Regression.

Regression is usually used to describe the nature of the relationship between one
variable (the dependent variable usually represented by Y) and the other variable
(the independent variable X). The knowledge of the nature of the relationship
between the two variables will enable us to predict and control events.
The aim of the regression analysis may be to learn if Y does depend on X, or the
prediction of Y from X may be the goal; or to determine the nature of the
regression line; others may be concerned with the error in Y in an experiment after
adjustments have been made for the effect of a related variable X.
Regression tells how values in Y changes as a function of changes in values of X.
Correlation describes the strength of a linear relationship between two variables
while regression tells us how to draw the straight line described by the correlation.
Regression calculates the best fit line for a certain set of data.
In computing the regression:

( )

These formulars are vital in arriving at the regression line

Example 43.
The following table presents shear strengths (in kNmm) and weld diameter (in
mm) for a sample of spot welds.
Diameter (x) 4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
Strength (y) 51
54
69
81
75
79
89
101
Obtain a regression line of y on x. What is the value of the strength when the
diameter is 5.5?
Solution.
x
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2

y
51
54
69
81
75
79

xy
214.2
237.6
317.4
388.8
375
410.8

x2
17.64
19.36
21.16
23.04
25
27.04
1

5.4
5.6
39.2

89
101
599

( )

480.6 29.16
565.6 31.36
2990 193.76
(

) (

)(

) (

)(

This is the regression line

( )

Example 44.
A windmill is used to generate direct current. Data are collected on 10 different
days to determine the relationship between wind speeds in mi/h (x) and current in
kA (y). The data are presented.
Wind speed (x) Current (y)
4.2
1.9
1.4
0.7
6.6
2.2
4.7
2.0
2.6
1.1
5.8
2.6
1.8
0.3
5.8
2.3
7.3
2.6
6.4
2.4
Obtain the regression (a). y from x
(b). y from lnx (c). ln y from x
(d).
Solution.
(a).
X
Y
4.2
1.9
1.4
0.7
6.6
2.2
4.7
2.0

XY
7.98
0.98
14.52
9.4

X2
17.64
1.96
43.56
22.09
2

2.6
5.8
1.8
5.8
7.3
6.4
46.6

1.1
2.6
0.3
2.3
2.6
2.4
18.1

( )

2.86
15.08
0.54
13.34
18.98
15.36
99.04
(

)
)

)(

) (

(b).

) (
(

6.76
33.64
3.24
33.64
53.29
40.96
256.78

)(

y against ln x

raw x
4.1
1.4
6.6
4.7
2.6
5.8
1.8
5.8
7.3
6.4

x=lnx
1.44
0.34
1.89
1.55
0.96
1.76
0.59
1.76
1.99
1.86
14.14

( )

) (

)(

) (

xy
x2
2.736 2.0736
0.238 0.1156
4.158 3.5721
3.1
2.4025
1.056 0.9216
4.576 3.0976
0.177 0.3481
4.048 3.0976
5.174 3.9601
4.464 3.4596
29.727 23.0484

y
1.9
0.7
2.2
2
1.1
2.6
0.3
2.3
2.6
2.4
18.1

)(

Example 45.
Two radon detectors were placed in different locations in the basement of a house.
Each provided an hourly measurement of the radon concentration in units of pCi/L.
Use the data to obtain the regression line of R2 against R1.
3

R1
1.2
R2
1.2
Solution.
X
1.2
2.9
3.4
3.9
4.3
4.7
4.9
5.5
6.1
6.5
43.4

2.9
1.9

Y
1.2
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.5
3.6
4.4
4.4
29.2

( )

3.4 3.9
2
2.4

4.7
3.1

4.9
3.5

5.5
3.6

6.1 6.5
4.4 4.4

XY
X2
1.44
1.44
5.51
8.41
6.80
11.56
9.36
15.21
11.61
18.49
14.57
22.09
17.15
24.01
19.80
30.25
26.84
37.21
28.60
42.25
141.68
210.92
(

) (
(

4.3
2.7

)(

) (

)(

)
)

Example 46.
In an experiment to determine the effect of load on the drift in signals derived from
a piezo electric force plates. The correlation coefficient y between the output and
time was computed for various load x in KN as shown in the table.
x
y

0.2
-0.97

0.25
-0.98

0.29
-0.97

0.34
-0.98

0.39
-0.96

0.44
-0.97

0.49
-0.95

0.54
-0.94

0.59
-0.95

Solution.
X
Y
0.20
- 0.97
0.25
- 0.98
0.29 - 0.97
0.34 - 0.98
0.39 - 0.96
0.44 - 0.97
0.49
- 0.95
0.54
- 0.94
0.59
- 0.95
3.53 - 8.67

( )

) (
) (

)(

)
)

X2
0.04
0.0625
0.0841
0.1156
0.1521
0.1936
0.2401
0.2916
0.3481
1.5277

XY
- 0.194
- 0.245
- 0.2813
- 0.3332
- 0.3744
- 0.4268
- 0.4655
- 0.5076
- 0.5605
- 3.3883

Example 47.
The coefficient of absorption (COA) for a clay brick is the ratio of the amount of
cold water to the amount of boiling water that the brick will absorb. The table
below contains the measurement of the COA and the pore volume (in cm3/g) for
seven bricks:
(a). Obtain a regression line of COA (y) against pore volume (x).
(b). What is the COA when the pore volume is 1.60 cm3/g.
Pore volume
COA

1.75
0.80

1.63
0.78

1.59
0.77

1.62
0.75

1.50
0.71

1.47
0.66

1.27
0.63

Solution.
X
1.75
1.63

Y
0.80
0.78

XY
1.4
1.27

X2
3.06
2.66
5

1.59
1.62
1.50
1.47
1.27
10.83

0.77
0.75
0.71
0.66
0.63
5.1

( )

1.22
1.22
1.07
0.97
0.80
7.95
(

) (

) (

)(

)
)

2.53
2.62
2.25
2.16
1.61
16.89

(b).
(