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CL = 155.00
= 19.80
MD
= 74.95
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Step 1
Calculate the Course Length, Average Inclination, and
Average Azimuth (use vector averaging if necessary)
Course Length
Average Inclination
CL = MD 2 MD1
I =
I1+ I
2
Average Azimuth
A=
A1 + A 2
2
72 .00 + 77 .90
2
A=
CL = 155.00'
A = 74.95
I = 19.80
16
North
East
North
106.25
East
90.84
Interim Data
CL = 155.00
= 19.80
MD
= 74.95
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
()
TVD = CL cos I
TVD = 155
' (0.9409)
CL
TVD
145.84
145.84
TVD11
4909.89
4909.89
TVD11 = 4764.05'+145.84'
TVD 11 = 4909 .89 '
Make a Triangle!
Interim Data
CL = 155.00
= 19.80
MD
= 74.95
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Step 3
Calculate the Horizontal Deviation
()
HD = CL sin I
HD = 155' sin(19.80)
CL
HD = 155' (0.3387 )
HD = 52 .50 '
HD
52.50
52.50
North
106.25
HD
52.50
52.50
East
90.84
Interim Data
CL = 155.00
HD = 52.50
MD
= 74.95
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Step 4
Calculate the change in rectangular coordinates (N, E)
N = HD cos( A)
N = 52.50' cos(74.95)
N = 52.50'(0.2597)
North
N = 13.63'
106.25
E = HD sin( A)
E = 52.50' sin(74.95)
E = 52.50' (0.9657)
E 50.70
50.70
N
13.63
13.63
HD
East
90.84
E = 50.70'
21
10
Interim Data
CL = 155.00
N = 13.63
E = 50.70
MD
Inc
Az
TVD
Step 4 (Cont.)
Calculate the rectangular coordinates (Total)
From Tie In Survey:
N10 = 106.25
VS
DLS
13.63
119.88 141.54
North
119.88
119.88
E10 =
E =
90.84
50.70
50.70
50.70
13.63
13.63
141.54
141.54
East
22
Vertical Section
Sometimes called:
VSA = 83
Vertical Section Azimuth
Target Direction
Proposed Direction
Vertical Section Plane
Azimuth
North
Closure Distance
Target
Location
East
Total Vertical
Section
23
11
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Step 5
Calculate Closure Distance (calculated from last survey)
North
Closure Azimuth
Closure Distance
Closure Distance
CD = ( N ) 2 + ( E ) 2
CD = (119 .88) 2 + (141 .54 ) 2
CD = 185.49 ft
East
24
1
1
4
2
East
3
2
3
E
CA = tan -1
N
30.0
CA = tan -1
40.0
36.87
36.87
CA = 36.87
25.0
CA = tan -1
30.0
180+(180+(-39.81)=
35.0
CA = tan -1
50.0
180+(34.99)=
CA = 39.81
140.19
140.19
CA = 34.99
214.99
214.99
50.0
CA = tan -1
20.0
360+(360+(-68.20)=
CA = 68.20
291.80
291.80
25
12
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Closure Azimuth
Closure Azimuth
E
CA = tan-1
N
141.54
CA = tan -1
119.88
CA = 49.74
East
26
Interim Data
CD = 185.49
CA = 49.74
MD
VSA = 83.00
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
DD = VSA CA
North
Closure Azimuth
Closure Distance
9
5.4
18
33.26
33.26
East
155.10
155.10
Target
Location
DD = 83 49.74
DD = 33.26
VS = CD cos(DD)
VS = 185.49' cos(33.26)
VS = 155.10'
Target Direction
27
13
Inc
Az
TVD
VS
DLS
Step 8
Calculate Dogleg and Dogleg Severity
Dogleg
DL = cos 1[sin( 19 .3) sin( 20 .3) cos( 77 .9 72 ) + cos(19 .3) cos( 20 .3)]
DL = cos 1[0.99924]
DL = 2.23
Dogleg Severity
DLS =
DLS =
DL Interval
CL
2.23 (100) ft
155'
DLS = 11.44
.44 / 100'
2008 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved.
29
14
Survey Calculations
Dogleg and Dogleg Severity
Closure and Vertical Section
Objectives
Each method makes assumptions about the path between the survey
stations
Minimum curvature
Is generally recognised as the most appropriate survey calculation
method in most circumstances
Is the most commonly used survey calculation method
Most of our customers worldwide use this (and want us to use this)
Assumes the line joining any two successive survey stations is a 3D
curve (with curvature in 3 dimensions i.e. the wellpath lies on the
surface of a sphere)
Radius of curvature
Used to be more common than it is now
Rarely used nowadays in the drilling industry
Assumes the line joining any two successive survey stations is a 3D
curve (with curvature in 2 dimensions i.e. the wellpath lies on the
surface of a cylinder)
They are therefore typically done only with the aid of a computer
program (e.g. WellArchitect, Advantage) or with a programmable
calculator (with appropriately validated program)
The average angle method is adequate for field calculations, but would
only be used in situations where for some reason a minimum
curvature calculation is not available
The average angle method assumes that the path between any two
survey stations is a straight line
The direction of the straight line is the average of the directions of the
survey stations at each end of the straight line
Az
Then, for the straight line between any two survey stations
Az = Az + Az
2
1
And
I = I + I
2
1
TVD
TVD = CL CosI
CL
HD
HD = CL Sin I
N
E
N = HD Cos Az
N
HD
E = HD Sin Az
Az
TVD = CL CosI
HD = CL Sin I
N = HD Cos Az
E = HD Sin Az
Clearly, to start off we need to have a tie-on line with the TVD, N, and E
coordinates specified this is usually, but not always, ultimately a tieon line at surface
Note that you can usually spot gross errors if you pay a little attention
to the numbers e.g. if the course length is 100 ft, then N cannot be
300 ft
You can either store previous line values on your calculator, or handenter them as appropriate
Depending on which you do, over multiple lines youll get very slight
differences in your answers
Dogleg
With the same change in inclination and azimuth between two survey
stations, the dogleg will be higher at higher inclinations.
The same amount of turn in the hole will produce a higher dogleg at
higher inclinations.
Azimuth
Dogleg
1
1
0
180
2.00
5
7
20
20
2.00
5
7
20
24
2.04
10
12
20
24
2.14
20
22
20
24
2.46
30
32
20
24
2.87
45
47
20
24
3.50
60
62
20
24
4.03
90
92
20
24
4.47
90
90
20
24
4.00
Dogleg Severity
DLS = DL Interval
CL
Dogleg and Dogleg Severity are NOT the same thing although the terms
are often used interchangeably
Calculate DLS for the first few lines of the given survey in Exercise 1
Drilling Map
Closure and Vertical Section
Drilling Map
10
Drilling Map
When we plot a survey on the plan view, what does that tell us?
It lets us know whether the drilled well is left or right of the plan (on the
projection)
11
Closure
1600
Cl o
Closure Direction
e
sur
t
Di s
ce
an
E
2250
Closure Distance
N
Closure Distance =
1600
ce
an
t
s
i
eD
ur
s
lo
2250
12
Closure Direction
N
2250
= 54.58
1600
1600
2250
Closure Calculation
13
Directional Difference
The difference between these two values is the Directional Difference (DD)
Directional Difference
N
2250
= 54.58
1600
VS Azimuth
Directional Difference
Closure Direction
2250
14
Vertical Section
1600
27
42
5.
60
9
.8
2250
Vertical Section
VS is a distance
Both the VS origin and the VS azimuth are defined (by a well-planner or
the customer) and will be found on the drilling plot
15
Drilling Map
Drilling Map
When we plot a survey on the section view, what does that tell us?
This vertical plane is oriented at some azimuth (the vertical section azimuth)
Strictly speaking, this is only true if we are drilling in a direction close to the
VS azimuth
16
If youre drilling in a direction other than N and E, the formulae will take
care of the different quadrants, as long as the directions are azimuths
measured clockwise from N
When calculating the DD, just subtract the smaller number from the
bigger for ease of calculation
17
The vertical section origin is usually, but not always, the slot
The customer may specify a point for VS origin that is not the slot
If the slot coordinates are not (0,0), you may have to correct
appropriately when calculating the closure distance i.e. subtract the N
and E of the slot coordinates from the coordinates of the point on the
wellpath
When drilling a sidetrack, the sidetrack point may be the VS origin, with
coordinates referenced to platform centre
The vertical section azimuth is typically chosen to give the most useful
view of the wellpath on the section view of the drilling plot
This gives the most useful view of the drilled versus planned wellpaths
18
Sometimes for a 3D plan it will be the same as for a 2D wellplan, i.e. the
direction of a straight line drawn from the slot to the end of the wellpath
Or it could be the direction of a straight line from the origin to the end of
the wellpath
Sometimes it will be chosen to give a better view of the more critical part
of the wellpath
If the calculated VS is negative, this means the drilled well has gone
backwards with respect to the VS azimuth and origin
The plotted drilled versus proposed section view will only truly tell you
if youre above or below the line if youre drilling in a direction close to
the VS azimuth
19
Curtain Section
This is not the same as VS, is now history, and can safely be forgotten
about
VS Calculation Exercise
20
Projecting Ahead
Objectives
The student will be able to
explain why we might project from the last survey to the bottom of the hole
Projecting Ahead
Projecting Ahead
Projecting Ahead
For any specific BHA, the survey sensor is some fixed distance behind the
bit
Surveys are almost always taken with the BHA off bottom
It is usually good practice to project ahead from the last survey station to
the bottom of the hole, and then to do any further projection from the
bottom of the hole
Projecting Ahead
Projecting Ahead
There are various formulae that can be used when projecting ahead
These formulae are typically developed from the geometry of the circle
and of the right-angled triangle
For most people, the derivation of these formulae is not a great matter
of interest
What is important is how to use them to get the information you want
Derivation of formulae
There is a fixed ratio between any arc length (AL) and the angle angle
(AA) by that arc
Lets assume were drilling in feet, so a typical arc length would be 100
So AL/AA = 100/BUR
Arc angle
Arc length
Derivation of formulae
In the limiting case of the entire circle the expression above would
equal C/360
So 100/BUR = 2rc/360
So if youre using these formulae, the first thing you need to check is
whether the BUR is expressed per 100, per 30, or whatever
Projecting Ahead
I
CL
MD
TVD
Az
VS
BUR
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rc
TF
DL
DLS
BOH
LSS
=
=
=
=
=
=
inclination (degrees)
course length (feet or metres)
measured depth (feet or metres)
true vertical depth (feet or metres)
azimuth (hole direction) (degrees)
vertical section (feet or metres)
build up rate (/interval) e.g. a BUR of 12/100ft would
be input into the formulas as 12
radius of curvature (feet or metres)
toolface (degrees from highside)
dogleg (degrees)
dogleg severity (degrees/100 ft or degrees/30m)
bottom of hole
last survey station
Remember that the interval (for BUR) is typically 100 if using feet, and
30 for m
I 2 - I1
MD 2 - MD1
) Interval
BUR
) + I2
Interval
Turn Rate = (
Az 2 - Az1
) Interval
MD 2 - MD1
Turn Rate
Interval
) + Az 2
The following are the last two surveys a directional driller obtained (depths in
ft):
MD
Inc
Az
TVD
4653
30
15
4643.99
4713
39
18
4693.38
The bit to sensor distance is 33 ft and surveys are taken 5 ft off of bottom
Assume the curvature between the last two survey stations will accurately
reflect the build rate to the bottom of the hole
What is the projected inclination and direction at the bottom of the hole?
We first need to calculate the build rate and turn rate achieved between the last
two survey stations using the appropriate formula
Then we need to project the inclination and direction at the bottom of the hole
based on the calculated build rate and the distance from the survey sensor to
the bottom of the hole
I 2 - I1
) Interval
MD 2 - MD1
Turn Rate = (
BUR = (
39 - 30
) 100
4713 - 4653
Turn Rate = (
BUR = 15 /100ft
BUR
) + I2
Interval
I BOH = (CL
I BOH = (38
15
) + 39
100
I BOH = 44.70
Az 2 - Az 1
) Interval
MD 2 - MD1
18 - 15
) 100
4713 - 4653
Az BOH = (CL
Az BOH = (38
Turn Rate
) + Az 2
Interval
5
) + 18
100
Az BOH = 19.9
Exercise
Assume that the DD now wants to know what the TVD will be (at a given
inc) if he continues to build at the rate defined by the last two surveys
rc
I1
TVD1
TVD2
TVD
I2
TVD1 = rc sinI 1
TVD 2 = rc sinI 2
So TVD = TVD 2 TVD1
= rcsinI 2 rcsinI 1
= rc (sinI 2 sinI 1 )
Using the same data as in the previous example, lets assume that the
build rate between the last two survey stations is continued to the BOH
So, we can calculate what the TVD will be at the bottom of the hole
rc =
5729.58
BUR
5729.58
15
= 381.97 ft
TVD LSS -BOH = rc (sinI BOH sinI LSS ) = 381.97 (sin 44.7 sin 39) = 28.29
TVD BOH = TVD LSS + TVD BOH -LSS = 4693.38 + 28.29 = 4721.67 ft
Exercise
We may wish to do the previous calculation the other way round for a
given TVD (e.g. target TVD) and inclination, what is the required BUR?
(TVD2 TVD1 )
(sin I 2 sinI 1 ) (sin I 2 sinI 1 )
TVD
Since BUR =
5729.58
rc
(sin I 2 sinI 1 )
(TVD2 TVD1 )
So if we wish to calculate the BUR from the BOH to the target, then
BURRequired = 5729.58
(sin I 2 sin I1 )
(TVD 2 TVD1 )
becomes
BURRequired = 5729.58
(sin I
(TVD
target
target
sin I BOH )
TVDBOH )
10
So, again using the same example data, if we wish to calculate the
BUR from the BOH to the target, then
BURRequired = 5729.58
(sin I
(TVD
target
target
sin I BOH )
TVD BOH )
becomes
BURRequired = 5729.58
= 8.15/100 ft
Exercise
11
Miscellaneous
Similar formulae can be derived and applied to the turn plane i.e.
azimuths
12