy, from
Mumbai, asked to Government of India under RTI act for which Home ministry
of India has sent the answer. The question was “How, when and where
Subhashchandra Bose died?”. The internal Security Section of Home
ministry gave the answer as below: Till now the Govt of India has formed
three committees to do inquiry about the reason behind Netaji’s
death. In 1956.
1.Shahnawaz committee was formed, in 19702. Khosala Committee and 3.
In1999 Mukharjee Committee.
Shahnawaz committee came to the conclusion that on 18th August 1945
Netaji was expired in an plane crash near Tiahoku. Netaji’s ashes are
kept in a temple in Renkoji near Tokyo. Khosala committee also came to the
same conclusion that Netaji died in a plane crash near Taihoku. But
Mukharjee committee concluded something different. The committee
accepted that Netaji is now no more, but the cause was different. It was not
the plane crash and the ashes which has been kept in Renkoji temple near
Tokyo are not of Netaji’s. The Govt of India accepted the conclusion
derived by Shahnawaz committee and Khosala Committe completely, but did
not agreed 100% upon the conclusion derived by Mukharjee Committee. It
means the Govt of India accepted Mukharjee Committee’s conclusion
that Netaji is now no more, but it did not agreed with Mukharjee
Committee’s conclusion that Netaji did not die in plane crash and the
ashes kept in Renkoji Temple are not of Netaji’s.“
Most of the people believed that just to escape from British army or to avoid
from charges of being declared as War Criminal, the story of plane crash
accident would have been created. The inappropriate view of the then
Congress leaders about Netaji, has created doubt among people’s
mind that the Govt of India has not made any serious efforts to know the

truth. And the heroic way in which Netaji escaped from Britishers prison, was
enough to believe most of the people that Netaji can create such stories of
plane crash very properly. In fact at that time most of the people believed
that Netaji is alive and will return to home soon. But even after independence
when Netaji did not return, lots of stories about Netaji started spreading in
India. Senior reporters like Prakhad Keshav Atre(very well knows as Acharya
Atre) made large efforts to reveal the secret. He challenged the conclusions
of Shahnawaz Committee report, but he still could not come to the conclusion
that the sadhu in Shoulmary Ashram was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose or
not.
The Mukharjee Committee which did not believed that Netaji was killed in
that accident came to know that the Soviet Russia’s Govt has some
secret references about the incident. Some stories like "Netaji himself
went to Soviet Russia” or “Soviet Russia has arrested Netaji and
kept him arrested” were spread at the time of independence. The
Manoj Kumar Mukharjee committee wanted to study those references to know
exactly how Netaji had traveled during that period of time, but the GOI not
only refused the permission to the committee to study the secret references
kept in Soviet Russian Govt, but also not made all the documents available to
the committee which were kept with the GOI itself.
Even though 10,000 files were available in this matter with Govt of India, it
made only 993 files available to the committee. The interesting thing is all
the documents which were made available to the Khosala Committee were
not made available to the Mukharjee Committee. Few of the documents were
lost, and 30 files about this matter were burned when the Khosala committee
was carrying out their work(During the period of 1972). Who gave the
instructions to do so, is their any record about it. When the Mukharjee
committee asked these questions to the Govt of India, they did not answered
to them. When the Govt of India was not co-operating with Mukharjee
Committee, Taiwan Govt officially informed Mukharjee Committee that
“No plane accident has happened during the period of 14th August
1945 to 20th September 1945 in the areas near Taihoku.” It clearly
means there was not a single possibility of occurring Netaji’s death in
a plane crash near the Taihoku airport.
We have to think about the role played by one of the most popular leader of
India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. During Independence movement when Netaji
started rising as a youth leader of India, at that time only Jawaharlal Nehru
started his political fight with Netaji. Sometimes openly and sometimes
secretly. If this is not true then Nehru would have tried hard to reveal the
secret behind Netaji’s death. He would tried to convince Joseph
Stalin(the then Russia’s President) to release Netaji from
Russia’s prison. But instead of it the Nehru administration took a

strange stand that if Netaji would return back to India, they will be hand over
to British Government.
Jawaharlal Nehru’s letter to Mr. Attlee:Dear Mr. Attlee:Iunderstand from
a reliable source that Subhas Chandra Bose, your warcriminal, has been
allowed to enter Russian territory by Stalin. Thisis a clear treachery and
betrayal of faith by the Russians. As Russiahas been an ally of the BritishAmericans, it should not have beendone. Please take note of it and do what
you consider proper and fit.Yours sincerely, Jawaharlal Nehru
The biggest revelation is about the Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal
Nehru, in suppressing the basic facts about the Taiwan non-crash and
subsequent bogus cremation of Netaji. Nehru, who doubled as Indias
External Affairs Minister, had been personally informed by the Government of
Formosa (as Taiwan was then called), albeit through British channels, in
August 1956 about the full facts behind Japans staging of a spectacular
death for the Indian hero. Yet, Nehru had allowed the Shah Nawaz Khan
Committee to go on with its command performance of an inquiry. He had
accepted a report that completely contradicted the Formosan version. The
myth about the air crash was allowed to grow under the assumption that a lie
told many times becomes the truth. Had Nehru not concealed the Formosan
report back in 1956, great misfortunes might have avoided this nation. The
subcontinents most charismatic politician could yet have been recovered for
the people of India had its Government made use of the reliable input that he
had not died. Who knows, he may very well have been held prisoner at the
time in some gulag in China or Soviet Russia. The possibilities are endless
because, after all, Subhas Chandra Bose would have been only 59-years-old
in 1956.
Many more possibilities will continue to emerge until the secrets are some
day revealed by Indian Government.
References:1. http://www.sandeepweb.com/2005/11/30/nehrus-hand-in-thenetaji-mystery/2. http://netajimystery.blogspot.in/2005/06/mystery-behindnetajis-disappearance.html3.
http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/netajigate.html4.
www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/1498255/posts5.
http://archive.thepeninsulaqatar.com/component/content/article/348indiaarchiverest/56688.html6. http://testing4softwares.blogspot.in/7.
Wikipedia, several blogs and other articles.
Mystery behind death of Subash Chandra Bose

At last few organizations and people tried to get the answer of the question

which was arising in their minds for so many years.Manoranjan Roy, from
Mumbai, asked to Government of India under RTI act for which Home ministry
of India has sent the answer. The question was How, when and where
Subhashchandra Bose died?. The internal Security Section of Home ministry
gave the answer as below:
Till now the Govt of India has formed three committees to do inquiry about
the reason behind Netajis death. In 1956.

1.Shahnawaz committee was formed, in 1970

2. Khosala Committee and
3. In1999 Mukharjee Committee.

Shahnawaz committee came to the conclusion that on 18th August 1945

Netaji was expired in an plane crash near Tiahoku. Netajis ashes are kept in a
temple in Renkoji near Tokyo. Khosala committee also came to the same
conclusion that Netaji died in a plane crash near Taihoku. But Mukharjee
committee concluded something different. The committee accepted that
Netaji is now no more, but the cause was different. It was not the plane crash
and the ashes which has been kept in Renkoji temple near Tokyo are not of
Netajis. The Govt of India accepted the conclusion derived by Shahnawaz
committee and Khosala Committe completely, but did not agreed 100% upon
the conclusion derived by Mukharjee Committee. It means the Govt of India
accepted Mukharjee Committees conclusion that Netaji is now no more, but
it did not agreed with Mukharjee Committees conclusion that Netaji did not
die in plane crash and the ashes kept in Renkoji Temple are not of Netajis.

Most of the people believed that just to escape from British army or to avoid
from charges of being declared as War Criminal, the story of plane crash
accident would have been created. The inappropriate view of the then
Congress leaders about Netaji, has created doubt among peoples mind that
the Govt of India has not made any serious efforts to know the truth. And the
heroic way in which Netaji escaped from Britishers prison, was enough to
believe most of the people that Netaji can create such stories of plane crash
very properly. In fact at that time most of the people believed that Netaji is
alive and will return to home soon. But even after independence when Netaji
did not return, lots of stories about Netaji started spreading in India. Senior
reporters like Prakhad Keshav Atre(very well knows as Acharya Atre) made
large efforts to reveal the secret. He challenged the conclusions of

Shahnawaz Committee report, but he still could not come to the conclusion
that the sadhu in Shoulmary Ashram was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose or
not.

The Mukharjee Committee which did not believed that Netaji was killed in
that accident came to know that the Soviet Russias Govt has some secret
references about the incident. Some stories like "Netaji himself went to Soviet
Russia or Soviet Russia has arrested Netaji and kept him arrested were
spread at the time of independence. The Manoj Kumar Mukharjee committee
wanted to study those references to know exactly how Netaji had traveled
during that period of time, but the GOI not only refused the permission to the
committee to study the secret references kept in Soviet Russian Govt, but
also not made all the documents available to the committee which were kept
with the GOI itself.

Even though 10,000 files were available in this matter with Govt of India, it
made only 993 files available to the committee. The interesting thing is all
the documents which were made available to the Khosala Committee were
not made available to the Mukharjee Committee. Few of the documents were
lost, and 30 files about this matter were burned when the Khosala committee
was carrying out their work(During the period of 1972). Who gave the
instructions to do so, is their any record about it. When the Mukharjee
committee asked these questions to the Govt of India, they did not answered
to them.
When the Govt of India was not co-operating with Mukharjee Committee,
Taiwan Govt officially informed Mukharjee Committee that No plane accident
has happened during the period of 14th August 1945 to 20th September
1945 in the areas near Taihoku. It clearly means there was not a single
possibility of occurring Netajis death in a plane crash near the Taihoku
airport.

We have to think about the role played by one of the most popular leader of
India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. During Independence movement when Netaji
started rising as a youth leader of India, at that time only Jawaharlal Nehru
started his political fight with Netaji. Sometimes openly and sometimes
secretly.
If this is not true then Nehru would have tried hard to reveal the secret
behind Netajis death. He would tried to convince Joseph Stalin(the then

Russias President) to release Netaji from Russias prison. But instead of it the
Nehru administration took a strange stand that if Netaji would return back to
India, they will be hand over to British Government.

Jawaharlal Nehrus letter to Mr. Attlee:

Dear Mr. Attlee:
I
understand from a reliable source that Subhas Chandra Bose, your war
criminal, has been allowed to enter Russian territory by Stalin. This
is a clear treachery and betrayal of faith by the Russians. As Russia
has been an ally of the British-Americans, it should not have been
done. Please take note of it and do what you consider proper and fit.
Yours sincerely,
Jawaharlal Nehru

The biggest revelation is about the Indias first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal
Nehru, in suppressing the basic facts about the Taiwan non-crash and
subsequent bogus cremation of Netaji. Nehru, who doubled as Indias
External Affairs Minister, had been personally informed by the Government of
Formosa (as Taiwan was then called), albeit through British channels, in
August 1956 about the full facts behind Japans staging of a spectacular
death for the Indian hero. Yet, Nehru had allowed the Shah Nawaz Khan
Committee to go on with its command performance of an inquiry. He had
accepted a report that completely contradicted the Formosan version. The
myth about the air crash was allowed to grow under the assumption that a lie
told many times becomes the truth. Had Nehru not concealed the Formosan
report back in 1956, great misfortunes might have avoided this nation. The
subcontinents most charismatic politician could yet have been recovered for
the people of India had its Government made use of the reliable input that he
had not died. Who knows, he may very well have been held prisoner at the
time in some gulag in China or Soviet Russia. The possibilities are endless
because, after all, Subhas Chandra Bose would have been only 59-years-old
in 1956.

Many more possibilities will continue to emerge until the secrets are some
day revealed by Indian Government.

References:
1. http://www.sandeepweb.com/2005/11/30/nehrus-hand-in-the-netajimystery/
2. http://netajimystery.blogspot.in/2005/06/mystery-behind-netajisdisappearance.html
3. http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/netajigate.html
4. www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/1498255/posts
5. http://archive.thepeninsulaqatar.com/component/content/article/348indiaarchiverest/56688.html
6. http://testing4softwares.blogspot.in/
7. Wikipedia, several blogs and other articles.

Death Mystery of Subhash Chandra Bose

More than six decades after his allege death in a plane crash, the mystery
over that incident and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's possible survival still
haunts the Indian nation. The absence of any credible evidence and the
subsequent inability of the government appointed committees to unravel the
truth have spawned umpteen conspiracy theories with a large chuck of the
population refusing to believe that their beloved leader indeed lost his life in
a plane crash. Here we have tried to shed light on various facets of the death
mystery of Subhash Chandra Bose.

Government Efforts (1945 - 2005)

The four-member Shahnawaz Committee was the first official endeavor to

examine whether Bose actually died in a plane crash in Taihoku (Taipei) on

August 18, 1945. The committee went to Japan in May, 1956 and a number of
Japanese army surgeons testified that they actually conducted blood
transfusion on a seriously injured Subhash Bose who later succumbed to his
injuries. The G. D. Khosla Committee, which carried on its probe from 19741978, could not arrive on any definite conclusion. The Justice Mukherjee
Committe, set up in 1999, submitted its report in 2005 and proclaimed that
Netaji did not die in the plane crash.

The Soviet Angle

Many believe that Subhash Chandra breathed his last in Soviet custody years
after the alleged crash in Taiwan. There are unconfirmed reports that in 1946
Russian strongman Josef Stalin and diplomat Vyacheslav Molotov actually
discussed whether Bose should remain in the Soviet Union. More startling is
the alleged incident that India's ambassador to Russia, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
was permitted to meet Netaji in an undisclosed location in the Soviet Union.

Sole Witness
Lt Colonel Habibur Rahman Khan, Netaji's trusted Aide-de-Camp, is widely
believed to be the sole survivor of that fateful plane crash. Rahman later
enshrined Bose's ashes in the Renkoji temple Tokyo. However despite
repeated interrogations by British authorities, Rahman never substantiated
Netaji's death and throughout his life maintained that he was bound by an
oath of secrecy to his deceased leader.

Conspiracy Theories
Conspiracy theories abound regarding Netaji's death. It is alleged that both
the Congress leadership and the government were tense about the impact of
Subhash Chandra's possible return to India. They believed that in such a
circumstance, it would be impossible for the Congress or anybody to stop him
from coming to power give the way he was worshipped by the common
people.
http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/subhash-bose/death-mystery.html

Stalin 'dealt with' Netaji on Londons request

Sources claim that Subhas Chandra Boses aircraft landed safely in a

Manchurian airbase and that Soviet troops flew him to Moscow.
MADHAV NALAPAT New Delhi | 11th Apr 2015
The disclosure that members of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's family were
snooped upon for two decades has given rise to the conclusion that
Government of India was worried about the family coming across evidence
that he was alive, or later about the circumstances of his death. In fact,
according to sources in Delhi, "The fear was that the family may discover
what actually happened to Netaji." And what was this? In this context,
experts dealing in matters of state express surprise at the refusal of the NDA
government to release any more data than previous Congress governments
on the officially declared death on 18 August 1945 of Netaji Subhas Chandra
Bose, allegedly in an aircraft crash in Taipei. While there are nearly 200
relevant documents in the possession of the Central authorities and the West
Bengal government, two of the 41 documents asked for by various individuals
and authorities have been released for public viewing. However, no visible
effort seems to have been made to ferret out the response of British
authorities to news of Bose's escape from Tokyo.

Sources familiar with the facts within India and Russia, claim privately that
"the reason for such a refusal to disclose more information was not to protect
the national interest, as much as it was to protect the reputation of high
officials and politicians, who connived at a cover-up designed to protect the
reputation of the British and Soviet governments in office at the time from
public anger in India, besides global public opinion". According to these
sources, "the situation (vis-a-vis) Netaji Subhas Bose was resolved in a
conclusive way by Stalin", the inference being obvious when judged in the
context of the fact that the leader of the Indian National Army was never
seen or heard from after the date of the alleged "air crash".

Taiwanese authorities have stated to this correspondent that to the best of

their information, there exist no records of any crash at the airbase in
question, on the date specified as being the final day of the life of Netaji
Subhas Bose. Instead, they say that witnesses to the flight confirmed that the
aircraft took off in a normal fashion and was bound for an airfield in
Manchuria which on that date (18 August 1945) was under the occupation of
Soviet forces, which had invaded the territory in force after Emperor Hirohito
of Japan announced the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, in order to
spare his people further pain after the obliteration of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
a short while previously by the dropping of atomic bombs.

Sources based in Russia (erstwhile Soviet Union) claim that "the aircraft
landed safely in a Manchurian airbase" and that the former president of the
Congress party was "taken custody of by Soviet troops and security
personnel" and "flown to Moscow". According to them, Bose was taken away
to a gulag within 17 months of internment in a security prison in Moscow, and
passed away 11 years later. They add that the Soviet leaders, who came after
Stalin, kept the circumstances of Netaji Subhas Bose's capture and passing
secret "out of a desire to ensure good relations with India".

Only an examination of records in London and Moscow on the basis of an

official request by the Narendra Modi government would reveal the truth, or
otherwise, of this assertion (assuming that these be accurate and not
doctored in a cover-up bid). But the same sources claim that Soviet dictator
Joseph Stalin was asked by UK Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin through
Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to "ensure that Bose never returned to
India and was never heard from again". According to them, "because of
Bose's policy of collaboration with Germany under Hitler and Japan under
Tojo, the Soviet dictator saw him as an enemy" and therefore presumably did
not need much persuasion in carrying out the British request.

There are reports of the then ambassador of India to the USSR, Sarvepalli
Radhakrishnan, having a meeting with Netaji Subhas Bose in a prison near
Moscow soon after taking charge at the embassy in 1949. However, till his
death, the scholar, who subsequently became President of India (in 1962),
refused to comment on such reports. Interestingly, both Netaji's close
associate Lt Col Habibur Rehman, as well as his widow Emilie, refused, to the
close of their respective lives, to assent to the repeated requests of
Government of India that he had died in an air crash and to affirm that the
ashes brought back to India were Netaji's. Interestingly, although DNA
matchings of these ashes could confirm whether they indeed were those of
the disappeared leader, thus far this does not seem to have been attempted.

What is clear is that if Subhas Bose had returned to India, rather than either
been killed in an air crash or gone permanently missing, he would have easily
been the most popular leader in the country, and could quite possibly have
displaced Mahatma Gandhi's favourite, Jawaharlal Nehru, from the effective
leadership of the Congress party and consequently the Prime Ministership.
Given the fact that Netaji attracted both Muslims and Hindus to his fold in like

manner, there is a high probability that a Bose-led Congress could have

checkmated the plans of both Whitehall as well as M.A. Jinnah to partition
India. The INA was a completely secular force, with patriots from all
communities joining out of admiration for Netaji. Certainly, his return to the
political arena would have upset the plans of the British, who saw Bose as a
formidable foe of their empire and indeed, the entire system of governance
they had constructed over the centuries in India, a system retained almost in
its entirety by Jawaharlal Nehru and his successors, and which continues to
this day, making India in effect an administrative dictatorship, which holds
periodic elections, bringing to office those wielding such authoritarian
powers.

London would clearly have had ample incentive to prevent Subhas Bose from
returning as a hero to India, and could be expected to act energetically to
prevent such a possibility. Papers in London show that the increasing
disaffection in the (British) Indian military was the most potent cause of the
1946 decision by Whitehall to partition and thereafter leave India, whereas
official historians give 100% credit for the British withdrawal to the freedom
struggle led by the Congress party. As for Bose, "where he erred was to
assume that Stalin would welcome him because of his opposition to British
rule in India". However, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose "forgot that the UK and
the USSR were allies against the very individuals (Hitler and Tojo) that Bose
had befriended and taken assistance from" for four years during a war to the
finish for both sides. According to them, Nehru "was far more acceptable to
the Communist Party of India and to the USSR, than Bose". Both would
certainly have preferred the former to the latter as the future Prime Minister
of an independent India.

Interestingly, the "official" line on the death of Subhas Bose was best
enunciated in the Shah Nawaz Khan report. The former INA officer was given
the task soon after remitting office as a Deputy Minister in the Nehru
government. After the report, he was repeatedly made a minister, this time
with full Cabinet rank, besides other ministerial-level posts in successive
Congress governments.

Whether Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose died in the Taihoku crash or survived
the flight and was made a prisoner by Joseph Stalin and finally "dealt with"
such that he disappeared from view (either by execution or by transfer to a
Siberian gulag where conditions roved fatal) can be known only after
documents on the subject get released by Delhi, London and Moscow. Experts

say that there is no justification for keeping secret papers dating seven
decades back, as the impact of such material on current regimes and
situations would be minimal. The BJP promised during the 2014 Lok Sabha
campaign to release the Netaji papers, and there is still some anticipation
that Prime Minister Narendra Modi will fulfil this pledge, especially because all
the dramatis personae Stalin, Attlee, Molotov, Bevin and others are long
gone, and therefore beyond harm at the disclosures.
http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/stalin-dealt-with-netaji-on-londonsrequest

Mystery Behind Subhash Chandra Bose's Disappearance

GreatThinkerGreatThinker / 8 yrs ago / 12

Those were the days when anyone belonging to the German Nazi party was
either captured or killed by the allied forces and their supporters. Even the
ones who were with other countries that fought alongside Germany in the
World War II were not spared. Subhash Chandra Bose had nothing to do with
either the Nazi party of Adolf Hitler or the Axis powers in the Second World
War. His only goal was to secure India's independence.

Because British belonged to the Allied forces, Subhash Chandra Bose has
decided to take the help of some country that was fighting against the British.
That was the probable reason behind his alignment with Japan. Officially the
Indian National Congress supported the British and the allied forces in the
Second World War as the fight was against the Axis powers which were fascist
in nature. Subhash Chandra Bose was then not part of the Indian National
Congress and was heading the Forward Bloc. The Axis powers were fighting a
losing battle in 1945 when the Japanese radio announced the death of
Subhash Chandra Bose in a flight crash. The then British Indian Government
rejected the claim of his death. They dismissed the report saying that the
actual meaning of the announcement was that he went underground. After
that there were many stories in the media regarding the mystery, but no
story was sufficient to solve the mystery. Four different commissions of
inquiry were appointed by different Governments, but there appeared gaps in
the findings of each of those. The Mukherjee commission was the latest one
to have submitted the report as late as in 2006. It stated that Subhash
Chandra Bose's death in flight crash was probably a cover up for his escape

to USSR but also stated that it could not find any evidence of his presence in
USSR. The central Government rejected the report.

Considering that there is really a cover up on the story of Bose's death, one
wonders what the motive could be behind such a cover up. India after all
achieved independence in 1947 and Bose should have come back to the
country to be part of active politics.

The following are the most possible scenarios that could have happened.

Scenario 1: The USSR, USA, UK were all part of the allied forces in the Second
World War. They ensured all the leaders on the side of the axis powers were
either captured or killed. Once it was clear that the allied forces were winning
the war, the announcement through the Japanese radio might have been
influenced by the other friendly leaders of Indian National Congress to save
one of India's greatest leaders of the times from being captured by the allied
forces. Probably he might have returned to India. The Indian Government
might have kept him in hiding to escape controversies. If it is revealed, what
is the guarantee that the allied forces will not ask for the head of Bose? How
can a newly formed India create enemies among the big powers of the world?
There were some revelations that the Special Operations team was asked by
the British Intelligence to assassinate Bose when they realised that he was
trying to forge an alliance with the Axis powers.

Scenario 2: Bose might have been captured by the USSR and kept in as a
captive. The USSR of those days used to be secretive in all its activities. Right
from the start of the regime of Stalin, millions were murdered ruthlessly inthe
country. Even if some outsiders are held either captive or killed, the USSR
never used to reveal the news to the outside world. Any news used to come
out only through its official news agency. May be even the Indian Government
was not aware of the whereabouts of Bose if USSR captured him. In this
scenario, Bose might have spent the rest of his life in jail or might have been
executed.

Scenario 3: Bose might have been captured by the USSR and the Indian
Government might have known it. The USSR probably was not interested to
release him in order to investigate his role in the Second World War. India

being dependent on Soviet Union during the initial years after independence,
the Indian Government would have probably thought of not pressing for his
release. At the same time, the Government might have kept the news under
the carpet to prevent emotional uprising in India. Any emotional uprising in
those days would have been tragic for the country as that would have meant
curtains for Indo-Soviet friendship.

Scenario 4: As Bose did not take the line of Indian National Congress during
the World War, the leaders of the congress party themselves might have
allowed Bose's capture or execution outside India in some allied country to
prevent any political competition in independent India. Bose returning back
would have ensured competition for the Indian National Congress from day
one.

After reading all the above scenarios, one may wonder why the central
Government is not releasing the documents related to Subhash Chandra Bose
even through the RTI channel. Well, the Government refused to release such
documents saying that it will have a negative impact on India's relations with
some foreign nations. What does that mean? It means there is some mystery
surrounding his death. That is now clear. If the Congress Government alone
has something to hide, why have the other non congress Governments that
ruled India though for brief periods kept quite? If it is only a problem for the
Congress party in internal politics, other political parties ruling the country
would have by now made the news public. But it did not happen. Hence there
is something in the classified documents that really will impact India's
relations with some countries.

Following are some possible scenarios of what's there in the classified

documents.

Scenario 1: The Governments in India might have hidden Bose in some secret
destination to save him from the allied forces and that would have been
reported in the secret documents.

Scenario 2: During the freedom movement, though the Indian National

Congress and its leaders have taken a decision to support the allied forces
against the axis powers, they probably thought of having a back up in case

the axis powers defeat the allied powers in the world war. Then India's
relationship with Japan would have helped a long way. May be the Indian
freedom fighters have consciously taken a decision to have a friendship with
the other group as well. If such information exists in the secret documents,
then it would open lot of debates in the countries and communities that were
victims of the German's Nazi party. India's position will then become
uncomfortable in international scenario. That's why probably the documents
were not released.

There can be many more such view points. Many more will continue to
emerge until the secrets are some day revealed by some Indian Government.
http://creative.sulekha.com/mystery-behind-subhash-chandra-bose-sdisappearance_307477_blog

Did Pranab Mukherjee play a role in the Netaji mystery?

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July 02, 2012 15:40 IST
The latest book by journalist Anuj Dhar on the mystery of Netaji Subhas
Chandra Bose's death/disappearance points to a discouraging role by Pranab
Mukherjee in resolving it, writes Vicky Nanjappa.

India's Biggest Cover-up, the just-released book authored by Anuj Dhar is

expected to set the cat among the pigeons. The insight into the Subhas
Chandra Bose mystery relies on official records, bulk of them still security
classified in violation of democratic norms, to invalidate the air crash theory
about Netaji's death.

Dhar has spent more than a decade in making sense of the vexed issue. In
the course of his efforts, Dhar obtained information from the Taiwan
government ruling out the alleged air crash which supposedly killed the
nationalist leader. In a previous book Dhar reached this conclusion, which was
later upheld by a former Supreme Court judge tasked with investigating the

matter afresh.

In his new book, Dhar piles up freshly uncovered facts and insights further
invalidating the air crash theory, and supporting the view that Bose escaped
to the former Soviet Union with Japanese help, and painting up a most
interesting "dead man" angle.

Interestingly, the book, published by the Delhi-based Vitasta Publishing run

by former journalists, makes some startling claims based on over 200
documents, 90 of which are still classified.

Interestingly, it deals with a Pranab Mukherjee angle to the mystery. Anuj

Dhar tells rediff.com that when Mukherjee was the external affairs minister,
the controversy about Bose had been revived with claims from the recently
collapsed state of USSR that Bose was there after 1945.

Contrasting the Bose case with the tragedy of Swedish diplomat Raoul
Wallenberg, Dhar claims in his book that despite there being intelligence and
other reports about Bose's presence in Soviet Russia, the Government of
India never asked the former Communist country to shed any light on the
recurring rumours.

Like Bose, Raul Wallenberg was said to be in the Soviet Union after 1945,
when he was reported dead. Repeated highest level approaches by the
Swedish government made the Soviets to come out with one outright denial
after another. But after a decade, threatened with souring of bilateral
relations, the Soviets admitted Wallenberg's presence in their country as a
KGB prisoner.

Dhar says, 'In 1990s a number of Indian scholars visiting Russia returned to
claim that there were records about Bose in accessible intelligence and
security-related archives." The "still secret" records reproduced in India's
Biggest Cover-up show that the matter was addressed by the ministry of
external affairs.

'RL Narayan, then a joint secretary and a future ambassador, doubted the
official Russian response to an Indian approach made a little earlier that they
did not have records on Bose.

'He advised in an official note still classified as "secret" that a dmarche be

issued to seek facts from the KGB archives. Dhar says the diplomat's
recommendation was struck down after Pranab Mukherjee "saw this note and
scrawled at the end that FS (then Foreign Secretary Salman Haidar) should
discuss the issue with the JS (EE) 'urgently'".

'The outcome of the meeting was evident in the actions that followed, writes
Dhar. No dmarche was ever issued, as was recommended by Narayan. On
the contrary, he started taking a hardline against the Asiatic Society scholars
who were raising a demand for an access to the secret Soviet records.

"It was almost as if Narayan came under a spell of Bengal ka kala jaadu,
black magic of Bengal," says Dhar, explaining the JS's change of heart.

In 1994 the ministry of external affairs, in a response to a top secret ministry

of home affairs query about the Japanese government's confirmation of
Bose's death by way of furnishing a proper death certificate, replied in the
negative since the Japanese records were obviously fake.

I'n 1995, in deference to the advice of the Intelligence Bureau, the Union
Cabinet decided not to bring the so-called ashes of Bose to India from Japan.
But Mukherjee flew to Germany, and according to unverifiable claim of a
former MEA official, says Anuj Dhar in his book, tried to bribe Bose's Austrian
wife to certify his death by giving a written approval to take the ashes to
India as that of Netaji's.

Netajis' octogenarian wife Emilie Shenkel was enraged at Pranab's proposal

and asked him to leave her house as she, like most of her family members,
believed that Bose was in Russia after his death -- a fact glossed over by a
recent book by Sugata Bose, son of former Congress MLA and Mukherjee's
friend the late Sisir Bose, says Dhar.

Later, when a report misquoted Mukherjee saying that Emilie had given the
permission to bring the ashes to India, she lashed out saying, 'Pranab
Mukherjee was propagating an untruth for reasons best known to him and the
government of India', the new book says.

'A decade later, Pranab Mukherjee was described in the Justice Mukherjee
Commission of Inquiry report as one of the seven witnesses who had testified
before it in favour of the story on Bose's death.

'In an ironical twist, Pranab Mukherjee, having returned to power in 2004,

then sat in judgment on the commission report along with his other Cabinet
colleagues. In March 2006, when Justice Mukherjee's report saying that Bose
hadn't died in 1945 and that the ashes in Japan were not his was yet to be
made public, and Mukherjee was back as the external affairs minister, Sugata
Bose secretly brought to Kolkata some human remains as that of Bose,' writes
Dhar.

'Such intriguing transfer couldn't have been possible without some tacit
approval of the authorities. The same year Pranab was accused of trying to
scuttle the commission's inquiry and that probably led to his facing "mob fury
in Kolkata" while his car was entering a hotel on June 18, 2006.

'The attackers owed allegiance to All India Forward Bloc, a leftist offshoot of
Bose's Forward Bloc, which is now backing Pranab as a presidential nominee
in the name of "Bengali pride",' notes Dhar.

The issue of Netaji's fate and controversy about his remaining alive until 1985
was probed by former Supreme Court Justice MK Mukherjee between 1999
and 2005, which was rejected by the United Progressive Alliance government
with the Action Taken Report laid in Parliament stating no reasons
whatsoever.

'For any government in a mature democratic polity such a public damnation

over a national icon would have sprung the head of the government to issue

clarification. But it was not for nothing that Narasimha Rao was likened to the
Sphinx.

'A feeble counteroffensive was launched in December 1996. Researcher

Joychandra Singh told the media there was nothing more to the Bose mystery
other than the Taipei crash. He claimed that Russia too upheld this theory.
This he attributed to a response he had received from the Russian defence
ministry archives in Moscow.

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'Quite remarkable that a private citizen like Singh should have been able to
elicit a direct response from the Russians, who hardly ever entertained such
requests. But Singh had strong credentials. He had the tacit support of the
government. He had earlier been able to procure a counterfeit death
certificate for Bose issued by Dr Yoshimi in 1988.

'The MEA records show that a Russian defence ministry note verbale dated
October 28, 1996, was received by the Indian embassy from the Russian
foreign ministry enclosing a letter from the head of the archives in response
to Singh's letter,' Dhar writes.

'There are no records with the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defence of
the Russian Federation about the catastrophe in August 1945 and death

of...Bose.

'Joychandra Singh put his own spin on this to give journalists the impression
that Russia upheld the Indian government-approved theory. He harped on his
"12-year-old research" on the issue, which had been inspired by a
communication from the Indira Gandhi government urging him to propagate
the Taipei death story.

'Singh ran out of steam soon after, while Dr Purabi Roy continued to take the
government to task alone: "If they are confident that Netaji was actually
killed in a plane crash in 1945, why have they always tried to scuttle any
fresh investigation? If they are clean, let them provide us access to the two
archives and see what's there?"

'In 1996, she chanced to reach out to the prime minister of the Russian
Federation. Viktor Chernomyrdin mooted the idea of an Indo-Russian
commission to investigate the missing Indian nationals within the territory of
the erstwhile USSR.

'But was anyone interested in India? RL Narayan, the joint secretary in charge
of Europe East Division of the External Affairs Ministry -- JS (EE) -- made an
assessment of the situation in 1996. In the note of January 12, 1996,
Narayan, who had had two stints in Moscow, admitted that 'from time to time
various articles have appeared in the Soviet/Russia press insinuating, though
without any actual proof that Netaji in fact stayed/was incarcerated in the
Soviet Union after 1945', Dhar writes.

'The note then set out to tackle the Asiatic Society's poser that "unless the
ministry of external affairs of our government prevails upon the Russian
authorities to allow our scholars access to KGB archives it is absolutely
impossible for the scholars to pursue the matter further either of this country
or of scholars of Russia".

'Explaining the backdrop, Narayan mentioned that there are broadly three
kinds of archives which may be of relevance. Papers relating to the Stalinist
period (KGB archives) are kept separately and have so far not been accessed

by foreign and even Russian scholars, with the exception perhaps of very
limited and selected scholars like the late historian Volkogonov, who has
published biographies of Lenin and Stalin on this basis.

'Papers relating to the post-Stalin period fall into two categories -governmental and Central Committee/Politburo (these are again kept
separately). The Russian foreign ministry's note verbale suggests that their
disclaimer about Netaji may be based essentially on perusal of these latter
archives.

'With this setting in mind, Narayan opined: 'It would be unrealistic for us to
expect the Russian authorities to allow our scholars to access to KGB
archives. What we can do is to request the Russian authorities to conduct a
search into these archives, and let us know if there is any evidence of Netaji's
stay in the Soviet Union. It is recommended that we may request our
ambassador in Moscow to make a suitable dmarche to the Russian
authorities on the above lines.'

'Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee saw this note and scrawled at the end
that FS Haidar should discuss the issue with the JS (EE) "urgently".

''The details of that meeting between Haidar and Narayan are not known.
Haidar goes off on TV these days talking at great length about all sort of
happening in remote corners of the world, never saying a word about Bose.

'But the outcome of the meeting was evident in the actions that followed. No
dmarche was ever issued, as was recommended by Narayan. On the
contrary, he started taking a hardline against the Asiatic Society scholars.
Narayan was confronted with the problem yet again after Subhas's nephew
Pradip, son of Suresh Bose, wrote to the prime minister drawing his attention
to the information said to be available in Russia.

'The joint secretary now articulated in his note dated March 7, 1996, that the
Asiatic Society scholars had 'unearthed no hard evidence of Netaji's stay in
the Soviet Union' and yet requested the government to make a formal
request to the Russians.

'Pradip Bose', he noted, 'has gone a step further and has requested (the)
government of India to seek access to these files for the scholars'. Narayan
opposed it tooth and nail, saying that 'no country in the world would permit
access by foreign governments, let alone scholars from foreign countries, to
its intelligence files. We have no evidence that such files exist; on the
contrary, the Russian government has categorically told us that they have no
evidence in their archives that Netaji was in the USSR after 1945. ...In the
circumstances, it is felt that it would not be appropriate for Government of
India to request to the Russian government to open the KGB/Presidential
archives to the Asiatic Society scholars. This would amount to our
disbelieving the Russian government's categorical and official statement on
the subject'.

'This note was seen by Prime Minister Narasimha Rao, who issued the
following instruction through his secretary: PM would like our ambassador in
Moscow to make discreet enquiries at a high level to ascertain, if possible,
the existence of such information in Russia; and the possible reaction of the
Russian side if we were to request access. Foreign Secretary may kindly see.

'It is quite clear that the PM was well aware of the importance of a "high
level" contact. But whatever the ambassador did in Moscow did not change
anything. In his November 1996 note, Narayan charged the Asiatic Society
scholars with wanting to access to Russian archives "essentially in order to go
on a fishing expedition in search of material on Netaji" which they "have
convinced themselves, exists in these archives', Dhar writes.

'Therefore, our seeking to obtain access to these classified archives on behalf

of the Asiatic Society, after the Russian government has repeatedly and
formally told us that they have no evidence of Netaji having been in the
Soviet Union after 1945 can therefore be easily misunderstood by the Russian
side.

'From the present perspective of Indo-Russian relations, such a request would

serve no positive purpose, but could well have a negative impact. Narayan -a would-be ambassador -- also tried to reason why India could not seek

access to security and intelligence-related archives in Russia like the

Presidential Archive, the archives of the Foreign Security Service and the
Archives of the Army General Staff,' Dhar explains.

Image: Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

Vicky Nanjappa

Conspiracy Theories: What really happened to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose?

3 months ago
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Dipankar Paul
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At 2 pm on August 17, 1945, a Mitsubishi Ki-21 heavy bomber took off from
Saigon airport. Inside the aircraft were 13 people, including Lt Gen
Tsunamasa Shidei of the Imperial Japanese Army, Col Habibur Rahman of the
Indian National Army and one man who sat in a seat a little behind the
portside wing Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

After an overnight halt in Vietnam, on August 18, the plane arrived to refuel

in Taihoku, Formosa (now Taipei, Taiwan). Moments after the flight took off
again, passengers heard a loud bang. Ground crew saw the portside engine
fall off, and the plane crashed. The pilots and Lt Gen Shidei were killed
instantly, Col Rahman fell unconscious. Bose survived, but his gasolinesoaked clothes ignited, turning him into a human torch.

The Mitsubishi Ki-21 twin-engine heavy bomber (Allies code name Sally) that
Subhas Chandra Bose and Habibur Rahman boarded at Saigon airport around
2 PM on 17 August 1945. Image courtesy: Wikimedia
The Mitsubishi Ki-21 twin-engine heavy bomber that Netaji Subhas Chandra
Bose and Col Habibur Rahman boarded at Saigon airport around 2 PM on 17
August 1945. Image courtesy: Wikimedia
A few hours later, in coma in a hospital, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose passed
away.

This is the established account of how one of Indias most famous freedom
fighters died.

But is it true?

There were no official reports released by the Governments of India or

Britain, historian Leonard Gordon says, Even members of Indias Interim
Government in 1946 waffled on the matter. Bose had disappeared several
times earlier in his life; so rumours began again in 1945 and a powerful myth
grew.

What you will read next is a saga of secrets, political vendetta, outrageous
claims, half-truths and full rumours that strive to prove that Netaji did not die
on that fateful day in Taiwan.

No dead body

In the immediate aftermath, an intriguing, and perhaps damning fact

emerged: Netajis other lieutenants, who were to follow him on another flight,
never saw his body. No one took photographs of Boses injuries, or his body,
nor was a death certificate issued.

Netaji with Mahatma Gandhi. Image courtesy: wallpics.biz

Netaji with Mahatma Gandhi. Image courtesy: wallpics.biz
As news reached India, senior INA officer JR Bhonsle rejected the news.
Mahatma Gandhi said, Subhas is not dead. He is still alive and biding his
time somewhere.

Soon, rumours began doing the rounds that Bose was either in Soviet-held
Manchuria, a prisoner of the Soviet Army, or had gone into hiding in Russia.
Lakshmi Swaminathan, of the INAs Jhansi Regiment, said in 1946 she
thought Bose was in China.

The Sadhu story

In the 1950s, there emerged stories that Netaji had become a sadhu. And,
the most elaborate of these took shape a decade later. Some of Netajis old
associates formed the Subhasbadi Janata, and claimed Bose was now the
chief sadhu in an ashram in Shoulmari in North Bengal.

Through well-crafted newspapers and magazines, the organisation was able

to, quite convincingly, recreate Boses post-war activities.

According to the Subhasbadis, Bose returned to India after the war, became
a sadhu, attended Gandhis funeral unseen in 1948, lived in a temple in
Bareilly in the late 1950s, before finally settling in Shoulmari as Srimat
Saradanandaji in 1959.

Other versions, too, began gathering credence. Bose remained either in

Maoist China or the Soviet Union. He attended Jawaharlal Nehrus cremation
in 1964, of which there appeared to even be photographic evidence.

Image courtesy: nigamrajendra28 blogspot.in

Image courtesy: nigamrajendra28 blogspot.in
There were claims that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev told an interpreter in
Delhi that the Soviet Union could produce Bose in 45 days if India so desired.

The Soviet Connection and a Conspiracy

After independence, Nehru took the Foreign Affairs portfolio himself and
appointed Vijayalekshmi Pandit as the ambassador to Russia. After her term
ended, Dr S. Radhakrishnan took her place.

There are reports that Dr Saroj Das, of Calcutta University, told his friend Dr
RC Muzumdar that Dr Radhakrishnan had told him that Bose was in Russia.

Hindustan Times news report, Nov 17, 1970. Image courtesy:

bp.blogspot.com
Hindustan Times news report, Nov 17, 1970. Image courtesy:
bp.blogspot.com
In another report, former Indian ambassador Dr Satyanarayana Sinha met CPI
founder Abani Mukherjees son Georgey, who said his father and Netaji were
imprisoned in adjacent cells in Siberia.

In 1995, a team from Calcuttas Asiatic Society, researching Indo-Soviet ties

in Moscow, found a bunch of declassified files that hinted at Bose having
been in the USSR after 1945. Dr Purobi Roy, a member of the team of
scholars, said she found a document stamped most secret, dated 1946, in
the military archives of Paddolosk, near Moscow, which mentioned Stalin and
Molotov discussing Boses plans whether he would remain in the USSR or
leave.

Dr Roy also said she found a KGB report in Bombay from 1946, which said, it

is not possible to work with Nehru or Gandhi, we have to use Subhas Bose.
This implies Bose was still alive in 1946.

This photograph allegedly shows water room-heaters behind Netaji. These

heaters were in use only in the USSR at the time. Image courtesy:
thesundayindian.com
This photograph allegedly shows water room-heaters behind Netaji. These
heaters were in use only in the USSR at the time. Image courtesy:
thesundayindian.com
Gumnami Baba, aka Bhagwanji

Of all this, the most enduring legend is of a sadhu in Faizabad whom the
locals called Gumnami Baba, who went by the name Bhagwanji.

Bhagwanji, they say, was a monk who lived in Uttar Pradesh Lucknow,
Faizabad, Sitapur, Basti and Ayodhya for more than 30 years till his death
on September 16, 1985. He maintained contact with Dr Pavitra Mohan Roy,
the former top Secret Service agent of the INA.

However, more than his life, what Bhagwanji left behind after his death
seems to confirm that the sadhu and Bose were one and the same: Goldrimmed spectacles identical to what Netaji was always pictured wearing,
powerful German binoculars, a colour photograph of Swami Vivekananda,
Bengali books, the original copy of the summons issued to Suresh Chandra
Bose to appear before the Khosla Commission, a map of undivided India, an
album containing family photographs of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

Left: Netaji's handwriting. Right: Bhagwanji's handwriting. Handwriting

analysis expert and former Additional Director of the National Institute of
Criminology and Forensic Science, Dr B. Lal deposed before the Justice
Mukherjee Commission of Inquiry that probed into the disappearance of
Netaji, that the handwritings of Bhagwanji and Bose did match. Image
courtesy: nigamrajendra28.blogspot.in
Left: Netajis handwriting. Right: Bhagwanjis handwriting. Forensic expert Dr
B Lal told the Mukherjee Commission that both handwritings matched. Image

courtesy: nigamrajendra28.blogspot.in
Other items recovered included a torch pencil generally used in map-making
by military personnel, newspaper clippings about Netajis death probe,
letters from Netajis followers.

One of the more intriguing finds was a letter from a person who accompanied
the Khosla Commission to Taiwan, which reads: We got only 15 days in
Taihoku (Taipei). Formosas (Taiwan) task is over I cannot write everything in
this letter, if you permit, I can come over for a week.

Photographs found among Bhagwanjis belongings indicate he celebrated his

birthday on January 23.

There was no plane crash

Clipping from Japanese newspaper, published on 23 August 1945, reporting

the death of Bose and General Tsunamasa Shidei of the Japanese Kwantung
Army in Japanese-occupied Manchuria. Image courtesy: Wikimedia
Clipping from a Japanese newspaper, published on August 23, 1945, reporting
the death of Bose and General Tsunamasa Shidei. Image courtesy: Wikimedia
Netaji could not have died in a plane crash because no aviation accident
occurred in Taipei on August 18, 1945.

In 2005, the BBC reported that not only did the Taiwanese government reject
the Bose-died-in-a-plane-crash-in-Taipei story, it also denied any plane
crashes occurred between August 14 and September 20 that year.

Stalin killed Netaji

Most recently, the BJPs Subramanian Swamy has alleged that Bose did not
actually die in a plane crash in 1945, but was killed by Soviet dictator Josef
Stalin in 1953.

According to the papers that exist with us, Bose had faked his death and
escaped to Manchuria in China which was under Russian occupation, hoping
Russia would look after him. But Stalin put him in a jail in Siberia. Somewhere
around 1953, he hanged or suffocated Bose to death, said Swamy,
demanding that the Netaji files be declassified.

However, he conceded, Declassification of Netaji documents in haste and

without judging the consequences would be difficult. Indias relations with
Britain and Russia may be affected.

But I will persuade the Prime Minister to disclose the documents.

Inquiries and Commissions

The Figgess Report of 1946, the first official probe into Boses death, said: As
a result of a series of interrogations of individuals named in the following
paragraphs it is confirmed as certain that S.C. Bose died in a Taihoku Military
Hospital (Nammon Ward) sometime between 1700 hours and 2000 hours
local time on the August 18, 1945. The cause of death was heart failure
resulting from multiple burns and shock.

In sum, the Figgess Report confirms:

1. The crash near Taihoku airport on August 18, 1945, in which Subhas
Chandra Bose was a passenger
2. Boses death in a nearby military hospital on the same day
3. Boses cremation in Taihoku
4. Transfer of Boses ashes to Tokyo

The Shah Nawaz Committee of 1956 was Indias first inquiry, comprising

three people Member of Parliament Shah Nawaz Khan, West Bengal

government-nominated ICS officer SN Maitra, and Suresh Chandra Bose,
Boses elder brother.

The committee interviewed 67 witnesses in India, Japan, Thailand and

Vietnam, including the survivors of the plane crash. Most importantly, it
interviewed Colonel Habibur Rahman, Boses companion on the flight. Based
on these testimonies, Khan and Maitra concluded Bose had died in a plane
crash in Taipei.

The committees third member, Netajis brother, however, disputed the

report, claiming Jawaharlal Nehru orchestrated the inquiry to infer death by
plane crash.

Hindustan Times news report, Jan 21, 1971. Image courtesy: quora.com
Hindustan Times news report, Jan 21, 1971. Image courtesy: quora.com
14 years later, the Government of India sanctioned another inquiry, this time
by a one-man team the Khosla Commission of 1970. Deposing before the
Khosla Commission, Dr Satyanarayan Sinha had said Colonel Habibur Rehman
had confessed to him in 1946 that he lied about Bose dying in a plane crash.

However, the commission chose to concur with the two preceding inquiries
into Boses death.

More than 25 years later, yet another Government of India enquiry was
constituted this time, however, by a BJP-led government. In 1999, the
Mukherjee Commission, led by retired Supreme Court judge MK Mukherjee,
began his exhaustive probe into the Bose mystery.

In 2005, after perusing hundreds of documents, taking oral testimonies, and

visits to Japan, Russia and Taiwan, the commission reported that the Japanese
and the USSR made a secret plan to grant Bose safe passage into the USSR.
The commission also said that the ashes kept at Renkoji Temple, believed to
be Boses, actually were of a Japanese soldier who died of a heart attack.

Image courtesy:
Image courtesy: Quora.com
The UPA government rejected the report in Parliament without citing any
reason.
http://www.folomojo.com/conspiracy-theories-what-really-happened-to-netajisubhas-chandra-bose/

netaji
The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Files: Why the Secrecy!
ANKAN BOSEon February 14, 2014 at 6:07 pm
1

41

59
SHARES
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, one of the greatest nationalist and freedom
fighter to have born in this country, is now a forgotten man within the realm
of Indian politics. No one wants to speak about his life, his achievements, his
sacrifices or how he diedthe last one being one of the most controversial
topics and none of the political parties or any politician wants to talk about it.

According to popular belief, Netaji died due to the burns he sustained when
his overloaded Japanese aircraft crashed in Japanese occupied Formosa

(Present day Taiwan); however, most people believe that this was not how he
died. This becomes more evident when we look at the behavioral pattern of
each successive government in the country since India gained independence,
as they are still secretive about the files pertaining to Netaji even decades
after his death and refuse to go public with it.

The entire scenario becomes even more doubtful since Nehru never received
the ashes of Netaji as evident from the fact that The PMO told Chandrachur
that this Office has no records pertaining to the receipt of ashes of Netaji in
India by the then Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs. Such records
may be available with Ministry of Home Affairs, which is the nodal Ministry in
respect of the subject under consideration. The MHA responded that as the
entire incident took place in the Ministry of External Affairs, you may take up
the matter with that Ministry.

If Nehru never received the ashes, that means Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
didnt die in a plane crash; however, if Nehru did receive the ashes, then why
didnt he inform the people of this country? Something is out of sync here
if not in a plane crash, exactly how did he die?

Many of you reading this would wonder Why do we need to worry about
Netaji? And why do we need to find the reasons why he died or what is there
in those files? Who cares? I am sorry to say, but if you are one of those
people, then you are just not grateful for the freedom that you enjoy today
and are being disrespectful to the person who raised an entire army to fight
for the freedom of our motherland and united the country as one as a matter
of fact, the US approached the Indian government to trace its WW2 airmen;
therefore, we need to take a cue from US and realize that if they wont stop
looking for one of its soldier and wants to give him the honor that he
deserves, then we definitely need to give a man of Netajis stature the due
respect that he rightfully deserves.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose with Heinrich himmler

Both the British and the Russian governments currently have papers related
to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in their possession; however, the Indian
government still hasnt approached them to release those papers, and is

rather trying to either hide or systematically destroy the files pertaining to

Subhash Chandra Bose.

Whenever asked to go public with the records, the government comes up

with a rather peculiar reason every time, Disclosure of the nature and
contents of these documents would hurt the sentiments of the people at
large and may evoke wide-spread reactions . Diplomatic relations with
friendly countries may also be adversely affected if the said documents are
disclosed.

The Ministry of Home Affairs goes a step further and states that The
documents are so sensitive; their public disclosure may lead to a serious law
and order problem in the country.

If India is really a free country, we have every right to know what the facts
are. Why the government is so scared to reveal the details to the population
at large. There are many questions to be answered, what kind of sensitive
information could there be in those records that could possibly create a law
and order situation in the country? How can the death of a man destroy our
relations with friendly nations, even after so many years of his death? Did
those (Friendly) nations have to do something with the death of Netaji? Or
was there a bigger conspiracy to wipe him out of the political scenario of the
country post-independence to make certain other individuals politically
powerful? Were some people in the political realm afraid of Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose making into mainstream Indian politics post-independence?

Everyone knows that if Netaji were alive after Indias independence, the
situation of the country would have been very different from what it is now;
however, he is not here today and even the papers and files which can shed
light on the entire subject matter is stashed away as Classified Documents
and every political party is making sure that the contents are never made
public.

The Mukherjee commission which was set up to enquire about the death of
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose came out with some damning revelations, The
government of India, at the PMO level, indulged in the systematic and illegal
destruction of files pertaining to Netajis death. Moreover, the Government of

India was reluctant to perform an enquiry in Taiwan; however justice

Mukherjee did just that forcing the Chinese government to admit that there
was no such plane crash in Taiwan as reportedNote: there was no such
plane crash!

Netaji Subhash Chadra Bose Death CoverUp

Even after the Indian Government officially declared Netaji as dead, in the
1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russians started publically
acknowledging that Netaji was with them post his deathwhich simply
means that he was alive and well, after being officially declared dead by the
government of India. Just how obsessive the government is about keeping it a
secret is evident from the fact that the government was reluctant to help the
commission gain access to intelligence and security related classified
documents which are speculated to contain the information related to the
post-death life of Netaji.

Isnt it time that the people of our country are made aware of the facts that
could shed light on the entire matter. And unless the so called friendly
nations had something to do with the death of Netaji, I dont know why
relations would be destroyed. I am wondering if there is a more sinister
picture hiding behind the curtains within the highest echelons of our political
structure, which if out within the public domain could pose a threat to certain
individuals or political parties.
http://indiaspeaksnow.com/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-files-secrecy/

7 Things Most Indians Dont Know About Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose BY
KULDEEP CHAUHAN
Netaji Subhash Chandra Boses slogan of You give me blood, Ill give you
Freedom ignited the fire of patriotism in the hearts of many Indians during
the struggle for independence. Even today these words dont fail to inspire
and move. The man who coined these words was a true patriot and a man of
principle who did all he could to bring independence to India. Here are 7
things worth knowing about this great man that are hardly known to most
Indians, including the patriots:

7. He Was a Brilliant Student and Highly Patriotic Since Childhood:

Bose was born into a large family in Orissa. From childhood he was a brilliant
child and who did very well in studies. He was also a fierce patriot right from
his early days. He came in 2nd in his matriculation exams in 1913. He
completed his B.A. in Philosophy with a First Class score in 1918. His
patriotism had come to fore when he was expelled from Presidency College
for assaulting Professor Oaten for his anti-India comments.

1920 subhash chandra bose as student

6. He Came 4th in ICS Exams:

After completing his graduation he went to England to appear in the Indian
Civil Services exams to fulfill the promise he had made to his father. As
expected he performed brilliantly and came in 4th on the merit list. This
however did not please him much as he didnt want to work for the
government that he had grown to hate. The Jalianwalla Bagh massacre had
left a mark on his memory and in 1921 he resigned from ICS while still
undergoing his internship.

Netaji

5. He Was Twice Elected the President of the Indian National Congress:

After returning to India Bose worked with the Indian National Congress and
newspapers such as Swaraj and Forward. He quickly rose within the INC and
in 1938 and 1939 he was elected as the president of the Indian National
Congress. His stand for complete independence was opposed by Gandhi and
other INC members who were trying for a Dominion status and gradual
independence. He had to resign as the president and form the All India
Forward Bloc.

Subhash Chandra Bose with Gandhi

4. He Sought the Help of His Enemys Enemy:

When Bose realized that the British would have to be pushed hard to leave
India, he decided that his enemys enemy was his friend and visited Germany
and Japan to get their support. This doesnt necessarily mean that he
condoned the Nazi ideology but rather that he was willing to use whatever
aid he could get in order to bring freedom to India. With the help of Japan he
was able to form the Azad Hind Fauj that fought the Allied forces in South
East Asia. Along with the Japanese army they brought independence to
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and came all the way to Manipur in India. But
by then Japan had grown weak and after its withdrawal from World War II,
the Azad Hind Fauj had to retreat and disband.

Subhash-Chandra-Bose-02

Subhas Chandra Bose

3. He Was the Patriot of Patriots:

Mahatma Gandhi called him the patriot of patriots which is a high honor
especially coming from someone who was opposed to his ideologies. This
honor was not unwarranted as Bose really did commit fully to the cause of
Indian Independence. There was no sacrifice that he didnt make for his
nation. To this day he is one of the most patriotic figures to inspire thousands
of young men and women.

Subhas Chandra Bose

Bose at a Parade

2. His Death Remains a Mystery:

On August 18 1945 Bose is claimed to have been in a plane crash in Taipei,
Taiwan. His death remains a mystery because no body was recovered and
only some ashes were taken to Japan. Over the years his death has been a
mystery as speculations have been made that he didnt die at all and lived on
in Russia and later in India. The alleged plane crash doesnt even exist in the
Taiwanese records. Many theories have come out about his disappearance
and alleged death and to this day nothing conclusive can be said about those
events.

Subhas Chandra Bose Addressing his troops

Subhash-Chandra-Bose-azad-hind-fauz

1. He Might Have Lived as Bhagwanji till 1985:

One of the theories is that he came back to India, and lived anonymously as
Bhagwanji or Gumnami Baba in U.P. It is said that Bose took Sanyas and
didnt think it wise to resurface into Indian politics. He is said to have died in
1985 in Faizabad in U.P. It is said that Bhagwanji looked uncannily like Bose
and his writing matched that of Boses. On at least four separate occasions,
Bhagwanji himself admitted that he was in fact Subhash Chandra Bose but
that it was in the best interest of the nation that he stay anonymous. That
does sound like something Netaji would do out of his love for the nation.

Did Netaji escape to the Soviet Union?

October 10, 2013 Anton Vereshchagin, specially for RIR
Subhas Chandra Bose knew that it was unlikely for him to be welcomed in the
USSR, but even surrendering to the Soviet side, which was not interested in
taking him to a tribunal, was preferable to facing British wrath.

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The Snow Maiden

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. Source: wikipedia.org
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose remains one of the most controversial and
enigmatic figures in Indian history. Since scholars of various dispositions have
devoted years to studying his life, there have been many debates about the
personality of this extraordinary man.

Netajis death is shrouded in mystery, the cause of which, according to the

official version, was a plane crash in Taiwan in August 18, 1945.
Many researchers have noted the unreliability of this version, built on
contradictions and not confirmed by official documents. However, neither the
Indian government nor the authorities of other countries, which somehow or
other can be linked to Boses disappearance, are interested in conducting a
detailed investigation of this case.
Politicians tend to be very reluctant when talking about Netajis alleged
death. It is the refusal of the Indian authorities to provide any official
information that made the work of the Shah Nawaz (1956) and Khosla (19701974 ) committees, which studied the mystery of Subhas Chandra Bose
futile. The Mukherjee Commission operating in 1999-2006, which the
Taiwanese government agreed to cooperate with, got seemingly close to the
truth: it was found that Bose did not die in a plane crash, and Netajis
ashes, which are stored in a Tokyo temple Renkodzhi, were really not his.
However, the Indian parliament considered the commissions report not
sufficiently plausible having refused to consider the data it contained. The
Government of India has also so far failed to publish the archive information
(33 secret documents) related to Bose, despite persistent requests from the
Mission Netaji volunteer organization and the famous leaders descendants.
Conspiracy theories
This silent position of the state and the not too convincing official version
gave rise to a multitude of different assumptions and theories about Subhas
Chandra Boses fate, many of which look fictional and absurd. For example,
some not quite competent enthusiasts are trying to present Netaji as a
German or British (!) agent, who fled to Europe after the war.
Then there is a version that says the Indian National Army (INA) leader was
murdered by the British or Japanese, who were under pressure from the
British. Why would the British, especially if they had leverage over the
Japanese, destroy their opponent instead of arresting the declared war
criminal?
Typically, these theories are not based on anything other than unreliable
evidence of witnesses, assumptions and conjectures.
Netaji in the Soviet Union
Among all of these versions, one attracts special attention. It states that
Subhas Chandra Bose was in the Soviet Union in 1945. At a first glance, this
assumption stands out for its exoticism. Indeed, how could the Indian political
leader, who was collaborating with the fascist and militarist regimes, find

refuge in the Soviet Union? However, it is not as simple as that. Another

peculiarity of this version is that it was supported not only by the social
activists and lovers of conspiracy theories. One of the most consistent
supporters of the Soviet version is Purabi Roy, a professor of Calcutta
University and prominent Indian academician. Among those who agree with
her are Indian and Russian scientists, former members of the secret services
and even Netajis descendants. Can all these people believe unfounded
rumours so easily or succumb to naive romantic sentiments? Highly unlikely!
Kudankulam Read section: History
So, what are the main arguments of the adherents of this version? One of
them is that Subhas Chandra Bose, although he tried to cooperate with Hitler
and Mussolini and also acted in alliance with the Japanese, was not a follower
of the Nazi ideology. This is supported by his own writings in the 1930s. Netaji
noted the effectiveness of the German and the Italian governments, but
decried the racist regimes in those countries. The Indian politician was much
more sympathetic towards the Soviet socialist system. He claimed that it was
the Soviet type of economy and government structure as well as the socialist
ideology that would be invaluable to India in the first decades after gaining
independence. As it turns out, an ideological divide with the USSR was out
of question.
Secondly, during the war Netaji had never participated in the fighting against
the Soviet Union. On the contrary, after escaping from India in 1941, he
sought help from Moscow, but the Soviet Union, an ally who had ties with the
UK, was forced to refuse the Indian patriot asylum. Nevertheless, Bose was
granted free travel to Europe through Soviet territory. In the summer of 1941,
Netaji was shocked by the German attack on the Soviet Union; he considered
it a terrible mistake. This was one of the reasons for his subsequent break-up
with the German Nazis and his departure to Japan. Even in 1944, Bose, while
in Tokyo, was trying to make contact with the Soviet embassy. Consequently,
Subhas Chandra Bose had never been an enemy of the Soviet Union.
Moreover, one should consider Netajis other options in August 1945, after
Japans and INAs crushing defeat. It is clear that staying in Southeast Asia,
was for him tantamount to suicide he was hardly capable of escaping from
the British troops while he was in that territory. The prospect of his departure
to the recently capitulated Japan looked a little better, but it would have been
unlikely for Tokyo to harbour a former ally and risk the wrath of those who
won the war.
The Asia-Pacific region as a whole was the most dangerous place to stay for
Bose in the conditions of complete dominance of the Anglo-American forces.
The UK authorities declared Netaji a war criminal, and therefore, his

emigration to Europe and his stay there were also impossible.

There was only one place left for Bose - the USSR. Of course, Bose knew that
it was unlikely for him to be welcomed in the USSR, but even surrendering to
the Soviet side, which was not interested in taking him to a tribunal, was
preferable to facing British wrath
!!
War in the East: How Khalkhin-Gol changed the course of WWII
Perhaps Boses experience of defecting to the Soviet Union in 1941 played
a role. Then Netaji, disguised as a Pathan, was able to enter the territory of
Afghanistan, and from there he reached the Soviet border. Bose could have
followed the same route in 1945, while faking his own death in a plane crash.
The declassified documents from the archives of British intelligence, which
express concern about Boses possible defection to the USSR, are also in
favour of the Soviet version. Even Indias then-viceroy Wavell, expressed
similar concerns in 1945, and the Note to Fisher (1946) cites the opinion of
Italian diplomat Pietro Quaroni, who said Bose escaped. Incidentally it was the
same diplomat who helped Netaji organise his 1941 escape to the USSR.
All this, as well as the extremely contradictory statements made by Netajis
associates (Captain Lakshmi, for example) and the alleged witnesses to his
death and the absence of documentary evidence of the plane crash suggest
that Bose's escape to the Soviet Union might well have been accomplished.
What do this versions followers think about Netajis life in the USSR? They
have no consensus about this. Some believe that the Indian hero ended his
life in Siberian camps; others suggest that he may have been killed on the
orders of the Soviet authorities. Neither of the scenarios is convincing.
Joseph Stalin had relatively tense relations with Jawaharlal Nehru and could
hardly miss an opportunity to influence him. Keeping Bose under his control
could have been a nice trump card to use against Indias first prime minister.
Finally, according to another view, that some researchers hold, Bose was able
to return to India, where he lived under a fictitious name for years. Several
sanyasis were possible candidates for the role of the returned Netaji (eg:
Bhagwanji of Faizabad, who died in 1985).
However, if that's true, why did the proud independence fighter not reveal
himself, even though the threat of arrest and trial had passed long ago?
Of course, the theory described, as well as many others, cannot provide
answers to many questions. On the other hand, judging by the fairly logical

and reasonable arguments of its supporters, there are good reasons for
research in this area. It is hoped that under pressure from the public, which is
yearning for truth, governments involved with Subhas Chandra Boses case
will eventually dare to publish the information they have. And, perhaps, the
veil of mystery will slightly open.

Hitler, NOT Gandhi, Should Be Given Credit for the Independence of India in
1947

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Category: Uncategorised
Dr. Susmit Kumar, Ph.D.

(Source: "Modernization of Islam and the Creation of a Multipolar World

Order," Susmit Kumar, Booksurge, USA, pp 17-21, 2008)

World War II had a profound effect on the colonial powers because it

completely destroyed their economies. Although Hitler committed crimes
against humanity, I give him creditand not Gandhifor Indias
independence immediately after World War II. Hitler destroyed the economies
of Britain and France to such an extent that they were no longer able to
financially maintain their military forces, and were hence incapable of
containing the burgeoning freedom movements in their colonies. It is worth
noting that Britain was in such bad shape that it received about one-fourth of
the total aid given under the Marshall Plan. Regardless of Gandhi or any other
charismatic leader, Britain would have left India in 1947 purely for financial
reasons, due to its wholly collapsed economy. After WWII, Britain left not only
India but nearly all its other holdings, including Jordan in 1946, Palestine in
1947, Sri Lanka in 1948, Myanmar in 1948, and Egypt in 1952. For the same
reason, France also had to grant independence to Laos in 1949 and Cambodia
in 1953, and had to leave Vietnam in 1954. Had there been no Hitler and no
World War II, it most probably would have taken another 30 or more years for

India and some of the other colonies to achieve independence.

Another major consequence of World War II was that it greatly hastened

Indian political independence. The highly publicized Cripps Mission that took
place in India in 1942 was essentially a political ploy approved by Churchill to
buy time for Britain and to try to assuage anti-colonialist feelings in the U.S.
[1]

British historians P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins described the hopeless situation
of the British in India as follows:

By the end of war, there was a loss of purpose at the very center of the
imperial system. The gentlemanly administrators who managed the Raj no
longer had the heart to devise new moves against increasing odds, not least
because after 1939 the majority of the Indian Civil Service were themselves
Indian. In 1945 the new Viceroy, Wavell, commented on the weakness and
weariness of the importance of the instrument still our disposal in the shape
of the British element in the Indian Civil Service. The town had been lost to
opponents of the Raj; the countryside had slipped beyond control.
Widespread discontent in the army was followed in 1946 by a mutiny in the
navy. It was then Wavell, the unfortunate messenger, reported to London that
India had become ungovernable [which finally led to the independence of
India].[2]

There is a saying that history is written by the victors of war. One of the
greatest myths, first propagated by the Indian Congress Party in 1947 upon
receiving the transfer of power from the British, and then by court historians,
is that India received its independence as a result of Mahatma Gandhis nonviolence movement. This is one of the supreme inaccuracies of Indian history
because had there been no Hitler and no World War II, Gandhis movement
would have slowly fizzled out because gaining full independence would have
taken several more decades. By that time, Gandhi would have long been
dead, and he would have gone down in history as simply one of several great
Indian freedom fighters of the times, such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat
Rai, Motilal Nehru, Dada Bhai Naoroji, and C.R. Das. He would never have
received the vast publicity that he did for his nonviolence movement. Political
independence for India was achieved not by Mahatma Gandhi, but rather by
Hitler rendering the British Empire a bankrupt entity.

In fact, Gandhis popularity among the masses had decreased substantially

already in the 1930s, perhaps partially because in reality Gandhi had no idea
of how to bring about Indias independence. At the Madras Congress session
in 1927, when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, two other
freedom movement leaders, succeeded in having a resolution passed
declaring Indias complete independence, Gandhi was annoyed, and hence
only to cater to Gandhithe Madras resolution was modified to request
dominion status under the British the following year at the Calcutta Congress
Session in 1928.

Subhas Chandra Bose was a genius with a superlative academic record. After
only six months of preparation, he stood fourth in the prestigious Indian Civil
Services (ICS) examination, which in those days was held at regular intervals
in Britain. In his book The Indian Struggle, Bose described his first meeting
with Gandhi in 1921:

I began to heap question upon questionThe reply to the first question

satisfied meHis reply to the second question was disappointing and his
reply to the third question was no betterMy reason told me clearlythat
there was a deplorable lack of clarity in the plan which the Mahatma had
formulated and that he himself had no clear idea of the successive stages of
the campaign which would bring India to her cherished goal of freedom.[3]

Bose was unanimously elected Congress Party president in 1938. The

following year, he decided that the party should launch a nationwide civil
disobedience movement, giving the British six months notice. With this goal
in mind, he decided to run for re-election as party president. This was
completely within precedent; just before his term, Nehru had also been
Congress Party president for two terms. Gandhi, however, was not pleased.
He threw his entire support behind Sitaramayya, another senior Congress
leader. Despite this, Bose defeated him. Gandhi said publicly that the defeat
of Sitaramayya was his own defeat. He then manipulated his followers in
ensuing executive committee meetings in such a way that he forced Bose to
resign from the party. Commenting on this, Aurobindo Ghosh, the nationally
famous freedom fighter turned renunciate, stated:

The Congress at the present stagewhat is it but a Fascist organization?

Gandhi is the dictator like Stalin, I wont say like Hitler: what Gandhi says they
accept and even the Working Committee follows him; then it goes to the AllIndia Congress Committee which adopts it, and then the Congress. There is
no opportunity for any difference of opinion, except for Socialists who are
allowed to differ provided they dont seriously differ. Whatever resolutions
they pass are obligatory on all the provinces whether the resolutions suit the
provinces or not. There is no room for any other independent opinion.
Everything is fixed up before and the people are only allowed to talk over it
like Stalins Parliament.

Ultimately, however, Gandhi and the Congress Party opted for a Quit India
Movement against the British in 1942 and he spread the slogan Do or Die,
which in fact Subhas had proposed in 1938. The British government arrested
all the top Congress Party leaders and thus killed the Quit India Movement
before it had a chance to gather steam. It fizzled out entirely within a matter
of months.

Although Boses Indian National Army (INA), which drew its cadre from Indian
POWs in Japanese camps and fought along with Japanese forces on Indias
eastern front towards the end of the war, failed in its ultimate mission,
indirectly it succeeded in causing the British to leave India early. When Japan
surrendered, the British charged 20,000 INA men with treason. They decided
to hold the trial in public at the Red Fort in Delhi. The first three of Boses
officers to be tried were a Hindu, a Muslim, and a Sikh. This immediately
united Indians of all three religions against the British. While the Muslim
League was at that time fighting with the Congress Party and demanding a
separate state for Muslims, on this issue it joined Congress in the nownational movement against the INA officers trial. Most of Boses army cadres
were Muslims.

On November 21 and 23, 1945, a mass demonstration took place in Kolkata

(Calcutta). Participants included members of the Congress Party, the
Communist Party, and Muslim League. The police shot more than 200 people,
of whom 33 died. Then the British decided to put on trial only those INA men
who were charged with committing murder or brutality against other POWs.
However, Kolkata simply exploded when, in February 1946, an Abdul Rashid
Khan (a Muslim) of the INA was given seven years rigorous imprisonment for
murder. The protest began peacefully by students of the Muslim League, but
later students of the Congress and Communist parties joined them in
solidarity. Both the police and the army were called to put down what came to

be known as the almost revolution. This time nearly 400 people were shot
down, and nearly 100 killed. Since racial discrimination was rampant in the
Royal Indian Navy, Khans trial gave thousands of Indians the excuse to
mutiny. The mutiny spread to nearly 80 ships and 20 sites on land. This came
closer to overthrowing the British than anything Gandhi ever did. The reasons
behind Indian independence are nicely summarized by the esteemed Indian
historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar:

There is, however, no basis for the claim that the Civil Disobedience
Movement directly led to independence. The campaigns of Gandhi came to
an ignoble end about fourteen years before India achieved independence
During the First World War the Indian revolutionaries sought to take
advantage of German help in the shape of war materials to free the country
by armed revolt. But the attempt did not succeed. During the Second World
War Subhas Bose followed the same method and created the INA. In spite of
brilliant planning and initial success, the violent campaigns of Subhas Bose
failed The Battles for Indias freedom were also being fought against
Britain, though indirectly, by Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. None of these
scored direct success, but few would deny that it was the cumulative effect of
all the three that brought freedom to India. In particular, the revelations
made by the INA trial, and the reaction it produced in India, made it quite
plain to the British, already exhausted by the war, that they could no longer
depend upon the loyalty of the sepoys [low-ranking Indian soldiers under
British command] for maintaining their authority in India. This had probably
the greatest influence upon their final decision to quit India.[4]

It was British prime minister Clement Atlee who, when granting independence
to India, said that Gandhis non-violence movement had next to zero effect on
the British. In corroboration, Chief Justice P.B. Chakrabarty of the Kolkata High
Court, who had earlier served as acting governor of West Bengal, disclosed
the following in a letter addressed to the publisher of Ramesh Chandra
Majumdars book A History of Bengal:

You have fulfilled a noble task by persuading Dr. Majumdar to write this
history of Bengal and publishing it In the preface of the book Dr. Majumdar
has written that he could not accept the thesis that Indian independence was
brought about solely, or predominantly by the non-violent civil disobedience
movement of Gandhi. When I was the acting Governor, Lord Atlee, who had
given us independence by withdrawing the British rule from India, spent two
days in the Governors palace at Calcutta during his tour of India. At that time

I had a prolonged discussion with him regarding the real factors that had led
the British to quit India. My direct question to him was that since Gandhis
Quit India movement had tapered off quite some time ago and in 1947 no
such new compelling situation had arisen that would necessitate a hasty
British departure, why did they have to leave? In his reply Atlee cited several
reasons, the principal among them being the erosion of loyalty to the British
Crown among the Indian army and navy personnel as a result of the military
activities of Netaji [Subhash Chandra Bose]. Toward the end of our discussion
I asked Atlee what was the extent of Gandhis influence upon the British
decision to quit India. Hearing this question, Atlee's lips became twisted in a
sarcastic smile as he slowly chewed out the word, m-i-n-i-m-a-l! [5]

1 Cain, P.J. and Hopkins, A.G., British Imperialism 1688-2000, 2nd Ed.,
Pearson Education, Harlow, U.K., 2002, p. 560.

2 Ibid., pp. 560-1.

3 Netaji and Gandhi, 2 Titans of the Independence Struggle, India Abroad

(India), January 24, 1997.

4 Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Three Phases of Indias Struggle for Freedom,

Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, India, 1967, pp. 58-59.

5 Ranjan Borra, Subhas Chandra Bose, The Indian National Army, and The
War of Indias Liberation, Journal of Historical Review, Vol. 20 (2001), No. 1,
reference 46.
http://www.susmitkumar.net/index.php/hitler-not-gandhi-was-the-reason-forthe-1947-indian-independence

he parallel lives of Subhas Chandra Bose and Nehru

Despite lauding Gandhiji, Netaji and Panditji could never reconcile their
differences.

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POLITICS | 5-minute read | 19-01-2015
Natwar Singh NATWAR SINGH
About 15 years ago, I appeared before a committee in Vigyan Bhavan. This
committee was looking into the death of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose for the
tenth time. One of the members referred to my review in Frontline in 2001 (I
am not sure of the date) in which I had said that Subhas Bose had died on
August 17, 1945 in an air crash in Taiwan.

One of the members asked, Were you present at Taipei airport on that day?
I normally do not get flustered but this time I was. No, I was not. I was only
14 years old then. The next no ball was even more bizarre. The same man
frowned at me in disdain. How are you so sure if you were not in Taipei? I
told him that news of Netajis death was broadcast on the radio, and the
newspapers in India had reported it.

Before me, Mr Pranab Mukherjee had appeared before the committee. He

asked me to be careful and precise. They are a very strange lot. So they
were.

Beginnings

Jawaharlal Nehru was his own Boswell. Subhas Chandra Bose was not. Boses
writings were nowhere near Nehrus. However, Bose had a much rougher
time in prison than Nehru. In 2005, when I was in Mandalay on an official
visit, I asked if I could see the jail in which Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Subhas
Chandra Bose had been incarcerated. The guide told me that the jail had
been pulled down some years back. He showed me the place where the jail
was and he knew all about Tilak and Bose. The conditions were appalling. No
electricity, no potable water, rats and mosquitoes all over the cell. The food
was inedible. Tilaks and the Netajis health took a beating. The two were
constantly in poor health for the rest of their lives.

Nehru and Bose had much in common. Both had charisma, good looks, were
secular, and had immense stamina and courage. Their popularity was next
only to Gandhijis. Both were Cantabrigians. Bose qualified for the Indian Civil
Service (ICS), but it went against his grain to serve the British Empire. To the
chagrin of his parents, their 23-year-old son resigned from the ICS, which was
neither Indian, nor civil, nor service.

On his return to India, his first act was to meet Gandhi. The meeting was not
a success. Bose became a CR Das follower. Unfortunately, Das suddenly died
in 1925, and in the 1930s, Nehru and Bose spent long years in jail. Both
travelled to Europe when out of prison, during the mid-1930s.

In the summer of 1934, Subhas met Emilie Schenkl in Vienna and fell deeply
in love with this woman, who was a Roman Catholic. She was 13 years
younger than her future husband. Their marriage was a hush-hush affair, but
Bose did not want his beloved to keep their relationship secret. A daughter
was born, whom Bose never met. In contrast, Nehru was released from prison
in late 1935 and rushed to Europe to be with his tubercular wife Kamala. She
died on February 28, 1936 in Lausanne. Bose was present.

Differences

In the next three years, their political paths crossed: Nehru was elected the
Congress president twice. Bose succeeded him in 1938. The Congress
leadership which meant Gandhiji did not take kindly to Bose seeking a
second term. He, however, defied the Mahatma, whose candidate Dr Pattabhi
Sitaramayya lost to Subhas. Rabindranath Tagore supported Bose. Gandhiji
took Pattabhis defeat as his own.

Commenting on the time, Indian historian and author Rudrangshu Mukherjee

said: Gandhis reaction to Subhas victory was uncharacteristically devoid of
grace. In a public statement he said that since he had prevailed upon
Sitaramayya not to withdraw from the contest, the latters defeat was "more
mine than his". Eventually, Mahatmaji had his way and Subhas resigned, and
launched his own party the Forward Bloc. Throughout the unseemly
controversy Nehrus behaviour was Hamlet-like. This did not rebound to his
credit.

The Nehru-Bose drift was soon to become a storm. The two exchanged
heated letters in March 1939. Subhass letter was 20 pages long, Nehrus
reply, 13 pages. The Bose letter was ill-tempered, Nehrus, elegantly vague
and unusually defensive. He wrote, But, I am a dull subject to discuss at the
tail end of an inordinately long letter. Let us leave it at this that I am an
unsatisfactory human being who is dissatisfied with himself and the world,
and whom the petty world he lives in does not particularly like.

"Passing friendship"

Their differences were deep on vital matters. Nehru despised Hitler and
Mussolini. He had refused to meet the Italian dictator in March 1936, while
Subhas met him five times. His meeting with Hitler on May 29, 1943 in Berlin
was anything but reassuring. Boses stay in Germany and his refusal to
condemn Hitlers horrific treatment of the Jews attracted huge criticism.
Nehrus approach to the Jewish issue was entirely different. Bose left
Germany "empty handed".

On February 9, 1943, Netaji sailed in a German submarine for the east

accompanied by Abid Hassan Saffrani, who after 1947, became Indias
ambassador to Denmark. Between 1943 and 1945, Netaji Bose was in Japan
and Singapore, Malaya and Myanmar, leading the Indian National Army (INA),
which he had established with the help of his Japanese hosts. It was a valiant
effort but destined to be a failure. In his broadcasts to India, Netaji called
Gandhiji the "Father of the Nation". He also gave us Jai Hind.

Despite lauding Gandhiji, Netaji and Nehru could never reconcile their
differences. Commenting on the relationship, Mukherjee said. In the
crevasse of their rivalry of aim, fell the tension-fraught and passing friendship
of Subhas and Jawaharlal. Their lives could have no tryst. Truer words were
never spoken.

#Mahatma Gandhi, #Jawaharlal Nehru, #Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of DailyO.in or the

India Today Group. The writers are solely responsible for any claims arising
out of the contents of this article.

Writer
Natwar Singh NATWAR SINGH
The writer is a senior politician and a former foreign affairs minister.
COMMENT
KRISHNENDRANATH MITRA @786921211363072
I will ask the same question to you. Have you seen the plane carrying Netaji
crash or the aftermath of the crash? Have you seen him fall in love and marry
some foreigner and have a child? How long will you people try to suppress
facts by telling stories without evidences. What do you earn in return? And
remember, Netaji didn't return empty handed from Germany, he returned
with their support for the first Free Government Of India under his presidentship based at Singapore. Also please stop glorifying nehru, because its
useless outside congress core.