Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER Four
TRAVERSING PRINCIPLES
4.1. Introduction
A traverse consists of a series of straight lines connecting successive points. The points
defining the ends of the traverse lines are called traverse stations or traverse points.
D
B
A
Distance along the line between successive traverse points is determined either by
direct measurement using a tape or electronic distance measuring (EDM) equipment, or by
indirect measurement using tachometric methods. At each point where the traverse changes
direction, an angular measurement is taken using a theodolite.
Traverse party: it usually consists of an instrument operator, a head tape man and rare tape
man.
Equipments for the traverse party:-The equipments for the traverse party are the
theodolite, tapes, hand level, leveling staff, ranging pole & plumb bobs, EDM & reflector,
stakes & hubs, tacks, marking crayon, points, walkie talkies, & hammer etc.
-1-
B
C
2. Closed traverse:- It originates at a point of known position and close on another point
of known horizontal position .
D
X
D
B
A
A
This type of traverse is preferable to all others since computational checks are possible
which allow detection of systematic errors in both distance and direction.
Traverses also categorized on the method of observing angles.
-2-
Exercise:
The following are bearings taken on a closed compass traverse. Compute the
interior angle
-3-
Line
Forward bearing
Backward bearing
XY
S 27030E
N 27030W
YC
S 45015 W
N 44015 E
CD
N 730 00 W
S 720 15 W
DE
N 120 45 E
S 130 15 W
EX
N 60000 E
S 590 00 W
2
1
In closed figure
i ( n 2 )180
i 1
-4-
Solution:
Station
Observed
Interior angle
Correction
Adjusted
interior Angle
840 58
-00 2
84056
157038
-0 02
157036
240 37
-0 02
24 35
-0 2
153 12
153 14
0
-0 2
103 52
103 54
139 06
-0 2
139 04
2360 47
-0 02
236 45
Sum
9000 14 00
(n-2)1800
9000 00 00
Error of
closure
90000000
00 1400
Exercise:
Calculate azimuth and bearing of all lines for Azimuth of AB Az AB=315012
4.2.4 Deflection angle traverses
This method of running traverses is widely employed than the other especially on open
traverses. It is mostly common in location of routes, canals, roads, highways, pipe lines, etc.
Successive traverse stations are occupied with a theodolite with horizontal circle set at zero
and back sight taken to the preceding station with a telescope reverse. The telescope is then
plunged and the line of sight is directed to the next station, by turning the instrument about
the vertical axis on its upper motion and the deflection angle is observed. Angles have to be
observed by double sighting.
Azimuth of line =Azimuth of preceding line + R
Azimuth of line =Azimuth of preceding line - L
-5-
3
C
In the above figure the azimuth of line AX and DY and are used to check the angular
closure for the traverse
AXA + 2 + 4-1-3-3600=ADY
A1
i 1
R i
i 1
Li
360
A2
-6-
Solution:
A1=A2
Ri
Li
360
=370018
R =10 11
0
10011-370018=-360007
360007-360000=0.07
0
Correction per angle= 0 07 ' 0 0 01 ' 00 "
This correction angle is added to deflection to the right and subtracted to deflection to the
left.
Station
From/To Circle
observed
A
B
C
0000
85020
0000
10011
0000
Deflection
Correction
angle
Corrected
deflection
85020L
-0001
85019
10011R
+0001
10012
D
D
C
E
D
F
E
G
F
A
Ri Li 360
-7-
Exercise:
Azimuth of line AB is given as Az AB= 85024.Calculate the azimuth and bearing of all
other lines.
4.2.5 Angle to the right traverse
This method can be used in open, closed, or closed loop traverses. Successive theodolite
stations are occupied and back sight is taken to the preceding station with the horizontal
circle set zero. Then foresight is taken on the next station using the upper motion in the
clockwise direction. The reading gives the angle to the right at the station and angles should
be observed by double sighting.
Azimuth a line= angle to the right - Back azimuth of preceding line.
3
Error of closure
-8-
L1 L2
2
-9-
xij
xij
j
Aj
yij
dij
yi
Aj
yij
djk
i
yk
yi
xk
Let the reduced horizontal distance of traverse lines ij and jk be dij and djk respectively, and
Ai and Aj be the azimuths of ij and jk. Let Xij and Yij be the departure & latitude.
Xij= dij sin Ai = departure
Yij = dij cos Ai =latitude
If the coordinates of i are xi and yi
So, the coordinates of j are:
- 10 -
Xj=xi+xij ;
yj= yi+yij
Xk=xj+xjk ;
yk=yj-yjk
=xi+xij+xik ;
xjk =djk sin Aj
=yi+yij-yjk
yjk=djk cos Aj
N
I
Sin +
Cos +
III
Sin Cos -
II sin+
Cos -
S
If the coordinates for the two ends of a traverse line are given, distance between two ends
can be determined as:
dij =[(xj-xi)2+(yj-yi)2]1/2
The azimuth of line ij from north and south is
Aij tan 1
xj xi
yj yi
Asij tan 1
xi xj
yi yj
After coordinates for all the traverse points (all the departure and latitudes) for all lines have
been computed, a check is necessary on the accuracy of the observations and the validity of
calculations. In a closed traverse, the algebraic sum of the departures should equal the
difference between the x- coordinates at the beginning and ending stations of the traverse.
Similarly, the algebraic sum of the latitudes should equal the difference between the y
coordinates at the beginning and ending stations.
In a closed loop traverse, the algebraic sum of the latitudes and the algebraic sum of the
departures each must equal zero.
For a traverse containing n stations starting at i=1 and ending at station i=n, the foregoing
conditions can be expressed as follows.
- 11 -
n 1
i 1
i 1
X n X 1 xi, i 1
n 1
n 1
i 1
i 1
departures
Yn Y1 yi, i 1
latitudes
The amounts by which the above equation will fail to be satisfied are called simply closures.
The closure correction in departure dx and dy, which are of opposite signs to errors, are:
n 1
d x X n X 1 Xi, i 1
i 1
n 1
d y Yn Y1 Yi, i 1
i 1
Due to lateral refraction, haze and wind the line of sight may not be truly
straight. It is there fore important to keep the line of sight 1m above ground on
hot sunny days. In wind and haze no need to attempt at accurate readings.
If the signal is too large it is not possible to bisect accurately, and if the signal is
not plumbed vertically above the station mark, wrong direction will be observed.
There fore try and always observe directly on the station mark. If this is not
possible, sight to a plumb-bob or accurately plumbed target or signal; never sight
to a hand held ranging rod.
Errors can arise in mis reading and mis booking observations of the vernier or
micrometer, so always check that the reading booked appears on the instrument.
- 12 -
Error in the adjustment of the theodolite. Always observe on both faces of the
theodolite when measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
The theodolite must be properly leveled before observations are made. So that
ensure the plate bubble remains in the same position in its tube when the
theodolite is rotated through 360.
Ensure that the theodolite is stable with the legs firmly planted in solid ground
and that the tripod adjusting screws are properly tightened.
The theodolite must be properly centered over the station mark with an optical
plummet or plumbing rod.
If the horizontal circle is moved between observations the reduced angles will be
in error. This can occur for any of the following reasons.
i) Screwing the theodolite too loosely to the tripod head.
ii) Omitting to secure the movable head.
iii) Omitting to clamp the lower plate.
iv) Using the lower tangent screw instead of the upper tangent screw.
v) Moving the orientation screw on single-axis theodolites.
xi =correction to Xi
yi = correction to Yi
Xt =total closure correction of the traverse in the X coordinate.
- 13 -
Li
dX t .and
L
Li
dYt
L
xi
yi
Alternatively, corrections may be applied to the departure and latitudes prior to calculating
coordinates
dij
dx t
L
xij
dij
and yij
dy t
L
xij and yij are respective corrections to the departure and latitude of line ij which has a
length of dij.
Example:
In a closed traverse the distance between traverse stations and the deflection angle are as
hereunder. Compute the error of closure and adjust the traverse using compass rule.
AXA=170024
ADY=80038
- 14 -
Line
Distance (m)
Deflection angle
Azimuth
AB
225.94
A 10234L
67050
BC
143.39
B 85055R
153045
CD
188.47
C 150 47L
2058
=557.80
D 78020R
Solution:
Using the formula
A1+ R-L-3600=A2
170024+164015-253021-3600=8101880038
Error of closure 81018-80038=004000
0
Correction per angle= 0 40 '00 " 0 010 '00 "
Station
Correction
Azimuth
+0010
102044
67040
-0010
85045
153025
+0010
150057
2028
-0010
78010
Traverse Computation
Station
Distance
Azimuth
Departure
Latitude
Coordinates ,m
X
100
100
225.94
670 40
208.992
85.856
308.992
185.856
143.39
153025
64.167
-128.231
373.159
57.625
188.47
2028
8.111
188.295
381.27
245.920
=281.27
=145.92
[382.0]
[245.0]
XD XA
- 15 -
282 .0
,
0.73
YD YA
145 .0
0.92
Distance
Corrections
Adjusted
coordinates,m
xi
yi
100
100
225.94
0.296
-0.373
309.288
185.483
143.39
0.483
-0.609
373.642
56.016
188.47
0.730
-0.920
382.0
245.0
Adjusted
Distance
DAB=[(XB-XA)2+(YB-YA)2]1/2
Azimuth
DAB=[(309.288-100)2+(185.483-100)2]1/2
A
B
226.073
6704652.36
143.684
15302331.1
188.170
203244.75
=226. 073m
AAB=tan-1
XB XA
YB YA
- 16 -
The area of the tract may be obtained by use of the planimeter from a map or plan. It
may also be calculated by dividing the tract in to triangles and rectangles, scaling the
dimensions of these figures, and computing their areas mathematically.
2.
Area by triangles.
It is computation of areas individually mathematically by dividing the track in to
triangles.
If length of two sides and included angle of any triangle are known,
B
c
a
A
b
area
1
ab sin c
2
s s a ( s b )( s c )
1
S
a b c
2
3. Area by coordinates:
When the points defining the corners of a tract of land are coordinated with respect to
some arbitrarily chosen coordinate axes or are given in a regional system, these
coordinates are useful not only in finding the lengths and bearings of the boundaries
but also in calculating the area of the tract. The calculation involves finding the areas
of trapezoids formed by projecting the line up on a parallel at right angle to this.
Considering the figure under here
- 17 -
X2
X1
1
X3
c
e
5
Y1
X5
Y2
X4
Y5
a
4
Y4
d
Y3
1
X 2 X 3 Y2 Y3 1 X 3 X 4 Y3 Y4 _ 1 X 4 X 5 Y5 Y4
2
2
2
1
X 1 X 5 Y1 Y5 1 X 2 X 1 Y2 Y1
2
2
2 area y1 x2 x5 y2 x3 x1 y3 x4 x2 y4 x5 x3 y5 x1 x4
The general formula for any polygon having n stations
2 area y1 x2 xn y2 x3 x1 ....... yn 1 xn xn 2 yn ( x1 xn 1 )
or
2 area x1 y2 yn x2 y3 y1 ....... xn 1 yn yn 2 xn y1 yn 1
The area of tract can also be computed by using
y1
x1
y2
x2
y3
y y
.......... .......... . n 1
x3
x n x1
2 area y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 xn yn x1 x1 y2 x2 y3 x3 yn xn y1
4.
After the adjustment of latitude and departure of traverse lines in a given traverse it is
possible to compute the area enclosed by the traverse. The method by which the adjusted
departures and latitudes are used to compute the area is called double meridian distance
method.
- 18 -
A reference meridian is assumed to pass through the most westerly point of the survey; the
double meridian distance of the lines are computed; and double the areas of the trapezoids
or triangles formed by orthographically projecting the several traverse lines up on the
meridian are computed. The algebraic sum of these double areas is double the area within
the traverse. The meridian distance of a point is the total departure or perpendicular distance
from the reference meridian and the meridian distance of a straight line is the meridian
distance of its mid point. The double meridian distance of a straight line is the sum of the
meridian distances of the two extremities.
N
b
A
C
c
d
The length of the orthographic projection of a line up on the meridian is the latitude of the
line.
The double area of the triangle or trapezoidal formed by projecting a given line up on the
meridian is:
Double area=DMD* latitude
In computing double area algebraic signs should be taken in to account.
Example:
For a traverse 123456 the adjusted distance and azimuths are given as below. Coordinate of
1(0.0, 0.0)
- 19 -
Adjusted
Line
Distance
Adjusted
Azimuth
0
Departure
Latitudes
12
405.18
106 1945
+388.84
-113.92
23
336.59
5705401
+285.13
+178.86
34
325.18
33502843
-134.96
+295.85
45
212.92
21902833
-135.41
-164.31
56
252.21
26605530
-251.85
-13.53
61
237.69
21904028
-151.75
-182.95
Computation of area
1. Area by triangle
3
3
1
2
1
2
( X
D 62
388.84
-113.92
673.97
64.94
539.01
306.79
403.4
196.48
151.75
182.95
Coordinate, m
X 2 ) 2 (Y 6 Y 2 ) 2
379 .93 m
D 52
403
. 4 388 . 84
196 . 48 ( 113 . 92 )
310 . 74 m
D53
300.85m
Using the formula.
Area
S
- 20 -
s s a s b s c
a b c
2
For triangle 1,
area
126
405.18
237.69
2
379.73
511 . 4
44212 . 20 m 2
For triangle 2, S
- 21 -
d
e
f
a
c
1
3
Departure
DMD
Latitudes
Double Area
+388.84
388.84
-113.92
-44296.65
23
+285.13
1062.81
+178.86
+190094.20
34
-134.96
1212.98
+295.85
+358860.13
45
-135.41
942.61
-164.31
-154880.25
56
251.85
555.35
-13.53
-7513.89
61
-151.75
151.75
-182.95
-27762.66
- 22 -
=157250.44m2
If the offsets are taken sufficiently close together, the error involved in considering the
boundary as straight between offsets is small as compared with the inaccuracies of the
measured offsets. So, the areas between offsets are of trapezoidal shapes and irregular
areas can be calculated by the trapezoidal rule.
Area
hn D
h1 h 2
D
h h3 D
h
2
... n 1
2
2
2
n 1
n 1
n 1
h1
A
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
h7
D h1 h2 h2 h3 h3 ..... hn 1 hn 1 h n
n 1
2
D h1 hn
h2 h3 ...hn 1
n 1 2
2
- 23 -
If
D
d interval, n=-number of offsets.
n 1
h
h
Area d 1 n h 2 h 3 ... h n 1
2
2
1 3 2d h2 1 3 2d
2 3
2
d
h1 4h2 h3
3
d
h 3 4 h 4 h 5
3
The summation of these partial areas for (n-1) intervals, n being on odd number
representing the number of offsets, is
area
d
h1 hn 2(h3 h5 ... hn 2 ) 4(h2 h4 ... hn 1 )
3
Exercise:
The following offsets are taken at equal interval of 5 m, and offsets between the traverse
line and an irregular boundary is as below. Calculate the area bounded between the traverse
line and an irregular boundary by using both methods.
Distance,m 0
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
Offsets,m
3.8
17.9
12.7
20.2
11.4
25.7
23.3
20.9
- 24 -
2.9
- 25 -
3. Adjust the angles in the traverse ABCD, and compute the bearings of lies BC, CD
and DA based on the known bearing of the one AB.
4. Balance the traverse ABCD.
5. Compute the coordinates of points B, C, and D.
6. Determine the bearings of the lines BC, CD, and DA based on the coordinates
computed in (5).
7. Compute the bearing of the tie lies from the bearings computed in (5) and the
measured angles.
8. Compute the latitudes and departures of the tie lines.
9. Compute the coordinates of the unoccupied stations from the coordinates of
traverse stations B, C, and D and the latitudes and departures of the lines BP, CR,
and DS, respectively.
When the coordinates of P, R, and S have been computed, the bearings and
lengths of the boundary lines may be computed.
Example:
The following adjusted coordinates of stations A, B, C and D of traverse are given.
Additionally, unadjusted deflection angles and unadjusted lengths of supr lines are recorded
determine the lengths and bearings of the boundary lines AP, PR, RS and SA.
Station
- 26 -
Adjusted Coordinate
Y
1000.00
1000.00
1279.68
1018.13
1197.70
735.31
1015.45
713.45
1000.00
1000.00
Station
From
To
Def-angle
Line
Length, m
69008L
BP
40.15
128002R
CR
64.24
124030L
DS
24.80
Solution:
From the adjusted coordinate of the traverse the azimuth of line AB, BC, CD, DA can be
computed
For line AB tan A N
For line BC tan A N
For line CD tan A N
1018 . 13 1000
1279 . 68 1000
A AB 3 0 42 '32 . 25 "
735 . 31 1018 . 13
1197 . 70 11279 . 68
713 . 45 735 . 310
1015 . 45 1197 . 70
A BC 253
A CD 186
50 '5 . 7 "
50 ' 22 "
Azimuth
Line
Azimuth
Line
Azimuth
AB
304232.25
BC
2530505. 7
CD
18605022.8
36304232.25
+<C
+1280200
-<D
-12403000
-<B
-690800
CR
3810525.7
BP
29403432.25
CR
210525.7
DS
6202022.8
BP
N6502527.75W
CR
N210525.7E
DS
N6202022.8E
- 27 -
Length
Bearing
Latitude
Departure
40.15
N6502527.75W
16.70
-36.51
64.24
N210525.7E
59.62
23.93
29.80
N6202022.8E
13.83
26.39
Coordinates
X
1018.13
1279.68
*981.62
1296.38
735.31
1197.70
*759.24
1257.32
713.45
1015.45
*739.84
1029.28
From adjusted coordinates azimuth and distance of property lines can be computed.
For line AP tan AAP = 981 . 61 1000
1296 . 38 1000
=-303255.15+36000000 =3560274.85
- 28 -
Line
Distance, m
Azimuth
AP
296.95
3650274.85
PR
225.78
26000220
RS
228.86
18405150
SA
261.80
9602520
- 29 -