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GLOSSARY

STRIKE SLIP DEFORMATION

BASIN FORMATION

KEVIN T
Exxon Production Research

Company

AND SEDIMENTATION

BIDDLE

O Box 2189

Texas 77252 2189

Houston

AND

NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

Departmelll of Geological

Sciences and Lamolll

Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University

Basin

INTRODUCTION

Many of the geological terms having to do with strike


slip deformation basin formation and sedimentation are
used in a variety of ways by different authors e g
pull
apart basin or they are synonymous with other words e g
left lateral sinistral Rather than enforcing a rigorously
uniform terminology in this book we decided to set down
our
preferred definitions in a glossary and where appro
priate to indicate alternative usage In selecting terms for
definition we have tried to steer a course between being
overly encyclopedic and providing a list useful to those
having little familiarity with the geology of strike slip ba
sins especially those described in this volume Some words
eg
cycle have additional meanings in the geological sci
ences not included here
and this glossary should therefore
be used in the context of strike slip basins The references
cited

are

those from which

we

obtained definitions

or

which

illustrate the concept embodied

by a particular term We
attempted
provide original references for every
those
for
especially
long used in the geological lit

have not
term

to

erature

Anastomosing Pertaining to a network of branching


rejoining surfaces or surface traces Commonly used to

and
de

scribe braided fault systems

dip

blocks

displaced and that


slip on each fault

rotate

that the net

so

would be without rotation


thors
to a

use

no

the

cross

slip
the

1967

p
the term to describe faults that I

Many au
are
subsidiary

fault and have less

2 formed in the
to

fault bounded

is greater than it

displacement than that fault


regime as the major fault with
they are associated 3 are oriented at a high angle
major fault in map view for strike slip faults in

major

which

Oennis

same stress

sectional view for normal faults

faults

major

have
fault

a sense
or

of

displacement
dip

for normal faults

for strike
opposite that of

and

in the

opposite

Antithetic strike up faults compose the R


Reidel shears formed in simple shear Fig I

direction

Aulacogen

introduced

Shatski

1946a

set

of

Lamont

to

narrow

Doherty Geological Observatory

Contribution No

3913

Copyright @ 1985 The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists

sedimentary

nis

1967

BubnofT

history and usage of the word


9 Bates and Jackson 1980 p 55

curve

of subsidence

plot

rock
see

time

versus

for

Oen

Fischer

1974
Bubnoff unit
as

A standard measure of geologic rates such


defined as I m m y
Fischer 1969

subsidence

rates

Bates and Jackson


Burial

history

1980
A

curve

84

for

plot

given location of the


overlying a surface ver
a

cumulative thickness of sediments


time

sus

Closing

bend

See
I

Compaction

Hinte

van

restraining

1978

bend

The reduction in bulk

volume or thick

body of sediment in
to the increasing weight of a superimposed load
response
2 the physical process by which fine grained sediment is

ness

of

1961

Philipp

or

the pore

Jackson

1980

space within

modified from Bates and

127

I A system of stresses that tends to shorten


decrease the volume of a substance preferred definition

Compression

modified from Bates and Jackson


involves

compression
is compressive
stresses

are nonzero

sible for a
or more

one

in triaxial

1980

130

Uniaxial

which
principal
compression all three principal
stress

nonzero

Means

1976

compressive principal
principal stresses

It is also pos

80

stress to occur

tensile

with

Engelder personal

1985 this volume

Compressional

bend

See

Riedel shear

Fig

Aydin

stress

and Nur

contraction

see

Compressional overstep
Conjugate

1985

commun

one

A state of strain in

which material lines become shorter under compressive

antithetic shear

by
elongate sedimentary basins that extend
into cratons from either a geosyncline or a mountain belt
that formed from a geosyncline for a discussion of genesis
in terms of plate tectonics see Hoffman et aI
1974
describe

term

thick accumulation of

discussion of the

or

Antithetic fault
Originally defined by H Cloos 1928
1936 to describe faults that dip in a direction opposite to
of the rocks

l A site of pronounced sediment accumulation

relatively

converted to consolidated rock

THE GLOSSARY

the

Palisades Nell York 10964

bend

restraining
See

restraining overstep

Synonymous

with R

See Riedel shear

Riedel

synthetic

or

and

antithetic faults
Contraction
e

A strain

involving

thermal contraction

or

reduction in volume

reduction of length e g
Con
1958 McClay 1981
a

contraction fault of Norris


traction has been gaining popularity as the general strain
term associated with compressive stress much like the re

lationship

between the

stress

term

tension and the strain

376

KEVIN T BIDDLE AND NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

ANTITHETIC
SHEAR

EXTENSION
FRACTURE

RIEDEl R
SHEAR

MASTER
FAULT

SECONDARY
SYNTHETIC
SHEAR

SYNTHETIC
EN ECHElON

TENSION T
FRACTURE

SHEAR

FOLDS
A

ideal conditions compiled from clay cake


angular relations between structures that tend to form in right lateral simple shear under
the figure in reverse image
geological examples Arrangements for structures along left slip faults may be determined by viewing
A Terminology largely from Wilcox et al 1973
superimposed on a strain ellipse for the overall deformation B Riedel shear terminology modified
1970 and Bartlett el al 1981
See glossary for definitions of terms
from Tchalenko and Ambraseys
FIG

The

models and from

extension The word shortening as used by Hobbs et


al 1976 p 27
may be a better choice for general use
because it does not imply a volume change
term

Convergent

bend

A bend in a strike

slip fault

that results

in overall crustal

shortening in the vicinity of the bend syn


onymous with restraining bend of Crowell 1974a
See

Convergent overstep

the fault

Wilcox

et

aI

Jackson

1980

Divergent

177
A bend in

bend

1973

strike

in overall crustal extension in the

onymous with

releasing

slip fault that results


vicinity of the bend syn

bend of Crowell

See

Divergent overstep

restraining overstep

Convergent transpressional strike slip or wrench fault


A strike slip or wrench fault along which strike slip defor
mation is accompanied by a component of shortening trans
verse to

Dip slip fault A fault along which most of the displace


ment is
accomplished by dip slip modified from Bates and

1974a

releasing overstep

Divergent transtensional strike slip or wrench fault


A strike slip or wrench fault along which strike slip defor
mation is accompanied by a component of extension trans
verse to the fault
Wilcox et aI 1973 Harding et aI 1985
this volume

An interval of time

during which one series of


2
a
events is completed
preferred definition
of sediment or rock units repeated in a succession
I

Cycle
recurrent

sequence
for additional discussion

see

Bates and Jackson

1980

A base discordant relation in which

Downlap

downdip against

clined strata terminate

zontal

or

inclined surface Mitchum

an

1977

initially in
initially hori

206

156

Depositional sequence
a
relatively conformable
and bounded

strata

its

at

stratigraphic unit composed of


succession of genetically related
top and base by unconformities or
A

their correlative conformities


Dextral

Pertaining

the

to

Mitchum

right

1977
dextral

206

slip

is

The

horizontal

acute

angle

between

measured in

an

vertical

right

inclined surface and the

plane perpendicular

to

strike

a less competent bed between more


competent beds by movement of the competent beds in op
posite directions relative to one another Bates and Jackson

186

Drape fold
passively to
Friedman

measured parallel to the dip


1959 p 2662 Bates
modified from Crowell

Dip separation
fault

fold

normal

1980

Dip

of

see

minor fold formed in

slip

I A fold produced by movement along a fault


drag and reverse drag In this context the term
is somewhat misleading because folding commonly ini
2 A
tiates before faulting Hobbs et aI 1976 p 306

Drag

and Jackson

ferential

Separation

1980

177

See

separation

Dip slip The component of slip measured parallel to the


dip of a fault Crowell 1959 p 2655 Bates and Jackson
See slip
1980 p 177

et

A fold in

a sedimentary layer that conforms


configuration of underlying structures

the
aI

1976

compaction

is

The

Dynamic analysis

1049

p
an

example
study

A fold formed

of

drape

by

dif

fold

of kinematics and kinetics

that relates strains to the evolution of stress fields

Echelon

Step

of Segall and Pollard

Clayton 1966 and


meaning overstepping faults

echelon faults of
1980

GLOSSARY

377

stepped arrangement of relatively short


consistently overlapping or underlapping structural ele
ments such as faults or folds that are approximately parallel
to each other but oblique to the linear or relatively narrow
zone in which they occur
preferred definition modified
from Campbell 1958 Harding and Lowell 1979 see Fig

synonymous with one usage of normal fault Suppe 1985


The term may be applied to faults of any dip
p 269

En echelon arrangements

and

cross

Ex
1985
p 52 J T Engelder personal commun
tension fractures form when effective stresses are tensile

En echelon

section

Shelton

volume

in both map view


1984 Aydin and Nur 1985 this
arrangement of two or more
can

occur

Any stepped
overlapping or underlapping structural elements such as faults
or folds that are approximately parallel to each other and
to the zone in which they occur without reference to whether
the sense of overstep is consistent or inconsistent e g
for
strike slip deformation O A Rodgers 1980 Aydin and
Nur

gers

1985 this volume for thrust and fold belts J Rod


1968 Oahlstrom 1970 See oblique

1963 Armstrong

Christie Blick

1983

A mode I crack

Extension fracture
no

motion in the

plane

A strain

Extension fault

arbitrary

datum

EN ECHELON

involving

increase in

an

when pore fluid pressure exceeds litho static pres


Partly synonymous with T fracture of Tchalenko and

sure

See tension fracture In strike slip sys


extension fractures and tension fractures form in re

Ambraseys 1970
tems

sponse

to

simple

shear

A fault that results in

commonly

but

not

lengthening of an
necessarily bedding

See

Extensional bend

about 450

to

the

master

fault

releasing
See

releasing overstep

RIGHT STEPPING

17

OVERSTEP

HORSETAIL
SPLAY
FIG

Some

simple

Fig

bend

A change in the orientation of


External rotation
tural features during deformation with reference to

LEFT STEPPING

RELAY

at

Extensional overstep

length

that shows

or one

Lawn and Wilshaw

1975

relay pattern
Extension

of the crack

RESTRAINING

RELEASING

BEND

BEND

structural

patterns

struc
coor

KEVIN T BIDDLE AND NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

378

dinate
son

external to the deformed

axes

1980

body

Bates and Jack

218

Laterally or sequentially associated bodies of


sedimentary rock distinguished on the basis of
objective lithologic and paleontologic characteristics that
reflect the processes and environments of deposition and
2 distinctive adjacent coeval rock units
or diagenesis
3 the lithologic and paleontologic char
White 1980
acteristics of a body of sediment or sedimentary rock that
reflect the processes and environments of deposition orig
inal sense of Gressly 1838
See Walker 1984 for further
sediment

or

discussion and references


Fault
to

the

to

numerous

reviews

angle depression A subsiding depression parallel


trace of an
oblique slip fault Ballance 1980 p 232

Fault flank depression


folds of

strike

slip

depression

fault system

between

Crowell

subsidiary

1974b synonymous with pressure

ridge

splay A subsidiary fault that merges with and is


genetically related to a more prominent fault Fault splays
are common near the termination of a major strike slip fault
Fig 2 unless this is at an intersection with another strike
slip fault

parallel

An individual fault of a

subparallel

set

of closely

spaced

faults of a fault system

wedge basin A basin formed by extension at a re


leasing junction between two predominantly strike slip faults
having the same sense of offset Crowell 1974a synony
1982
See releasing
mous with wedge graben of Freund
fault junction
Fault

Flexure

A fold

force couple applied


Suppe 1985 p 360
2 a mechanism of regional isostatic compensation in which
loads are supported by broad deflection of the lithosphere
as a result of lithospheric rigidity
Watts and Ryan 1976
Watts 1983 M S Steckler personal commun
1985

parallel

produced by

An array of upward diverging fault


structure
splays within a strike slip zone attributed to R F Gregory
by Harding and Lowell 1979 see positive flower structure
and negative flower structure synonymous with palm tree
structure of
Sylvester 1984 but preferred for reasons of

Flower

precedence
dominated

A fold whose overall

member

the

shape

Stearns

1978

by

and trend

An

Graben

Heat flow

Bates and Jackson

The

product

mal

conductivity
gradient is measured
Horsetail

splay

the end of

forms

an

1980

of a thermal

of the material

set

block bounded

elongate relatively depressed

normal faults

by

One of

a set

268

gradient and

across

the ther

which the thermal

of curved fault

splays

near

strike

slip fault that merge with that fault The


array that crudely resembles a horse s tail Figs

A change in the orientation of


Internal rotation
tural features during deformation with reference to

dinate

axes

internal

the deformed

to

body

struc
coor

Bates and Jack

p 322

1980

analysis The analysis of a movement pattern


displacement without reference to force or stress
modified from Spencer 1977 p 39

Kinematic
based

on

Leaky transform A transform plate boundary character


ized by significant volcanism and or intrusion along its
length See Garfunkel 1981 for a continental example See
transform fault transform margin
An overstep stepover
Left hand overstep or stepover
in which one fault or fold segment occurs to the left of the

segment from which it is being viewed Campbell


aI
See left stepping
1973
overstep
stepover For oversteps in cross section it is necessary to
specify the direction from which the overstep is being viewed

adjacent
1958

Wilcox et

Left lateral

shape and trend are


of an underlying forcing

Refers

to

in which the far side is


respect

to

the

near

an offset along a fault in map view


apparently displaced to the left with

side

Left
of

Forced fold

transform fault

the direction of deflection

to

oceanic

1984

son

Fault

or

an

1976

A linear topographic high associated with


Fault slice ridge
a fault bounded uplifted block within a fault zone Crowell

Fault strand

zone

its intersection with

Facies

An extension of

beyond
ridge Fracture zones are
characterized by dip slip especially where juxtaposed oceanic
crust is of
markedly different age and usually they do not
experience strike slip see Freund 1974 Fox and Gallo
Fracture

the

Strike separation in which the far side


separation
apparently displaced to the left with respect to
near side
See separation strike separation
fault is

slip The component of slip measured parallel to the


strike of a fault in which the far side of the fault is displaced
Left
to

the left with respect

Left

Refers

stepping

fold segment
from which it is

or

to

near

side

See

slip

overstep in which one fault


the left of the adjacent segment

to an

occurs to

being

the

viewed

Fig

See left hand

over

step
A more or Iess stable area underlain

Foreland
nental

crust

rocks of the
Jackson

by conti
adjacent to an orogenic belt toward which
belt were tectonically transported Bates and

and

1980

241

Lineament
tent

that is

1976

A linear

thought

p 267

to

topographic

reflect crustal

feature of
structure

regional
Hobbs

et

ex

aI

GLOSSARY

379

DElAIL OF POZ

RELEASING BEND
AREAS OF
SUBSIDENCE

PRINCIPAL DISPLACEMENT
ZONE POZ

FIG

The

spatial arrangement

Listric fault
downward

curved

flattening

fault

The

outer

generally
Bally et
by normal

see

faults may be characterized


tion

Lithosphere

in map view

of

structures

concave

aI
or

upward
Listric

1981
reverse

shell of the Earth

associated with an idealized

separa

consisting

of

and upper mantle and characterized by strength rel


ative to the underlying asthenosphere for deformation at

crust

geologic
1983

rates

Bates and Jackson

The base of the

1980

p 364 Watts
be defined by a

lithosphere
properties that reflect rheology such
temperature seismic velocity and degree of seismic at
can

number of different
as

tenuation

Marginal

basin

A semi isolated basin

volcanic chain of an island


Master fault

arc

system Karig

lying
1971

behind the
p

2542

major fault in a fault system Wilcox et


Rodgers 1980 nearly synonymous with prin
cipal displacement zone ofTchalenko and Ambraseys 1970
aI

fault See

right slip

slip faults new


lapping faults

term

glossary

See overstep

for definitions of

overlap

terms

and under

Negative flower structure A flower structure in which


the upward diverging fault splays are predominantly of nor
mal separation and commonly associated with a prominent
synformal structure or structures in strata above or cut by
the faults Harding
1983 1985 Harding et aI 1985 this
volume

See flower

structure

slip The displacement vector connecting formerly


adjacent points on opposite sides of a fault modified from

Net

Hobbs et aI

1976

p 300

drag Folding near a fault resulting from resis


slip along the fault Folded strata are convex to
the slip direction on both sides of the fault See drag

Normal
tance to

ward
fold

1973

Megashear A strike slip fault with horizontal displace


ment that
significantly exceeds the thickness of the crust
Carey 1958 1976 p 85

I
A fault with normal separation across
Normal fault
which the hanging wall is apparently lowered with respect
to the footwall preferred definition Hill
1959
2 a fault

generated by normal slip see Gill


may be applied to faults of any dip
Normal

series of discontinuities between

Multiple overstep
approximately parallel overlapping

or

underlapping

strike

dip

of

lowered with

1971

The term

Christie Blick

1983

Separation measured parallel to the


hanging wall is apparently
respect to the footwall See separation

separation
fault

1941

across

which the

380

KEVIN T BIDDLE AND NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

Normal
the

The

slip

of a fault

dip

with respect

component of slip measured parallel

across

which the

the footwall See

to

hanging
slip

to

wall is lowered

generally

One of a set of faults that develop in simple shear


after the formation of Riedel shears P shears have
sense of displacement as Riedel R shears
and

the same
form at an

Not

parallel intersecting at an acute angle En


echelon elements are oblique to the zone in which they oc
cur
but not all oblique elements are en echelon
See en
Oblique

P shear

the principal displacement zone that is


magnitude but of opposite sign Skemp
ton
1966 Tchalenko and Ambraseys 1970 Figs I 3
Synonymous with secondary synthetic strike slip fault
to

angle

of about the same

echelon

The relative

of

ad

Oblique slip
displacement
formerly
jacent points on opposite sides of a fault involving com
ponents of both dip slip and strike slip See slip dip slip
strike slip

Oblique slip fault A fault along which displacement is


accomplished by a combination of strike slip and dip slip
See slip oblique fault

features

sides of

by

fault

of

A base discordant

initially
an
initially

or

stratigraphic

inclined

strata

in map
bound

relation in which

terminate

updip against

inclined surface modified from Mitchum

1977

p 208
bend

Opening

1967

releasing

bend

zones

and within

constructed

of which

net

wedge offset streams


junction with structure
The

Plunge

acute

on

slip

formerly
opposite
the fault

on

Examples of
a
sedimentary

and facies boundaries used in

con

contours

angle

measured in

between
vertical

an

inclined line and the

plane containing

the line

Pop up A relatively uplifted block between


ing in opposite directions Originally applied
Butler

Positive flower structure

thrusts verg
to structures

1982

A flower structure in which the

fault

upward diverging
splays are predominantly of reverse
and
separation
commonly associated with a prominent an
tiformal structure or structures in strata above or cut by
the faults Harding et aI 1983 Harding 1985 See flower
structure

Profound deformation of rock bodies

Orogeny
stricted

See

or

one

ary

horizontal

real

means

in thrust and fold belts

On lap

of intersection of

points

may be determined Crowell 1959 p 2656


such linear features are the pinchout line of

horizontal

Oblique subduction The relative displacement


lithospheric plate beneath another plate such that
view the displacement vector is oblique to the plate

The

Piercing points
contiguous linear

along

limited time interval

re

Oennis

112

Pressure

A linear topographic high associated with


uplifted block within a fault zone Tcha
Ambraseys 1970 synonymous with fault slice

ridge

fault bounded

lenko and

ridge
I
Overlap
ping parallel

The distance between the ends of


faults

measured

parallel

to

overlap

the faults

Rod

1980 Mann et aI
1983 Aydin and Nur 1985 this
gers
volume generally applied to strike slip faults in map view

nearly
1980

synonymous with separation of Segall and Pollard


2
a
relation between two superimposed strati

graphic

units

unit extends

onlapping a given surface in which the upper


beyond the line of pinch out in the lower unit

I
a discontinuity between two approximately
Overstep
parallel overlapping or underlapping faults Fig 2 syn
onymous with stepover of Aydin and Nur 1982a b 1985
this volume Oversteps can occur in both map view and
cross section
and on both strike slip and dip slip faults
Aydin and Nur 1985 this volume but the term is com
monly applied to strike slip faults in map view See solitary
overstep multiple overstep releasing overstep and re
straining overstep 2 A stratigraphic relation in which one
or more
stratigraphic units unconformably overlie the eroded
edge of older generally tilted or folded sedimentary rocks

Principal displacement
that

accounts

lenko

and

An array of

splays within
Sylvester and

slip

with flower
that has

strike
R

structure

precedence

Smith
of

zone

upward diverging

nomenclature of A

Sylvester 1984
Harding and Lowell

fault
G

synonymous
1979 a term

most

zone

of the
1970

Ambraseys

relatively narrow zone


slip
given fault Tcha
See master
p 43 Fig 3
on a

fault
The outward

Progradation

building

direction of transport generally but


a shoreline toward a body of water

of sediment in the

not

from

exclusively

I A basin formed by crustal extension


Pull apart basin
at a releasing bend or
releasing overstep along a strike slip
fault zone preferred definition Burchfiel and Stewart 1966

Crowell

1974b Mann

aI 1983 nearly synonymous with


basin
any
resulting from crustal exten
1980 Bois et aI 1982

rhomb graben
sion Klemme

plane

that

are

Hobbs

homogeneous deformation involving either


general strain in which lines of particles
parallel to the principal axes of the strain ellipsoid

strain

or a

orientation before and after deformation

same

et

aI

1976

tional deformation
Push up

straining

et

Pure shear

have the
Palm tree structure

for

or

p 28
strain

A block elevated

bend

or

Also referred
See shear
crustal

to as

simple

an

irrota

shear

shortening at a re
restraining overstep along a strike slip fault
by

GLOSSARY

zone

Aydin and

Nur

1982a Mann

et

aI

See rhomb

1983

horst
A

Ramp valley
faults
ramp

topographic

basin bounded

by

reverse

Not all
1982
p 493 Burke et aI
are related to strike slip deformation

Willis

1928

valleys

381

I
A fault with reverse separation across
which the hanging wall is apparently elevated with respect
to the footwall
preferred definition Hill 1959 2 a fault
generated by reverse slip see Gill 1941 1971 The term
may be applied to faults of any dip Christie Blick 1983

Reverse fault

Reverse

Regression
expressed as

A seaward retreat of a shoreline

generally

a seaward
migration of shallow marine facies
modified from Mitchum 1977 p 209

of

dip

separation

Christie Blick and Biddle I985 this volume


bend
A bend in a strike slip fault associated
with overall crustal extension in the vicinity of the bend
2

Figs

Crowell

1974a

synonymous with

divergent

bend

Releasing
slip faults

fault

junction

between two strike

junction

associated with overall crustal extension and ba


sin formation between the faults Christie Blick and Biddle
1985 this volume

See fault
A

Releasing overstep
faults

wedge

basin

right overstep

wedge graben

between

right slip

left overstep between left slip faults associated


with overall crustal extension and basin formation between
or a

the faults

Christie Blick and Biddle

the

dip

1985 this volume

bend

with overall crustal


the bend

Figs

A bend in a strike

shortening
3

Crowell

and

slip fault associated


uplift in the vicinity of

1974a

synonymous with

convergent bend

Restraining fault junction A junction between two strike


slip faults associated with overall crustal shortening and uplift
between the faults

Christie Blick and Biddle

1985 this

volume

Restraining overstep
faults

right overstep

between left

slip

left overstep between right slip faults associated


with overall crustal shortening and uplift between the faults
or

Christie Blick and Biddle

Reverse drag
Oeformation along a fault that creates a
fold or set of folds whose curvature is opposite that which
would be formed by normal drag folding Reverse drag is
a common feature of listric normal faults where
hanging
concave

The component of slip measured parallel to


across which the
hanging wall is elevated
the footwall See
slip

fault
to

Rhombochasm
tal

crust

simatic

1976 p 81

Carey

sided gap in sialic continen


oceanic crust modified from

parallel

occupied by

One of S

is the Gulf of California

For

Carey s type examples


original definition and dis

Carey 1958

see

A basin

by crustal extension at
in a strike slip fault
overstep
releasing
zone
Freund
1971 Aydin and Nur 1982b synonymous
with pull apart basin of Burchfiel and Stewart 1966 and
Crowell
1974a b particularly sharp pull aparts or ones
that are angular in map view
Rhomb
a

graben
releasing bend

formed

or

A block elevated by crustal shortening at


restraining bend or restraining overstep in a strike slip
fault zone Aydin and Nur 1982b nearly synonymous with
push up of Aydin and Nur 1982a and Mann et aI 1983
particularly those that are angular in map view

Rhomb horst
a

In

Riedel shear

Right

form

simple

oriented

shear

two sets

of shear fractures

1
1 2 to the principal
displacement zone where I is the internal coefficient of
friction commonly taken to be about 300 Shear fractures
oriented at 1 2 are called R shears whereas those formed
at 900
1 2 are termed R shears modified from Tchalenko
See synthetic and antithetic faults
and Ambraseys 1970
Figs I 3
to

hand overstep

2 and 900

at

An overstep
step
fold segment occurs to the right
of the adjacent segment from which it is being viewed
Campbell 1958 Wilcox et aI 1973 See right stepping
over

or

in which one fault

stepover

or

overstep stepover For oversteps in


essary to

specify

being

viewed

Right

lateral

cross section
it is nec
the direction from which the overstep is

1985 this volume

Retrogradation The landward backstepping of sedimen


tary units usually but not exclusively from a shoreline as
expressed by a landward migration of facies belts

wall folds are

with respect

tend

Restraining

slip

of

cussion

Releasing

Separation measured parallel to the


hanging wall is apparently
to the footwall See
separation

which the

across

elevated with respect

Reverse

Relay pattern A shingled arrangement of inconsistently


overlapping or underlapping structural elements such as faults
or folds that are approximately parallel to each other and
to the
elongate zone in which they occur modified from
Harding and Lowell 1979 Fig 2 Many authors do not
distinguish between en echelon and relay arrangements See

fault

toward the

slip

direction

Refers

to

in which the far side is

along a fault in map view


apparently displaced to the right

an

offset

with respect to the near side

Right separation Strike separation in which the far side


of a fault is apparently displaced to the right with respect
to the near side
See separation strike separation
Right slip
the

strike of

displaced

to

The component of slip measured parallel to


a fault in which the far side of the
fault is

the

right

with respect

to

the near side See

slip

KEVIN T BIDDLE AND NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

382

Refers

Right stepping
fold segment
from which it is

to

viewed

being

overstep in which one fault


of the adjacent segment

an

the

occurs to

or

right
Fig

See

right

hand

over

Motion in which the

Rotation

ing object

defines

an

path of a point in
around a specified axis

arc

the

mov

Strain in which the orientation of the


Rotational strain
strain axes is different before and after deformation Bates
1980

and Jackson

p 546

See

simple

shear

Secondary synthetic fault One of a set of faults that de


velop in simple shear generally after the formation of syn
thetic faults Riedel shears
Secondary synthetic faults have
the same sense of displacement as the synthetic faults and
form an angle to the principal displacement zone that is of
about the same magnitude as the synthetic faults but of op
posite sign Figs I 3 Synonymous with P shear See
synthetic and antithetic fault Riedel shear
I
The apparent displacement of formerly
Separation
on opposite sides of a fault
measured
surfaces
contiguous
in any given direction modified from Reid et aI 1913 p
169 Crowell 1959 p 2661
2 the perpendicular dis
tance between
overlapping parallel strike slip faults Rod
and Nur 1985 this
gers 1980 Mann et aI 1983 Aydin
3 the distance between overstepping parallel strike
volume
slip faults either overlapping or underlapping measured
parallel to the faults Segall and Pollard 1980 nearly syn
onymous with overlap of Rodgers 1980

Shear

A strain

resulting from stresses that cause or tend


a body to move relatively to each other
parallel to their plane of contact modified

parts of

to cause
a

direction

from Bates and Jackson

simple

1980

575

See pure shear

shear
A constant volume

homogeneous defor
involving plane strain in which a single family of
parallel material planes is undistorted in the deformed state
and parallel to the same family of planes in the undeformed
Simple

shear

mation

state

modified from Reid

et

aI

1913

168

Crowell

1959

p 2655

step

in

Slip The relative displacement of formerly adjacent points


on opposite sides of a fault measured along the fault surface

Hobbs

et

aI

tational deformation

1976
or

Also referred to as
p 29
strain See shear pure shear

Slip oblique fault A strike slip fault along which strike


slip deformation is accompanied by a component of either
shortening or extension transverse to the fault Mann et al
1983 includes convergent and divergent strike slip or wrench
faults of Wilcox et aI 1973 and transpressional and trans
tensional faults of Harland 1971 nearly synonymous with
oblique slip fault

muth of the
with
et

A fault that strikes

fault

Slip parallel

slip
simple parallel

aI

1973

Blick and Biddle

to

the azi

1983 synonymous
wrench fault of Wilcox

strike

and with

parallel

Mann et aI

direction

slip or
simple strike slip

fault of Christie

1985 this volume

Solitary overstep An isolated discontinuity between two


approximately parallel overlapping or underlapping faults
Guiraud and Seguret 1985 this volume Fig 2
Sphenochasm A triangular gap of oceanic crust separat
ing two continental blocks with fault margins converging
to a point
and interpreted as having originated by the ro
tation of

one

block with respect

to

the other modified from

Carey 1976 p 81 The Bay of Biscay is one of S


Carey s examples of a sphenochasm See Carey 1958
original definition

for

Splay Generally synonymous with fault splay a subsid


iary fault that merges with and is genetically related to a
more prominent fault
Stepover A discontinuity between two approximately
parallel overlapping or underlapping faults Aydin and Nur
1982a b 1985 this volume Aydin and Page 1984 syn
Stepovers can occur in both map
onymous with overstep
view and cross section and on both strike slip and dip slip
faults Aydin and Nur 1985 this volume
but the term is
commonly applied to discontinuities on strike slip faults in
map view

a ro

Stratigraphic separation The stratigraphic


cut out or repeated by a fault
modified from

Simple strike slip or wrench fault A strike slip or wrench


fault along which adjacent blocks move laterally with no
component of shortening or extension transverse to the fault
1985 this volume synonymous
with simple parallel strike slip or wrench fault of Wilcox
et aI
1973 and with slip parallel fault of Mann et aI

thickness either
Crowell

1959

p 2663
Strand

See fault strand

Christie Blick and Biddle

The azimuth of the line of intersection of

Strike

clined surface with

horizontal

Strike

Separation

an

in

plane

1983
Sinistral

Pertaining

to

the left

sinistral

slip

is left

slip
Slickenside

polished

or

smoothly

striated surface

either side of a fault that results from motion


Bates and Jackson

1980

587

along

on

the fault

of

separation

fault

measured

modified from Crowell


1980

Strike

The component of slip measured


a fault
Crowell
1959 p 2655

slip

Jackson

1980

618

See

See

and Jackson

the strike of

p 618

to the strike
2662 Bates

parallel

1959

slip

separation
parallel

to

Bates and

383

GLOSSARY

slip fault A fault along which most of the dis


placement is accomplished by strike slip modified from
Strike

Bates and Jackson

p 618

1980

Thermal subsidence

given point in
contraction Sleep
at a

That part of the tectonic subsidence


basin caused by thermal

sedimentary

1971

Parsons and Sclater

1977

See

tectonic subsidence

slip basin Any basin in which sedimentation is


accompanied by significant strike slip modified from Mann
Strike
et

aI

1983

1936

to

The

depression of an
surrounding areas

to

fault

Synthetic

area

defined

Originally

describe faults that

dip

of the Earth

by

in the

s crust

Cloos 1928
direction as

same

the rocks displaced and that rotate fault bounded blocks so


that the net slip on each fault is less than it would be with
out rotation
Oennis 1967 p 148 149 Many authors now
I

describe faults that

the
major fault and have less
term

use

to

to

the

cross

subsidiary

are

to

displacement than that fault 2


regime as the major fault with
they are associated 3 are oriented at a low angle
major fault in map view for strike slip faults in

formed in the
which

same stress

sectional view for normal faults

and

for strike

slip faults have the same sense of displacement as the ma


jor fault with which they are associated or for normal faults
dip in the same direction The R set of Riedel shears and
the P shears of Tchalenko and Ambraseys
1970 are syn
thetic faults Figs I 3
Tear fault

slip or oblique slip fault within or


bounding an allochthon produced by either regional exten
sion or regional shortening Tear faults accommodate dif
ferential displacement within a given allochthon or be
tween the allochthon and adjacent structural units
Tectonic

A strike

depression
low

Any structurally produced


low

pographic
topographic
slip deformation Clayton 1966
a

That

Tectonic subsidence

point

in

sedimentary

mechanism

to

strike

produced by

1978

given
driving
by removing

part of the subsidence

basin caused

by

at

tectonic

Tectonic subsidence is calculated

Keen

1979

Trace
the

Reid

The component of slip measured parallel with


vein or other surface on the fault plane

slip

trace
et

of

a bed

aI

1913

Bond and Kominz

1984

stresses
a

that tends

substance

to

lengthen

one

Tension

p 2182

1941

and

at

169 modified from Oennis


Transform fault

1967

A strike

spheric plate boundary


major tectonic features
other
zones or rarely
boundaries

Wilson

Transform

margin

slip

57

fault that

acts

as

and terminates at both ends

such

as

oceanic

1965
A

Freund

that

litho

against

subduction

ridges

transform faults

are

also

plate

1974

plate margin

formed

by

a trans

form fault or system of transform faults and dominated

strike

slip

A
Transgression
generally expressed

landward

movement

of

shoreline

landward migration of shallow


modified from Mitchum 1977 p 211
as

Transtension
A system of stresses that operates in
of oblique extension modified from Harland 1971

divergent

by

deformation

strike

slip

or

wrench fault

zones

See

transpression

Transpression A system of stresses that operates in zones


of oblique shortening modified from Harland 1971
Sylvester and Smith 1976 See convergent strike slip or
transtension

or

Uniaxial tension in

principal stress which is tensile in


two
tension
general
principal stresses are tensile Means
It is possible for a tensile principal stress to
1976 p 79
occur with one or more compressive principal stresses
volves

Beckwith

A strike slip fault typically sub


depth
commonly involving igneous and
metamorphic basement as well as supracrustal sediments
and sedimentary rocks see Moody and Hill 1956 Freund
2 a long
1974 nearly synonymous with wrench fault
subvertical strike slip fault that cuts strata approximately
perpendicular to strike original sense of Geikie 1905 p
vertical

wrench fault
A system of
Tension
increase the volume of

170

Transcurrent fault

marine facies

the component of subsidence produced by non tectonic pro


and
cesses such as sediment loading sediment compaction
water
Watts
1976
Steckler
and
and
depth changes
Ryan
Watts

arbitrary datum commonly but not necessarily bedding


McClay 1981 The term may be applied to faults of any
dip although thrust faults tend to dip less than 300 during
active slip
an

Subsidence
with respect

A map scale contraction fault that shortens

Thrust fault

Trend

The azimuth of

an

inclined

or

horizontal line

nonzero

fracture

lithostatic loads become

A mode I crack that forms when

negative

Lawn and Wilshaw

1975

See ex
1985
p 52 J T Engelder personal commun
tension fracture In strike slip systems extension fractures
and tension fractures form in response to simple shear at

about 450 to the master fault


braseys 1970

Fig

Tchalenko and Am

Unconformity A buried surface of erosion or non de


position modified from J C Crowell personal commun
1975

Underlapping

faults

Approximately parallel faults


applied to oceanic ridge

overstep without overlapping


ments by Pollard and Aydin

that
seg

1984

Wedge graben A basin formed by extension at a releas


ing junction between two predominantly strike slip faults
having the same sense of offset Freund 1982 synony

384

KEVIN T BIDDLE AND NICHOLAS CHRISTIE BLICK

with fault

mous

fault

leasing

basin of Crowell

wedge
junction

See

re

typically sub vertical at


and
depth involving igneous
metamorphic basement rocks
as well as supracrustal sediments and sedimentary rocks
modified from Moody and Hill 1956 p 1208 Wilcox et
aI 1973 nearly synonymous with transcurrent fault
slip

fault

Y shear
A fault that forms in response to simple shear
and as deformation continues gradually accommodates most
of the

Bartlett

et

aI

the

along

movement

Rocky Mountains Implications for subsidence mechanisms age of


breakup and crustal thinning Geological Society of America Bulletin
v
95 p 155 173
BURCHFIEL B c AND STEWART

A strike

Wrench fault

1974a

principal displacement

zone

1981

central

America Bulletin
BURKE

In

this

compiling

glossary

have been

we

inspired by J
terminology

the value of precise

on

for the effective communication of both observations and


ideas

The

reviewed

various stages by
Grunow O R Seely

manuscript
A Aydin J T Engelder A M
and C C Wielchowsky We also
K

was

Kastens

at

thank I W O

C Nicholson and M S

ful

Oalziel

Steckler for

omissions

help
how

suggestions Remaining
ever the responsibility of the authors
Logistical support
was provided by Exxon Production Research Company
and
by an ARCO Foundation Fellowship to Christie Blick
errors

or

are

p 448 472
CAREY S W
S

NUR A

AND

1982a

79

Evolution of

p 429

Geo

458

pull apart

1982b

Evolution of

Tectonics
1985

push

sin Formation

gists

and
and

Sedimentation

Mineralogists Special

AND

PAGE

tonics

in

fornia

Geological Society

BALLANCE

Society

1984

37 p
Diverse Pliocene
San Francisco

transform environment
F

1980

and

Mobile Zones

uf Amcrica Bulletin

BALLY A
Listric

35

Reading

oblique slip

cds

95

1303

fault

non

zones

1317
marine
ill Bal

Sedimentation in

Association of

p 229 236
BERNOULLI D DAVIS

44

Quaternary tec
Bay region Cali

Models of sediment distribution in

International

Publication No

of Economic Paleontolo

Publication No

and shallow marine cnvironments in


lance

indepen

105

and

AYDIN

basins and their scale

pull apart

91

types and role of stepovers in strike slip tectonics


Christie Blick N Strike Slip Deformation Ba

The

in Biddle K

Oblique Slip
Sedimentologists Spccial

AND

MONTADERT L

1981

tional

normal faults Oceanologica Acta Proceedings 26th Interna


Geological Congress Geology of Continental Margins Sympo

sium

Paris

BARTLETT

p 87 101
W L FRIEDMAN

177

124
p 101
CHRISTIE BLICK N
mation
N

LOGAN

1981

Experimental

of rocks under confining pressure Part IX Wrench


layers Tectonophysics v 79 p 255 277
BATES R L AND JACKSON J
1980 eds
A
Glossary of Geology
American Geological Institute 749 p
BECKWITH R H
1941
Trace slip faults American Association of Pe
troleum Geologists Bulletin v 25 p 2181 2193
BOIS c BOUCHE P
AND PELET R
1982 Global geologic history and
distribution of hydrocarbon reserves American Association of Petro
leum Geologists Bulletin v 66 p 1248
1270

folding

and

AND

faulting

faults in limestone

BOND

sidence

AND

curves

KOMINZ

for the

early

1984

Paleozoic

355

AND

Strike

Society

BIDDLE

1985

Deformation and basin for

slip faults in Biddle K T and Christie Blick


Slip Deformation Basin Formation and Sedimenta
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special

strike

along

eds

tion

of

Publication 37
CLA YTON

of

p 1 34
1966 Tectonic

and

Geology

CLOOS

depressions along the Hope Fault a trans


Canterbury New Zealand New Zealand Journal
Geophysics v 9 p 95 104
Ober antithetische Bewegungen Geologische Rund

fault in North

current

schau

1928
19

246

251
in die

Einfiihrung

Dickinson

1959

Berlin

Geologie

503 p
American As

Borntraeger

Problems of fault nomenclature

Construction of tectonic sub

miogeocline

southern Canadian

Origin

Geologists Bulletin v 43 p 2653 2674


of late Cenozoic basins in southern California

W R

Tectonics and Sedimentation

ed

and

Paleontologists

190

Mineralogists Special

in

Society of

Eco

Publication No

22

204
1974b

in Dott

Sedimentation

Jr

along

and Shaver

the San Andreas fault


R

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California

Modem and Ancient

Geosynclinal Sedimentation Society of Economic Paleontologists and


Mineralogists Special Publication No 19 p 292 303
1976 Implications of crustal stretching and shortening of coastal
Ventura Basin California in Howell D G
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Aspects of the Geo
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DAHLSTROM

p 365
C D A

the Canadian

ology
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18

1 G

Rocky

382
1970 Structural
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geology

FISCHER

p 332 406
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1967
International Tectonic

1969

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Geologic time distance

Geological Society of America


1974 Origin and growth
S

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Princeton

in the

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Bulletin

Dictionary

196 p
rates the Bubnoff unit

80 p 549 551
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American

Petroleum and Global Tectonics Princeton

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margin

Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Ge

Association of Petroleum

New

Jersey

82

1984
A tectonic model for ridge trans
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lithosphere Tectonophysics v 104 p 205 242
FREUND R
1971
The Hope Fault a strike slip fault in New Zealand
New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin v 86 p 1 49
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approach to continental drift in Carey


a
Symposium Hobart University

A tectonic

Continental Drift

Expanding Earth Amsterdam Elsevier Scientific


Publishing Company Developments in Geotectonics 10 488 p
1983 Structural geology of the southern Sheeprock
CHRISTIE BLICK N
Mountains
Utah Regional significance in Miller D M
Todd V
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and Howard
K A
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Pacific Petroleum Geologists Newsletter American Asso


up ranges
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dence

p 439 442
KIDD W
1982

sociation of Petroleum

Sevicr orogenic belt in Nevada and Utah

of America Bulletin

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AYDIN

1968

apart origin of the


Geological Society of

The

1974a
R

AND

1958

convenor

CROWELL

ARMSTRONG

Pull

What is a ramp valley


Congress on Sedimentology Hamilton Ontariu In
tcrnational Association of Sedimentologists Abstracts of Papers p 40
BUTLER R W H
1982 The terminology of structures in thrust belts
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CAMPBELL J D
1958 En echelon folding Economic Geology v 53

1936

REFERENCES

1966
California

11th Intcrnational

1976

C Crowell s insistence

77

MANN

uf Tasmania

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 H

segment of Death Valley

form

1974

ophysics

1982

Kinematics of transform and


p 93 134
The role of shear in

tinental and Oceanic Rifts


Series
FRIEDMAN
W
III

1976

transcurrent

faults

Tecton

21

8 p 33 39
HANDIN J

rifting in Pilmason
Geophysical

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LOGAN

MIN

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Union

ed

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Geodynamics

AND

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Experimental folding of rocks under confining pressure Part


Faulted drape folds in multilithologic layered specimens Geolog

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1981

in relation

GEIKIE

kincmatics

Tectonophysics v 80
Geology Edinburgh

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p 81
Oliver and

Fault nomenclature

of Canada Trans

Royal Society

p 71 85
Continued confusion in the classification of faults Geo

1971

GRESSL Y A

1838

America Bulletin
Observations

1389

early

sin

ill

Strike

37

159

p
HARDING

1985

ocean

releasing solitary overstep model


Wealdian Soria strike slip ba

Cretaceous

Biddle

and Christie Blick

N
cds

Deformation

Slip

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Mineralogists Special

and

Palcontologists

PHILIPP

POLLARD

tural

Styles v
Geology

Series 15 v 3 p 4 2 1 to 4 2 8
Seismic characteristics and idcntification of

negative flower
positive structural inversion
Geologists Bulletin v 69 p 582
and

structures

American Association Petroleum


600
HARIJING

styles their plate


D
and hydrocarbon traps in petroleum provinces Amcr
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of Petroleum Gcologists Bulletin v 63 p
LOWELL

AND

tectonic habitats
ican Association

Structural

1979

1058
HARDING

GREGORY

wrench fault and

STEPHENS

AND

flower

positive

LH

1983

Seismic Expression of Structural


cd
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studics in
i1

Bally

2 17
p 4 2 13 to 4
T
P
VIERBUCHEN

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HARDING

transtensional

vergent

and

settings

N
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Society of Economic Paleontologists

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Deformation

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of di

and Christic
and Sedi

Mineralogists Spe

37

p 51 78
Tectonic transpression in Caledonian

1971

v
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p 27 42
Dual classification of faults

1959

of Petroleum
HOBBS

Gcologists
MEANS

of Structural
HOFFMAN

DEWEY

Slave Lake

to

AND

Modern and Ancient


and

43 p 217 237
WILLIAMS P F
1976
John

with

in Dott

American Associatiun

BURKE

AND

geosynclines

Canada

Paleontologists

New York

Geology

relation

genetic

Bulletin

An Outline

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Wiley

571 p

1974

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Geosynclinal Sedimentation Society of Economic


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development of marginal basins in the


western Pacific Journal of Geophysical Research v 76
p 2542 2561
KEEN C E
1979 Thermal history and subsidence of rifted continental
margins Evidence from wells on the Nova Scotian and Labrador
D

1971

and

Origin

Shelves Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

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p 505

522

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1980 Petroleum basins
c1assificatiuns and character
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Journal uf Petroleum Geology v 3 p 187 207
B R
AND WILSHAW T R
1975 Fracture of Brittle Solids New

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MANN

Press

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P

HEMPTON

Develupment

of

R
basins

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Juurnal uf

AND

1983

BURKE

Gcology

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p 529

554
MCCLAY

Society
MEANS

1981

What is

of London

339 p
MITCHUM
sea

and Price

cds

Special

1976

What is

thrust

Thrust and

Nappe

Publication No

Stress and Strain

level

JR

Part

II

1977

ill McClay
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Tectonics Geological

p 7 9
New York
Springer

Seismic

Glossary

of

stratigraphy

terms

used in

and

of

1984 Propagation and linkage of oceanic


A
Geophysical Research v 89 p 10 017

1980

Journal of
SHATSKI

1527

v
47 p
POLLARD D

AND

Mechanics of discontinuous faults

85 p 4337 4350
Basic features of the structurcs and

1946a

Vcrlag
of
ill

in Penn

folding

1536

1980

D
Research

Geophysical
S

foreland

Appalachian

American Association of Petroleum Ge

Virginia

Bulletin

SEGALL

Mechanics of

1963

development
plat

of the East

tectonics of ancient

forms

Geol No

European platform Comparative


Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Ser

1946b The Great Donets Basin and the Wichita


tectonics of ancient

parative

Ser Geol No

platforms Izvestiya

6 p 57 90
1984
Listric normal

W
American Association of Pctroleum

faults

5 62

Com

System

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