685.14 ARTICLE 690 — SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS ‘Table 685.3 Application of Other Articles en vcwoc | pyernot0c Conducor Section crveter comer pee 2 (cptonal ospurceeut More than one building or 25, Pan TE ” ‘ther struct Grouncfault protection of 330195, Exception ‘equipment Protection of coneluctors os Electrical sytem coordination 20.12 Groundlfault protection of 240.13) ‘equipment Grounding ic stems of 021 50 volts to less than 1090 volts Equipment protection aaa Orderly shutdown, 4044 Disconnedion 450075) Exception Nos. and 2 Dinconneding means insight "480. 102(A), Exception No.2 fromcontotler Energyfrom more than one 430.115, Eacepsion Nos. Vand 2 Disconneding means 645.10, Exception Uninterruptible power ean) supplies (UPS) Point of connection soit 685.14 Ungrounded Control Circuits. Where operational continuity is required, conwal circuits of 150 volts or les from sepaaicly derived systems shall be permitted to be ungroum ded,ARTICLE 690 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Part 1. General 690.1 Scope. This aiticlé applies w> solar PV amtei other than those Govered by Anucle M1, including the array rcuits), imverter(s), and controller(s) for such systems. (Se ‘igure 680.1(a) and Figur 690.1(b,] The systems covered by this article may be interactive with other electrical power produc tion sources or standalone oF/bath aiid may OF tay Bot bE eoimiccied to energy storage sstems such ax batteries. These PV stems may have ac or de output for utilization. Informational Note: Avice O91 cones the instalation of lange scale DV clectie aipph stations, 690.2 Definigons, Alternating-Carrent (ac) Module (Alternating-Current Photo- voltaic Module). A complete, environmentally protected unit Consisting of solar cells, optics, imerter, and other coreponents, corlusive of tracker, designed wo generate ac power when exposed to sunlight A mechanically imiegrated assembly of iiGelle GF pamela) with a suppor structure and foundation, tracker, and Other components, as required, 1o form 2 dé/GH ae power producing unit 70-558 Bipolar Photovolmic Array. AE PV array that has two outputs, cach having opposite polarity wo a common reference poi nt oF comer tp. DCtoDC Converter. A device installed in the PY source ‘circuit or PV outpue circuit that can provide an output de volt- Sge and current at 2 higher or lower value than the input ‘de voltage and current. NDGtoDC Comerter Output Circuit Circuit conductors between the detode converter source cirewit(s) ane the inver- ter oF de utiliztion equipment, NN DCto-DC Comerer Source Circuit. Circuits between de-tode comencrs and from detode converters to the common ‘comection point(s) of the de system, Direct Current (de) Combiner. A device used in the PV source and PV ouput circuits to combine two or more de circuit, inputs and provide one de circuit output. Diversion Charge Controller. Equipment that regulates the charging proces of 2 battery by diverting power from cnergy sorage to divectcurrent of altemaing-curent loads of 10 an Electrical Production and Distribution Network. A power Production, distribution, and utilization system, such asa tility System and connected loacls, that is external to and not comtrol- led by the PV power system. ‘Fusitionia Grounded PV System. A PV’ system that Tus an elee- trical reference to ground that is not solidly grounded,ARTICLE 690 —SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS, 690.2 inewotve meter ——~GVaysan Gamomnact Informational Note: A fimetional grounded PY sistem is ofien " : eonnecied o ground through 4 hse, circuit beaker, esitance Etectie dice, nowholied gromuded ae czeuil, or ekettomie means A | Ronwon Foon ogi a that is part of lised ground Eiht protection system. Conde se sytem that ae normaly agro sg to ground during El condos PV power some sees potential may [Interactive system |] NN Generating Capacity. The sum of parallel connected inverter Eee upstart ‘maximum continuous output power at 4° Cin kilowatts ~ Eerie peducon pet pos Sod onoctonnetork Interactive System. (PV sstem that operates in parallel with and may deliver power to an clectsical production and distibie 1 \eveyaen NM See Son nemo. emt ec ing WN Interactive Inverter Output Girt. The conductors between Aeray (AC moc) the interactive imerter and the service equipment or another clectrical power production and distribution network. Inverter. Equipment that is uscd to change voltage level or waveform, or both, of electrical energy. Commonly, an inverter [alo Known as a power conditioning unit (PCU) or power conversion system (PCS)] is 2 device that changes de input to Sn ac output Inverters may also function as battery chargers that use alternating current from another source and comven it imo direct current for charging batteries. Inverter Input Circuit. Conductors connected to the de input Energy storage system ofan imener [De coupted mutinode oyster] Imerter Output Circuit, Conductors geiniieted 16) the ‘ac output of an inverter{@) System gounarg and equpmens rourdeg are nc! shown. See AGS Module. A complete, environmentally protected unit consist ing of solar cells, optics, and other components, exclusive of wacker, designed to generate de power when exposed 10 sunlight Monopote Subarray. A PV subarray that has two condtictors in the output circuit, one positive (2) and one negative (-). Two monopole PV subsrrays are used to form a bipolar PV array Multimode Imverter. Equipment having the capabilities of both the fnteaeite inverter and the standalone inverter Panel. A collection of modiules mechanically fastened together, wired, and designed to provide feldinstallable unit Photovolisic Output Circuit. Circuit conductors between the PV source cireuit(s) and the inverter or de utilization equip- Photovoltaic Power Source. An array or aggregate of arrays that generates de power at stem voltage and current. Photovoltaic Source Circuit. Circuits between modules and from modules to the common connection point(s) of the de |N Photovoltaic System DC Circuit. Any de conductor supplied by 2 PY power source. including PV source circuits, PV’ output Greats, de-to-de comerter source ciseuits, or dewde converter |, ouput Gren. Solar Cell. The basic PV device that generates electsicity when ‘exposed to ight. StandAlone System. A solar PV sistem that supplics power independenly of an clocirical production and distribution rework Subarray. An clectrical subset of'a PV array 70-5596904 ARTICLE 690— SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PY) SYSTEMS 690.4 General Requirements. (4) Photovoltaic Systems. Photovlic stems shall be Pevmated tosuppla building or osher struct in ation to ny other lectseal supply yter(s) (B) Eapipment. Imecrier, motor genessiom, PV modules, IV panels REIDY dc Combiners dean de comentcrs and charge controllers intended for usin PV ays shal ie lited ‘Sela aided forthe PV application. (©) Qualified Personnel. The installation of equipment and all soocited iting and introammccions all be perfec ‘nly by qualified persons Infrmational Noe: Soe Anise 100 fare dea felon (D) Makiple PVSystemis; Mille PV gsm shall be permit ted w be inwalled in or om a singe buulding or wmuctre ‘Where the BWIA arc remotclycaicd fe each ofhee a dlvectory in accordance wth 705.10 shal be prone a each _, PUgsem dnconne cig eam. NG) Locations Not Permited. PY gstcm cquipment and dlsconnecting means shall wot be installed in bataroome 690.6 Alvernating-Current (a) Modes. (A) Photovlisc Source Circuits. The requirement of Anticle 600 permining wo PY vouree reais seal not apply to ac modes The FV source creat, condicios and inners sal Hecate a mice iiieg at mre epee (®) Inverter Output Circuit. The output of an ac module shall be considered an inverter output circuit. Part I Circuit Requirements PY module-rated open-circuit voltage of the series connocied modules formcted for the lowest expected ambicnt temperature using the correction factor prov: dedin Table 690.74) (8). PY stems of 100 EW oF anges: For PV systems with a ‘generating capacity of 100 KW or greater, « documented and stamped PV guiem design, using an indusry stand- 2d method and provided bya iecnsed profesional clee ‘ical engincer shall be penmitid, Informational Note: One ity standand method for clea fg maximum velinge Of PY em pulled by Sania Niscrul Labonreres,tecrence SAND S015, Pourtaie ‘ve Pema Md ‘The maxinum ‘voltage shall be used to determine the volt {ge tating of conductors, cables, disconnects, overcurrent Buc . (B) DE-DE Converter Source and Output Cire, I a de- lode convener source and output cuit, the masimaum volt ‘age shall be calculated im accondance with 690.7(B)(1) of @e. (2) Single DE-DE Converter For civewits connected 10 the ‘ouput of 2 single deiode comertes, the maximum voltage shall be the masimum rated yolage output of the detode comentee (2 Two or More Series Comected DCi=-DC Converters For ireuits connected! to the output of né0 oF more. series comected dewde convertem, the masimum voltage shall be ‘dciermincd in accordance withthe isructions included in the lising or being ofthe deaorde converter. these instructions do not sate the ried vollage of serierconnecied detode ‘comerters the maximum voltage shall be the stm of the maxi tum rated woluge outputol the deaode converte in eves.690.7 Maximum Voltage. The miami volkage Of PV . An overcurrent device on the load side of the OWE Soutree connection shall be rated not greater than the ampacity of the feeder (2) Taps Tia sysicms where POWEFSOUFEE output connections ae made at feeders, any taps shall be sized based on the sum of 125 perrent of the power source(s) output circuit ‘current and the rating of the overcurrent device protect. ing the feeder conductors as calculated in 240.21 (B). (8) Busiars One of the methods that follows shall be used to determine the ratings of busbarsin panelboards. (a) The sum of 125 percent of the OWE xouREE(s) ‘output circuit current and the rating of the overcurrent device protecting the busbar shall not exceed the ampacity of the usb Informational Note: This general rule aummes no limitat the number of the kaade ar anurees applied so busbar locations. (b) Where to sources, one i)pFinisihy POWEFSOUREE and the other another power souree, ar located at opposite ends fof a busbar that contains loads, the sum of 195 percent of the ower souree(s) output circuit current andl the rating of the Overcurrent device protecting the busbar shall not exceed 120 percent of the ampacity of the busbar. The bushar shall be sized for the loads connected in accordance with Article 220. A permanent waming label shall be applied to the distribution {equipment adjacent to the backfed breaker from the power source that displays the following or equivalent wording: 70-02 WARNING: POWER SOURCE OUTPUT CONNECTION — DO NOT RELOCATE THIS OVERCURRENT DEVICE. ‘The waming sign(s) or label(s) shall comply with 110.21(B). (©) The sum of the ampere ratings of all overcurrent devices on panelboards, both load and supply devices, exclud- ing the rating of the overcurrent device protecting the busbar, shall not exceed the ampacity of the busbar. The rating of the ‘overcurrent device protecting the busbar shall not exceed the rating of the busbar, Permanent waming labels shall be applied Co distribution equipment displaying the following or eqaiva- lent wording: WARNING: ‘THIS EQUIPMENT FED BY MULTIPLE SOURCES. TOTAL RATING OF ALL OVERCURRENT DEVICES EXCLUDING MAIN SUPPLY OVERCURRENT DEVICE, SHALL NOT EXCEED AMPACITY OF BUSBAR. ‘The waming sign(s) oF labe(s) shall comply with 110.21(B). (4) A connection at either end, but not both ends, of a comterfed in dwellings shall be permitied where the sum of 125 percent of the power source(s) output circuit ‘current and the rating of the overcurrent device protecting the busbar does not exceed 190 percent of the current rating of the bushar (©) Connections shall be permitted on multiple-ampacity bustars where under engineering supervision that includes available fault eufrent and bushur load calculations (3) Marking. Equipment containing overcurrent devices in circuits supplying power to 2 busbar or conductor supplied from multiple sourecs shall be marked to indicate the presence of all sources. (A) Suitble for Backfeed. Circuit breakers, if hackled, shall bbe suitable for such operation Informitiond Note: Fused diconnees, marked, are sukable for backeding unles osherwise (8) Fastening. Listed plugin-type circuit breakers backfed from electric power sources that arc lisicd and identificd as interactive shall be permitied to omit the additional fastener normally required by 408.36(D) for such applications 705.14 Output Characteristics. The output of a generator oF other electric power production source operating in parallel ‘with an clectrical supply system shall be compatible with the voltage, save shape, and frequency of the system to which itis connected. Informational Note: The term compaibe does not necemily sean matching the prinary source wave shape. 705.16 ing and ShortCircuit Current Rating, Consideration ‘stall be given to the contribution of fault ‘currents from all interconnected power sources for the inter~ Fupting and short-circuit current ratings of equipmenton inter- 705.20 Discomecting Means, Sources. Means shall be provi- ded to disconnect all ungrounded conductors of an electric power production source(s) from all other conductors 705.21 Discomecting Means, Equipment. Means shall be proided to disconnect power production equipment, such as interactive inverters or transformers associated with & power production source, from all ungrounded conductors ‘of allARTICLE 705 — INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION SOURCES sources of supply. Equipment intended to be operated and maintained as an integral part of a power production source ‘exceeding 1000 volts shall not be required to have 2 discom- necting means. 705.22 Disconnect Device. The disconnecting means for ungrounded conductors shall consist of 2 mamial or power ‘opersted switch (es) or circuit breakers) thatcomplies with the following: (1) Located where readily accessible 2) Externally operable without exposing the operstor to contact with live pans and, if power operated, of 2 type that is opened by hand in the event of a power-supply fil 8) Plainly iiGilé whether in the open (off) or closed (on) position (4) Have ratings sufficient for the maximum circuit current, available short-circuit current, and voltage thatis available atthe terminals (©) Where the line and load terminals are capable of being ‘energized in the open position, marked in accordance with the warning in 690.155(B) 705.42 protection protect Frou the primary Sure(s) of lec Exretion: Whew the averunent proton forthe power production sue is locate mow than 3 m (10 ft from ihe point of connection for the electric power praduction source 0 the service, cable limiters or ‘current limited circuit breakers for ach ungrounded conductr shall be Incalled at the paint whe the electric poser production conductors are ‘connected tothe service 705.32 Ground Fault Protection. Where ground-fsult protec ion is ued. the output of an interacuve system shall be ‘connected to the supply side of the ground fault protection ion: Connection shall be permitied to be made tothe load side of gound{ault priection, if there is goundfeult protection for auifr ‘ment from all grand fault curens sources. 705.40 Loss of Primary Source. Upon loss of primary source, an clectric power production source shall be automatically iconnected from all ungrounded conductors of the primary ‘source and shall not be reconnected until the primary source is restored.Indormasional Nese: paral generation aytema, some equip- sett ineliting knife Made swiehes and fae Bley tobe ‘energized from aah directions See 240.40. (0) SiiaLEREOUR disconnect all ungrounded conductors of the circuit (7) Belockable in the open (off) position injaceerdasice with 11035 1N 705.23 Imeractive System Disconnecting Means. A readily accessible means shall be provided to disconnect the interactive ‘Sstem from all wiring Sjstems including power stems, energy Storage systems, and utilization equipment and its asociated premises iting. 705.30 Overcurrent Protection. Conductors shall be protec ted in accordance with Anicle 240. Equipment and conductors connected to more than one electrical source shall havea suffi dent number of overcurrem devices located so as to provide protection from all sources. (A) Solar Photovoltaic Systems. Solar photovoltaic systems shall be protected in accordance with Article 690. (B) Transformers. Overcurrent protection for a transformer With a source(s) on each side shall be provided in accordance with 450.3 by considering first one side of the wansformer, then the other se of the uamsformer, as the primary (©) Fuel Call Systems. Fuel cell stems shall be protected in accordance with Article 2. (D) Fateraeive Imeriers. Taleaetive inverters shall be prowe ted in accordance with 705.65, (B) Generators. Generators shall be protected int accordance with 705.180. 705.31 Location of Overcurrent Protection. Overcurrent protection for dectric power production source conductors, connected w the supply side of the service disconnecting ‘means in accordance with 705.12(A), shall be located withi 3m (10 ft) of the point where the electic power production Source conductors are connected to the sevice. Exception: A Wied ete icerter shall be permitted to automat cally cmse exporting poser pon foss of primary source aud shall not be sequined to automatically disconect all ungrounded conductors from ‘he pmary sure. A lise indeagtioe inverter shall be permitted to ‘automatically or manually resume exporting power tothe ily once he primary Souris restored. Informaticnal Neve Nav 1: Risks wo petsoniel asd equipment ‘anorinned wih the primary source ctl occur © an wily inter ‘ctve electric piee production source ean operate san inn Sonal Bland. Speck’ detection anethads ase required 10 ‘dcteenine that aprimnary source supply gntem oulage fu cli. fed and whether there shoull he automatic dhedntccen. When ihe primary sauce supp stem h restored, special deserion methods can be veqplred to li expoaise of pomer prefluctinn sotees to aural phate reconnection. Tafermational Note No. 2: Indocticargeneraing equipment on ‘gacms vith significant capeciance can tecome selfexcied ‘pe las ofthe peianary strce and experience severe ner wit- ageasa veal [AB interactive imerter shall be permitted to operate as a ‘sandalone sytem to supply leads that have been disconnected fom electrical production and distribution network sources, 705.42 Loss of 3Phase Primary Source. A phase electric power production source shall be automatically disconnected fom all ungrounded conductors of the interconnected systems ‘when one of the phases of that source opens, This requirement ‘hal not be applicable to an electric power production source providing power for an emengency of legally required standby Exception: A Viti tie incertr shall be permitted to automat aly conse exporting parr when one of the phases of the ree opens (end shad not be mired to etomaically disconnect all ungrounded ‘conductor from the primary source. A Useiteraétoe inerier shall be (permited fo astomaticady or manually wiime exporting ser to the lity once ll phases ofthe snurce are mond. 70-503705.50 ARTICLE 705 — INTERCONNECTED ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION SOURCES 705.50 Grounding. Interconnected cloctric power production sources shall be grounded in accordance with Article 250 Exciption: For diretourmnt systems connected. through ao inverter ‘intl ta grounded eric, other methods that accomplish epuvalent {3slon protection and that wiiie equipment ited and sdentfed forthe se shall be permite. Part I. Interactive Inverters 705.60 Circuit Sizing and Current. A) Calculation of Maximum Circuit Current. The maximum ‘current for the specific circuit shall be calculated in accordance swith 705.60(A) (1) and (A)(2) (1) Inverter Input Greuit Currents, The maximum current shall be the maximum rated input current of the inverter 2) Inverter Output Greuit Current. The maximum current shall be the inverter continuous ouput current rating. (B) Ampacity and Overcurrent Device Ratings. Inverter sysiem currents shall be comidered w be continuous. The Greuit conductors and evercurrent devices shall be sued 10 ‘cany not less than 125 percent of the maximum currents 3 Calculated in 705.60(A). The rating or seuing of overcurrent devices shall be permiued in accordance with 240-4(B) and (©). Exctpton: Ciscuits containing am assembly logrtber with is overcurrent Anie(s) that As listed for continuous qpemtion at 100 ferent of its tating shal be ferme to be utilized at 100 percent of ts rating. 705.65 Overcurrent Protect on. (A) Circuits and Equipment. Inventer input circuits, imener ‘output circuits, and storage battery circuit conductors and ‘equipment shall be protected in accordance with the require ments of Anicle 240, Greuits connected to more than one clo trical source shall have overcurrent devices located so ast provide overcurrent protection from all sources. Exciption: An overcurrent device shall not. be mquind for cieuit ‘anductor sed in accomlance sith 708.60(B) and bested where one ofthe following applies (L) There are no external soncces such as pamlleconnectal sume init, Batt res, or backford from imoetrs. 2) The shortcmuit currents from all sires do. not exceed the ampacity of the conductors {hom all aaisces peor for enntuciors and (8) Power Transformers. Osercurrent protection for a trane former with a source(s) on cach side shall be prosided accordance with 150.3 by considering frst onc side ofthe rane former then the otherside ofthe taslormer, a the primary Exciption: A power tmansformer with a current rating om the side connected tocoard th ileadte inverter output that isnot less than the ated continuous output curent ofthe inverer shal Be permite seith- ‘ou aercursent proetion fron that core, N(Q Conductor Ampacity. Power source output circuit conduco that are connected 1 a feeder, ifsmmaller than the feeder conductors, shall be sized to carry not less than the lager of the current as calculated in 706,60(B) or as calculated in accordance with 240.21(B) based on the overcurrent device protecting the feeder. 705.70 Interactive Inverters Mounted in Not Readily Access: ble Locations. Interactive inverters shall be permitted w be mounted on rook or other exterior areas thal are not readily accessible. These installations shall comply with: (1) through ay (2) AB disconnecting means stall be mounted within sight ‘of or in the inverter ‘An Se disconnecting means shall be mounted within sight of orin the inverter (3) Am additional 3€ discomnecting means for the inverter shall comply with 705, (4) Aplaque stall be installed in accordance with 705.10. 705.80 Usiitylnteractive Power Systems Employing Energy Storage. Uillityinteractive power Stems employing cnergy storage shall abo be marked with the maximum operating volt- age. including any equalization voltage, and the polarity of the {grounded cireuit conductor. 705.82 Hybrid Systems. Hybrid stems shall be permitted to be interconnected With Ialeraetive inverters. 705.95 Ampacity of Neutral Conductor, The ampacity of the neutral condhictors shall comply with either (A) o¥ (B) (A) Neutral Conductor for Single Phase, 2Wire Inverter Oueput. If singlephase, 2nire inverter output is connected to the neutral and one ungrounded conductor (only) of a Stsire gsiem or of 2 S-phase, Hire, wye-connected system, the maximum load connected betwecn the neutral and any one ungrounded conductor plus the inverter output rating shall not exceed the ampacity of the neutral conductor. (B) Neutral Conductor for Instrumentation, Voltage, Detection or Phase Detection. A conductor used solely for instrumenta- tion, voltage detection, or phase detection and connected to a single-phase or phase interactive imerer, shall be permitted to be sized at less than the ampacity of the other cusrent- ‘carrying condhictors and shall be sized equal to oF larger than the cquipment grounding conductor. 705,100 Unhalanced Interconnections. (A) Single Phase. Singlephase imeners for bybrid sistems and ac modules in interactive hybrid systems shall be connec: ted to $phase power systems in onder to limit unbalanced voltages to notmore than 3 percent. normationd Note: FAO WGREE® single-phine imerters, ‘intalanced valoges can bee minimised ty the aime methods that ate used for singlepliase buds an a Sphuse power gstem. See ANSI/CS4 12011, Ecoric Pouce Sees and Eytjpment— Vo ‘age Ratings (0 Het (B) Three Phase. Thicephase imeners and Stphase ac modules in interactive systems shall have all phases sutomati- ‘ally de-energized upon loss of, or unbalanced, voltage in one ‘or more phases unless the interconnected system is designed so that signficant unbalanced voltages will not resul.ARTICLE 706 — ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 706.2 PartIll, Generators 705.130 Overcurrent Protection. Conductors shall be protec: ted in accorslance with Anicle 240, Equipment and conductors connected to more than one dectical source shall have over- current devices located s0 as to provide protection from all sources. Generator shall be protected im accordance with 115.12 705.143 Synchronous Generators. Synchronous generators in a parallel system shall be provided with the necessary cquip- ment to estrblsh and maintain a synchronous condition NPartIV,. Microgrid Systems 705.150 System Operation. Microgrid systems shall be permit. ted w disconnect from the primary source of power or other interronnected electric power production sources and operate asa separate microgrid getem. 705.160 Primary Power Source Connection. Comncctions 1 primary power sources dhat are external to the microgid ‘Sstem shall comply with the requirements of 705.12, 705.165 Reconnection to Primary Power Source. Microgrid ‘stems that reconnect to primary power sources shall be proni- ded with the necessity equipment 10 establish a synchronous 705.170 Microgrid Interconnect Devices (MID). Microgrid intercounect devices shall comply with the following: (1) Be required for any connection between 2 microgrid system and a primary power source (2) Be listed or field labeled for the application G) Have sufficient number of overcurrent devices located to provide overcurrent protection from all sources Informational Nete: MID Functionality i en sins device ented for interacne operat This 2017 edition includes the following (8) IEEE 1187200, Rammondal Practice for Inulladon Daigr,ana fmtaltion of Vale Repulted Lath Batre. ‘for Saionary Appcatbont (©) TEBE 15782007, Rronmended Prete fr Stationary Bary Excrbie Spall Containment and Managonest (0) TERE 1685) ASHRAE 21.2012, Guide forthe Vintdation and Thermal Management of Bate for Sitonary Applations (8) ULBIOA, Ebarehe mica! Capit, (9) ULISTS, Batten fr Usb Light Bhar Ra (LER) Apple ‘ato and Satnnary Apporatns (10) UL 1989, Standard for Stndy Baer (1) UL Sulgecs 2486, Spall Containment For Stationary Lead Acid Batery Spent 13) UL Subject 540, Safty of Enemy Sage Stems and Epuipe 706.2 Definitions Battery. Two or more cals comnected together electrically in scrics, in paillel, oF a combimition of both to provide the required operating voltage and current levels Cell. The basic electrochemical unit, characterized by an anode and a cathode, used to receive, store, and deliver elect cal energy. Container. A vessel that holds the plates, electrolyte, and other ‘dlements of a single unit, comprised of one or more cells, in a battery. Itcan be referred to as. jar or cx. Diversion Charge Controller. Equipment that regulates the charging proces: of an ESS by diverting power from energy ‘Storage to diectcurrent or alternatingcurrent loads oF to an interconnected utility service Electrolyte. The medium that provides the ion transport mech- anism bemcen the positive and negative electrodes of cell. Energy Storage System (ESS). Onc or more componcnts asembled wgether capible of storing energy for use at 2 fauare time. ESS(s) cam include but is not limited to battevies, ‘capacitors, and kinetic energy devices (eg, flywheels and ‘compressed ait). These stems can have ac or de output for twilization and can include imerters and converters to change sored cnergyinto electrical energy. usa bil ty features 2s aids to the user Changes other than editorial are indicated with gray shading within sections. An entire figure caption with gray shading indicates a change to an existing figure. New scctions, tables, and figures are indicated by a bold, italic N in agray box to the leftof the new maicnal. An N next io an Arii- cle title indicates that the entire Article is new. Where one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the deletion is indicated by a bullet (*) between the paragraphs that remain.