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Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture

Crop inventory and yield modeling

NR Patel
Scientist, Agriculture & Soils Division

Lecture for EDUSAT Course Participants


Date:02.11.2015
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
Dehradun 248 001

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING IN AGRICULTURE


MONITORING IN-SEASON
AGRICULTURAL
Monitoring
Agril. Operations
OPERATIONS

PROGRESS OF SOWING
TOTAL CROPPED AREA
PROGRESS OF HARVEST

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

CHARACTERISATION
PRIORITISATION
DEVELOPMENT
MONITORING

DRAINAGE ASSESSMENT
DUE TO CYCLONES,
DAMAGE
FLOODS
SCALE INCIDENCE
LARGE
OF DISEASE & PESTS

CROP INVENTORY

PRODUCTION FORECAST
CHANGES IN CROPPING PATTERN
CROPPING SYSTEM ANALYSIS

REMOTE
SENSING
APPLICATIONS
IN
AGRICULTURE

CROP HEALTH MONITORING

MONITRING OF CROP CONDITION


ASSESMENT OF DROUGHT
OF SHORTFALLS,
FOREWARNING
IF ANY
COMMAND AREA MANAGEMENT
WATER REQUIREMENT
CROP
LOGGING
WATER
CROP VIOLATIONS
CANAL WATER SEEPAGE /
BREACHES

WATER AVAI LABILITY

LAND DEGRADATION
OF WASTELANDS
EXTENT
PROBLEM SOILS
WATER LOGGING

MONITORING SURFACE WATER


BODIES
GROUND WATER EXPLORATION

Crop yield estimation


Modeling crop yield for yield forecasting in agriculture is
a challenge for many researchers.
Crop acreage

However, great potentialities exists in the use of


satellite remote sensing for crop production forecasting
which is of considerable importance in
advance planning,
formulation and implementation of policies related to
food procurement,
pricing,
Transport and storage
distribution and export/import, etc.

TYPICAL SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATION


Leaf
pigments

Cell
structure

Water content

80
70
R
E
F
L
C
T
A
N
C
E
(%)

60

Chlorophyll
absorption

Water absorption

50
40
30
20
10
0
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
WAVELENGTH (um)

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

Crop type identification and acreage estimation


The most commonly
practiced application in remote
sensing of agriculture is mapping land cover to identify crop
types.

Reflectance

Remote sensing for crop type identification and its acreage


estimation is principally based upon the fact that each crop
during its life cycle shows different spectral response in VIS,
NIR and MIR region of Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
(EMR) and thus form a unique spectral signature, which
enables crops separation.
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

wheat
mustard
sugarcane

Green

Red

NIR

Wavelengths

SWIR

Canopy characteristics

Different crops with varying canopy


architecture, canopy cover, leaf color and
composition, and penology are the basic
characteristics
which
makes
them
distinguishable using satellite data.
Crop type identification is more concerned
with classifying all crop types from each other
Aacreage estimation is concerned with only
few target crops.

Suitability of IRS sensors for agricultural application

CAPE Project

The initial results in eighties with Landsat MSS have paved


the way for formulating a project on Crop Acerage and
Production Estimates (CAPE) a joint program of the
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) of Union
Ministry of Agriculture and Department of Space (DOS). Under
the aegis of this project, several studies were demonstrated
on the use of satellite remote sensing for acerage estimation
of crops.
Approaches
Boundary overlaying : boundary is super-imposed on the satellite data and all
the pixels inside the boundary are analyzed Suitable for Block or District
Sample segment :
This sampling approach involves (a) stratification based on various criterias
viz., agroclimatic regions, historical crop proportion, crop condition as seen in
the satellite imageries etc.,
(b) random selection of sample segments ( 10*10 km, 7.5*7.5 km or 5*5 km )
with a sampling fraction of 10 percent. Suitable for large area such as state or
country.

CROP ACREAGE ESTIMATION- APPROACHES


Two methodologies are adopted under CAPE project for large area crop
discrimination and acreage estimation Boundary Overlaying Approach
and Sample segment approaches.
Boundary Overlaying Approach
For small area, boundary mask overlaying approach is used. In
this approach the administrative boundary of the study area
(district/taluka etc.) is overlaid on the image to extract all the pixels
belonging to the study district/taluka. The classification of all the pixels
or a part of it through systematic sampling is done to obtain the area of
the desired crops.

(a)

(b)
Land use / land cover
Wheat
Sugarcane
Mustard
Other Crops
Fallow
Forest Plantation
Forest
Scrub
Builtup area
Rock Outcrops
Sand Dune
Riverbed
Water

Example of boundary overlay approach

WHEAT AREA ESTIMATES (2003-04) IN


HARYANA
2500

Acreage (000 ha)

(a) False color composite from A-WiFS,


(b) Distribution of crop and other land use classes

2400
2300
2200
2100
2000

SAC(LISS III)

BES

Present
study (AWiFS)

Approaches of stratifications
Agro physical/agro-climatic regions
Historical crop proportions and yield
levels
Vegetation density and crop vigour
in the region, based on satellite
images
Figure: Agro-physical stratification
of Punjab State

Figure: FCC showing


sample segment

Figure: Satellite images of


sample segments

Figure: Classified images of


sample segments

ACREAGE ESTIMATION
1 SAMPLE
PLAN

CLASSIFIED
OUTPUT

SEGMENT EXTRACTION &


TRAINING SITES

CLASS
SEPARABILITY

AGGREGATION
CROP ACREAGE

5
SPECTRAL INDEX
FOR YIELD MODEL

Nation-wide crop forecast: Objectives & Approach


Multiple pre-harvest forecast using multi-date WiFS as primary
RS source and weather-yield models
National-scale forecast with state-level disaggregation
Spatio-temporal analysis of within and across season crop
growth differences
Multi-date hierachical crop discrimination with startified sampling approach using
15x15 km segments and 10 per cent sampling
SAMPLE SEGMENT LOCATION : NWPF
II STAGE STRATA
A TYPE (> 70 % AG)
B TYPE (30-70 % AG)
C TYPE (5-30 % AG)

CAPE Project (Geographical coverage and crops)


Crops

Phase I

Phase -II

State* (No. of districts; F = Full)

State* (No. of districts; F = Full)

Wheat

HARyana , PUNjab (F), Madhya


Pradesh (8), RAJasthan (8), Uttar
Pradesh (24)

HAR (F), PUN (F), MP (32), RAJ (17),


UP (F), BIHar (27), Himachal Pradesh (5)

Rice

ORIssa (F), Tamil Nadu (F)

ORI (F), TN (F), Andhra Pradesh (12),


ASSam (F), BIH (F), HAR (9)
KARnataka (12), MP (17), PUN (F), UP
(39), West Bengal (F)

Sorghum
(R)

MAHarashtra (3)

MAH (6), KAR (7), AP (5)

Mustard

GUJarat (2), MP (1), RAJ (6), UP


(2)

UP (8), ASS (10), HAR (5), PUN (3), WB


(9)

Groundn
ut (K)

GUJ (2)

GUJ (6), AP (7), KAR (6), MAH (5), TN


(11)

Cotton

AP (3), GUJ (1), HAR (2), MP (2), AP (7), GUJ (8), HAR (3), KAR (5), MP
MAH (6), PUN (4)
(4), MAH (12), ORI (1), PUN (5), RAJ
(2), TN (5), UP (1)

IRS-1C/1D WiFS DATA OF SOUTH ASIANS NATIONS

RICE

WHEAT
OTHER
Kharif-1999 (Sep-Oct)

Rabi-2000 (Feb-Mar)

CROPS
POST
KHARIF
RICE
FALLOW
LANDS

Classified images

Limitations to nation-wide crop acreage estimation


Small field sizes
Large diversity of crops soon in an area
Large field to field diversity in sowing culture
and crop management practices
Practice of inter-cropping, mixed cropping, and
High cloud coverage during kharif crop season.

FACTORS AFFECTING CROP IDENTIFICATION


Sensor characteristics : Radiometric & Spatial
resolution; nos. of bands
Scene characteristics : Time of acquisition;
atmospheric conditions; field size; crop proportion;
environmental factors

Crop yield estimation


Modeling crop yield for yield forecasting in agriculture is
a challenge for many researchers.
Crop acreage

However, great potentialities exists in the use of


satellite remote sensing for crop production forecasting
which is of considerable importance in
advance planning,
formulation and implementation of policies related to
food procurement,
pricing,
Transport and storage
distribution and export/import, etc.

Crop yield forecasting and estimation system using satellite


remote sensing is formed on the basis viz.,
(a) ability of satellite to supplies observations over large
areas at even times and therefore provides crop monitoring
techniques with possible spatial extent,

(b) strong correlation between satellite derived vegetation


indices (VIs) and the crop parameters.
Various approaches have been tested across the world crop
yield modeling/estimation includes,
Spectral VI-yield relation,
Spectral crop growth profile approach
Integration of remote sensing and crop growth models
Deterministic biomass production model

Field-scale yield estimation : statistical


Approach

CSSTEAP students in field

Crop Cutting experiments


Remote sensing (LISS-III)
Statistical yield modeling

Model of RS, land and management factors


Co
unt

Model fit

R2

Adj
R2

SE
E

NDVI

44

-9.895+60.84*NDVI

0.532

0.521

7.142

0.001

NDVI

18

-1.715+49.0*NDVI

0.432

0.403

8.046

0.003

18

-10.689+37.604*NDVI+
0.222*LPI

0.596

0.542

7.049

0.001

18

-4.925+31.495*NDVI+
0.256*SYS Index

0.561

0.502

7.34

0.002

Variables

Remote Sensing

RS& Land factors


NDVI,L P I
NDVI, SYS

RS , Land Factors& Management Inputs


NDVI , L P I
,Irrigation
frequency
NDVI, SYS,
Irrigation Input

18

-6.148+12.981*NDVI+
0.197* LPI+5.694*Irri

0.722

0.663

6.049

0.00

18

-0.787+13.534*NDVI0.178*SYS
index+5.116*Irrigation

0.653

0.579

6.758

0.002

Yield map

Wheat crop yield variability & Validation

Validation of estimated yield


in wheat
(Model NDVI,LPI,Irrigation frequency )

SINGLE DATE REGRESSION SPECTRAL YIELD MODEL


Major steps:
Generation of district-level VI
Sensor-to-sensor transformation
Normalization for acquisition date
Statistical analysis for yield
prediction

Steps for deriving district weighted


average VI:
- identification of sample segment on the
images;
- masking of non-crop pixels in a sample
segment using classified image for the sample
segment/district;
- computation of mean VI for the sample segment
by converting grey values of crop pixels in
different bands to spectral radiances; and
- computation of area-weighted average VI for the
district after correcting for acquisition date

Fig.: Flow diagram of methodology of


crop yield prediction using single date
Satellite data

Some examples of spectral yield models


Zone I : (Ambala, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar & Kurukshetra )
Y = -0.149 + 2.735*Vi + 0.775*Yt ,

R2 = 0.820, SEOE=2.373
Adj.R2 = 0.806,
n=29

Zone II : ( Karnal, Kaithal, Zind, Panipat, Sonepat & Rohtak)


Y = -0.404 - 0.430*Vi + 1.047*Yt ,

R2 = 0.658,
Adj.R2 = 0.646,

SEOE=2.063
n=60

Zone III : (Mahendergarh, Rewari, Jhajjar, Gurgoan & Faridabad)


Y = 2.044 - 0.998*Vi + 1.0*Yt ,

R2 = 0.980, SEOE=2.1655
Adj.R2 = 0.978,
n=32

Zone IV : ( Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar & Bhiwani)


Y = 0.208 1.438*Vi +1.104*Yt ,
Where,

Vi = Vegetation Index
Yt = Trend Yield

R2 = 0.797,
Adj.R2 = 0.783,

SEOE=1.8016
n=33

Incorporation of RS into Biomass Production Model (Monteith )

A wealth of literature suggests that the biomass production model based on solar
radiation and leaf development can be applied in conjunction to satellite data (e.g.
Daughtry et al. 1992, Grower et al. 1999, Bastiaanssen and Ali 2003).
It is an important step towards quantifying regional yields by an accurate
assessment of net CO2 uptake in crop growth, termed as net primary productivity.

One general drawback of this approach might be the insufficient accuracy and no
in-season yield prediction on a local scale.
However, straightforward physics and possibility to incorporate satellite
measurements in the model makes the concept worth trying for irrigated agricultural
conditions.

A schematic representation of the Monteiths model used to


remotely sense wheat yields
Literature
Wheat phenology
Light use efficiency ()

Harvest index

Meteorological station
Coordinates
Min/Max temperature

PAR estimation
(Bristow and Campbel)

interpolation

Satellite data
WiFS
MODIS

FAPAR-NDVI
modeling

WheatNDVI

FAPAR (Temporal images)

Yield =( PAR fAPAR t j) HI

Wheat
classification

Remotely sensed Inputs : NDVI

Essential parameter estimates for Monteiths production model

Regional wheat yield estimates in Haryana : (a) fAPAR_M1 and (b) fAPAR_M2

(a)

(b)

Comparison between officially reported actual and estimated yield of wheat


by two fAPAR methods
50

fAPAR_M1

40

fAPAR_M2

5
fAPAR_M1
fAPAR_M2

30

(R2 = 0.317, RMSE = 0.253 t ha-1)


(R2 = 0.396, RMSE = 0.353 t ha-1)

4.5
-1

Estimated yield (t ha )

Relative deviation(%)

60

20
10
0
-10

3.5

-20

N
A LA
RU NA
K GA
SH R
E
K TR
A
IT A
H
A
L
SI
RS
K
A
A
RN
A
L
FA
TE JIN
D
H
AB
A
D
H
I
S
PA A
N R
I
SO PAT
N
EP
RO AT
H
T
BH AK
IW
A
JH NI
A
G JJ A
U
R
R
F
M
A GA
RI
A
O
H
EN DA N
D BA
R
A D
GA
R
RE H
W
R
I

BA

U
M
Y

PA

CH

LA

-30

3
3

3.5

4.5
-1

Actual yield (t ha )

Districts

In general, incorporation of satellite measurements in to this Monteiths model provides a


over all picture of wheat yield variation in Haryana
It can also be summarized that wheat yields in dominant wheat growing regions of
Haryana can be estimated using fAPAR_M1 and fAPAR_M2 for approximately 78% and
68% of districts within the 90 % confidence levels of official estimates, respectively.

Integration of remote sensing and crop growth


model
Relevance
Plant growth simulation models can physiologically and quantitatively
describe the response of plants to their environment. They have been used in
many fields, particularly for the studies related to global change, identifying
optimum management strategy and yield gap analysis.
However, most plant growth models were developed at the field scales and
the performance of the models is not so satisfactory when they are extended
from field to regional scales.
The most critical reasons are that I) they have been constrained by the lack
of an efficient means of incorporating the spatial variability of input variables, ii)
They often provides inaccurate estimates for non-optimal crop growing
environments

Remote sensing can be used to derive data inputs for


physiological models and overcome some of these
constraints
The main advantage of remotely-sensed information is
that it provides a quantification of actual state of the plant on
a regional scale and shows the spatial variability. While
models provide a continuous description of plant growth over
the period of interest, remotely-sensed observations are
discrete time events.
So it would be very significant to conduct the studies on
integrating remote sensing data with plant growth models so
that we can do better in crop yield prediction and regional
productivity analysis.

iirs
Crop simulation models : In-built programs that
simulate behaviour and processes of plant as a
function of weather, soils and management
conditions

Models

DSSAT family
WOFOST
InfoCrop
EPIC
Oryza
WtGROWS

Integrating Remotely Sensed Data and Crop Growth


Models
There are several options for combining crop model predictions with remotely
sensed data:
I.

Direct comparison of model predictions and remotely sensed estimates


(Wiegand et al., 1979),

II.

Iterative adjustment of the crop model's genetic parameters and initial


conditions by comparing the model's predictions to remotely sensed
estimates of ET and LAI (Maas et al., 1992),

III. Forcing the crop model's predictions to match remotely sensed estimates
of actual field conditions (Barnes et al., 1997), and

IV. Using radiative transfer models so satellite reflectance data can be


directly compared to a crop model's predictions (Lo Seen et al., 1995).

Major progress in the world: Case studies


Carbone et al. (1996) apply remote sensing and GIS technologies to drive
SOYGRO crop model for examining the spatial variability in country soybean
yield;
Clevers (1997) applies the data assimilation scheme to estimate a series of
parameters in a crop model (SUCROS) for predicting the Sugar beet yield;
Guerif and Duke (1998) combine the SUCROS model with the SAIL canopy
reflectance model for estimation of sugar beet yield;

Supit (1997) combines the remote sensing data and WOFOST model for
predicting the total wheat yield for the EU countries.
Sehgal et al., (1999) describe organization of soil, waether and RS data and
its linkage with WTGROWS model for productivity estimation of wheat in
Haryana, India.

Strategies for coupling RS spectral inputs in crop simulation models; (b)


Concept of spectral interfaces to Oryza1 summary
(a)

(b)

iirs

Regional Level Crop productivity Forecasting

Existing Approaches (FASAL)

Limitation/Issues

Using point-scale data


CERES-wheat model used for large area wheat
yield forecast for central IGP
INFOCROPS used for state level potato yield
forecasting

Lack of timely and


limited availability of
weather inputs
Dependence on
stochastic weather
generator for forecast
period

Using Spatial Approach


WTGROWS used for regional level wheat yield
forecasting (Haryana)
Recently, the regional level crop assessment
approach was developed using WOFOST as
simulation model

Dependence on
stochastic weather for
multiple forecast
Coarse grid weather
inputs
RMSE = 0.40 t/ha
RD = >10%

Integrated Climate-crop model approach has few advantages


As technique development for regional crop forecast for FASAL
High resolution & within season multiple crop forecast
As an early warning tool for food and drought

iirs

GIS integration of remote sensing and crop


growth model

LAI &Yield Map

Remote
Sensing
Climate
model
+ AWS
NBSSLUP

Regional crop yield

NDVI or LAI
Crops
Crop Management
Weather data

DSSAT- Crop Models

Soil data
GIS

Objective :
to test applicability of coupling climate and crop model to provide in-season
multiple wheat yield forecast with dependable accuracy on regional level

CERES-Wheat spatial run

Genoptypic and phenotypic parameters


Growth and Developmental Aspects of Wheat Crop

Genetic Coefficients
Crop Cultivar PBW343

Development Aspects

Soil Data

Optimum Vernalizing Temp (P1V) (Days)

20

Critical Photoperiod (P1D) (%)

80

Grain-filling duration coefficient(P5) (C.d)

650

Growth Aspects

Grid Points at
10km interval

Crop Acreage

Kernel number coefficient(G1) (#/g)

23

Kernel size coefficient(G2) (mg)

45

Single tiller weight (G3) (g)

1.5

Tip leaf appearance interval(PHINT) (C.d)

95

PAR conversion to dm ratio (g/MJ)

2.94

CROP GROWH MONITORING O


MODIS EVI based decision & thresholding

Wheat crop yield forecast : Input scenario & lead-time


District/Station level forecast at multiple lead-time
F6- ISRO-AWS Station Data+7 days WRF forecast
F7- ISRO-AWS Station Data+15 days WRF forecast
F8- ISRO-AWS Station Data+30 days WRF forecast
F9- ISRO-AWS Station Data+45 days WRF forecast
CNT_YD- Actual Station Data (Controlled Run for Crop Yield)
Spatial crop yield forecast at multiple lead-time
F4
45 days forecast

F3
F2
F1

30 days forecast

15 days forecast
7 days forecast

F5
Growing Season of Wheat

NCEP Gridded
Forecasted

Regional wheat yield forecast at multiple lead-times


(Punjab & Haryana)

Forecast at spatial scale

Forecast at point scale


Actual + 45 days forecast :RMSE = 83
kg/ha

Regional wheat yield forecast is possible for multiple times within the season with a coupled
approach of weather model (Global-WRF), crop model and geomatics for a regional extent
at 10 km resolution with an average deviation ranging between 5 to 10%.

IRS-LISS II FCC
(SUMMER SEASON)

IRS-LISS II FCC
(RAINY SEASON)

IRS-LISS II FCC
(WINTER SEASON)

CROP INVENTORY(SUMMER SEASION)

CROP INVENTORY(RAINY SEASION)

CROP INVENTORY(WINTER SEASION)

CROPPING SYSTEM

TEMPORAL IRS WiFS NDVI OF


DISTRICT(A.P)

CROP VIGOUR MONITORING


USING IRS WiFS NDVI(
MONDAL)

Questions?
Want to discuss more on RS applications in Agriculture,
drop me a line by e mail at nrpatel@iirs.gov.in

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