TSP 5063

INTEGRATING ICT IN SCIENCE LEARNING

Pn. Che Nor Aini Bt Shafi - L20072000159

Cik Norainisa Bt Ramli- L20072000158
Cik Haslida Bt Reseli - L20072000160
Cik Fadhilatul Hanis Bt Abdul Ghapar - L20072000163

Modeling: A Model Definition

A computer model, as used in modeling and simulation science, is a mathematical
representation of somethinga person, a building, a vehicle, a treeany object. A model
also can be a representation of a processa weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over
a wing.
Models are created from a mass of data, equations and computations that mimic the
actions of things represented. Models usually include a graphical display that translates
all this number crunching into an animation that you can see on a computer screen or by
means of some other visual device.
Models can be simple images of thingsthe outer shell, so to speakor they can be
complex, carrying all the characteristics of the object or process they represent. A
complex model will simulate the actions and reactions of the real thing. To make these
models behave the way they would in real life, accurate, real-time simulations require
fast computers with lots of number crunching power.
What is Computer Modelling?
A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a computer
program, or network of computers, that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a
particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical
modelling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), chemistry and
biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process
of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems, or to
observe their behavior
Computer simulations vary from computer programs that run a few minutes, to networkbased groups of computers running for hours, to ongoing simulations that run for days.
The scale of events being simulated by computer simulations has far exceeded anything
possible (or perhaps even imaginable) using the traditional paper-and-pencil
mathematical modeling: over 10 years ago, a desert-battle simulation, of one force
invading another, involved the modeling of 66,239 tanks, trucks and other vehicles on
simulated terrain around Kuwait, using multiple supercomputers in the DoD High
Performance Computer Modernization Program; a 1-billion-atom model of material
deformation (2002); a 2.64-million-atom model of the complex maker of protein in all
organisms, a ribosome, in 2005; and the Blue Brain project at EPFL (Switzerland), began
in May 2005, to create the first computer simulation of the entire human brain, right
down to the molecular level

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPUTER SIMULATION AND

MODELLING.
Computer simulation
Imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process
Can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative
conditions and courses of action.
3.
useful part of modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry
and biology[5], and human systems in economics and social science (the
computational sociology) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the
operation of those systems
4.
training simulations in a virtual enviroment
5.
allowing a student to make judgements, and also to make errors
6.
include acquisition of valid source information about the referent
7.
use some algorithms from purely mathematical models
8.
computer simulation is broader than computer modelling, which
implies that all aspects are being modelled in the computer representation.
1.
2.

Modelling
Not real, just a model
Cannot be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions
and courses of action.
3.
It cant be use for training
4.
find analytical solutions to problems which enables the prediction of the
behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions.
1.
2.

CHEMICAL BONDING
Teachers guide/Chemistry form 4 / simulation
Scientific concept
A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions
between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and
polyatomic chemical compounds.

Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms.

Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms,
in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules
if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom.
Example
Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule

Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and
attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other.
In chemical bonds, atoms can either transfer or share their valence electrons. In the
extreme case where one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms gain them in order
to produce a noble gas electron configuration, the bond is called an ionic bond
Example: Typical of ionic bonds are those in the alkali halides such as sodium chloride,
NaCl.

UNIQUE FEATURE OF THIS ACTIVITY

Students are able to visualize the chemical bonding formed

between the element

Students are able to determine the types of chemical bonding

formed by using computer simulation.

ENGAGE
You are given a photo of a plant as a model of molecules which consists a branch as a
bond and buds as a atom or particles. In chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently
stable electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held
together by strong chemical bonds.

QUESTION:
1.
2.
3.

What is the relationship between a buds and branch?

Give a type of chemical bond that you know.
Draw chemical bond that you are suggested.

EMPOWER
Steps 1
Students are allowed to visualize simulation of 15 elements that
can form chemical bond between themselves.
i.
Elements provided are:
(hydrogen, lithium, magnesium calcium, carbon, nitrogen, phosporus,
oxygen, sulphur,flourin, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
1.

http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/reaction/
bonding1.html

Question

Which elements from the previous reactions gave up electrons?

Which received electrons? Is this what you expected? Explain your answer.
1.

i) Elements that gave up electrons:

___________________________________________
ii) Elements that accepted electrons:
___________________________________________
Classify the type of bonds formed in the products, from
simulation , as ionic or covalent.
2.

Li and F

_______________________

Li and N

_______________________

Na and O

_______________________

Mg and Br

_______________________

Ca and O

_______________________

Na and H

_______________________

S and O

_______________________

P and O

_______________________

F and H

_______________________

C and O

____________________

ANSWERS
1

i)Elements that gave up electrons:

H, Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca
ii) Elements that accepted electrons
Cl. Br. I, F, O, S, N, P, C

2.
Li and F

Ionic

Li and N

Ionic

Na and O

Ionic

Mg and Br

Ionic

Ca and O

Ionic

Na and H

Ionic

S and O

Covalent

P and O

Covalent

F and H

Covalent

C and O

Covalent

ENHANCE

Questions
1.
2.

What are the elements that you see from the picture above?
Name the type of chemical bond formed between nitrogen and

nitrogen?.
3.

Explain the formation of the chemical bond that you state above.

ANSWERS
Nickel and nitrogen
Covalent Bond
Electron arrangement of nitrogen is 2.5. to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement, each nitrogen atom share 3 electron with other
nitrogen atom forming triple covalent bond which is in a nitrogen
molecule
1.
2.
3.