Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Paradoxes in
Probability Theory
Reviewed by Olle Hggstrm
The Simulation Argument
March 2013
Newcombs Paradox
An incredibly intelligent donor, perhaps from outer
space, has prepared two boxes for you: a big one
and a small one. The small one (which might as
well be transparent) contains $1,000. The big one
contains either $1,000,000 or nothing. You have a
choice between accepting both boxes or just the
big box. It seems obvious that you should accept
both boxes (because that gives you an extra $1,000
irrespective of the content of the big box), but
heres the catch: The donor has tried to predict
whether you will pick one box or two boxes. If the
prediction is that you pick just the big box, then it
contains $1,000,000, whereas if the prediction is
that you pick both boxes, then the big box is empty.
The donor has exposed a large number of people
before you to the same experiment and predicted
correctly 90 percent of the time, regardless of
whether subjects chose one box or two.1 What
should you do?
329
In Eckhardts account, X is the Higgs boson, which unfortunately (for his problem formulation) has been detected since
the time of writing.
3
It really has; see [NN].
4
Even I have found reason to discuss it in an earlier book
review in the Notices [H].
330
March 2013
References
[B]
[H]
[Har]
[Ho]
[Ka]
[Ko]
[L]
[NN]
331