HOMEWORK 1

1. PROBLEM 1
A ground-based air-surveilance radar operates at a frequency of 1300MHz (L-band).
Its maksimum range is 200 nmi for detection of a target with a radar cross section of
one square meters ( =1m2). Its antenna is12 m wide by 4 m high, and the antenna
aperture efficiency is a= 0.65. The receiver minimum detectable signal is S min = 10-13
W.
Determine the following:
a. Antenna effective aperture Ae (square meter) and antenna gain G [numerically
and in dB, where G (in dB) = 10 log10 G (as a numeric)].
b. Peak transmitter power.
c. Pulse repetition frequency to achieve a maximum unambiguous range of 200nmi.
d. Average transmitter power , if the pulse width is 2 s.
e. Duty cycle
f. Horizontal beamwidth (degrees)
Diketahui:
Radar Parameter
R max = 200 nmi = 200x 1852 m = 370400 m
f

= 1300 MHz = 13 x 108 Hz

= 1 m2

Antenna size
12 m wide
4 m high
a

= 0.65

Smin = 10-13 W
Ditanya :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Ae?, G?
Pt =?
Pfr / fp =?
Pav =? Jika = 2s = 2x10-6 s
Duty sycle = ?
Horizontal Beamwidth = ?
Jawab:

Ae = a x A

Ae = 0.65 x 12m x 4m
Ae = 31.2 m2

=
= 0.23 m

G=

G=
G=
G = 7407.79
G = 10 log 7407.79
G = 38.7 dB
b. Rmax4 =
Pt =
Pt =
Pt =
Pt = 1.28 x106 W
c. Prf = fp =
fp =
fp = 404.97 Hz
d. Pav = Pt x x fp
Pav = 1.28 x 106 W x 2x 10-6 s x 404.97 Hz
Pav = 1036.72 W
e. Duty cycle = x fp
= 2x 10-6 s x 404.97 Hz
= 8x10-4
Duty cycle = 0.08 %
f. Horizontal Beamwidth
B = 65. /Wide
B = 650. 0.23m/12m
B = 1.250

2. PROBLEM 2
a. What is the peak power of a radar whose average transmitter power is 200 W,
pulse width of 1 s, and a pulse repetition frequency of 1000 Hz?
b. What is the range (nmi) of this ground-based air surveillance radar if it has to
dettect a targer with a radar coss section of 2 m2 when it operates at a frequency of
2.9 GHz (S band), with a rectangular-shaped antenna that is 5 m wide , 2.7m high,
antenna aperture efficiency a= 0.6, and minimum detectable signal equal to S min =
10-12 W (based on Pt in the radar equation being the peak power)?
c. Sketch the receiver echo signal power as a function of range from 10 to 80 nmi.
Dketahui:
a. Radar Parameter
Pav = 200 W
= 1s = 10-6 s
Prf = fp = 1000 Hz
Ditanya : Pt =?
Jawab:
Pav = Pt x x fp
Pt =
Pt =
Pt = 200000 W = 200 kW
b. Diketahui:
= 2 m2
f= 2.9 GHz = 2.9 x 109 Hz
a = 0.6
Smin = 10-12 W
A rectangular-shape antenna 5 m in wide and 2.7m in high
Ditanya : R=?
Jawab:
=
=
= 0.1 m

Ae = a x A
Ae = 0.6 x 5m x 2.7m
Ae = 13.5 m2

G=
G=
G=
G = 9589.59
G = 10 log 9589.59
G = 39.82 dB

Rmax4 =
Rmax4 =
Rmax =

1/4

Rmax = 118399 m
Rmax = 63.93 nmi
c. Sketch Receiver echo signal as a function of range from 10-80 nmi
Pr =
Pr =
Pr =

Untuk R = 10 nmi = 18520m

Pr =
Pr =

Pr =1.67 x 10-9 W
Untuk R = 20 nmi = 37040m
Pr =
Pr =

Pr =1.04 x 10-10 W
Untuk R = 30 nmi = 55560m
Pr =
Pr =
Pr =0.2 x 10-10 W

Untuk R = 40 nmi = 74080m

Pr =
Pr =

Pr =0.65 x 10-11 W
Untuk R = 50 nmi = 92600m
Pr =
Pr =

Pr =0.27 x 10-11 W
Untuk R = 60 nmi = 111120m
Pr =
Pr =
Pr =
Pr =1.29 x 10-12 W

Untuk R = 70 nmi = 129640m

Pr =
Pr =

Pr =6.95 x 10-13 W
Untuk R = 80 nmi = 148160m
Pr =
Pr =
Pr =4.07 x 10-13 W

17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

Grafik Receive Echo Signal (Pr x0.1 pW)

terhadap Range (x10 nmi)
16700

10400
Pr (x0.1 pW)

200
1

65
4

12.9

27
5

6.95
7

4.07
8

3. PROBLEM 3
a. What signal-to-noise ratio is required for a radar that makes a detection on the
basis of a single pulse, when the probability of detection is 0.50, and the
probability of false alarm is 10 -6? Assume non fluctuation target echo.
b. Repeat for a 0.99 the probability of detection and the same probability of false
alarm.
c. Repeat part (a) and (b), but for a Swerling Case 1 fluctuating target.
d. Compare your results in a table. What conclusions can you obtain from this?
Jawab:
a. Diketahui :
Single Pulse
Pd = 0.5
Pfa = 10-6
Asumsi = non fluctuating target
Ditanya : S/N =?

Berdasarkan grafik didapatkan nilai S/N = 11.2 dB

b. Single Pulse
Pd = 0.99
Pfa = 10-6
Asumsi = non fluctuating target
Ditanya : S/N =?
Berdasarkan grafik didapatkan nilai S/N = 14.6 dB
c. Sama seperti a dan b untuk Swerling Case 1 fluctuating target

Berdasarkan grafik Swerling Case 1 pada P fa = 10-6 dan Pd = 0.5 terdapat

penambahan S/N sebesar 1.3 dB menjadi S/N = 11.2 dB + 1.3 dB = 12.5 dB
Berdasarkan grafik Swerling Case 1 pada Pfa = 10-6 dan Pd = 0.99 terdapat
penambahan S/N sebesar 1.3 dB menjadi S/N = 11.2 dB + 17.3 dB = 31.9 dB

d. Perbandingan dalam bentuk tabel dan kesimpulannya

NO
1
2

Pfa
10-6
10-6

Pd
0.5
0.99

S/N Target Diam

11.2 dB
14.6 dB

S/N Fluctuating Swerling Case 1

12.5 dB
31.9 dB

Kesimpulan :

Pada nilai Pfa yang sama, semakin besar nilai Pd, semaikin besar pula S/N nya, baik
kondisi target diam maupun fluctuating, (untuk fluctuating perbedaan nilai S/N cukup
besar);
Pada nilai Pfa dan Pd yang sama, S/N target fluctuating lebih besar dari S/N target diam;

4. PROBLEM 4
a. What is the maximum radar cross section (square meters) of an automobile license plate
that is 12 inches wide by 6 inches high, at a frequency of 10.525 GHz (the frequency of
an X-band speed radar) ?
b. How many degrees in vertical plane should be plate be titled in orderto reduce its cross
section by 10 dB? For pusposes of this problem you may assume the license plate is
perfectly flat. The radar cross section of a plate as a function of the incidence angle my
be written, for not to large, as:
( )
( )
where max= maximum radar cross section of a flat plate = 4A2/2, A = area of
plate, = radar wavelength, and H = heigh of plate. ( Be careful of units. You will
have to sketch a portion of the crosssection pattern as a function of to find the
value of corresponding to -10 dB).
c. What other parts of an automobile might contribute to its radar cross section when viewed
directly from the front?
a. Diketahui :
Ukuran plat
Wide = 12 inches = 0.3048 m
High = 6 inches = 0.1524 m
f = 10.525 GHz = 10.525 x 109 Hz
Ditanya :max = ?
Jawab :

=
=
= 0.0285 m

A = wide x high
A = 0.3048m X 0.1524m
A = 0.046 m2

max =
max =
max =

m2

max = 33.36 m2
max = 10 log 33.36
max = 15.23 dBsm
b. Jika RCS berkurang 10 dB berapa ?
( )
( )

() = max 10 dB
() = 15.23 dBsm 10 dB
() = 5.23 dBsm = 3.33 m2

=5.35
=

= 0.1

0.1 =
0.1 = (Sinc 10.7 sin )2
0.32= Sinc 10.7 sin

c. The other part of an automobile migh contribute to its RCS when viewed directly from
the front are bamper depan, logo emblem, semua part depan yang berbahan plat.