ASME

STANDARDS AND CODES

ASME SECTION VIII
PRESSURE VESSELS

INTRODUCTION
The ASME Code design criteria consist of basic rules specifying the design method, design
loads, allowable stress, acceptable materials, fabrication, testing, certification, and
inspection requirements.

The design method known as "design by rule" defined in ASME Section VIII - Division 1 uses
design pressure, allowable stress and a design formula compatible with the geometry to
calculate the minimum required thickness of pressurized tanks, vessels and pipes.

The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - International Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code is made of 12 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections

ASME Code Sections

I. Power Boilers

II. Materials

III. Rules for

Construction of
Nuclear Facility
Components

V. Non destructive
Examination

VI. Recommended
Rules for the Care
and Operation of
Heating Boilers

VII. Recommended
Guidelines for the
Care of Power
Boilers

VIII. Pressure Vessels

IX. Welding and

Brazing
Qualifications

X. Fibre-Reinforced
Plastic Pressure
Vessels

XI. Rules for Inservice Inspection

of Nuclear Power
Plant Components

XII. Rules for

Construction and
Continued Service
of Transport Tanks

IV. Heating Boilers

Pressure Vessels
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called pressure vessels. A pressure vessel is defined as a container
with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of
steam boilers, or may combine with other reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor. Pressure vessels often have a combination
of high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of
such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be designed
carefully to cope with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in mind that the rupture of a pressure vessel has
a potential to cause extensive physical injury and property damage. Plant safety and integrity are of fundamental concern in
pressure vessel design and these of course depend on the adequacy of design codes. When discussing pressure vessels we must
also consider tanks. Pressure vessels and tanks are significantly different in both design and construction: tanks, unlike pressure
vessels, are limited to atmospheric pressure; and pressure vessels often have internals while most tanks do not (and those that do
are limited to heating coils or mixers). Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries; for example, the power generation industry
for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as
storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical industry (in chemical reactors) to name but a few. Their use has expanded
throughout the world. Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear
industries. It is in this class of equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of raw materials occur. Generally speaking,
pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purposes. The size and
geometric form of pressure vessels vary greatly from the large cylindrical vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size
used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some are buried in the

Storage Tank
Function

Process Vessel
Heat Exchanger
Cylindrical
Spherical
Geometry

Classification of
Pressure Vessels

Conical
Non Circular
Horizontal/Vertical
Mono-wall

Construction
Cryogenic
Steam
Service

Lethal
Vacuum
Fired/Unfired
Stationary/Mobile

Multiwall
Forged
Cast

Design & Construction Codes for

Pressure Vessels

SECTION VIII - Pressure Vessels

Division 1
provides requirements applicable to the
design, fabrication, inspection, testing,
and certification of pressure vessels
operating at either internal or external
pressures exceeding 15 psig. Such
vessels may be fired or unfired. This
pressure may be obtained from an
external source or by the application of
heat from a direct or indirect source, or
any combination thereof. Specific
requirements apply to several classes of
material used in pressure vessel
construction, and also to fabrication
methods such as welding, forging and
brazing. It also contains mandatory and
non-mandatory appendices detailing
supplementary design criteria, non
destructive examination and inspection
acceptance standards. Rules pertaining
to the use of the single ASME
certification mark with the U, UM and UV
designators are also included.

Division 2

Division 3

requirements on materials, design, and

non destructive examination are more
rigorous than in Division 1; however,
higher design stress intensify values are
permitted. These rules may also apply to
human occupancy pressure vessels
typically in the diving industry. Rules
pertaining to the use of the single ASME
certification mark with the U2 and UV
designators are also included.

requirements are applicable to pressure

vessels operating at either internal or
external pressures generally above
10,000 psi. It does not establish
maximum pressure limits for either
Section VIII, Divisions 1 or 2, nor minimum
pressure limits for this Division. Rules
pertaining to the use of the single ASME
certification mark with the U3 and UV3
designator are also included.

Pressure Vessels Maximum Allowable Stress

Values:
The maximum allowable stress values to be used in the calculation of the vessels wall thickness are given in
the ASME Code Section II for many different materials. These stress values are a function of temperature.

Division 1: Governs the design by Rules, is less stringent from the standpoint of certain design details
and inspection procedures, and thus incorporates a higher safety factor of 4. For example, if a 60,000
psi tensile strength material is used, the Maximum Allowable Stress Value is 15,000 psi.
Division 2: Governs the design by Analysis" and incorporates a lower safety factor of 3. Thus, the
maximum allowable stress value for a 60,000 psi tensile strength material will become 20,000 psi.
Many companies require that all their pressure vessels be constructed in accordance with Division 2
because of the more exacting standards. Others find that they can purchase less expensive vessels
by allowing manufacturers the choice of either Division 1 or Division 2.

The maximum
allowable stress values
at normal temperature
range for the steel
plates most commonly
used in the fabrication
of pressure vessels are
given in Table above.

General Description of Pressure Vessel

Methodology.
A. UG-1 Scope:
The requirements of part UG are applicable to all pressure vessels and vessel parts and
shall be used in conjunction with the specific requirements in subsections B and C and
the Mandatory Appendices that pertain to the method of fabrication and the material
used.

B. UG-4 General Materials:

When specifications, grades, classes, and types are referenced, and material
specification in Section-2, part A or Part B is a dual-unit specification (e.g., SA- 516/SA516M), the design values and rules shall be applicable to either the U.S. Customary
version of the material specification or the SI unit version of the material specification.
For e.g. when SA-516M Grade 485 is used in construction, the design values listed for its
equivalent, SA-516 Grade 70, in either the U.S. Customary of metric section-2, Part D (as
appropriate) shall be used.

C. UG-27 (C) Cylindrical Shells:

The minimum thickness for maximum Allowable working pressure of one-half
cylindrical shells shall be the greater thickness of lesser pressure as given by:
Circumferential stress (Longitudinal joints); When the thickness does not exceed
one-half of the inside radius, or p does not exceed 0.385SE.
Longitudinal stress (Circumferential joints); When the thickness does not exceed
one-half of the inside radius, or P does not exceed 1.25SE.

D. UG-99 (b):
Except as otherwise permitted in (a) above and 274, vessels designed for internal
pressure shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in
the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure to
be marked on the vessel multiplied by the lowest ratio (for the material of which
the vessel is constant) of the stress value S for the test temperature on the vessel to
the test stress value S for the design temperature (see UG-21). All loadings that may
excite during this test shall be given consideration.

E.UG-32 (F) Ellipsoidal Heads:

The required thickness of a dished head of semi ellipsoidal form, in which half the minor axis
(inside depth of the head minus the skirt) equals one-half of the inside diameter of the
head skirt. An acceptable approximation of 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one with a knuckle
radius 0.17D and a spherical radius of 0.90D.
NOTE: for ellipsoidal heads with Ts/L<0.002, the rules of 1-4(f) shall also be met.

F. UG-32 (F) Hemispherical Heads:

When the thickness of a hemispherical head does not exceed 0.356L or P does not exceed
0.665SE.

G. UG 40 Limits Of Reinforcement:
As per type (b) reinforcement The limits of reinforcement, measured parallel to the vessel
wall, shall be at a distance, on each side of the axis of the opening, equal to the greater of
the following:
The diameter d of the finished opening.
The radius Rn of the finished opening plus the vessel wall thickness t, plus the nozzle wall
thickness tn.

H. UG-45 Nozzle Neck Thickness:

As per type UG-45(a): the minimum wall thickness of a nozzle neck or the other connection (including
access openings and opening for inspection) shall not be less than the thickness computed from the
applicable loadings in UG-22 plus the thickness added for allowable for correction and threading, as
applicable (see UG-31 C 2), on the connection.
UG-45(b): Additionally, the minimum thickness of a nozzle neck of other connection (except for access
opening and openings for inspection only) shall not be less than the smaller of the nozzle wall thickness as
determined by the applicable rule in(b)(1) or (b)(3) below, and the wall thickness as determined by (b)(4)
below.
UG-45(b)(1): for vessels under internal pressure only, the thickness (plus correction allowance) required for
pressure (assuming E=1.0) for shell or head at the location where the nozzle neck or other connection
attaches to the vessel but in no case less than the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG- 16(b)
UG-45(B)(2): For vessels under external pressure only, the thickness (plus correction allowance) obtained by
using the external design pressure as an equivalent internal design pressure (assuming E=1.0) in the formula
for the shell or head at the location where the nozzle neck of other connection attaches to the vessel but
in no case less the minimum thickness specified for the material in UG-16(b);
UG-45(b)(3): for vessels designed for both internal and external pressure, the greater of the thickness
determined by (b)(1) or (b)(2) above;
UG-45 (b)(4): the minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus the thickness added for correction
allowance on the connection; for nozzles larger than the largest pipe size included in ASME B36, 10M, the
wall thickness of that largest size plus the thickness added for correction allowance on the connection.

I. UG-16(b) General Design:

As per (b) of UG-16(b) Minimum Thickness of pressure Retaining Components:
The minimum thickness of shells and heads used in compressed air service, steam
service, and water service, made from material listed in table UCS-23, shall be
3/32 in (2.5 mm) exclusive of any correction allowance.

J. UG-22 Loadings:
As per type(c) Superimposed static reactions from weight of attached equipment,
such as motors,
machinery, other vessels, piping, linings, and insulations:
Internal (see Appendix D)
Vessel supports, such as lugs, rings, skirts, saddles, and legs (see Appendix G).

UW-(c) (2):
Separate reinforcement elements may be added to the outside
surface of the shell wall, the inside surface of the shell wall, or to
both surfaces of the shell wall. When this is done, the nozzle and
reinforced is no longer considered a nozzle with integral
reinforcement and the F factor in UG-37(a) shall be F=1.0 figure
UW-16.1 sketches (a-1), (a-2), and (a-3) depict various
applications of reinforcement element added to sketch (a). Any
of these applications of reinforcement elements may be used
with necks of the types shown in fig. UW-16.1 sketches (b), (c),
(d), and (e) or any other integral reinforcement types listed in (1)
above. The reinforcement plates shall be attached by welds at
the outer edge of the plate, and at the nozzle neck periphery or
inner edge of the plate if no nozzle neck is adjusted to the plate.

The ASME Section VIII - Formulas

The ASME Section VIII, rules for fired or unfired pressure vessels, is divided
into three divisions to provide requirements applicable to the design,
fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification. The formulae and
allowable stresses presented in this sketch are only for Division 1, the main
code.

It contains mandatory and non-mandatory appendices detailing

supplementary design criteria, non destructive examination and inspection
acceptance standards. Rules pertaining to the use of the U, UM and UV
Code symbol stamps are also included.

1.1 - SECTION VIII - Thin Cylindrical Shells:

The formulae in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-27, used for calculating the
wall thickness and design pressure of pressure vessels, are:
a) Circumferential Stress (longitudinal welds):
When, P < 0.385SE:

(R = Internal Radius)
b) Longitudinal Stress (circumferential welds):
When, P < 1.25SE
(R = Internal Radius)

1.2 SECTION VIII - Thick Cylindrical Shells:

For internal pressures higher than 3,000 psi, special considerations as specified in paragraph U-1 (d).
As the ratio of t/R increases beyond 0.5, an accurate equation is required to determine the thickness.
The formulae in ASME Appendix 1, Supplementary Design Formulas used for calculating thick wall
and design pressure, are:
a) For longitudinal welds:
When, P > 0.385SE:
And:

b) For circumferential welds:

When, P > 1.25SE:
And:

Where:
R = Design Radius (in.):
Z = Dimensionless Factor.

1.3 ASME I and ASME-ANSI B31 Pressure Piping - Minimum Wall Thickness:
According to ASME Section I and ANSI B31, the minimum thickness of piping under pressure is:

Where:
t (min)= Minimum wall thickness required (in);
P = Design pressure (psig);
D = Outside diameter of pipe (in);
S = Allowable stress in pipe material (psi);
E = Longitudinal joint factor - E = 1.0 for seamless pipe, E = 0.85 for ERW pipe;
C = Corrosion allowance, typically 0.05 in.
y = Wall thickness coefficient in ASME Table 304.1.1 for ferrite steels, where:
y = 0.4 for T<= 900 F;
y = 0.5 for 900< T <= 950 F;
y = 0.7 for 950 < T <= 1000 F.

1.4 ASME SECTION VIII Reinforcement Wall Thickness Plate:

The standard design method uses an increased wall thickness plate at the equator line of the vessel to
support the additional stresses caused by the attachment of the legs. The formula for calculation the
wall thickness of a segmented plate of to be welded in a vessel or spherical shell is:
t=

PL
+ C
2SE 0.2P

L = Di/2

Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in);
P = Design Pressure (psi);
Di = Inside Diameter of Sphere (in);
L = Sphere Radius (in);
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe);
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum);
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A.

2.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae:

The ASME Section VIII Division 1 determines the rules for dished heads. The most common configurations
are spherical, hemispherical, elliptical (or ellipsoidal) and tori-spherical shapes.
How the shapes are, make some confusion for beginners and even professionals users of ASME Section VIII.
To cast a little light on these subjects

Spherical or Hemispherical Heads

Flat Dished Heads

Non Standard 80-10 Dished Heads

Semi-Elliptical Heads (2:1)

Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads (1.9:1)

Dished Discs

Tori-spherical Heads
Flanged and Dished Heads

Tori-conical Heads

2.1 - Spherical or Hemispherical Heads:

a) When t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE - (Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):

And

b) When t > 0.356R or P > 0.665SE (Thick Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):

And

2.2 Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads - Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:

The commonly used semi-ellipsoidal head has a ratio of base radius to depth of 2:1 (shown below).
The actual shape can be approximated by a spherical radius of 0.9D and a knuckle radius of 0.17D.
The required thickness of 2:1 heads with pressure on the concave side is given below:

Note: Ellipsoidal heads and all tori-spherical heads having materials with minimum tensile strength
> 80,000 psi shall be designed using a value of S = 20,000 psi at room temperature (see UG-23).

2.3 - Torispherical Heads:

Shallow heads, commonly referred to as flanged and dished heads (F&D heads), are according to
paragraph UG-32 (e), with a spherical radius L of 1.0D and a knuckle radius r of 0.06D.
a) Flanged & Dished Head (F&D heads):
The dish radius of a Flanged and Dished Head is 1.0 D and the knuckle radius is 0.06% D. The required
thickness of a Torispherical F&D Head with r/L = 0.06 and L = Di, is:
And,
Where:
P = Pressure on the concave side of the head;
S = Allowable stress;
t = Thickness of the head;
L = Inside spherical radius;
E = Joint efficiency factor.

b) Non Standard 80-10 Flanged & Dished Head:

On an 80-10 the inside radius (L) is 0.8 Di and the knuckle radius (ri) is 10% of the head diameter.
For the required thickness of a Non Standard 80-10 Head, use equations 2.7 and 2.8. Designing 8010 Torispherical Heads rather than standard shapes can be achieved by lowering the material costs.
The 80-10 is typically only 66% the thickness of the standard Torispherical Heads.

2.4 Conical or Tor-iconical Heads:

The required thickness of the Conical or Tori-conical Head (knuckle radius > 6% OD) shall be determined
by formula using internal diameter of shell, 30.
t=
PD
.
2 (SE - 0.6P) cos
L = Di / (2 cos );
Di = Internal Diameter (conical portion) = D - 2 r (1 - cos );
r = Inside Knuckle Radius.
6.5 Tori-conical Heads Definitions:

3.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes:

Objective: Minimum requirements for safe construction and operation, Division 1, 2, and 3.
Section VIII Division 1:
15 psig < P =< 3000 psig
Other exclusions:
Internals (except for attachment weld to vessel)
Fired process heaters
Pressure containers integral with machinery
Piping systems
Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules:
15 psig < P =<3000 psig - identical to Division 1, but the different requirements are:
Allowable stress
Stress calculations
Design
Quality control
Fabrication and inspection
The choice between Divisions 1 and 2 is based mainly on economics of materials.
Division 3, Alternative Rules - High Pressure Vessels:
Applications over 10,000 psi;
Pressure from external source, process reaction, application of heat, combination of these;
Maximum pressure limits for Division 1 or 2 or minimum limits for Division 3, not established.

3.1. Structure of ASME Section VIII, Division 1:

Subsection A: Part UG applies to all vessels;

Subsection B: Requirements based on fabrication method, Parts UW, UF, UB;

Subsection C: Requirements based on material class, Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD,
UHT, ULW, ULT. Mandatory and Non-mandatory Appendices

Determination of Material Thickness:

Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Creep Strength, Rupture Strength and Corrosion Resistance.

Resistance to Hydrogen Attack:

-Temperature at 300 - 400F, monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen in voids;
- Pressure build-up can cause steel to crack;
- Above 600F, hydrogen attack causes irreparable damage through component thickness.

Brittle Fracture and Fracture Toughness:

The conditions that could cause brittle fracture are:
Typically at low temperature;
Can occur below design pressure;
No yielding before complete failure;
High enough stress for crack initiation and growth;
Low enough material fracture toughness at temperature;
Critical size defect to act as stress concentration.

3.2. Material Groups The Most Common Used Materials:

Bolting: See the ASME Code Section VIII, Div. 1, for impact and nuts test for specified material
specifications.
Additional ASME Code Impact Test Requirements:
For welded construction over 4 in. thick, or non-welded construction over 6 in. thick, if MDMT < 120F
Not required for flanges if temperature -20F; required if SMYS > 65 ksi unless specifically exempt.

3.3 - Weld Joint Efficiencies, E:

3.4 Resume of Pressure Vessels Formulae ASME Section I & ASME Section VIII:

OBS.:
D = Shell / Head Inside Diameter, E = Weld Joint Efficiency (0.7 -1.0), L = Crown Radius, P = Internal Pressure,
h = Inside Depth of Head, r = Knuckle Radius, R = Shell/Head Inside Radius, S = Allowable Stress,
t = Shell / Head Thickness.

3.5 - Common Materials - Temperature Limits:

4.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles:

Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles or access
openings. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is required. The Code
procedure is to relocate the removed material to an area within an effective boundary around the
opening. Figure bellow shows the steps necessary to reinforce an opening in a pressure vessel.

4.1 - Definitions:

Diameter of circular opening, d:

d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance)
Required wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn =

PR
.
SE 0.6P

Area of required reinforcement, Ar:

Ar = d.ts.F (in)
d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimensions of opening in plane under consideration, in.
ts = Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1.0

11.0 ASME SECTION VIII UG-99 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests:

As per ASME Section VIII-1, UG-99, the pressure vessels designed for internal pressure shall be subjected
to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times
the MAWP multiplied by the lowest ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress
value S for the test temperature on the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature.
Ph = 1.3 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.) =
Where:
Ph = Hydrostatic Test Pressure;
MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure.
And as per UG-100, a pneumatic test (with at least equal to 1.1 times the MAWP multiplied by the lowest
ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress value S for the test temperature on
the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature) may be used in lieu of the standard hydrostatic
test prescribed in UG-99 for vessels under certain conditions:
Designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water;
Not readily dried, to be used in services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated and the
parts of which have, where possible, been previously tested by hydrostatic pressure to the pressure required
in UG-99.
Pn = 1.1 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.) =
Where:
Pn = Pneumatic Test Pressure.

5.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.
Division 1: This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory
guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure
protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15
psi (100 k-Pa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof. The Division is not
numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts
which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:
Subsection A - General Requirements:
Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials:
Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15
Design: UG-16 through to UG-35
Openings and Reinforcements: UG-36 through to UG-46
Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50
Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85
Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103
Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120
Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140

Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels:

Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding:
General: UW-1 through to UW-3
Materials: UW-5
Design: UW-8 through to UW-21
Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42
Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW-54
Marking and Reports: UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65
Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging
General: UF-1
Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7
Design: UF-12 through to UF-25
Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43
Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55
Marking and Reports: UF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125
Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing
General: UB-1 through to UB-3
Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7
Design: UB-9 through to UB-22
Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37
Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50
Marking and Reports: UB-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60

Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials:

Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels:
General: UCS-1
Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12
Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57
Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68
Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85
Inspection and Tests: UCS-90
Marking and Reports: UCS-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125
Non-mandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160
Part UNF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials:
General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4
Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15
Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65
Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79
Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95
Marking and Reports: UNF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125
Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Non-mandatory)

Part UHA - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel:
General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8
Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13
Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34
Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44
Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52
Marking and Reports: UHA-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65
Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic ChromiumNickel and Ferrite
and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron:
General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3
Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12
Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37
Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78
Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101
Marking and Reports: UCI-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125
Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material with Corrosion:
Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings
General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3
Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12
Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27
Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46
Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52
Marking and Reports: UCL-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60

Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron:
General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3
Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12
Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37
Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78
Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101
Marking and Reports: UCD-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125
Part UHT - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferrite Steels with Tensile Properties
Enhanced by Heat Treatment:
General: UHT-1
Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6
Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57
Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86
Inspection and Tests: UHT-90
Marking and Reports: UHT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125
Part ULW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction:
Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2
Materials: ULW-5
Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26
Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33
Non-destructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57
Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78
Inspection and Tests: ULW-90
Marking and Reports: ULW-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125

Part ULT - Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allowable
Stresses at Low Temperature
General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5
Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57
Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86
Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100
Marking and Reports: ULT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125
Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite
General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3
Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8
Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60
Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84
Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112
Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121
Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125
Mandatory Appendices: 1 through to 42.
Non-mandatory Appendices: A through to MM.

Division 2 - Alternative Rules:

Covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for materials,
design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification
of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure, which exceeds 15 psi (103 k-Pa). The
pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application of heating
from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the
two. The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified
in Division 1.
Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials, design
and non-destructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed. Division 2 has
also provisions for the use of finite element analysis to determine expected stress in pressure equipment,
in addition to the traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: "Design by Analysis requirements").

Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels:

Covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for materials,
design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification
of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi (70,000 k-Pa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combination thereof.
The Section VIII, Division 1 presents several design procedures and methods in both the Mandatory and
Non mandatory Appendices; however, design procedures in the appendices differ from those in the body
of the Code. As an example, Appendix 2 provides methods for designing multi-bolted flanges. Paragraph
2-1 (c) recommends that bolted flange connections, be used within the material, size, and pressure temperature ratings
listed in UG-44. UCI-3 and UCD-3 also have restrictions on the pressure-temperature
ratings of standard flanges.
The UG-44 lists the following standards as acceptable:
ASME/ANSI B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings;
ASME/ANSI B16.20, Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges, Ring Joints, Spiral-Wound and Jacketed;
ASME/ANSI B16.24, Cast Copper Pipe Flanges and Fittings, Classes 150 to 900, 1500 and 2500;
ASME/ANSI B16.42, Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300;
ASME/ANSI B16.47, Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 Through NPS 60.
ASME Section I and Section VIII Stamps:

REFRENCES

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

E-ISSN22498974 - IJAERS/Vol. I/ Issue II/January-March, 2012/228-234
www.PDHcenter.com - PDHonline Course M398 (3 PDH)
ASMEs Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) | 2013

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