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ConservationofEnergy

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Theconservationofenergyisafundamentalconceptofphysicsalongwiththeconservationofmassandtheconservation
ofmomentum.Withinsomeproblemdomain,theamountofenergyremainsconstantandenergyisneithercreatednor
destroyed.Energycanbeconvertedfromoneformtoanother(potentialenergycanbeconvertedtokineticenergy)butthe
totalenergywithinthedomainremainsfixed.
Thermodynamicsisabranchofphysicswhichdealswiththeenergyandworkofasystem.Asmentionedonthegas
propertiesslide,thermodynamicsdealsonlywiththelargescaleresponseofasystemwhichwecanobserveandmeasure
inexperiments.Inrocketry,wearemostinterestedinthermodynamicsinthestudyofpropulsionsystemsand
understandinghighspeedflows.
Onsomeseparateslides,wehavediscussedthestateofastaticgas,thepropertieswhichdefinethestate,andthefirst
lawofthermodynamicsasappliedtoanysystem,ingeneral.Onthisslidewederiveausefulformoftheenergy
conservationequationforagasbeginningwiththefirstlawofthermodynamics.IfwecalltheinternalenergyofagasE,the
workdonebythegasW,andtheheattransferredintothegasQ,thenthefirstlawofthermodynamicsindicatesthat
betweenstate"1"andstate"2":
E2E1=QW
Aerospaceengineersusuallysimplifyathermodynamicanalysisbyusingintensivevariablesvariablesthatdonotdepend
onthemassofthegas.Wecallthesevariablesspecificvariables.Wecreatea"specific"variablebytakingaproperty
whosevaluedependsonthemassofthesystemanddividingitbythemassofthesystem.Manyofthestateproperties
listedonthisslide,suchastheworkandinternalenergydependonthetotalmassofgas.Wewilluse"specific"versions
ofthesevariables.Engineersusuallyusethelowercaseletterforthe"specific"versionofavariable.Ourfirstlawequation
thenbecomes:
e2e1=qw
Becauseweareconsideringamovinggas,weaddthespecifickineticenergytermtotheinternalenergyontheleftside.
ThenormalkineticenergyKofamovingsubstanceisequalto1/2timesthemassmtimesthevelocityusquared:

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ConservationofEnergy

K=(m*u^2)/2
Thenthespecifickineticenergykisgivenby:
k=(u^2)/2
andthefirstlawequationbecomes:
e2e1+k2k1=qw
Therearetwopartstothespecificworkforamovinggas.Someofthework,calledtheshaftwork(wsh)isusedtomove
thefluidorturnashaft,whiletherestoftheworkgoesintochangingthestateofthegas.Forapressurepandspecific
volumev,theworkisgivenby:
w=(p*v)2(p*v)1+wsh
Substituting:
e2e1+k2k1=q(p*v)2+(p*v)1wsh
Ifweperformalittlealgebraonthefirstlawofthermodynamics,wecanbegintogroupsometermsoftheequations.:
e2+(p*v)2e1(p*v)1+[(u^2)/2]2[(u^2)/2]1=qwsh
Ausefuladditionalstatevariableforagasisthespecificenthalpyhwhichisequalto:
h=e+(p*v)
Simplifyingtheenergyequation:
h2h1+[(u^2)/2]2[(u^2)/2]1=qwsh
or
h2+[(u^2)/2]2h1[(u^2)/2]1=qwsh
Bycombiningthevelocitytermswiththeenthalpytermstoformthetotalspecificenthalpy"ht"wecanfurthersimplify
theequation.
ht=h+u^2/2
ThetotalspecificenthalpyisanalogoustothetotalpressureinBernoulli'sequationbothexpressionsinvolvea"static"
valueplusonehalfthesquareofthevelocity.
Thefinal,mostuseful,formoftheenergyequationisgivenintheredbox.
ht2ht1=qwsh
Foracompressororpowerturbine,thereisnoexternalheatflowintothegasandthe"q"termissetequaltozero.Inthe
burner,noworkisperformedandthe"wsh"termissettozero.
Activities:

GuidedTours
BasicFluidDynamicsEquations:
Thermodynamics:
CalculatingFuelFlowRate:
Combustion:
Compressor:
Burner:
PowerTurbine:
Nozzle:

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