Lindsay First Latin Lessons

Easy Latin lessons / by Thomas B. Lindsay, George W. Rollins.
Lindsay, Thomas B. (Thomas Bond), 1853-1909.

Boston ; Allyn and Bacon, 1890.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044097058630
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Easy
lessons
Latin
Bond
W.
George
Lindsay,
Thomas
Rollins
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HARVARD COLLEGE
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THE ESSEX INSTITUTE
TEXT-BOOK COLLECTION
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GEORGE ARTHUR PLIMPTON

OF NEW
JANUARY
YORK
25,
1924
3 2044
097 058 630
Easy Latin Lessons
BY
THOMAS
B.
LINDSAY
BOSTON UNIVERSITY
AND
GEORGE W. ROLLINS
BOSTON LATIN SCHOOL
Boston
ALLYN AND BACON

AND CHICAGO
<\
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HARVARD
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8E0RGE ARTHUR PLIKPTOM

JANUARY 25, 192*
Copyright, 1890, by
Thomas B. Lindsay and George W.
Rollins.
PREFACE.
In
of this book the authors have aimed to

present the essentials, and only the essentials, of Latin Grammar
in a clear and simple form. They have thought that most First
Latin Books attempted too much, and by a multiplicity of details
It is not
obscured the simple elements of grammatical structure.
necessary, it is not possible, to teach the whole Latin Grammar in
the
one year
preparation
and the
pupil's further progress is rather hindered than
helped by burdening his memory and confusing his judgment with

etymological technicalities and syntactical subtleties.
Especially
is this true of the first few lessons, and these have been made as
easy as possible, in the belief that time is saved by slow progress
at the beginning.
If the pupil feels that he is being carried on in
spite of himself through things of which he has no clear concep
tion, discouragement, confusion, and failure are the almost inevi
table results.
He should feel that he is driving and not being
driven by his work.
The Lessons are so arranged that each one is complete in itself,

and none is so long as to require that it be divided.
In each
Lesson the forms to be learned are placed first, and followed by
the model sentence, which illustrates and emphasizes the principle
involved.
Then come Latin sentences illustrating the use of the
forms and the syntax, followed by the rule, which is an induction

from the sentences, and English sentences that afford practice in
The vocabulary is placed at the end,

and should be learned after the other work of the lesson is done.
the application
In
of the rule.
addition
to these general statements

call attention to the following :
we may be allowed to
The vocabularies are in all cases extremely short, and it is

expected
that they
will
be thoroughly
learned.
IV
PREFACE.
The exercises consist in every instance of complete sentences.
The consideration of the passive voice and of the subjunctive
mood is deferred until the pupil may be expected to be thoroughly

at home in his use of the active and the indicative.
Conditional sentences
forms, and have been
have been admitted only in their plainest

treated, not with a view to exhausting the
subject, but with an effort to make the distinctions clear.

Infinitives, gerunds, and supines are treated as verbal nouns.
Gerundives are treated as participles.
The Vocative case is ignored except in masculine nouns of the
second declension.
The Locative
case is recognized as having a distinct form and
use.
An attempt has
principles,
been
made to reduce syntactical rules to single
g., the Dative with adjectives is recognized as not

in principle from the Dative with verbs.
e.
differing
The Grammatical Introduction
will
serve to explain the terms
of
grammar to such pupils as are not already familiar with them.

The Appendix contains the grammatical forms in full and a
summary of syntax for convenience of reference.
The connected reading exercises have been selected and prepared

with great care, and while they introduce words that will require
the pupil to refer to the general vocabulary, it is believed that
and forms are not used before they have
In the few instances where they
been explained in the lessons.
are anticipated, they are provided for by notes.
In conclusion: We have not attempted to do the work of the
teacher, but to work with him, "DemLehrer soll,nicM vorgegriffen
grammatical principles
"
and we have tried to avoid falling into the condemnation

recently expressed by an eminent American educational authority
in the following words : " The ordinary text-book is still found, as
years ago, to presuppose deadness or incompetence oh- the instruc
icerden;
tor's part: stuffed with matter not only useless but in the
Boston,
July,
way"
THOMAS- B. LINDSAY,
GEOBGE W. ROLLINS.
1890.
..-"
,-.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface
ii
Grammatical Introduction
UMOM.
I. First Declension, 'Singular.
II.
III.
IV.
Subject Nominative.
of
and
Noun
Adjective
Agreement
First Declension, Plural. Direct Object
...
Indirect Object: Dative
Verbs, First Conjugation.
Agreement
V.
IX.
X.
Genitive
18
Separation
Second Declension
Verbs, First Conjugation. Continued
Second Declension. Continued.
Place in Which
Ablative
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
Verbs, First Conjugation. Continued

Marcus et Equus

of Motion
XVI.
XX.
XXI.
Accusative
28
28
31
In
34
36
Third Declension.
Pueri et Piratae
Third Declension.
26
Limit of
Ablative
Servus Fugitivus
Second Declension. Continued
Third Declension. Labial Stems
XVII.
tVIII., XIX.
24
29
Nouns or the First Declension.
strumental
22
Possessive Dative
Verbs, First Conjugation. Continued.

Masculine
....
....
19
Accusative: Limit
Motion, Towns
XV.
15
16
VII. Ablative of
VIII.
13
of Subject
and Verb
VI.,
11
38
Lingual Stems
Palatal
Stems.
....
88
40
42
46
Duration:
47
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXII. Third
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
Third Declension.
Third Declension.
XXXIV.
and r.
49
51
Liquid Stems in m and n
52
Stems in a
54
Continued
Verbs, Second Conjugation

Verbs, Second Conjugation. Continued.
XXIX.-XXXII.
XXXIII.
Liquid Stems in
Adjectives, Consonant Stems. Two Accusatives.
XXVI., XXVII.
XXVIII.
Declension.
Two Accusatives
Romulus et Remus
companiment
56
....
mi....
and Manner: Ablative
Third Declension.
Stems
Ultio Romana
Adjectives.
Stems in i
Third Declension. Stems in
59
Ac
i. Continued.
63
65
69
74
....
76
XXXVI., XXXVII. Third Declension. Irregular Nouns

XXXV1IL, XXXIX. Locative Case
81
Neuters
Adjectives.
XXXV.
Stems in i.
Continued
Duo Reges Romani
XL.
Numerals
Numerals. Continued.
XLII.-XLIV.
XLV.
90
Time When:
Abla
tive
91
Third Declension. Gender

of Adjectives. Comparative
Comparison
93
with
quam, or with the Ablative
98
Murl Spartae
Virtus Spartana
XL VI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L., LI.
LIL, LIII.
LIV.
LV.
of Difference : Ablative
Comparison of Adjectives.
Formation and Comparison
100
Third Conjugation.
Pugna Romana
Personal Pronouns
101
105
107
109
of Adverbs
Active.
Numerals. Continued
Verbs. Third Conjugation.
Fourth Declension
Declension
101
103
Continued
Iuppiter et Ranae
LVI. Fifth
LVII.
100
Responsum Spartani Fortis

Comparison of Adjectives. Continued . . .
Comparison op Adjectives. Continued. Amount
Verbs.
85
89
Theseus et Ariadna
XLI.
78
80
Ill
113
Continued
117
119
121
123
124
vil
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LVIII.
LIX.-LXI.
LXII.
LXm.
LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
Personal Pronouns.
Continued.
125
Demonstrative Pronouns
128
Hannibalis locus
134
Demonstrative Pronouns. Continued.

acteristic,
Char
Genitive and Ablative
134
Irregular Adjectives
Verbs.
Verbs.
137
139
Fourth Conjugation
Irregular Conjugation
142
Miles Infidelis et Fidelis Canis
Verbs.
Irregular Conjugation.
LXVII. Interrogatives
LXVIII., LXIX. Verbs. First
LXX.
Ablative of
Cause
Verbs.
143
Continued
Conjugation. Passive Voice

First Conjugation. Passive. Con
Accusative with some Passive Forms

tinued.
Ciceronis locus
Philosophus Iuvenis
LXXL, LXXII. Verbs. Second Conjugation. Passive .
LXXIIL, LXXIV. Verbs. Third Conjugation. Passive .
LXXV. Verbs. Third Conjugation. Passive. Con
LXXVI.
tinued.
Two Datives
Mulier Stulta
Verbs.
Third Conjugation.
Passive.
LXXXII.
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
152
155
155
155
160
167
Con
LXXVIL, LXXVIII.
LXXXI.
148
165
tinued
LXXIX.
LXXX.
144
146
Verbs. Fourth Conjugation. Passive

Relative Pronoun
Verbs. Imperative Mood. First and Second
Conjugations
Origo Mundi
Luscinia et Acanthis
Verbs. Imperative Mood. Third Conjugation

Verbs. Imperative Mood.
Fourth Conjuga
tion, and sum
168
170
175
177
179
179
180
182
Present Infinitives
Perfect Infinitives
Future Infinitives
186
Scipio et Ennius
190
M'. Curius
Active Participles
190
LXXXVL
LXXXVII. Perfect Passive Participles
LXXXVIII., LXXXIX.
Future Passive Participle
rundive)
184
188
191
193
(Ge
195
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XC.
Gerund and Supine
199
Servus Piger
Puerl et Apes
XCI.
201
201
Haedus et Lupus
Tubiceu
Veebs. Subjunctive Active.
tive
XCII.
XCIII.
XCIV.
Verbs.
Verbs.
Active.
Subjunctive
Verbs.
Verbs.
XCVII.
XCVIII.
C.
CI.-CVII.
CVIII.
CIX.
CX.
CXI.
202
Continued.
205
Continued.
Active.
Subjunctive
Subjunctive
.207
....
Continued.
Subjunctive Active. Continued

et
Subjunctive Passive
Subjunctive Passive. Continued.
Subjunctive of Purpose with ut and ne . .
Subjunctive Passive. Continued.
Verbs.
Subjunctive of esse.
Clauses of Purpose
by a Relative Pronoun
Subjunctive in Result Clauses

Verbs. Compounds op sum
Irregular Verbs. Continued
Indirect Questions, Subjunctive
Clauses introduced by cum, when
Simple Conditional Sentences
Philosophus et Imago
Conditional Sentences
....
implying Doubt
233
256
258
261
264
266
268
271
273
274
"Bonus Esse Malo"

Ablative Absolute
275
Pyrrhus et Fabricius
277
274
Rules of Syntax
Latin-English Vocabulary .
English-Latin Vocabulary
Appendix.
...
223
263
.
Deponent Verbs
Cuique Suus Labor
VitaBeata
Appendix.
Forms
.
219
229
Puer Indoctus Servus Est
CXVL
215
226
CXII. Conditions contrary to Fact

CXHL, CXIV. Impersonal Use of Verbs
CXV.
210
.
.
212
214, 232, 248
Leo
Verbs.
Verbs.
introduced
XCIX.
Subjunc
Wish and Exhortation
Androclus
XCVI.
Wish
Subjunctive
Doubtful Statement
XCV.
201
Active.
Subjunctive
Exhortation
201
......
.-
278
..;.;
279
313
317
355
EASY LATIN LESSONS.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
ALPHABET.
L The Latin Alphabet has
noj
or
10.
Classification of Letters.
2.
The Vowels are a, e,
3.
The Consonants are
i,o,
u.
Surd.
( Palatal,
Mutes
<
Dental
Labial,
0,
Sonant.
(k), q
Liquids,
m, n,
1,
h, a,
Spirants,
Semivowels,
3C
is sometimes written for
c + s (g + a)
z and y are found only
in foreign words.
Quantity.
Each vowel may be either long or short. Twice

much time is given to the pronunciation of a long vowel
4.
to that of the corresponding short vowel.

long vowels are marked thus : a, e, i, 5, u
are not marked.
In
;
as
as
this book the
the short vowels
INTRODUCTION.
J5
Sounds of the Letters.

Vowels.
a as
5.
e as
X
as
va
o as
father.
in they.
in machine.
u as
in old.
oo in moon.
The corresponding short vowels have the same sound, only

shorter.
Diphthong*.
6.
ae
oe
(ai)
(oi)
as
ai in aisle.
ei as in eight.
as
oi in coin.
ui like
an as ow in now.
tee.
en as in feud.
Consonants.
7.
c as
in
in ô.
as in seal.
as
come.
z as
as
in wood.
<fo in a&tf.
as w
bs likejo*.
ch like h.
in time.
(semi-vowel)
young.
as
y in
ph.
th.
likey.
as ^ in
The rest of the consonants are pronounced
as
hot-house.
in English.
Syllables.
8.
Every Latin word has
or diphthongs ;
thus
as many
epistula
syllables as it has vowels
four syllables, mensae,
has
two.
In
the
division
of words into syllables, every
ends in a vowel, except
when
such a combination of conso
nants follows as cannot begin a word
lit-tera.
as, ab-est.
syllable
thus, ma-gnus, di-xit,
But the parts of compound words are separated]
INTRODUCTION.
9.
Syllables may be either heavy or light.

heavy syllable is one that contains a diphthong, a long
or
vowel,
short vowel followed by two consonants,
x, z, or the semi-vowel
i;
as
or by
in caelum, acer, contra, dux.
All
other syllables are light.
10.
The syllable next to the last is called the penult.
The syllable next preceding the penult is called the ante

penult.
Accent.
1L The accent of a word of two syllables falls on the first;
as, mensa.
The accent of a word of three or more syllables falls on the

penult if the penult is heavy, otherwise on the antepenult ; as,
amicus, pueri.
PARTS OP SPEECH.
The
12.
Parts of Speech
Verbs,
nouns,
Adverbs,
Interjections.
13
Nouns, Adjectives,
Prepositions,
Conjunctions,
Pro
and
Nouns.
Noun is
as, Carolus, Charles

14.
are
word used to name a person or a thing ;
domus, house.
Nouns have Gender, Number, and Case.

Gender.
15.
In Latin
there
are three genders,
Masculine, Pemt
nine, and Neuter.

16.
Masculine Nouns are

a.
Names of males ; as, filius, son.
i But a syllable containing
I or r is light
; as
in alacris.
a short
vowel followed
by a mute and
INTRODUCTION.
Names of rivers, winds, months;
b.
as, Rhenus,
Boreas, North Wind ; September,
Rhine;
September.
Many names of things which in English are neuter;
c.
as,
lapis, stone.
Feminine Nouns are
17.
f ilia,
a.
Names of females ; as,
b.
Names of cities, countries, islands, trees ; as, Roma,
Rome; Gallia,
daughter.
Gaul; Rhodos, Rhodes; fagus,
beech.
Many names of things which in English are neuter ;
c.
as, mensa, table.

18.
Neuter Nouns are those which are neither masculine
nor feminine.
19.
Some nouns may be either masculine
cording to the sex of the object;

are said to be of common gender.
as, bos,
or feminine ac
ox, cow.
These
Number.
20.
There are two numbers in Latin, the Singular and the
Plural.
The singular number denotes one; as, puer, a boy
mensa,
a table.
The plural number denotes more than one ; as, puer l, boys
mensae, tables.
2L There are seven
cases
in Latin,
Nominative,
Geni
tive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Vocative, Locative.

22.
It
answers the questions Who ? What
The Genitive is the case used to denote possession.

answers the questions Whose ? Of whom ? Of what ?
23.
It
The Nominative is the case of the subject of a sentence.
INTRODUCTION.
The Dative is the case of the indirect object. It answers

the questions To whom ? For whom ? To what ? For what ?
24.
The Accusative is the case of the direct object.

answers the questions Whom ? What ?
25.
26.
It
The Ablative is the case used to denote separation, in
It answers the questions From whom ?

strument, place where.
From what ? By (witK) whom? By (with') what ? In whom?
In
what ?
is the case in which is put the name

of the person addressed.
In form it is generally like the
27.
The Vocative
Nominative.
The Locative is the case used to denote place where.
answers the question Where?
It is found in names of
28.
It
towns, and in a few common words.

Adjectives.
An Adjective is
29.
word used to qualify a noun or pro
noun ; as, puer bonus, good boy.

30.
There are three
degrees
of comparison,
Positive,
Comparative, and Superlative.

Thus, earus, dear, is said to be in the positive degree ; carior, dearer, in the comparative degree ; and carissimus,
dearest,
in the superlative degree.

Pronouns.
Ij
31.
A Pronoun
is a word used in place of a noun ; as, ego,
tfi, thou ; ille, he.
Personal Pronoun especially marks the person of the

noun for which it stands.
Thus ego, I, marks the person
32.
speaking, or the first person ; tu, thou, marks the person spo
ken to, or the second person ; sui, of him, of himself, marks
the person spoken of, or the third person.
INTRODUCTION.
Demonstrative Pronoun points out or emphasizes the

object to which it refers ; as, hie, this ; ille, that ; ipse, self.
33.
Relative Pronoun refers to a noun or pronoun called

its antecedent, and serves to join to the antecedent a clause
34.
in the way of explanation or limitation ; as, puer, qui hie est,

meus
35.
filius
est, the boy, who is here, is my sort.
An Interrogative
Pronoun is used in asking
tion ; as, quis est ille homo

36.
a ques
who is that man ?
Pronouns, like nouns, have gender, number, and case.

Verbs.
37.
A Verb
denotes
an action or a state ; as,
Troia fait,
Troy was.
38.
A Transitive Verb is
as, Caesar
39.
one that has
An Intransitive Verb
direct object;
militem laudat, Caesar praises the soldier.

is
direct object ; as, Caesar maturat,

40.
one
that does not have a
Caesar is hastening.
verb has Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

Voice.
41 There are two voices, Active and Passive.

The Active Voice represents the subject as acting or
being in a certain condition ; as, puer currit, the boy runs j
puer dormit, the boy is sleeping.
42.
43. The Passive Voice represents the subject as acted upon
by some person or thing

is praised by his father.
as, puer a patre
44 There are three moods, Indicative,

Imperative.
laudatur,
the boy
Subjunctive,
and
INTRODUCTION.
45.
is the mood of direct assertions
The Indicative
questions;
7
and
it, the boy goes ; valesne? are you well?
as, puer
The Subjunctive is the mood of desire and of possibil

ity ; as, eamus, let us go ; quaerat, he may ask.
46.
is also the mood of restrictive dependent

clauses ; as, com id nuntiatum esset, maturavit, when this
The Subjunctive
had been reported, he hastened.

47.
The Imperative
as, ite, go
is the mood of command or entreaty ;
ye; miserere mei, pity
me.
Tante.
There are six tenses, Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect,

Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.
48.
49.
The Present Tense marks an action or state as continu
ing in present time

Caesar
is leading
in proelium ducit,
his forces into battle; puer dormit, the
;
as, Caesar copias
is sleeping.
boy
The Imperfect Tense marks an action or state as con

tinuing in a time gone by ; as, Caesar copias in proelium
50.
ducebat,
dormiebat,
Caesar
was
leading his forces into battle ; puer
the boy was sleeping.
5L The Future Tense marks an action or state as continu

ing in a time to come ; as, Caesar copias in proelium ducet,
Caesar will lead his forces into battle ; puer dormiet, the boy
will
be sleeping.
62.
at
the
The Perfect Tense marks an action or state as finished

present
time
as, Caesar copias
in proelium duxit,
Caesar has led his forces into battle, or, Caesar led his forces
into battle ; puer dormivit, the boy has been sleeping, or, the
boy slept.
INTRODUCTION.
The Pluperfect Tense marks an action or state as fin

ished in a time gone by ; as, Caesar copias in proelium ante
adventum sociorum duxerat, Caesar had led his forces into
63.
battle before the arrival
of his
allies.
The Future Perfect Tense marks an action or state as
54.
finished in a time to come; as, Caesar copias in proelium
will
ante adventum sociorum duxerit, Caesar

forces into battle before the arrival
of his
have led his
allies.
The Primary Tenses are the Present, Future, and Fut
55.
ure Perfect.
56.
The Secondary Tenses are the Imperfect and Pluperfect.
57.
The Perfect Indicative is sometimes
times a secondary
primary, some
tense.
Number.
Yerbs have two Numbers, Singular and Plural. The

number of the verb corresponds to the number of the subject.
58.
Person.
Verbs have three Persons, First,
59.
Second, and Third.
The person of the verb corresponds to the person of the subject.

The Infinitive.
60. The
Infinitive is a verbal noun.
as subject or object.
As
As a noun it is used
verb, it is transitive or intransi
tive ; is modified by adverbs, not adjectives ; and has dis

tinction of tense.
Thus, videre est credere, to see is to
vincere scis, you know how to conquer

to know all things.
believe
scire omnia,
The Gerund.
61.
used
The Gerund is a verbal noun of the Second Declension,

only in the genitive, dative, accusative,
singular.
and ablative
Thus, cupidus te audiendi est, he is desirous of
hearing j/ou.
The nominative is supplied by the infinitive.
INTRODUCTION.
The Supine.
The Supine is a verbal noun of the Fourth Declension,

used generally in the accusative and dative cases, sometimes
62.
in the ablative.
Participles.
The Participle is a verbal adjective. It may be tran

sitive or intransitive, and has distinction of tense.
63.
There are four participles, called the Present Active,

as, amans, loving ; the Future Active, as, amatfirus, -a, -um,
about to love ; the Perfect Passive, as, amatus, -a, -um, loved ;
64.
Future Passive or Gerundive, as, amandus, -a, -um,
and the
(about) to
be loved.
Adverbs.
66.
An Adverb is
tive, or an adverb.
word used to qualify a verb, an adjec

Thus, puer celeriter currit, the boy runs
a
swiftly ; splendide mendax, gloriously false ; bene factum,

well done ; nimis graviter, too severely.
There are three degrees of comparison, Positive, Com

Thus, care, dearly, is said to be in
parative, and Superlative.
66.
the positive degree ; carius, more dearly, in the comparative

degree ; and carissime, most dearly, in the superlative degree.
Prepositions.
Preposition is a word used to show the relation be

tween a noun or pronoun and some other word or words in
67.
the same sentence.
Thus, Caesar in Italia est, Caesar is in
Italy.
Conjunctions.
68.
phrases,
Conjunction
or sentences.
is
word
used
to connect
words,
Thus, Caesar et Cicero, Caesar and
INTRODUCTION.
10
Cicero
pr5 multitudine hominum et pro gloria belli,
their population and their glory in war ;
for
a cultu provinciae
longissime absunt minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant, they are farthest away from the refinement
province, and traders resort to them least often.
of
the
Interjections.
69.
0!
Interjections
are words used as exclamations;
as, 0,
beus, halloa !
Inflection.
Inflection is the change of form which a word undergoes
to show its relation to other words.
70.
Nouns
are inflected to show number and case.
This is
called Declension.
Adjectives are inflected to show number, case, and gender.
(Declension.)
Pronouns are inflected to show number, case, and some
times gender.
(Declension.)
Verbs are inflected to show voice, mood, tense, person, and

number.
(Conjugation.")
Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

not inflected.
7L
be
A Root is
and
reduced,
the simplest form to

expresses
idea
an
which
without
word
are
can
relations ; as,
MAN-, SER-.
72.
The stem of a word is the root prepared for inflectional
terminations
73.
as, mensa-, servo-.
The base of a word is that part of the word which
remains unchanged in inflection
as, mens-, serv-.
The inflectional endings which follow the base are called

case-endings, tense-endings, etc.
FIRST DECLENSION.
11
LESSON I.
SINGULAR.
FIRST DECLENSION,
Agreement of Adjective and Noun.
Subject Nominative.
74 The stem1 ends in
The base* may be found by

dropping the case-ending of the Genitive singular ; thus the
stem of hasta is hasta-, the base is hast-.
a.
75.
The gender is feminineêxcept when males are meant.
76.
Declension of hasta, ,fv spear, in the singular number
Stem, hasta-
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
hasta, a (the) spear*
Accusative
hastam,
hastae,
hastae, to,
Model sentence
Regina
.: ; 78.
:--.- .>
(the) spear}-
..'-
x'
est bona,
Nom ring. fem.
>
for
spear.
(the) spear.
hasta, from, with, in a (the) spear. .*
Ablative
77.
of a (the)
Nom. sing. fem.
1. Hasta est longa.
The queen is good.

. . - '-- -
6.
Puella est bona. .
2.
Via est lata.
7. "Via longa est lata.
8.
Via lata
8. Cornelia est puella6 bona.
4.
Ubi
Ubi
5.
est longa.
est hasta ?
est regina bona ?
9.
Ubi
est Cornelia ?
10.
Ubi
est via lata ?
79.
Rule
The Subject of a verb is in the Nominative.
80.
Rule
A Noun
and its Adjective
gender, number, and case.
are
in the same
FIRST DECLENSION.
12
8L
1.
The road is long.
2.
3.
Where is the queen?

Where is the long spear?
4.
Cornelia is the queen.6
Cornelia is a good queen.

6. The street is wide.
5.
7.
Where is the good girl
8.
Good Cornelia is a queen.
The wide street is long.

10. Where is the good queen Cornelia?
9.
VOCABULARY.
82.
Nouns.
Cornelia, Cornelia?
hasta, spear.
puella, girl.
reglna, queen.
via, way, road, street.
Veeb.
See
72.
See 73.
bona, good.
lata, wide, broad.
longa, long.
Adverb.
ubi ? where ?
est, is.
Adjectives (feminine forms).
."
(The base is distinguished hy the type ; as, hasta.
In Latin there is no word for unemphatic a or
Note that the dative may be translated in two ways, the ablatiVe in
the.
three.
5
Note that in Latin the adjective regularly follows the noun.

This is called a predicate nominative.
English words in this type in the vocabularies

the Latin.
7
are derivatives from
13
FIRST DECLENSION.
LESSON II.
PLURAL.
FIRST DECLENSION,
Direct Object
83.
84.
Declension of hasta in the plural number

Nom.
hastae, the spears.
Gen.
hastarum,
Dat.
hastis, to,
Aco.
hastas, the spears.
Abl.
hustle,
Model sentence
of the
for
spears.
the spears.
from, with, in
the spear t.
PueUae
rosas
habent.1
Subject.
Object.
Verb.
The girls have roses.
1.
Puella rosam habet.
2.
Regina coronam habet.
8.
Puellae parvae2 rosas albas habent.
4.
Quid habent reginae
5.
6.
Coronas pulchras habent (they have).

Ubi sunt silvae magnae ?
7.
Albae rosae parvae
8.
Quid habet puella parva
9.
Rosas pulchras habet.
85.
10.
86.
Accusative.
sunt.
Reginae coronas, puellae
Rule
cusative.
rosas
habent.
The Direct Object of a verb is in the Ac
FIRST DECLENSION.
14
87.
1.
The girl has a rose.
2.
The girls have roses.
3.
The beautiful
4.
White roses are beautiful.2
5.
Queens
6.
The good girl has a beautiful rose.
7.
Cornelia has a large rose.
8.
Where are the long spears ?

Good queens have beautiful forests.
9.
10.
queen has a beautiful
have large forests.
The streets are wide.

VOCABULARY.
88.
Nouns.
corona, crown.
alba, white.
rosa, rose.
magna, great, large.

parva, small, little.
pulchra, beautiful.
silva, forest, wood.

Verbs.
habet (sing.), has.
habent (plur.), (they) have.
sunt (plur.), (they) are.
1
crown.
Note that
if
the subject is singular,
Pronoun.
quid? what?
the verb is singular
subject is plural, the verb is plural.

2
If the noun is plural, the adjective is plural.
if
the
INDIRECT OBJECT:
DATIVE.
15
LESSON III.
INDIRECT OBJECT:
89.
Regina
Model sentences
puellae
rosam dat.
The queen gives a rose to the girl,

or) The queen gives the girl a rose.
grata est.
The rose is pleasing to the girl,

girl.
or) j%e rose pleases the
Dat., ind. obj.
Rosa
puellae
Dat, ind.
90.
1.
DATIVE.
obj.
Filia reginae epistulam dat.
Epistula reginae grata est.

"3. Quid regina filiae dat?
2.
4.
Filia tua
5.
Habetne
cara est.
reginae
regina silvam magnam ?
Silvam magnam habet.

7. Filiae meae Corneliae rosas saepe dant.
8. Mea filia parva Corneliae reginae cara est.
6.
9.
10.
9L
92.
Puellae parvae Corneliae pecuniam saepe dant.

Dantne reginae bonae puellis parvis rosas albas ?
Rule
The Indirect Object is in the Dative.
2.
The queen gives money to the little girl.

Cornelia gives the queen 2 a long letter.
3.
Your daughter is dear to the
4.
What does the good queen give her8 daughter?
5.
6.
She8 gives her daughter a rose.'J

Has the little girl money ?
7.
Your
8.
Little girls often give Cornelia roses.
9.
"Where are there
1.
10.
letters
queen.
please my daughter.
3
large forests ?
My daughters give the queen some8 roses.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
16
VOCABULARY.
cara, dear.
Nouns.
epistula, letter, epistle.

fllia,4 daughter.
grata, pleasing.
pecunia, money, sum of money.
tua, your.
Verbs.
dat, (sing.), gives, does give.

dant, (plur.), (they) give, do give.
1
2
8
mea, my.
Adverb.
saepe, often.
-ne is added to show that this is

Not accusative.
Not to be translated.
* Dat. and abl.

pi.
a question.
filiabus.
LESSON IV.
VERBS.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
IN
STEM
Agreement of Subject and Verb.

94.
Present indicative active of amo, love, stem amaSing.
Fiest person
amo,
/ love}
Second person amas, you love,

Third person amat, he loves.
Plur.
amanras, we love.
amatis, you love.

amant, they love.
Note that am is common to all these forms.

the ending makes a change in the meaning.
95.
1.
Puellam
2.
Filias laudamus.
3.
Reginam culpatis.
laudas.
change in
FIRST CONJUGATION.
4.
Corneliam reginam2 laudo.
5.
Portas magnas laudamus.
17
Regina puellam laudat, non culpat.

7. Regina filiam ho die laudat.
6.
Puella columbas amat.

9. Reginae filius amant.
8.
10. Regina clara puellam fidain laudat.

96.
Rule
The Number and Person of the verb are the
same as the number and person

97.
of the subject.
1.
2.
You love the
3.
We blame the daughter.
4.
You
5.
We often praise the forest.
6.
Doves have beautiful wings.
7.
To-day
8.
Does the queen blame the faithful girls to-day?

Famous Rome has wide gates.
9.
blame the girl.
blame
queen.
Cornelia.
we praise
the good queen.
10. Do you praise your little daughter?

98.
NoiTNS.
wing.
columba, dove.
51a,
VOCABULARY.
clara, famous.
fida, faithful.
porta, gate.
Roma, Rome.
Verbs.
amS, love.
Adverbs.
culpS, blame.
laudS, praise.
hodie, to-day.
non, not.
1
1
am loving, T do love.
Two nouns used in this way, referring to the

in apposition.
are said to be
same person or thing,
18
GENITIVE.
LESSON V.
GENITIVE.
99.
Model sentence
Filia reginae pulohra
The queen's daughter is beautiful.
est.
Genitlye.
100.
1.
Gloria Romae magna
2.
Filia reginae columbas
est.
habet.
Aquila columbam Corneliae necat.

4. Ciir Cornelia aquilam non fugat ?
3.
5.
Timida est.
Sportula plena bacarum est.

7. Nonne puella plenam rosarum sportulam habet ?
8. Portae Romae sunt clarae.
6.
9.
10.
101.
a noun
102.
Alae columbarum
pulchrae sunt.
Filiae reginarum puellis parvis sportulas dant.
Rule
The Genitive
is used to limit the meaning of
or an adjective.
The dove's wings are broad.
2. What does the queen's daughter praise?
1.
the white dove's
beautiful wings.
3.
She praises
4.
The basket is full of white roses.
5.
6.
Eagles' wings are large.

An eagle is killing Cornelia's white dove.
7.
The queen gives her daughter a basket full of

white roses.
ABLATIVE
OP SEPARATION.
19
Are the eagles driving the doves away ?

9. Are not the gates of Rome wide ?
10. The little girl's basket is full of berries.
8.
VOCABULARY.
103.
Nouns.
aquila, eagle.
plena, full.
timida, timid.
baca, berry.
gloria, glory.
Verbs.
sportula, basket.
kill.
neco,
Adverbs.
fugfi,
cur, why ?
put to flight, drive away.
nonne, not ? (in questions).
LESSON VI.
ABLATIVE
104.
Model sentence
Regina niiam cura, liberat.

Abl. separation
105.
OF SEPARATION.
The queen frees her daughter

from. care.
2.
Regina puellam curis liberat.

Aquila columbam vita spoliat.
3.
Fortiina reginam corona privat.
4.
Habetne filia mea pecuniam?
5.
Filia
6.
Roma gloria npn caret.
1.
mea peciinia eget.
ABLATIVE
20
OP SEPARATION.
Regina filias fidas culpa liberat.

8. Nonne Fortuna reginas coronis saepe privat ?
9. Filiae reginae puellas parvas
rosarum
plerris
7.
sportulis spoliant.
10. Cut Romam cura n5n liberatis ?
106.
107.
Rule
The Ablative is used to denote Separation.1
The queen frees Cornelia from blame.

2. The queen's daughter lacks money.i
1.
They deprive the eagle of life.i

4. Rome is full of glory.
5. The queen's daughters are not without2
3.
fault.
Girls often rob doves of their beautiful wings.i

7. Fortune deprives the wild beast of its3 life.
8. The queen gives her daughter a basket full
6.
of roses.
9.
10.
Her daughters
from anxiety.
queens of their glory.
free the queen
Fortune often deprives
VOCABULARY.
108.
Verbs (with ablative).
Nouns.
caret,4 is without.
culpa, blame, fault.

cura, care, anxiety.
fera, wild beast.
eget,4 lacks, needs.
llbero, free (from).

privS, deprive (of).
Fortana, Fortune.
vita, life.
apoliS, rob (of), take away
(from).
,
J Separation includes privation.

2
For the form
see habent,
88.
'
Omit.
* Third
pers. sing, forms.
ABLATIVE
OP SEPARATION.
21
LESSON VII.
ABLATIVE
109.
OF SEPARATION. Continued.
I. Reginam
curia exturbant.
4.
Capra a via aberrat.

Puellae ex patria demigrant.
Ferae ab silva saepe aberrant.
5.
Ex Italia
2.
3.
6.
demigrant.
Feras e silvis exturbant.
Filiae a regina saepe aberrant.

8. Filiae reginae non sunt bonae.
7.
9.
10.
110.
Cornelia columbam ab aquila liberat.
Filias reginae de curia fugant.
Rule
With verbs expressing Separation
a preposi
tion (ab, de, ex) is always used with persons, sometimes witb
things.
111.
They drive the girls out of their country.

2. The little girls wander away from the gate.
1.
They drive the wild beast out of the forest.

4. The little girls often wander away from the
8.
maid-servant.
5.
The faithful maid-servant frees the girl from the

eagle.
6.
Why do they not free the dove from the eagle ?
They give the queen a basket of roses.

8. Why do you blame the faithful servant?
7.
Why do you deprive the queen of glory?

10. Are not the baskets full of roses?
9.
SECOND DECLENSION.
22
VOCABULARY.
112.
Verbs (with ablative).
Nouns.
ab-erro, wander (from).

de-migro, move (from).
ex-turbo, drive out (from,
ancilla, maid-servant.
capra, ijwit.
curia senate-house.
Italia, Italy.
f).
patria, fatherland, country.

Peepositions.
a,
ah, from, away from.

6, ex, from, out of.
dS,
from.
LESSON VIII.
DECLENSION.
SECOND
The stem ends in o. The base may be found by

dropping the case-ending of the Genitive.
/ A
113L
114.
,-
Nouns in -us are masculine.
115. Declension
of dominus, m., master:

Stem, domino-
Plur.
SlNO.
Nqm.
dominus
domini
Gen.
domini
dominorum
Dat.
domino
dominis
Ace.
dominum
dominos
Abl.
domino
....
..
dominis
.-.
.(
23
SECOND DECLENSION.
116.
The Vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second
declension has
form
special
in -e;
as,
domine.
The
Vocative of other nouns is the same as the Nominative.

117.
1.
Cur, Marce,i servos non laudas?
Aquila columbam devorat.

3. Marcus amicus servi est.
4. Marcus amico gladium dat.
5. Amicus Marci gladium habet.
2.
6.
Puellae amicis rosas dant.
7.
Servi Marcum a lupo liberant.

Marcus amicis gladios dat.
8.
9.
10.
118.
1.
2.
Lupus capras Corneliae devorat.

AmicI Corneliae lupum subito fugant.
Marcus is the queen's friend.
The wolf devours the goat.
Marcus gives the slave money.

4. His friends free Marcus from the wolves.
3.
5.
Masters often blame their slaves.
6.
Rorne is not without
7.
Fortune
8.
The master's friends have swords.
9.
Why, master, do you blame the slave?
10.
walls.
frees the slaves from their master.
Masters often give their slaves money.
119.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
amicus, friend.
dominus, master.
gladius, sword.
lupus, wolf.
de-voro, devour.
Adverb.
Marcus, Marcus.
murus, wall.
servus, slave.
Verb.
subito suddenly.
i
See 27.
24
FIBST CONJUGATION.
LESSON IX.
VERBS.
120.
FIRST CONJUGATION. Continued.
Imperfect indicative active of amo, love :

Sing.
amabam,
Plur.
/ was lovmg.1
amabamus,
we were loving.
amabas, you were loving.
amabatis, you were loving.
amabat, he was loving.
amabant, they were loving.
121.
Future indicative active
Plus.
Sino.
amabo,
I shall
amabimus, we shall love.'
love.
will love.
will love.
will love.
they will love.
amabis, you
amabitis, you
amabit, he
amabunt,
The masculine form of every adjective so far given

(except pnlchra) may be found by changing the ending -a to
This masculine form is declined like dominus ( 115).
-us.
122.
123.
1.
Romulus
2.
Equus validus dominum delectabat.
8.
Aquilae columbas fugabunt.
muros Romae aedificabat.
4.
Lupus magnus cervum heri lacerabat.

5. Murum longum eras aedificabunt.
6.
Cur columbis cibum non dabas
7.
Validum Marci
8.
Dominus
equum
laudabam.
servis fidis pecuniam dabit.
Nonne lupus cervum lacerabit ?

10. Amicl reginae magnos Romae muros laudabant.
9.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
124.
1.
2.
25
The slaves were building a long wall.

The strong horses will please the master.
3.
The master will give his faithful slaves the long

spears to-morrow.
4.
Romulus was building the famous walls of Rome.
5.
The maid-servant will give the doves food.
6.
Why were you blaming my slave yesterday?
8.
your slave yesterday.

Marcus will drive the wolves away.
9.
Marcus's
7.
10.
was praising
faithful friend was praising the sword,
Shall we not praise the good queen?
VOCABULARY.
125.
NounbJ
Verbs.
cervus, stag.
cibus, food.
aedifico, build.
delecto, please, delight.
equua, horse.
lacerS, tear (in pieces).
Romulus, Romulus.
Adverbs.
Adjective (masculine form).
cras to^lorrow,
lr validus, strong, stout.
herl, yesterday.
1
2
loved,
When
I did
love.
a noun is modified
by both an adjective and

Hsual order is adjective, genitive, noun.
genitive, the
26
SECOND DECLENSION.
LESSON X.
SECOND DECLENSION. Continued.
Place in Which
Ablative.
126.
Nouns in -um are neuter.
127.
Declension of templum, n., temple
..
Stem, templo-
Sing.
Plue.
Nom.
templum
templa
Gen.
templi
templorum
Dat.
templo
templis
Ace.
templum
templa
Abl.
templo
templi
The neuter form of every adjective so far given may

be found by changing the ending -a to -um ; as, bona, bonum.
128.
This neuter form is declined like templum.

129.
Model sentence
Marcus In templa est.
Marcus is in the temple.
Abl. place.
130.
1. Servus fugitlvus in templo est.

2.
Templum magnum donum reginae est.
3.
Praemia belli magna sunt.

Mel amici oppidum pulchrum
4.
laudabant.
6.
Servi fldi dominum periculo liberabunt.

Dominus servis iacula longa dabit.
7.
Muri oppidorum lati sunt.
8.
Cur regina Marco iaculum dat?
9.
In
5.
10.
oppidis magna templa sunt.

Curiam et templum in oppido aedificabant.
SECOND DECLENSION.
131.
Rule
132.
in Which is regularly expressed
The Place
by the Ablative
27
with in.
2.
The queen was praising the famous temple.

The master's slaves are in the town.
3.
Why
1.
do they praise
wars ?
The rewards of war are often great.

5. We will give the maid-servants beautiful gifts.
6. There 1 are beautiful temples in Italy.
4.
Rome has wide gates and high walls.

8. Marcus's runaway slave is in the town.
7.
9.
The wolves will put to flight the stags in the

forest.
10.
The horses were wandering away from the town.
VOCABULARY.
133.
Adjectives.
Nouns.
altus, alta, altum, tall, high.

fugitlvus, fugitiva, fugitivum,
bellum, war. \
donum, gift.
iac ulum , javelin.
runaway.
oppidum, town.
Preposition.
perlculum, danger
praemlum, reward.''
templum, temple.
fe
Conjunction.
et, and.
In silvis sunt ferae

Silvae magnae in Italia sunt.
multae (many), lupi magni, cervi validi, columbae timidae.
134.
Lupi cibo
saepe egent ; cervos lacerant et devorant.
bae alas pulchras habent.
Colum
Aquilae columbas saepe fugant.
Omit.
28
FIRST CONJUGATION.
LESSON XI.
FIRST CONJUGATION. Contindhd.
VERBS.
135.
Perfect indicative active of amo, love :

Sing.
amavi,
Plur.
amavimus, we loved.
loved.1
amavisti, you loved.
amavistis, you loved.

amaverunt, they loved.
amavit, he loved.
Puella columbas pulchras amavit.

2. Domini servos culpaverunt.
1.
136.
3.
Cur Corneliam periculo non liberavisti
4.
Corneliam periculo liberavi.

Aquilam magnam necavimus.
5.
6.
7.
Amid Marci curiam laudaverunt.

Servi fidi mflros altos aedificaverunt.
8.
Plenae rosarum sportulae puellas parVas

taverunt;
9.
Marcus
10.
Cornelia reginae
MARCUS
137.
Marcus
servis praemia
in Italia habitavit.
delec-
donavit.
cara erat.
ET
EQUU8.-
Amicus Marco equum vali-
Marcus equum amabat ; aquam

dum et pulchrum donavit.
Olim equus fugitivus in
et faenum equd saepe dabat (gave).
silva errabat ubi sunt lupi magni.
in periculS erat.
Equus timidus
Marcus equum periculo liberavit.
magno
29
SECOND DECLENSION.
VOCABULARY.
138.
Adverb.
Noun.
olim, once, one day.
faeuum, hay.
Verbs.
erat (imperfect), was.

" ), were.
erant, (
habito, live, dwell.

donS, give.
have loved,
I did
love.
LESSON XII.
Accusative, Limit op Motion.
139.
Declension
of ager,
m., field, and pulcher,
adj.,
beautiful :
Stem, agro-
Stems, pulohro-
Sing.
pulchra-
pulchro-
SlNG.
MMo.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
ager
pulcher
pulchra
pulchram
Gen.
agri
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
Dat.
agro
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
Aco.
agrom
pulchram
pulchram
pulchram
Abl.
agro
pulchro
pulchra
pulchro
Nom.
Plur.
agri
pulchri
pulchrae
Gen.
agrorum
pulchrorum
pulchrarum i pulchrorum
Dat.
agris
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Ace.
agros
pulchros
pulchras
pulchra
Abl.
agris
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Plur.
pulchra
30
SECOND DECLENSION.
The
140.
agr- becomes
base
ager
iu the
nominative
singular.
141.
Model sentence
Regina in curiam venit.

Ace. limit of motion.
142.
Columba in silvam volat.

2. Servi nigri in templo Fortunae sunt.
3. Columbae albae ad reginam volabant.
1.
4.
5.
Marco librum pulchrum dat.

EquI fugitivi a domino in silvam aberraverunt.
6.
Serv!
Magister
hastas
ad fabrum pigrum
7.
portaverunt.
Puellae rosas ad reginam aegram eras portabunt.
8.
Faber filias pigras habet.
9.
Regina pulchra fabro praemium donabit.

Faenum equo nigro gratum est.
10.
143.
The queen comes into the senatehouse.
Rule
Limit of Motion
Accusative with ad or in.
144.
1.
2.
is regularly expressed by the
(See 159.)
The smith is carrying javelins into the town.

The black slave is ill.
4.
The lazy slaves are not in the field.

They carried books into the senate-house.
5.
My daughters carried
6.
The slave is carrying food to the horses.
7.
The master blames
8.
The workmen built a beautiful
3.
a basket into the wood.
the lazy slaves.

temple
town.
9.
10.
Why did the queen blame the workmen?

They were lazy.
in the
SECOND DECLENSION.
VOCABULARY.
145.
Adjectives.
Nouns.
ager, agri, m., field.
31
aeger, aegra, aegrum,
ill, sick.
faber, fabrl,m., workman, smith niger, nigra, nigrum, black.

piger, pigra, pigrum, lazy.
liber, libri, m., book.
magister, magistri, m., teacher,
pulcher, pulchra, pulcnrum,
beautiful.
Verbs.
Prepositions.
porto, carry, take.

volo, fly.
\^
ad (with ace), to, towards, near.

in (with ace), into.
LESSON XIII.
Possessive Dative.
146.
Declension of fflius, m., son, puer, m., boy, ingenium,
n. talent :
Stem, filio-
Stem, pnero-
Stem, ingenlo-
SlNG.
SlNO.
SlNG.
Nom.
filius
ingenium
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
filii, fill
puer
pueri
ingenii, ingeni
Abl.
filio
filiam
filio
puero
ingenio
puerum
ingenium
puero
ingenio
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
filii
pueri
ingenia
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
filiorum
filiis
filios
puerornm
ingeniorum
pueris
ingeniis
pueros
ingenia
Abl.
filiis
pueris
ingeniis
32
SECOND DECLENSION.
Proper names in -ius (as Marius, Marius), together

with fflius, son, and genius, guardian deity, have the Voca
147.
tive in -I instead of -ie

148.
as,
Mari, fili, geni.
(See 116.)
Nouns in common use declined like puer
m., man,
m., father-in-law,
socer,
are
vir,
gener, m., son-in-law ;
in -ger and -fer ; as, armiger, m., armorOther nouns in

bearer, and signifer, m., standard-bearer.
also compounds
-er are declined like ager.

149.
Declension of miser, adj., poor, wretched :

Stem s, misero-
misera-
misero-
SlNG.
Mase.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
miser
misera
miserum
Gen.
miseri
miserae
miseri
Dat.
misero
miserae
misero
Ace.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Abl.
misero
misera
misero
Plur.
150.
Nom.
miseri
miserae
misera
Gen.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
Dat.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Ace.
miser5s
miseras
misera
Abl.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Like miser
are declined the adjectives
asper,
rough,
harsh, liber, free, prosper, favorable, tener, gentle, tender.

Most other adjectives are declined like pulcher.
151.
Model sentence
Puero
Poss. dat.
Uber est.
i'ftc boy has a book.
Another way of saying, Puer librum habet.
33
SECOND DECLENSION.
152.
1.
Beginae corona est.
2.
Marco est liber pulcher.
3.
Nonne magistro libri sunt ?
4.
Puer gener, vir socer erit
5.
Socer reginae
(fiitlj&).
templum aediticavit.
Armiger signiferutn magno periculo liberavit.

7. Aspera in via. sunt caprae fugitivae.
8. Amicis Marci hastae et gladii sunt.
6.
9.
10.
Filio reginae ingenium bonum

Ubi,
Rulb
153.
the Dative
154.
mIi fili,
Simple
est tuus
est.
liber?
Possession is usually expressed
by
with est or sunt
The queen has2 a large forest.

2. The armor-bearer has a long javelin.
3. The master of the slaves is harsh.
1.
4.
The smith has a strong horse.
i5. The man has a large sum of money.

6. Italy, my fatherland, is free.
7.
My friend's father-in-law is
8.
Cornelia has a beautiful
9.
Why, my son, do you blame the poor boy?
10.
i
3
standard-bearer.
white dove.
The queen's lazy son-in-law
has no money.
The voc. sing. masc. of meus is ml

Note that such a sentence may be translated in two ways.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
34
LESSON XIV.
FIRST CONJUGATION. Continued.
VERBS.
Limit of Motion, Towns.

155.
Pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of amo,
love :
Pluperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
amaveram,
/ had loved.
amaveramus,
amaveras, you had loved.
amaveratis, you had loved.

amaverant, they had loved.
amaverat, he had loved.
Future Perfect.
Sing.
/ shall
amavero,
have loved,
will have loved,

will have loved,
we had loved.
Plur.
amaverimus, we shall have loved.
will have
they will have
amaveris, you
amaveritis, you
loved.
amaverit, he
amaverint,
loved.
156.
The indicative mood, active voice, of the First, Con
jugation has now been given. Hereafter the principal parts

of all verbs should be learned ; as, amo, amare, amavi,
The use of the infinitive amare and of the perfect
participle amatum will be explained later.
amatum.
157.
Model sentence
Dominus servum
Romam
Ace. limit
158.
mittit.
of motion.
The master sends his slave

to Rome.
Horatius filium Capuam portaverat.

2. Aquilae Albam Longam volaverant.
1.
Servl agros domini araverint.

4. Legati reginae Tarentum navigaverunt.
3.
5.
6.
Servus epistulam Mantuam ad reginam portaverat.

Regina legatos in Galliam ad Marcum mittit.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
7.
8.
9.
10.
159.
86
Servi in agris heri laborabant.

Legati eras Romam navigaverint.
Capua, Mantua, Tarentum, Alba
Longa clara
Italiae oppida sunt.

Libri pulchri sunt praemia puerorum bonorum.
Rule
Names of towns used to express the Limit
of Motion are put in the Accusative without a preposition.

(See 143).
160.
1.
The slaves
had
carried
sum of
money
to
Mantua.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8. 7.,
6.
We shall have sailed to Tarentum.

Marcus had taken his son to JRome.
The slaves will carry javelins and spears into Gaul.
Marcus's slaves were plowing in the fields.
Where had the smiths worked?
10.
161
is
The queen sends her daughter to the gate.

The queen sends ambassadors to Capua.
9. In my field there
long walL
The streets of your beautiful town are broad.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f., Alba Longa.

Capua, Capuae, f., Capua.
Gallia, Galliae, f., Gaul.
Horatius, HoratiJ, m., Horace.
legatus, legati. m., ambassador.
Mantua, Mantuae, f., Mantua.
Tarentum, TarentI, n., Tarentum.
Verbs.
arS, arare, aravi. aratum, plow.
laboro, labSrare, laboravi, laboratum, work.

navigo, navigare, navigavi navigatum, sail.
FIRST DECLENSION.
36
LESSON XV.
MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
Instrumental Ablative.
Nouns of the First Declension denoting
Such nouns of course require the
males are masculine.
masculine form of the adjective.
162.
Gender
163.
Declension of nauta bonus, in., good sailor :
Stems, nauta-, bono-
Nom.
nauta bonus
Plur.
nautae boni.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
nautae boni
nautarum bonorum
nautae bono
nautis bonis
nautam bonum
nautas bonos
Abl.
nauta bono
nautis bonis
Voc.
nauta bone
nautae boni
Sing.
164.
Vir
Model sentence
lupum
iaculo
neoat.
Abl. of inst.
165.
The man kills a wolf with a
Javelin.
1.
Agricola validus agruin equis arat.
2.
Galba aquilam sagitta necavit.

Galba reginae carus est.
3.
Regina equos pulchros aurigae fidi laudavit.

5. Regina ad poetam clarum dona mittit.
4.
Marcus scribas pigros culpabit.

7. Plratis saevis sunt gladii longI.
6.
8.
Piratae
saevi
nautas
fidos gladiis longis neca-
verunt.
9.
10.
Marcus
lupum hasta fugaverat.
Scriba generi mei est piger.
37
FIRST DECLENSION.
166.
Rule
Means and Instrument
are expressed
by the
Ablative.i
167.
1.
2.
The cruel sailors fight with swords.

The master blamed the lazy drivers.
4.
Gajba is a runaway sailor.

The strong sailors put to flight the cruel pirates
5.
with spears.
Marcus had wounded
3.
in
the stag
the wood
with an arrow.
Famous poets will praise the beautiful queen.
7. Fortune freed the good sailors from danger.
8. Farmers carry hay into the town.
6.
9.
Galba thrust
the lazy clerk out
of the senate-
house.
10.
168.
Marcus gives the poor sailor some8 money.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
agricola, agricolae, m., farmer.

auriga, aurlgae, m., driver, charioteer.
Galba, Galbae, m., Galba.
""
nauta, nautae, m., sailor.
plrata, plrStae, m., pirate.
poSta, poStae, m., poet.
sagitta, sagittae, f., arrow.
scriba, scribae, m., clerk.
Verbs.
pugno, pugnare. pugnSvi, pugnatum, fight, ^^s^

volnerS, volnerare, volneravi, volneratum, wounow\
Adjective.
saevus, saeva, saevum, cruel, grim.
38
SECOND DECLENSION.
SERVUS FUGITIVUS.
169.
In
oppido Italiae
templi
" Hodie
servum
nigrum
donSrum
Olim custos8
parvum.
fugitivum in templo ad plenam
erat templum
vidit.4
culpam narravit.
in agro laborabam ; dominus saevus me 6 miserum
aram
verberavit.
Plenus
Custodi6
irae
servus
dominum
subito
necavi.
territus in templum fugi." 7 Custos respondit,8

aram fugitivi non sunt in periculo."
1
" Ad
Tum
templl
Note that this use of the ablative is entirely distinct from its use to
express separation.
a
* Nom. sing.
*
Omit.
* me.
saw.
8
fled.
Dat. sing.
replied.
LESSON XVI.
Most nouns in -us of the second declen
sion are masculine ; but pelagus, sea, virus, poison, and
170.
Gender
volgus, crowd, are neuter.

^towns are feminine.
171.
(See
Names of trees, countries, and

'
17).
2.
In
In
8.
Umbra fagorum altarum grata est.
4.
Pelagus est saevum.
5.
Mali pulchrae agricolas delectant.
1.
horto sunt multae piri.

silva sunt magnae
fag!.
Kratae multi lato in pelago navigant.

7. Multa templa in Aegypto clara sunt
6.
SECOND DECLENSION.
8.
In
herto
sunt
reginae
89
multae
et
pulchrae
populii
'
9.
servorum volgus in viis est.
Magnum
10. Columbae altas in fagos volaverunt.
172.
1.
Egypt is famous.
2.
3.
The cruel sea is broad and deep.

There are many beech-trees in Italy.
4.
Marcus
has
apple-trees
and
pear-trees
in his
garden.
5.
The poplars are tall.
There are many tall poplars in the town.

7. There is an eagle in the tall beech.
6.
Many poets of Italy are famous.

9. The shade of the beautiful poplars delights the
8.
poet.
10.
173.
Horace is a famous poet of Italy.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
f.,
poplar-tree.
Aegyptus, Aegypti, f., Egypt. populus, populi,
umbra, umbrae, f., shade.
fSgus, fSgi, f., beech-tree.
hortus, horti, m., garden.
virus, viri, n., poison.
malus, mall, f., apple-tree.
pelagus, pelagT, n., sea.
pirus, pirl f., pear-tree.
volgus,
volgi,
people.
Adjective.
multus, multa, multum, much, many.
n.,
crowd,
40
irfa /^THIRD
/
174.
Nouns of the third declension are divided into two
general classes.
stem
The first class contains those nouns whose
in a consonant;
ends
ends in
DECLENSION. LABIAL STEMS.
the second,
those
stem
whose
i.
3)
Palatal stems, ending in
Lingual
p^
ending in
(4)
Liquid stems, ending in
I,
(2)
stems,
Labial stems, ending in
or
or ^.
m, n, or r.
of princeps, m., leader
eclensii ya.
The consonant stems are divided into
((1)
LESSON XVII.
Stem, prlncip-
Plur.
SlNG.
Nom.
princeps
principes
Gen.
principis
principum
Dat.
principi
principibus
Ace.
principem
principes
Abl.
principe
principibus
Note that
the
stem
princip- becomes princep-
in the
nominative.
176.
4. 8. 2. 1.
,.,
THIRD DECLENSION.
Marcus princeps bonus est.

In schola nostra sunt multi discipuli.
In villa tua est porta magna et pulchra.
Nilus
est clarus
AegyptI fluvius.
THIRD DECLENSION.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nostros
principes magnos amamus.

Imperitis nautis pelagus est periculosum.
Principes nostri periti sunt.
Nautae incauti magno in periculo sunt.
Italia est patria principum clarorum.
10. Piratae
177.
41
sunt lupi pelagi.
The leader
2.
of the pirates is cruel.

Horace has a beautiful country-seat in Italy,
3.
War is dangerous to unskilful
1.
leaders.
4. Boys are often heedless.

5.
Our leader praised the skilful sailors.
6.
The teacher
gave
reward to
the
leader
of
the scholars.
, .
7.
Is
8.
The slaves are working in our garden.
9.
Tarentum is the native place of skilful sailors.

My friend is not in school to-day; he is ill.
10.
178.
the
Nile dangerous
to sailors ?
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
discipulus, discipuli, m., scholar.

fluvius, fluvif, m., river.*
NIlus, NO!, m., Site.
patria, patriae, f., native place.

prlnceps, prlncipis, m., leader.
schola, acholae, f., school.
villa, villae, f., country-seat, villa.

Adjectives.
im-peritus. imperita, imperltum, unskilful.
in-cautus. incauta, incautum, heedless, careless.
noster, nostra, nostrum, our.
periculosus,periculosa, periculosum, dangerous, perilous I

peritus, perita, peritum. skilful.
THIRD DECLENSION.
LESSON XVIII.
( andilapis,
in., stone
of virtus,
[virtue,
mil<
Stem, milit-
Stem, lapid-
Sino.
Sino.
Sino.
Nom.
virtus
miles
lapis
Gen.
militis
lapidis
Dat.
virtutis
virtuti
militi
lapidl
Ace.
virtutem
militem
lapidem
Abl.
virtute
milite
lapide
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
virtutes
milites
lapides
Gen.
virtulum
militum
lapidum
Dat.
virtutibus
militibus
lapidibus
Ace.
virtutes
milites
lapidgs
Abl.
virtutibus
militibus
lapidibus
of the nominative singular.

changed
to
in milit-
is
that
before the case-ending
is
Stem, virtut-
Note that the final consonant of lingual stems

also
m.
soldier,
179. 'Declension
f.,
THIRD DECLENSION. LINGUAL STEMS.
dropped
Note
in the nominative
singular.
3.
1.
Milites validl bellum amant.

2. Virtus militum est patriae salus.
4.
7. 6. 5.
180.
Aetas amicitiam saepe firmat.

Nonne regina virtutem equitum laudabit?
Lapides asperi pedibus teneris periculosi sunt.
Puer parvus ancillae pedem lapide volneravit.

Silvae equitibus periculosae sunt.
THIRD DECLENSION.
43
Alti
oppidi muri militibus timidis saliitem dabant.

Salus est praemiam virtutis.
8.
9.
Servi
10.
in
cibum
oppida
ad
equites
reginae
portaverunt.
181.
The queen's horsemen have strong horses.

The fanner's fields are full of stones.
1.
2.
Long life is the reward of virtue.

4. The friendships of faithful soldiers are strong.
3.
The horsemen
5.
drove the soldiers out from thft
gates of the town.
The rough
6.
stones
in
the fields wounded the
soldiers' feet.
7.
The soldier wounded the standard-bearer's foot
with a spear.
8. War is dangerous to the safety of Italy.
9. Is not glory the reward of valor?
10. The arrow of the knight wounded the eagle's
wing.
VOCABULARY.
182.
Nouns.
aetas, aetatis,
f.,
age, time.
amlcitla, amlcitiae, f., friendship.
eques, equitis, m., horseman, knight.
lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
miles, mxlitis, m., soldier.
p6s, pedis, to.., foot.
salus, salutis, f., safety.
virtus, virtutis, f., manliness, virtue! valor.

Adjective.
flrmus, firma, firmum, firm, strong.
: . .
Vekb.
flrmS, firmSre, flrmSvi, fir mat um, strengthen
THIRD DECLENSION.
44
LESSON XIX.
THIRD DECLENSION. LINGUAL STEMS. Comihued.
183.
Declension of caput, n., head
Stem, capit-
Note that
Sink.
Plue.
Nom.
caput
capita
Gen.
capitis
capitum
Dat.
capiti
capilibus
Ace.
caput
capita
Abl.
capite
capitibus
and accusative
184.
in capitis changed
to u in the nominative
singular.
1.
Roma est caput Italiae.
2.
3.
Senectiis saepe est molesta.

Pericula iuventutem, non senectutem
4.
Nepos reginae
delectant.
6.
templi custos est.

Lapides aciiti pedibus militum molestl sunt.
Custodes saepe incauti sunt.
7.
Milites saevi Romam libertate privaverunt.
8.
Libri
5.
senectiiti
cari,
iuventiiti
saepe
molestl
sunt.
Peritis nautis pericula non sunt molesta.

10. Nepotes Maril hipum iacuh's aciitls in silva
9.
superaverunt.
THIRD DECLENSION.
186.
1.
The
guards
45
the
preserved
of
liberty
their
country.
2.
3.
The queen's grandsons saved the temple.

The valor of youth is the safety of the country.
4. There
are
strong
guards
in the temple
of
Fortune.
5.
The soldiers and horsemen

ties
of their country.
6.
Wolves
7.
The guard's
8.
sharp stone.
The source of the river is in a large forest.
The great valor of the horsemen saved the
9.
10.
are often troublesome to farmers.
killed
grandson
liberty of Rome.
The glory of war delights
house
186.
liber
the
preserved
dove
youth,
the
with
senate-
old age.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
caput, capitis, n., head, source, capital.

custos, custodis, c, guard, guardian.
iuventus, iuventutis,
f.,
youth.
libertas, llbertatis, f., freedom, libertynepos. nepotis, m., grandson.

senectus, senectutis, f ., old age.
Adjectives.
acutus, acuta. acutum. sharp.
molestus, molesta, molestum, troublesome, grievous, irksome.
Verbs.
servo, servare, servavi, servatum. preserve, save.

supero, superare, superavi, superatum, conquer, overcome.)
40
PUEBI ET PIRATAB.
LESSON XX.
PUERI ET PIRATAE.
187.
Marcus et Horatius, pueri impigri, in villa prope pelagus

habitabant.
Olim per agros aberraveiunt in silvam mag-
Pueri sagittas, gladios acutos,

Dum in silva sub umbra fagi altae
nam, ubi erant multae ferae.

hastas
longas habent.
sunt, lupum
hasfcam,
saevum
Horatius
vident1 cervum lacerantem.2
sagittam
urittit,
volnerant.
lupum
Marcus
Dum
lupum gladiis necare8 maturant, nigri ex Aegypto piratae

subito appropinquant, et pueros miseros captant.
Pueri conclamant.
Agricolae, qui4 multi in agris prope silvam
arabant, piratas fugant et pueros magno periculo liberant.
188.
VOCABULARY.
Verbs.
ap-propinquo,
appropinquare,
approplnquavl, appropinqua-
tum. approach.
capto, captare, captavi, captatum, seize.
con-clamo. conclamare. conclamavi. conclamatum, shout.
maturo, maturare, maturavi. maturatum, hasten.
Adjective.
im-piger, impigra, impigrum, active.
Prepositions.
Conjunction.
per (with ace), through.

prope (with ace), near.
dum, while.
they see.
tearing.
* who.
to
kill.
THIRD DECLENSION.
47
LESSON XXI.
THIRD DECLENSION. -PALATAL STEMS.
Duration,
Declension of dux,
leader, rex, m., king, nutrix,
c, juOget
Stem, iudic-
Stem, nutifo-
Stem, reg-
Sing.
Sing.
Nom.
dux
rex
nutrix
iudex
Gen.
ducis
regis
nutricis
iudicis
Dat.
duel
regi
nutricl
iudicl
Ace.
ducem
regem
nutricem
iudicem
Abl.
duce
rege
nutrice
iiidice
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
duces
reges
nutrices
iudices
Gen.
ducum
regum
nutricum
iudicum
Dat.
ducibus
regibus
nutricibus
iudicibus
Acc.
duces
reges
nutrices
iudices
Abl.
ducibus
regibus
nutricibus
iudicibus
(2) that
written.x
in stems like iudic-
changed
g
+
and
Sing.
is
that in the nominative
(1)
;
Note
Sing.
to
are
in
Stem, duo-
nurse, index,
c,
f.,
189.
Accusative.
190.
Model sentences
Roma
the -nominative singular.
multos annds
caput Italiae erat.
Acc. duration of time.
of Italy many
Acc. extent of space.
Mums multos pedes altue est.
The wall
is
Rome was the capital
years.
many feet high.
THIRD DECLENSION.
48
MilitSs in oppido multas horas pugnabant.

2. Fagus in silva multos pedes alta est.
1.
191.
3.
Multi iudices
4.
Iudices sunt vindices legum.
5.
Leges nostrae
6.
Gregem equorum pulchrorum
7.
Duces militibus leges dant.
8.
Mums multos pedes longus est.
9.
Agricolae
10.
Vindices
leges Romae laudaverunt.
patriae non molestae
sunt.
laudabamus.
agros multas horas arabant.

libertatis
contra milites
regis piigna-
verunt.
192.
Rule
by the Accusative.
expressed
193.
Duration of time and extent of space are
1.
Romulus was king many years.
2.
Kings do not always praise the defenders
of
the laws.
8.
The leaders praised the bravery of the soldiers.
4. The
soldiers
fought
many
hours
against the
pirates.
Judges give good laws to the country.

lived in a town of Gaul many years.
6.
5.
7.
There is a large drove of black
horses
in the
field-.
8.
There are beech -trees
in
the forest many feet
high.
9.
Do not good laws delight the people?
10. The wall
of the town
wide and strong.
is
long
and
high and
THIRD DECLENSION.
49
VOCABULARY.
194.
Nouns.
annus, anni, m., year.

dux, ducis, c, leader.
grex, gregis,
m., herd, drove.
lex, legis, f., law.

nutrix, nutricis, f., nurse.
populus, popull, m., people.
rex, regis, m., king.
hora, horae, f., hour.

vindex, vindicis,
iudex, iudicis, c, judge.
Preposition.
c, defender.
contra (with ace), against.
(third declension. liquid stems
inl
and
5.)
LESSON XXII.
Two Accusatives.
195.
Declension of consul, m., consul, pastor, m., shep

:
herd, and pater, m., father
Stem, pastor-
Stem, patr-
Sing.
Sing.
SlNG.
Nom.
consul
pastor
pater
Gen.
consulis
pastoris
patris
Dat.
consul!
pastori
patri
Ace.
consulem
pastorem
patrem
Abl.
consule
pastore
patre
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
cSnsules
pastores
Gen.
consulum
pastorum
patres
pat rum
Dat.
consulibus
pastoribus
patribus
Ace.
consules
pastores
patres
Abl.
consulibus
pastoribus
patribus
Stem, oonsul-
THIRD DECLENSION.
50
Nntr (1) thnt n in Hrnppod in tin iiiiiiiiiiffthTîiiiijiiliii nf

liqaid- stews; and (2) that e is inserted in the nominative
singular of stems like pati>.
196.
Model sentence
Marcum
consulem creant.
They elect Marcus consul.
Pred. ace.
197.
1.
2.
Patres (senators) Caesarem imperatorem vocant.

Prater consulis in oppido contra milites pugnabat.
8.
Siciliam
nutricem Roniae vocabant.
4.
Duces volgl Caesarem
5.
Pastorem custodem
6.
Mea mater fratri Marcl librum pulchrum donavit.
7.
Caesar
imperator
consulem creaverunt.
gregis vocamus.
magnam
militum
virtutem
laudaverat.
8.
9.
Consules Romam magno periculo liberaverunt.

Cur Caesar milites culpat ? TimidI sunt.
10. Cicero, pater patriae, amicus Caesaris erat.

198.
Rule
Verbs
meaning make, call, choose,
esteem,
and the like, may take a second Accusative denoting the

same person or
199.
thing as the object.
1.
They call Rome the head of Italy.
2.
Caesar
was consul.
.3. They elected Caesar consul.

4. We call judges the defenders of the laws.
5. Do we call soldiers the guards of liberty?
6.
Will
7.
They elected Horatius consul yesterday.

Caesar and his soldiers are sailing to Sicily.
8.
they elect Marcus consul to-morrow?
THIRD DECLENSION.
61
War is grievous to mothers.
9.
10. My
father
gave
beautiful
200.
brother
my
and
strong
horse.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar.

consul, consulis, m., consul.
mater, matris, f., mother.

pastor, past oris, m., shepherd.
f rater, fratris, m., brother.
pater, patris, m., father.
imperator,
imperatoris,
m.,
Sicilia, Siciliae, f., Sicily.
commander.
Verbs.
creS, creare, creavl, creatum make, elect. \

vocS, vocare, vocavl, vocatum, call, name.
ROMULUS ET REMUS.
201.
Dum Romulus muros Romae multa cum diligentia

ficat, Remus frater puer piger et improbus
muros
saepe
" Care
transilit.2
magnifici
sunt miiri tui
Romulus,
autem,
parvos
frater,"
inimicos
adhuc i
"
inquit,8
quam
"
tuos egregie arcent 1 4
plenus Irae Remum vita privavit.
feliciter muros aedificat.

1
as yet.
leaps over.
aedi-
said
he.
* keep
off.
Tum
THIRD DECLENSION.
52
LESSON XXIII.
Declension of hiems,
maiden, agmen, n., army
winter, leo, m., lUm, virgo,
f.,
202.
f.,
THIRD DECLENSION. LIQUID STEMS IN M AND N.
Stem, hiem-
Stem, leon-
Sing.
Sing.
Stem, virgin-
Stem, agmin-
Sing.
Sing.
Nom.
hiems
leo
virgo
agmen
Gen.
liiemis
leonis
virginis
agminis
Dat.
hiemi
leoni
virgini
agmini
Ace.
hiemem
leonem
virginem
agmen
Abl.
hie me
leone
virgiue
agmine
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
liiemes
leones
virgines
agmina
Gen.
hiemum
leonnm
virginum
agin inum
Dat.
hiemibus
leonibus
virginibus
agminibus
Ace.
liiemes
leones
virgines
agmina
Abl.
hiemibus
leonibus
virginibus
agminibus
Plur.
Note the form of the stem in the nominative singular.

Italiae
3. 2. 1.
Hiemes
Leones sunt ferae magnae et validae.

Romani
carmina Horatii laudaverunt.
4.
Duces agminis fortitudinem
7. 6. 5.
Vita longa hominibus grata est.
gratae
sunt.
203.
militum laudabant.
Leonem regem ferarum vocant.

Cicero
orationibus
libera vit.
patriam
magnis
periculis
THIBD DECLENSION.
53
Capita fluminum saepe in silvis sunt.

RomanI fortitudinem Ciceronis, carmina Horatii,
8.
9.
laudaverunt.
Poetae homines carminibus pulchris delectant.
10.
204.
1.
Marcus's
2.
The fortitude
killed a lion in the forest.
slave
of the Romans was great.

The rivers of Italy are not long.
3.
4. Men praise Cicero's famous orations.

5. Caesar sends an army into Gaul.
The
6.
poems
of Horace
have
delighted
many
men.2
Poets often praised the winters of Italy.

The river is many feet deep.
Men call the lion the ting of beasts.
7.
8.
9.
10. The boy throws
(sends) a stone into the river.
VOCABULARY.
205.
Nouns.
n., array.
carminia, n., poem,
figmen, agminis,
carmen,
song.
Cicero, Ciceronis, m., Cicero.

flumen, fluminis, n. , river.
fortitude,
fortitudinis,
fortitude,
hiems, hie mis, f., winter.

homo, hominis, c, man. \
leo, leonis, m., lion.
oratio, orationis, f., oration,
speech.
f.,
courage.
Adjective.
RSmanus, Romana, Romanum, Roman.
1
Used as a noun.
Omit
54
*j*
THIRD DECLENSION.
/ X
vM
Z>isM
iûj,
LESSON XXIV.
THIRD DECLENSION. STEMS IN
S.
Declension of most- in., custom, iiig^n., right, oppj/2^

n., work, tempus^) ., time :
206.
Stem, mo*Q
Stem,
iu*^t
Stem,
op(R-
Stem, tempof^t
Sing.
Sing.
Si NO.
Sing.
Nom.
mos
ius
opus
tempus
Gen.
moris
iuris
operis
temporis
Dat.
mori
iuri
operi
tempori
Ace.
morem
ius
opus
tempus
Abl.
more
iure
opere
tempore
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
opera
tempora
Nom.
mores
Plur.
iiira
Gen.
morum
in rum
ope rum
temporum
Dat.
indribus
ifiribus
operibus
temporibus
Ace.
mores
iiira
opera
tempora
Abl.
moribus
iuribus
operibus
temporibus
jrds feral s-trf the stem -changes-te- r
Notebetween
two, vowels.
the nominative
207.
Note also the form of the stem
singular.
1.
Servi volnera domini curabant.
2.
Mores militum saepe saevi sunt.

Iiidices boni ius amant.
8.
in
4. Tempora iuventiitis
laudamus,-
5. Corpora militum in oppidum portaverunt.

6. Ancillae reginae templum clarum floribus pulchris omabant.
56
THIRD DECLENSION.
Multi
pulchri flores in agris sunt.

8. Puellae parvae flores in horto ciirant.
9. Opera militum laudabimus.
7.
10.
208.
et
Homines
boni bonos
mores
semper
optant.
1.
Pirates have cruel customs.
2.
The leaders cared for the wounds of the soldiers.
3.
Time heals many wounds.
4.
The Romans ornamented Rome with
beautiful
works.
Temples are among (in) the great works of Rome.
6. There are beautiful flowers in the queen's garden.
5.
7.
Are not roses beautiful flowers
8.
The Romans desired
the safety of their country.
9. The customs of the fathers are the laws of the

country.
10. Time puts troublesome cares to flight.
209.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
corpus, corporis, n., body.

flos, floris, m., flower.
ius, iuri3, n.,
right.
mos. moris, in., custom.
mores, morura, m. pi., cus
opus, operis, n., work.

tempus, temporis, n., time.
volnus, volneris, n., wound*
toms, character.
Verbs.
cfirS, curare, curavT, curatum, care for, attend to, heal.

opto, optare, optSvI, optatum, desire.
Srno, ornare, ornavi, ornatum, adorn, deck, ornament.
56
ADJECTIVES,
CONSONANT STEMS.
LESSON XXV.
ADJECTIVES,
CONSONANT
Two Accusatives,
210.
STEMS.
continued.
Declension of vetus, old, and memor, mindful :

Stem, vetos-
Sino.
Neut.
velere (veteri)
vetus
vetus
veteris
veteris
veterl
veterl
veterem
vetus
vetere (veteii)
vetere (veterl)
Plur.
Nom.
vet :res
veteres
vetera
Gen.
vet :rum
veteram
veterum
Dat.
veteribus
veteribus
veteribus
Ace.
vet
Abl.
(veteris) veteres (veteris) vetera

vet :ribus
veteribus
veteribus
sres
Stem, raemosSlNG.
Masc.
yp.-
Fem
Neut.
Nom.
memor
memor
memor
Gen.
memoris
memoris
memoris
Dat.
mjemori
memori
memori
Ace.
Memorem
memorem
memor
Abl.
memori
memori
memori
ADJECTIVES,
CONSONANT
57
STEMS.
Plur.
Neul
"TfUFem
Nom.
metnores
Gen.
men aorum
memorum
Dat.
mei poribus
memoribus
Ace.
men bores
Abl.
211.
Marcus
J
s
(memoris) memores (memorls)

memoribus
men iloribus
Model sentence
Ace.
1'
fratiem sagittam
Ace. of person.
212.
memores
celavit.
hid the arrmc

from his brother.
Marcus
of thing.
1.
Iudices iustitiae memores sunt.
2.
Cicero Caesarem
3.
Homo pauper agrum uberem amicos oravit.
4.
5.
Piratae, iustitiae immemores, captivos necaverunt.

Pater filium sententiam celavit.
6.
Rex, salutis memor, in oppido pugnabat.
7.
Nonne sententiae meorum amicorum bonae sunt?
sententiam
in curia rogavit.
Agmina agris uberibus periculosa sunt.

9. Imperator, virtutis memor, militibus
veteribus
8.
praemia dat.
10.
213.
ceal,
Magister
Rule
pueros scholae immemores culpat.
Most verbs meaning ask, demand, teach, con
may take two Accusatives, one of the person
and the
other of the thing.

214.
1.
Unmindful of justice, he Concealed his opinion

from his friend.
They begged justice of the judges.

3. The lazy slaves had not plowed the fertile fields.
4. Forgetful boys are troublesome to their teachers.
2.
5. The old soldier begged

javelin.
his timid friend for a
58
CONSONANT
ADJECTIVES,
STEMS.
Lazy men are often unmindful of old age.

7. He hid the sword from his brother.
8. The little girls asked the man in the garden for I
6.
some flowers.
9.
The leaders
will ask the king his opinion to
morrow in the senate-house.

10. Famous poets are often poor.
VOCABULARY.
U15.
Nouns.
ifiatitia, iustitiae, f . , justice.

sententia, sententiae, f., opinion, purpose.
Adjectives.
tm-memor,
immemor, immemor,1 (with gen.), unmindful, t'-'W^
forgetful.
memor, memor, memor,1 (with gen.), mindful.
pauper, pauper, pauper, poor.
fiber, fiber, fiber,1 fruitful, fertile.
J \.$
vetus, vetus, vetus,1 old.
Verbs.
'.
cSlo, celare, celavl. celatum, hide, conceal.

5ro, orare, oravi, oratum, beg, beg for.
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum, ask.
1
Note that
like i-stems.
memor, immemor, and fiber have the ablative in i,

See 232.
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
LESSON XXVI.
SECOND CONJUGATION. STEM IN
VERBS.
216.
Present and
warn, stem mone-
imperfect
indicative
active
g.
of moneo,
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
/ warn.
moneo,
UhL
monemus,
we warn.
mones, you warn.
inonetis, you warn.
monet, he warns.
monent, they warn.
Imperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
monebam,
/ was warning.
monebas, you were warning,

monebat,
217.
he was warning.
monebamus,
we were
warning.
monebatis, you were warning.

monebant,
they were warning.
1.
Clamor comites monebat.
2.
Milites boni laudem merebant.
3. Consul civitati honorem praebebat.

4.
Civitas leges bonas habet.
5.
Custodes civitatis
8.
7.
Meum amicum carum saepe moneo.

Merentne pueri timidi laudem ?
8.
Nonne agricolae libertatem merebant?
9.
Comites bonos habemus.
10. Vindices
merent.
civitatis
honorem merent.
honorem
magnum
semper
60 j
SECOND CONJUGATION.
-818.
1.
The consul warned the state.
2.
The farmers
3.
Does the leader deserve the praise of the soldiers?

We often warn our careless friends.
4.
5. Many
furnished food to the soldiers.
poets deserve great praise.
6. The shouts of my companions warned the farmers.

7.
The praise of the soldiers is the
glory
of the
general.
Did the master furnish food for his slaves ?

9. We had many beautiful1 trees in our garden.
10. Do we deserve praise?
8.
VOCABULARY.
219.
Nouns.
c,
arbor, arboris, f., tree.
com-es, comitis.
civitas, clvitatis, f., state.
honor, honoris, in., honor.
clamor, clamoris. m., shout,
laus, laudis, f ), praise.
companion.
Verbs.
habeo, habere, habul, habitum, have.
mereS, merere, merui, meritum. deserve, earn.
moneo, monSre, monul, monitum, warn, remind.

praebeS, praebSre, praebui. praebitum, furnish, supply.
1
Two adjectives modifying
Latin by
et
the same noun are usually connected in
61
SECOND CONJUGATION.
LESSON XXVII.
SECOND CONJUGATION. Continued.
VERBS.
Future
220.
and
perfect
indicative
active
of
moneo,
warn :
Future.
Plur.
Sing.
I shall
monebo,
monebimus, we shall warn.
warn.
will warn.
will warn.
monebis, you
monebit, he
monebitis, you will warn.

monebunt, they will warn.
Perfect.
Plur.
Sing.
monui,
/ warned.
monuimus, we warned.
monuistl, you warned.
monuistis, you warned.
monuit, he warned.
monuerunt, they warned.
221.
1.
Poeta homines de vltae brevitate monuit.
2.
Calamitatem civitatis
viderunt.
Dolor saepe tacet.

4. Milites de virtute ducis non tacuerunt.
5. Dolor aminos tenebit.
3.
Cras patriam caram videbimus.

7. Nonne meos amicos vidisti ?
6.
Magnum
9.
Milites oppidum tenuerunt.
10.
222.
oratorem in Italia vidi.
8.
Magister
pueros
multa docuit.
%.
The consul warned the soldiers of1 the danger.

We shall see the town to-morrow.
3.
They were silent about their grief.
1.
62
SECOND CONJUGATION.
4.
5.
Have you seen the friends of the state ?

Will you not teach the men about the short
life?
ness of
6.
The general
7.
The
will hold the town.

was
leader
not silent about the valor of
the soldiers.
8.
Did you
9.
We shall
my brother yesterday?
see
see
many beautiful
fields, many deep
rivers.
10. The misfortunes of war taught the soldiers the
brevity of life,
223.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
brevitas, "brevitatis, f., brevity, shortness.

calamitas, calamitatis, f., calamity, misfortune.
dolor, doloris, m., grief, sorrow.
Verbs.
ZJ)
XS
doceo, docgre, docui, doctum, teach, show.

taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum, be silent.
teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, hold.
video, videre, vidi, visum, see.
Preposition.
ds, (with abl.), about, concerning.
>
Use dS.
63
SECOND CONJUGATION.
LESSON XXVIII.
SECOND CONJUGATION. Continued.
VERBS..
Accompaniment and Manner

224.
and future
Pluperfect
perfect
Ablative.
indicative
active of
moneo, warn :
PLUPERFECT.
Plur.
Sing.
had warned.
monueras, you had warned,
monueram,
monuerat, he had warned.
monueramus, we had warned.

monueratis, you had warned.
monuerant, they had warned.
Future Perfect.
Plur.
Sing.
monuero,
I shall
monueris, you
monuerimus, we shall have
have
warned.
will
have
monueritis, you
will
have
monuerint, they
will
have
warned.
warned.
225.
have
warned.
warned.
monuerit, he
will
Model sentences
Cum ami co ambulat.
He takes a walk with, his friend,
Abl. accompaniment.
Magna, (cum) prudentia, regnal;.

Ablative of manner.
226.
He rules very prudently

(with great prudence) .
.
1. Milites periti oppidum deleverant.
2. Rumor calamitatis animos militum compleverat.
3.
Amicis pecuniam debuit.
64
SECOND CONJUGATION.
In
5.
oppido multos annos cum amicis manseraL ^vvtr-'

i
Senatores in curia viderinyis. .
6.
Milites
7.
Dominus
4.
Romana
cum
magno
periculo
cum servis in oppidum migraverat.

Senatores calamitatem maguo doloTe viderant.
8.
Rumores seditionis oppidum compleverint.

Saepe pueri fluvium altum viderant.
9.
10.
227.
templa
Rule
Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative
with the preposition cum.
manner may be expressed
We
shall
have
remained
by
limited
the Ablative
in
the town
many
years.
2.
The soldiers will have destroyed
the
beautiful
3.
gardens.
Caesar
sends
Marcus
with his companions into
the town.
not been silent about the mutiny

of the soldiers.
5.
4. Caesar
had
The senators had seen the consul's danger with

sorrow.
10.
The consul will have deserved
They owed the farmers

large sum of money.
The boys had filled the forest with their shouts.
great
reward.
He had warned the senators about the mutiny.

We had remained
the forest many hours
in
229.
the noun
however,
preposition.
1.
\without
adjective,
9. 8. 7. 6.
an
by the Ablative with

is
cum;
is expressed
by
Manner
/the preposition
JKy. J)
Rule
if,
/"228.
with great danger.
'
THIRD DECLENSION.
65
VOCABULARY.
230.
Nouns.
rumor, rumoris, m., rumor.

seditio, sSditionis, f., sedition, mutiny, insurrection.
senator, senatoris, m., senator.
Verbs.
corn-pled, complere, complevi, completum,

dSbed, deb6re, debul, debitum, owe.
deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, destroy.
Jill.
maneo. manSre, mausi, mansum, remain.

Preposition.
cum, (with abl.), with.
LESSON XXIX.
THIRD DECLEKSIQH^ÎEMSl-JK i.
231.
Nouns with stems in
have
-1x111i
in the genitive
In the- aeettsatfve -and ablative singular and accusa

plural.
tive plural, the vowel of the ending varies between i and e.
singular, however, commonly ends in em, the
ablative singular in e (except in neuters), and the accusative
The accusative
plural
in Is.
In
the
vocabulary
the
stem
form of every
i- stem is given.
232.
plural.
Adjectives with stems in i have -ium in the genitive

Of the masculine and feminine forms, the accusative
singular ends in em, and the accusative plural generally in is

The ablative singular of all genders ends injlf
THIRD DECLENSION.
66
233.
Declension of hostis,
c,
enemy, and masculine and
feminine forms of tristis, adj., sad :

Stem, hosti-
Stem,
Sing.
tristi
Sing.
Muc.
Fem.
Nom.
hostis
triads
tristis
Gen.
hostis
tristis
tristis
Dat.
hostl
tristi
tristi
Ace.
hostem
tristem
tristem
Abl.
hoste
tristi
tristi
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
hostes
tristes
tristes
Gen.
hostium
tristium
tristium
Dat.
hostibus
tristibus
tristibus
Ace
Abl.
hostis (hostes)
hostibus
tristis (tristes) tristis (tristes)
234.
tristibus
tristibus
1.
Dux fortis hostis monuit.
2.
Testes omnes slgniferum
3.
Senator vindex hominum tristium erat.
accusaverunt.
4. Milites fortes oppidum magnum deleverunt.

5. Testibus bonis praemium dant.
6.
Mel
comites
riimorem
seditionis
regi
fortl
niintiaverunt.
7.
Multos mensls in Italia cum amicls mausit.
8.
Nonne milites virtutem hostium laudaverunt?
9.
Servo tristi dominus peciiniam dat.

Iudices de lege non tacuerunt.
10.
235.
1.
The brave leaders warned
2.
The king will remain in Italy with his com

panions.
the soldiers.
THIRD DECLENSION.
67
3.
Why did they destroy all the states?
4.
The hrave
5.
They gave rewards to all the witnesses.

They announced the battle to the senators
6.
soldiers did not accuse the leader.
in
the senate-house.
7.
The
announced the
leader
bravery of all
the
soldiers.
Are not the laws of the state good?

9. The grief of all the brave men was great.
10. The orator announced the sad calamity of the
8.
state with
236.
great
sorrow.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
hostis, hostia,
c,
enemy.
mensis, mensis, m., month.
pugna, pugnae, f., battle.

testis, testis, c, witness.
Adjectives.
tortis, fortis, forte, brave.
omnis, omnis, omne, every, all.

tristis, tristis, triste, sad.
Verbs.
accusare, accusavi, accusatum, accuse.

nuntiS, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum, report, announce.
ac-cuso,
68
THIRD DECLENSION.
LESSON XXX.
Declension of nubes,
cloud
237.
f.,
THIRD DECLENSION. (STEMS IN ,^Continued.
Stem, niibi-
Plur.
Nom.
nubes
nubes
Gen.
nubis
nubium
Dat.
nubl
nubibus
Ace.
nubem
Abl.
nube
nubis (nubes)
nubibus
2. 1.
238.
Sing.
Qualis sedis habebant senatores Romanl?

Sedes pastorum
sedibus senatorum similes non
sunt.
3.
4.
In Europa
9. 8. 7. 6. 5.
militum inermium dolor.
Magnus
Rupes sedes aquilarum saepe sunt.

Caesar in fertills Galliae vallis matiiravit.
est
sunt multae et fertiles valles.
Italia sedes est virorum inlustrinm.

Nonne Caesar riipls magnas in Gallia vidit?
Sedes
virorum
carae
clarorum
omnibus
hominibus
sunt.
239.
4. 3. 2. 1.
10. Discipulus sine libris inerml militl similis est.

The enemy were in the valley.
What kind of dwelling-places have the Romans?

They saw many high cliffs and broad valleys.
The unarmed soldiers remained in the town.
10.
(69
Many states of Italy were illustrious.

Eagles often live on (in) high cliffs.
What sort of clouds did you see yesterday?
Clouds filled all the valleys.
The shepherd has
dwelling-place near the cliffs.
The rivers in the valleys of Gaul are long and
a
9. 8. 7. 6. 5.
THIRD DECLENSION.
deep.
240.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
nubSs, nflbis, f., cloud.
f., dwelling-place.
valles, vallis, f., valley.
sedSs, s6dis,
rapSs, rupis, f., cliff.
Adjectives.
ertilis, fertile, adj . fertile.
in-ermis, inermis, inerme, unarmed.
in-lustris, inlustris, inlustre, illustrious.
fertilis,
qualis. qualis. quale, what sort of? what kind of?

similis, similis, simile, like.
ULTIO ROMANA.
241.
Bellum in Hispania fuit.1

saeva,
Romano
populo
necaverat.
Causa
belli erat haec.2
inimica, mercatores Romanos
Gens
dolo
Per viatores rumor seditionis Eomam ad sena-
tores venit.3
Tum Romani milites fortis cum duce claro in
Agmen iter longum durumque per

Hispaniam mittunt.
In Hispania milites
montis altos fluminaque lata facit.4
2
Romanl oppida hostium mox expugnant, agros vastant, inPost hoc supplicolas multos captl vos Romam reportaut.
there was.
this.
comes.
mercatoresque
Hispanienses populum Romanum timebant,

Romani in Hispania semper tutl erant.
8
insigne
cium
makes.
THIRD DECLENSION.
70
LESSON XXXI.
THIRD DECLENSION. STEMS IN
cough.
Sing.
Sing.
Nom.
turris
tussis
Gen.
turris
ignis
ignis
Dat.
turri
Igni
tussi
Ace.
turrem (turrim) ignem

turre (turri)
lgni (Igne)
tussis
tussim
tussi
Plue.
Plur.
Plub.
Nom.
turres
Ignes
tusses
Gen.
turrium
Ignium
tussium
Dat.
turribus
ignibus
tussibus
Ace.
turns (turres)
Ignis (Ignes) tussis (tusses)
turribus
Ignibus
stern, sementis,
f.,
f.,
Like ignis
are
declined navis,
a seeding,
securis,
are declined avis,
fleet, collis,
f.,
Like turris
tussibus
f.,
Abl.
classis,
Stem, tussi-
Sino.
Abl.
244.
Stem, Igni-
ship, puppis,
f.,
Stem, turn-
243.
L, tower, ignis, m., fire, and
f.,
tussis,
Declension of turris,
f.,
242.
i Continued.
axe.
bird, civis,
m., hill, funis, m., rope,
c,
citimen,
orbis, m.,
Like
tussis are declined sitis,
in -is, genitive, -is.
f.,
circle.
thirst, and names of rivers
THIRD DECLENSION.
245.
71
in Gallia multas turris aedificavit.
1.
Caesar
2.
Civis Roman
us
honorem
per
orbem terrarum
habebat.
8.
Alta turris in colli est.
4.
5.
Roma multos annos orbis terrarum caput fuit.

Multi colles alti in Italia sunt.
6.
Dux classis nautas fortis laudavit.
7.
8.
Custodes lgnis in templo habitabant.

Naves Romanorum altas turris habebant.
9.
Fortitudo militum navem servavit.
10. Cives navis Romanas ex colb" viderunt.

246.
The soldier's cough is troublesome.

2. The hills of Rome are not high.
8. The Roman fleet deserved great glory.
1.
4.
The calamity of the fleet taught the
Romans
patience.
What sort of ships did the Romans have

6. Was not Rome the head of the world ?
5.
7.
The
citizens
furnished
fire
and
food
to the
soldiers.
8.
The
towers
of the
Roman
ships were
often
high and strong.

9.
10.
Fire destroyed
Caesar's
the forests
of Gaul.
soldiers held the hills many hours.

VOCABULARY.
247.
Nouns.
c,
citizen.
orbis, orbis. m., circle.

classis, classis, f., fleet. -orbis terrarum, world.
collis, collis, m., hill.
patientia, patientiae, f., patience.
turris, turris, f., tower.
navis, navis, f., ship.
civis, civis,
72
^$t^Wjm&10*-
}syn*f#sft a, as /*cco6^
, LESSON XXXII. *,
w. i
/S
c,
citadel, mus,
Stem, clienti-
e%, arx,
mouse
Stem, urbi-
Stem, arci-
Stem, muri-
Sing.
Sing.
Sing.
Nom. cliens
urbs
arx
mus
Gen. clientis
urbis
arcis
minis
Dat. client!
urbi
arc!
murl
Ace.
clientem
urbem
arcem
mfi rem
Abl.
cliente
urbe
arce
mure
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom. clientes
urbes
arces
mures
Gen. clientium
urbium
arcium
murium
Dat. clientibus
urbibus
arcibus
muribus
SlNO.
249.
Cicero multos clientis habuit.
Milites Caesaris altum montem tenuerunt.

Dux arcem validam fortibus militibus complevit.
Calamities
urbis omuis civis bouos terruit.
Multos mensis in montibus mansimus.

Multos muris
sedibus hominum videmus.
in
Abl.
clientis (clientes) urbis (urbes) arcis (arces) m u ris rn u res)

clientibus
urbibus
arcibus
muribus
9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Ace.
f.,
Declension of cliens, m., client, urbs,

:
248.
f.,
THIRM DECLENSION. =-STEMS*IN i. Continued.
Montis altos patriae nostrae amamus.

Mens fortis pugnam non timet.
Clamor puerorum muris terrebat.
10. Nautae timidi navis piratarum
timebant.
THIRD DECLENSION.
250.
73
1.
There are high mountains in Italy.
2.
The unarmed citizens were afraid of the spears
of the soldiers.
3.
4.
The guards of the citadel saw the fires of the
bold mind is not afraid of misfortune.
enemy.
The wild
5.
beasts
in
the
mountains
frightened
the farmers.
Cicero was the defender
6.
of many clients.
Have you seen the famous Roman citadel?

8. Mice are often troublesome to farmers.
7.
The city of Ronie
9.
is
full of
brave
soldiers.
Are girls afraid of mice?
10.
251.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
arx, arcis, f., citadel.
mons, montia, m., mountain.
oliens, clientis, m., client.
mus, muris,
mens, mentis,
f., mind.
c,
mouse.
urbs, urbis, f., city.

Vkkbs.
terreo, terrSre, terrui, territum, frighten, alarm.

timeo, timere, timui,
,2
See note 2, p. 17.
The perfect participle of
y&4iA.
fear,
be
afraid of.
A^^ ^
timeo is not found.
%~* .*\ggfc}03
74
ADJECTIVES.
LESSON XXXIII.
ADJECTIVES. STEMS IN i.
252.
Declension
of audax, bold, and

Stem,
prudens,
prudent,
audaci-
Sing.
Ibn.
j^Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
aulax
audax
audax
Gen.
auc acis
audficis
alidads
Dat.
audfeci
audaci
audaci
Ace.
auc
audacem
audax
Abl.
alidad (audace) audaci (audace) audaci (audace)
icem
Plue.
Nom.
audaces
audaces
audacia
Gen.
audacium
audacium
audacium
Dat.
audacibus
audacibus
audacibus
Ace.
aucjiicis (audaces) audacis (audaces) audacia
Abl.
audacibus
audacibus
audacibus
Stem, prudenti-
Sing.
Magc.
/>
Fem.
Neut
Nom.
prudens
prudens
prudens
Gen.
pmdentis
pmdentis
pmdentis
Dat.
prudenti
prudentl
prudenti
Ace.
prudentem
prudentem
prudens
Abl.
priidenti
prudenti
prudentl
(prudente)
(prudente)
(prudente)
ADJECTIVES.
75
Plttr.
Nom.
prudentes
prudentes
prudentia
Gen.
prudentium
prudentium
prudentium
Dat.
prudentibus
prudentibus
prudentibus
Ace.
prudestis
prudentis
prudentia
(prudentes)
Abl.
253.
1.
(prudentes)
prudeatibus
prudentibus
Agri Galliae
magnam
prudentibus
partem militum Romano-
rum sustinebant.
2.
Ciceronem, potentem et clarum civem Romanum,

laudamus.
8.
Multae et potentes civitates in Gallia erant.
4.
Audacesne homines semper sunt prudentes?

Pons est multos pedes longus.
5.
6. Ferae ingentes in silvis magnis habitant.

7. Pars civium in curia multas horas mansit.
8.
Romani
9.
Nqnne
multa proelia in Italia piignaverunt.

Roma magnam partem or bis terrarum
tenuit ?
10.
254.
In
ponte longo erant multi milites.
Bold sailors held the town for many hours.

2. We have many powerful friends.
1.
3.
There is a huge pine-tree in our garden.
4.
The friendship of the powerful delights
5.
The Romans destroyed
a vast
many.
fleet.'
Wise men are brave, not rash.

7. A part of the soldiers was building a bridge.
6.
8. The Gauls
(GalU) had huge bodies.
They owed their victory to their great walls.

10. The Romans were powerful soldiers and fought
9.
many battles.
'
rr
THIRD DECLENSION.
76
255.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
pars, partis, f., part.
proelium, proelil, n., battle.

victoria, victoriae, f., victory.
pons, pontis, m., bridge,
Adjectives.1
audax, audax, audax, bold, rash.

ingens, ingens, ingens. great, vast, huge.
potens, potens, potens, powerful.
prudens. prudens, prudens, prudent, wise.
Verb.
suB-tineo, sustinSre, sustinui, sustentum, support, sustain.

The adjectives given in this lesson are often called consonant stems ;
hut both etymologically and for practical purposes they are better con
sidered as stems in i.
1
LESSON XXXIV.
THIRD DECLENSION. STEMS IN i.
NEUTERS.
Declension
256.
of mare,
n.,
sea,
Continued.
animal,
n., animal,
calcari-
Stem, trlsti.
calcar, n., spur, and triste, n., sad :

Stem, mari-
Stem, animali-
Stem,
SlNG.
SlNG.
SlKO.
Sing.
NoM.
mare
animal
calcar
triste
Gen.
maris
animalis
calcaris
testis
Dat.
marl
animal!
calcarI.
tîsti
Ace.
mare
animal
calcar
triste
Abl.
marl
animal!
calcari
trtsti
THIRD DECLENSION.
Plur.
Pmjr.
Nom.
maria
Gen.
77
Plue.
Plu R.
animalia
calcaria
triitia
liinrium
animalium
calcarium
tris ium
Dat.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
tris ibus
Ace.
maria
animalia
calcaria
tris ia
Abl.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
tris ibus
257.
1.
Calcaria utilia sunt equitibus.
2.
Romanl
3.
Puer piger cubile amat.
4.
Cives
mare navibus navigabant.
incolumes
erant:
Caesar
hostis ab urbe
prohibuerat.
6.
Qualia animalia sunt in silvis?
6.
Puer tristis dolorem magnum non sustinuit.
7.
Equus animal utile est.
8.
Vectigalia
9.
Hostes in vallibus incolumes erant.
10.
258.
Caesar
Romae ingentia erant.
cubilia multa in villa Ciceronis vidit.
1.
Many animals are useful.
2.
The horseman's sharp
spurs wounded the horse.
3.
The
remained
run-away slaves
where
(ubi)
they
were
in
the
temple
safe.
4.
They saw the broad sea from the high tower.
5.
The
teachers
taught
the
pupils
many useful
things.1
6.
Taxes are useful to the state.
7.
The stout ships of the Romans kept the enemy

from the sea.
8.
Our friends are
9.
What sort of animals are troublesome to men?
10.
safe
in the city.
Fertile valleys are useful to cities.
78
ADJECTIVES.
259.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
animal, animalis, n., animal.
cublle, cubllis, n., couch, bed.

mare, maris, n., sea.
caloar, calcaris, n., spur.
vSctigal, vSctigalis, n., tax.

Adjectives.
in-columis, incolumis, incolume, safe.
utilis, utilis, utile, useful.
Verb.
pro-hibeo, prohibere, prohibuT, prohibitum,
1
keep away.
Omit.
LESSON XXXV.
ADJECTIVES: STEMS IN
260.
i. Continued.
Declension of acer, sharp :

Stem, acriSlNG.
Km.
Fem.
Nom.
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
arris
acris
acris
Dat.
acri
acri
acri
Ace.
acrem
acrem
acre
Abl.
acri
acri
acri
Neat.
ADJECTIVES.
79
Plur.
261.
Nom.
acrts
acres
acria
Gen.
aci um
acriura
acrium
Dat.
aci .bus
acribus
acribus
Ace.
acr a (acres)
acria
Abl.
acrpus
acris (acres)
acribus
1.
Equus animal alacre est.
2.
Hostes in loco palustri
3.
Proelium
equestre
4. Ripae fluviorum
acribus
manserunt.
in ripa fluvii pugnaverunt.

paliistres sunt.
saepe
Locus campester proelio equestri utilis est.

6. Puer cervum sagitta celeri volneravit.
5.
7.
Meus amicus dolorem acrem non sustinuit.
8.
Valles paliistres florum saepe
9.
Celeres
aquilae
gregibus
plenae
sunt.
agricolarum
pericu-
losae sunt.
262.
10.
Acres milites in proelium maturant.
1.
The bank of the river was marshy.
2.
Eagles have sharp eyes.
3.
Many animals are not swift.
4.
Marshy
places
are often troublesome to farm
ers.
5.
Caesar
6.
fought a cavalry battle in a level place.
lion
frightened
swift
the
stags
in
forest.
7.
The enemy remained
8.
Marshy
in the marshy valley.
places are often
dangerous.
9. Level fields delight farmers.

10. What sort of animals love marshy places?
the
ADJECTIVES.
80
263.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
locus, loci, m. in sing., n. in plur., place.

oculus, oculi, m., eye.
ripa, ripae, f., bank, river-bank.
Adjectives.
Seer, acris, acre, sharp, eager, keen.
alacer, alacris, alacre, quick, active.

campester, campestris, carapestre, level.
celer, celeris, celere,1 swift.
equester, equestris, equestre, cavalry (adj.).
paluster, palustris, palustre, marshy.
DUO REGES ROMANS.
264.
Populus Romanus Tullum Hostilium regem creavit. Tullus

incolas Albae Longae superavit, quae2 ab urbe Roma non
Contra multos alios4 hostis feliciter dimicavit.
longe abest.3
Urbem ampliavit.
Post
Tullum
Triginta duos annos regnavit.

Hostilium regnavit Tarquinius
Priscus.
Circum RomaTarquinius numerum senatorum duplicavit.

num, muros, cloacas aedificavit.
Superavit etiam Sabinos ;
6
urbem intravit ; templum Iovi
primusque triumphans
Triginta octo annos regnavit.
Capitolio incohavit.
i
is
The
Note that the e is retained.
gen. plur.
celerum.
2
which.
8
triumphing,
(used
as a
is distant.
in triumph.
8 to
Jupiter.
in
substantive)
other.
THIRD DECLENSION.
81
LESSON XXXVI.
THIRD DECLENSION. IRREGULAR NOUNS.
senecMnec"
sensen-
Stems,
nig"^
nivi-
vI"
Stems,
Stems,
old man,
viriSing.
I
Stem, bov-
force
ox, cow, senex, m.,
( |
vis,
( 11\
snow,
c,
:
Declension of bos,
f.,
nix,
f.,
265.
Sing.
SlNO.
SlKG.
Nom.
bos
senex
nix
Gkn.
bovis
senis
nivis
Dat.
bovl
senl
nivi
**i
Ace.
bovem
senem
nivem
vim
Abl.
bove
sene
nive
vi
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Plur.
Nom.
boves
series
nives
vires
Gen.
boum
senum
nivium
virium
Dat.
nivibus
viribus
Ace.
bobus (bubus) senibus

boves
senes
nives
vires
Abl.
bobus (bubus) senibus
nivibus
viribus
1.
2.
Boves animalia utilia sunt.

Senex vim nivis non sustinuit.
saepe
Vires virorum periculum

Agricolae
(visi)
timent.
Senes hiemem
8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3.
prohibuerunt.
multos et validos boves habebant.
Servi bobus pabulum dant.
Vires senum magnae non sunt.

Multa senibus periculosa sunt.
8
266.
vis
82
THIRD DECLENSION.
9. Nivemne hieme saepe vlderunt Romanl ?
10.
267.
Vires boum magnae sunt.
1.
Was there much snow in Italy?
2.
Old men are prudent.
8. The customs
of old men are often pleasing.
4. The farmers gave the oxen fodder and water.
all the oxen.
5. The snow destroyed

6.
All
7.
Do you
8.
The lions frightened
9.
Old men often fear the violence of winter.
10.
All
the old men remained in the citadel.

see the
deep snow
on the mounta
ns?
the oxen in the field.
v
wild beasts fear the strength of the lion.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
aqua, aquae, f., water.

bSs,
bovis,
c,
ox, cow.
nix, nivis, f., snow.
pabulum, pabulT, n., fodder.

senex, senis, m., old man.
vis, via, f., force, violence.
virSs, virium. f. (pL), forces, strength.

1
These forma are very rare.
THIBD DECLENSION.
83
LESSON XXXVII.
THIRD DECLENSION. IRREGULAR
NOUNS.
269.
flesh, os, n., bone, and Kppiter,
Jupiter:
caroncarn-
Stem, osii-
StemsJIaK>ite*
Sing.
SlNG.
Stems;
Da.,
Declension of caro,
f.,
Continued.
Sing.
Nom.
caro
OS
Gen.
carnis
ossis
Iiippiter
Iovis
Dat.
earn!
ossi
Iovl
Ace.
camem
OS
Iovem
Abl.
came
osse
love
Pluh.
Punt.
Nom.
carnes
ossa
Gen.
carnium
ossium)
Dat.
carnibus
ossibus
Ace.
carnes
ossa
Abl.
carnibus
ossibus
8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 8. 2. 1.
270.
Ioy-
Iuppiter civitati Romanae favebat.
Mali bonis
saepe
invident, boni malis nunquam.
Meis amicis persuasi.

Magna Iovis statua in templo pulchro erat.
Cives boni legibus parent.
Lupi cervum lacerabant et carnem
Ossa animalium
Romani
multorum
devorabant.
agricolis utilia sunt.
Iovem, regem hominum,
honorabant.
THIRD DECLENSION.
84
9.
10.
271.
1.
Qualium animalium caro tenera est?

Pars civium Ciceroni consuli, pars Caesari favit.
Oxen have large bones.
Marcus' strength.
3. The Romans called Jupiter the king of the gods.
2.
The boys envied
4.
Good slaves always
5.
The temple
6.
master
obeyed
their masters.
of Jupiter was on a high hill.
was
always
well disposed
towards a
faithful slave.
Lions devour the flesh of many wild beasts.
8. A good citizen always obeys the laws of the
7.
state.
Fortune favored
part of the soldiers.

10. The swift horses obeyed the skilful charioteer.
9.
a great
VOCABULARY.
272.
Nouns.
caro, carnis,
I., flesh.
Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter.
deus, del, m., god.

os, ossis, n., bone.
statua, statuae, f., statue.
Verbs.
faveo, favere, favl, fautum (with dat.), favor, be well disposed

towards.
honoro, honorare, honoravi, honSratum, Honor.
in-video, invidere, invidl, invisum (with dat.), envy.

pareo. parere, parui, paritum (with dat.), obey.
per suadeo. perauadgre,
persuasi, persuasum
persuade.
(with dat.),
86
OO
LOCATIVE CASE.
jHjUAty
LESSON XXXVIII.
MA*
LOCATIVE CASE.
273.
Names of towns have a form called the Locative,
which expresses the idea of at.

Such forms are :
First decl. sing., Romae, at or in Rome.

" " plur., Athenis, at or in Athens.
Second decl. sing., CorinthI, at or in Corinth.
" plur., Delphis, at or in Delphi.
"
Third decl. sing., Karthaginl, at or in Carthage.
" plur., Trallibus, at or in Traiies.
"
274.
Model sentence
Caesar
Romae
Caesar remained at Home.
mansit.
Locative.
275.
sunt.
1.
Multl
2.
RomanI
3.
Romae templa
4.
Genavae
multa et pulchra vidimus.

erat pSns clarus in fluvio.
5.
Athenis
magna
6.
Hostes
nautae
multl villas Capuae habebant.
Caesar
,,
Iovis statua in templo erat.

Karthaginl
fortem civem Romanum
necaverunt.
7.
audaces Tarenti
et Cicero,
viri inliistres, Romae in Italia
habitabant.
8.
Meus amicus multos annos Delphis mansit.
9.
multa Athenis
RomanI
templa
Imperatores
deleverunt, et statuas Romam portaverunt.
10. Caesar copias hostium Genavae
superavit.
LOCATIVE CASE.
86
276.
1.
My friends
2.
There were many beautiful temples
remained
at Rome many
years.
at Athens.
We saw a great statue of Jupiter at Corinth.

4. What sort of soldiers did you see at Geneva?
3.
5.
The Roman soldiers, with their leader, remained

at Carthage a long time.
6.
The citizens built a famous temple at Tarentum.
7.
Cicero delivered1 many orations at Rome.
8.
Caesar
hastened
to Geneva with all his forcbs.
We saw a famous temple at Delphi.

had seen a fleet of many ships at Corinth.
10.
9.
277.
VOCABULARY.
Nouns.
f. (pi.), Athens. Locative, Atbenia.

Corinthus, Corinthi, f., Corinth. Locative, Corinthi.
Delphi, Delphorum, in., Delphi. Locative, Delphls.
Athenae, AthSnarum,
Genava, Genavae, f., Geneva.
Locative. Genavae.
Karthago, Karthaginis, f., Carthage. Locative, Karthaginl.

Tarentum, Tarenti, a. , Tarentum, Locative, TarentI
copiae, cOpiarum, f . (pi.), forces, troops.
Adverb.
difl, a long time.
1
Usehabeo.
LOCATIVE CASE.
87
LESSON XXXIX.
LOCATIVE CASE. Continued.
278.
Some words not names
of towns have
Locative form
which is to be translated with at, in, or on (see 273).

Most Latin words, however, have lost the Locative form,
and another case must be used to express the idea of at,
in, or on. The case thus employed is the Ablative, accom
panied by the preposition in. The ablative is then called
the Locative Ablative.i
Frequent examples of this simple
construction have been given in previous lessons.
279.
Model sentence
Puer domi est.
The boy is at home.
Locative.
Puer
in horto
est.
The boy is
in the garden.
Loo abl.
280.
1.
Meus frater domi manserat.
2.
Romani
multi villas riiri habebant.
8. Nonne amicl nostri hodie domi sunt?

5.
domi militiaeque clari erant.

Milites hum! multas hSras iacuerunt.
8.
Meus amicus filium domi docebat.
7.
Caesar magnam gloriam domi militiaeque merS-
4.
Romani
bat.
,,,.,,
8.
9.
::-:...:; .j
10.
Hostes palustribus in locis latuBrunt.

Legiones Romanae imperatorem militiae creaverunt.
Servi fugitivi run latuerunt.
88
LOCATIVE CASE.
281.
1.
2.
Were you at home yesterday ?

There were many sailors in the ships at Tarentum.
The beautiful beech-tree
lying on the ground.

4. Our friends have a beautiful villa in the country.
5. The soldiers of the legion were hiding in a
8.
is
marshy place.
6. The boys lay on the ground in the forest for
a long time.
7.
We saw the forces of the enemy on the level

bank of the river.
8.
Are there many pupils in school to-day
9.
In
the
country
we
saw
beautiful
trees,
high
hills, deep rivers, and2 vast mountains.

10. Here (hie) lies an illustrious citizen.
VOCABULARY.
282.
Locative Forms.
militiae, in military service,
belli, in war.
in the field.
dotal, at home.
huml, on the ground.
rttrt,
in
the country.
Nouns.
legio. legionis, f., legion.

soror, sororis, f., sister.
villa, vlUae, f., villa.
Verbs.
laceS, iacere, iacul,

lateo, latere, latul,
1
See 131, and compare
instrumental
also
lie.
hide.
106, separative ablative,
and 166,
ablative.
In Latin, when
than two words are connected, the conjunction

is either omitted altogether, or it is used between each two words.
2
more
89
NUMERALS.
LESSON XL.
NUMERALS.
283.
Declension of unus, one, and duo, two
Maso.
Fem.
Neat.
Muc.
Fem.
Nom.
unus
una
unum
duo
diiae
duo
Gen.
unius
unius
iinius
duorum
duarum
duorum
Dat.
uni
iini
iinl
duobus
duabus
duobus
Ace.
unum
unam unum
Abl.
uno
una
284.
Neut.
duos(duo) duas
duabus
duobus
uno
duo
duSbus
The plural of unus is regular, like that of bonus.
(See Appendix,
13.)
Tree is declined like the plural of trtstis.
The cardinals
changed
for
case
(see
vocabulary)
(See
App. 15.)
from four to ten are not
or gender.
The ordinals (see vocabulary) are declined like bonus.

285.
1.
Rex habebat tris filios et unam filiam.
Equi quattuor aurigae perito paruerunt.

3. Legio sexta in Gallia mansit.
2.
4.
Annus Bomanus decem mensis habuit.
5.
6.
Omnis Gallia tris partis habuit.

Flumen erat altum octo pedes.
7.
Decima Caesaris
8.
Cicero quattuor orationes

civitatis habuit.
9.
Caesar in Galliam duabus legionibus
10.
legio inlustris
est.
in {against)
1
Hasta Romana erat tris pedes longa.
hostem
maturavit.
NUMERALS.
90
286.
1.
2.
had five legions in Gaul.

There were six maidens in the temple
Caesar
of Vesta
at Rome.
Did not Cicero have three villas in the country?

4. He will remain the first year at Corinth, the
8.
second
5.
at Athens, the third at Rome.
The fourth tree is a beech, the fifth
poplar,
the sixth a pine.

6.
My friend's sword is two
feet long.
7.
8.
There are three large rivers in Gaul.
9.
part of the third legion was fighting

marshy place near the river.
in a
fourth part of the legion was hiding in the

forest.
10. The Romans had a fleet of ten ships at Tarentum.

VOCABULARY.
287.
Ordinal Numerals.
Cardinal Numerals.
primus, a, -um, first.

secundus, -a, -um, second.
Onus, -a, -um, one.
duo, duae, duo, two.

trBs, trgs, tria, three.
tertius, -a, -um, third.

quartus, -a, um, fourth.
quattuor, four.
quinque, five.
sex, six.
quintus, -a, -um, fifth.

sextus, -a, -um, sixth.
septem, seven.
octo, eight.
septimus, -a, -um, seventh.

octavus, -a, -um, eighth.
novem, nine.
decem, ten.
nomis. -a, -um, ninth.

decimus, -a, -um, tenth.
288.
THESEUS ET ARIADNA.
InCreta insula magnum labyrinthum Daedalus aedificavit,

plenum viarum flexuosarum.
In
medio labyrintho monstrum,
NUMERALS.
.91
taunts partim, partim homo, habitabat.

Monstrum autem
rex Cretae, saevus homo, captivis saginabat.
Inter miseras
victimas quondam erat Theseus, regulus Atticus.
Ariadna,
filia
tamen,
regis,
plena misericordiae
filum longum mirumque gladium dat.

rinthum,
amoris,
iuveni
Intrat igitur laby-
ad
portam adligat.
Itaque iuvenis,
certam viam in vasto labyrinths servat.
Tum
filumque
auxilio fili,
gladiS
et
monstrum
feliciter
necat.
Nee longa
mora
est.
Theseus cum filia regis navi trans latum mare fugit.

1
In military expressions denoting accompaniment the preposition cum
'8 often omitted.
LESSON XLI.
NUMEBALS. Continued.
Time When
289.
Model sentence
Ablative.
Octava, hora, cenavit.
He dined at the eighth hour.
AM. of time when.
290.
1.
Multa nix est hieme in montibus.
2.
Agricolae agros vere arant.

3. Aestate fliimina non sunt alta.
4.
Apud
Ciceronem
multas statuas
consulem
multos
libr5s
et
vidimus.
Prima luce eques Caesari victoriam nuntiavit.

6. Lupum multa noctei in gregibus vidimus.
7. Primo anno Romani Brutum consulem crea5.
verunt.
92
NUMERALS.
8.
9.
10.
In
oppido, media nocte,2 magnus clamor erat.

Duo senatores apud Caesarem heri cenaverunt.
Hieme Romani decima hora, aestate norm hora
cenaverunt.
291.
Rule
Time at or within which is expressed
by the
Ablative.
292.
1.
There are many beautiful passages in the works

of Cicero.
2.
We shall
3.
Where were the two consuls before the battle ?
4.
At
see
our friends at the seventh hour.
daybreak the soldiers fought a great battle

and earned great glory.
5.
We stayed in the country for three months.
6.
In
the spring we see many flowers
in the fields.
We dined at Marcus' yesterday.

8. In winter we live in the city, in summer in
7.
the country.
9.
They were fighting for three hours, and after

the third hour they drove the enemy from
the town.
10.
After the battle the farmers saw many spears

and many
swords on the ground.
VOCABULARY.
293.
Nouns.
aestas, aestatis,
f.,
summer.
locus, loci, m., passage in a
book.
lQx, lucis, f., light.

ver, veris, n., spring.
Verb.
cSno, cen5re. cenavi, cgnatum, dine.

Prepositions.
ante (with ace), before.

post (with ace), after.
apud (with ace.), at, with ; at the house of in the works of
1
Late at night.
At midnight.
THIRD DECLENSION.
93
LESSON XLII.
THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER.
In
general nouns whose Nominative singular ends

in -6 (except those in -do, -go, -io) , -or, -os, -er, and -es,âre
294.
masculine.
Exceptions
are to be learned
from the special
*&&*)/
and general vocabularies.

295.
1.
Milites Caesaris
2.
Longus consulia sermo de brevitfite vitae erat.
3.
Magister
4.
Ab Italia in Britanniam
6.
6.
Poetae mare saepe aequor appellant.

Nationes
multae in Gallia contrft
7.
pugnabant.
Alta arbor est iu nostra horto.
8.
Caesar in Galliam magnis itineribus
9.
Magna Ciceronis oratio in ore omnium est.
10.
296.
Legibus
aggerem altum deleverunt.
discipulos
mores
bonos
docebat.
iter longum est.

Caesarem
maturfivit.
et mSribus paremus.
1.
Did you
2.
Love of country was a virtue of the Romans.
3.
Journeys in the country are pleasant in spring.
4. Cicero's
see the
whole
wall of Romulus
discourse
was
at
Rome?
concerning
the
love of country.
5.
What kind of trees are there in Italy?
The discourse of famous men delights us (nos).

7. The Romans had many beautiful customs.
6.
8.
The
Roman
nances
soldiers feared
of the enemy.
the cruel counte
94
THIRD DECLENSION.
9.
The
Romans
liberty.
10. The Roman
deprived
soldiers
many
nations of their
the
destroyed
beautiful
trees in the town.
VOCABULARY.
297.
Nouns.
agger, aggeris,
m., mound, wall, rampart.
amor, am oris, in., love, affection.

m5s, moris, m., custom ; pi., character.
natio, nationis, I., people, nation.
sermo, sermonis, m., conversation,
discourse.
The following are some of the most important exceptions to the

rule given in 294 :
aequor, aequoris, n., sea.

arbor, arboris, f., tree.
iter, itineris. n., journey, march, road, route.
Ss, oris, n., mouth, speech, countenance.
vSr, veris, n., spring.
LESSON XLIII.
THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. Continued.
298.
In
eeneralTnouns
.whose Nominatwe
-as, -is, -ys, -x, -es, -s preceded
nine.
299.
singular ends in
by.a consonant, and -us are
lemi-
Exceptions are to be learned from the vocabularies.

Pontes fluminum magnorum saepe parv! sunt.
2. Dentes animalium multorum longl et acuti sunt.
1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
8.
95
Vere et aestate rus gratum est.
4. Cives boni ius amant et legibus parent.

Qualia animalia crura longa habent?
6. In Gallia erant mult! et alti montes.
5.
7.
Poeta Romanus clarus pulchrum fontem Ia.v.iai.
8.
Multa oppida erant in finibus Gallorum.
9.
Magnam pulveris nubeua vidimus.
10.
300.
Omnes boni ius amant.
1.
The territories of the Gauls were broad.
2.
The dust in the streets was troublesome to the

eyes.
3.
There
are
many
beautiful
bridges
the
over
in the mountains.
streams
4.
The Romans had a fleet of stout ships.
5.
There
is
beautiful
fountain
in the city of
Rome.
6.
In
7.
Light dust
concealed
8.
On
mountains
summer the clouds are light.

high
the horsemen.
the
trees
are
often
small.
9.
The lion with his sharp teeth tore the stag.
10. Have you always
loved right and obeyed the
laws?
VOCABULARY.
301.
Feminine Nouns.
aetas. aetatis.
f.,
age, time.
lex. lggis. f., law.

navis, navis, f., ship.
nubes. nubis. f., cloud.

urbs, urbis, f., city.
virtus. virtfltis, f., virtue.
yb
THIRD DECLENSION.
The following are some of the most important exceptions to the

rule given in 298 :
Masculine Nouns.
dens, dentis,
in., tooth.
finis, finis, m., end ; pi., territory.

fons, fontis, in., spring,
fountain.
crOs, cruris,
moiis, montis, in., mountain.

pons, pontis, m., bridge.
pulvis, pulveris, m., dust.
sanguis, sanguinis, in., blood.
Neuter Nouns.
ifls, iflris, n., right, law.
n., leg.
rus, ruris, n., country.

Adjective.
levis, levis, leve, light.
LESSON XLIV.
THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. Continued.
-n,
-t,
-y, -c,
-ar, -ur,
tftS,
singular ends in
are neuter.
Exceptions
1.
303.
Nubes leves solem clarum celaverunt.
2.
Carmina
4. 3.
to be learned from the vocabularies.
Equites
5.
Pulchra poetae carmina mei amici laudabant.

Magna imperatoris fraus civitati nocuit.
9. 8. 7. 6.
are
-i,
a, -e,
nouns whose Nominative
general
-1,
In
302.
Magna
Horatii clara sunt.

fraudem comitum nuntiaverunt.
ducis laus in ore omnium civium est.
Agricolae multum lac in urbem portant.

Boves corpora valida et capita magna habent.
Quattuor orationes consulis populum Romanum
moverant.
10. Aestate prope mare libenter habitamus.
THIRD DECLENSION.
304.
1.
97
The sun is often troublesome in summer.
The poet Horace earned great praise by his poems.

3. Eunaway
animals injure the fields of the
2.
farmers.
4. The
huge
bodies
of the
enemy
terrified
the
Roman soldiers.
5.
In
6.
The bodies
the country
we have good
of many
milk.
animals were lying in the
marshy place.
7.
Many men change
their dwelling-places
in the
spring.
8. The songs of Horace are full of the praise of
the emperor (imperator).
9. A small cloud often conceals the great sun.
10.
The horsemen changed the fortune of the battle.
305.
VOCABULARY.
Neuter Nouns.
animal, animalis, n., animal.

caput, capitis, n., head.
carmen, carminis, n., song, poem,

lac, lactis, n., milk.
mare, maris,
n., sea.
The following are common masculine and feminine nouns, excep

tions to the rule given in 302 :
laus, laudis, f., praise.

fraus, fraudis, f., fraud, deceit,
sol, solis, in., sun.
Verbs.
moveS, movSre, mSvl, mfitum, move, stir, rouse.

mfltS, mQtare, mutavl, mutatum, change.
noceo, nocSre, nocul, nocitum (with dat.), do harm, injure.
Adverb.
libenter, willingly.
libenter arS,
like to plow,
98
OP ADJECTIVES.
COMPARISON
LESSON XLV.
OF ADJECTIVES.
COMPARISON
Comparative with quam, or with the Ablative.

The comparative degree is formed by adding -ior
(neuter -ius) to the stem of the positive after dropping its
final vowel, if the stem ends in a vowel ; as earns, stem caro-,
f306.
comparative carior.
is formed by adding -issimus

(-issima, -issimum) to the stem of the positive after dropping
its final vowel, if the stem ends in a vowel ; as, earus, stem
The
superlative
degree
caro-, superlative carissimus.

1
307. Comparison of earus, dear :

Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Positive,
earns, dear.
cara
carum
Comparative,
carior, dearer.
carior
cartas
Superlative,
carissimus, dearest.
carissima
carissimum
308.
Declension of carior:
Stem, cariosSlNO.
Maso.
Kent
/)V,Fem.
Nom.
carter
carior
carius
Gen.
carioris
carioris
carioris
Dat.
cai iori
cariorl
cariori
Ace.
cai iSrem
cariorem
carius
Abl.
cai iore
cariore
cariore
COMPARISON
OP ADJECTIVES.
99
Plur.
Nom.
cane res
cariores
canora
Gen.
caric rum
cariorum
cariorum
Dat.
caric ribus
carioribus
carioribus
Ace.
carii ris
carioris
cariora
Abl.
(c Lriores)
caric ribus
(cariores)
carioribus
carioribus
carissimus is declined like bonus.
Model sentences
309.
Sapientia
hominibus
Nominative
cZiior
est
quam aurum.
Nominative.
Sapientia
hominibus
carior
est au.ro.
Abl. (separation).
Nominative.
Wisdom is dearer to men than gold.

310.
' 1.
Ciceroni patria carior quam vita erat.

* 2. Militibus bellum pace gratius erat.
8.
Corneliae nihil sermone carius est.
Horatius felicior run quam in urbe erat.

f5. Aestate umbra gratior est quam hieme.
6.
Bos validior est equo.
t4,.
7.
CicerS cterissimus oratorum RomanSrum
8.
Mare saevius est terra.
9.
Gallorum
omnium
(Belgians)
ilO.
311.
than.
fortissiml
sunt
est.
Belgae
Hieme noctes longiores sunt quam aestate.
Rule
The comparative may be followed by quam,
When quam is used, the two things compared are in
the same case.

312.
Ablative.
Rule:
The comparative
may
Here quam is not used.1
be
followed
by the
100
COMPARISON
313.
OP ADJECTIVES.
1.
Nothing is dearer than life.
2.
My companion
3.
What is more useful than money ?

Honor is more pleasing to the king than his
4.
was very prudent.2
crown.
The consul delivered a very long oration.
6. The most prudent leaders are not always the
most fortunate.
5.
Life is dearer to men than gold and silver.

8. They called Marcus the bravest
of all the
7.
soldiers.
Seas are deeper than rivers.
9.
The highest mountains are white with snow.
10.
314.
VOCABULARY.
altus, alta, altum, adj., deep, tall.
argentum, argenti, n., silver.
aurum, auri, n., gold.
cams, cara, carum, adj., dear.
fSlix, fSlix, felix (gen. fSiicis), happy, fortunate.

ferrum, ferrl, n., iron.
nihil, n. (indeclinable), nothing.
quam, adv., than.
MURI SPARTAE.
315-
olim
Quidam3
habet
"
Sparta ?
Spartanum
rogavit
"
"Cur
muros
non
Spartanus respondit :
Nostra autem urbs
muros optimos habet, incolarum fortium virtutem."
316.
VIRTUS SPARTANA.
Agis rex Spartanus olim dixit

rogaverunt,
'
Quot sunt hostes ?
'
" Mei
sed '
Ubi
eives
sui.it ?
'
nunquam
'"
COMPARISON
317.
RESPONSUM
Ante
pflgnam
Perses
iaculorum
propter
" In
bitis."
OF ADJECTIVES.
101
SPARTANI FORTIS.
hostis
multitudinem
umbra igitur
"
Spartano
et
inquit
dixit
" Solem
non vide-
sagittarum
"
pugnabimus."
i This
2
8
4
is the ablative of separation, see 106.

Use the superlative.
A certain man. (For declension of quidam,
said.
see
Appendix,
25).
LESSON XLVI.
COMPARISON
OF ADJECTIVES. Continued.
Adjectives whose Nominative singular masculine ends

in -us preceded by a vowel, and some others, are compared by
318.
means
of the adverbs magis, more, and maxime, most.
Comparison of arduus, steep :

Neut.
Muse.
Fem.
Posit.
arduus
ardua
arduum
Compar.
magis arduus
magis ardua
magis arduum
Stjperl.
maxime arduus
maxime ardua
maxime arduum
319.
1.
Iter maxime arduum
2.
Caesar castra
3.
Mors omnibus communis est.
4.
Nonne ferrum magis necessarium
5.
Caesar
erat.
in locum magis idoneum m5vit.

est
auro?
erat.
6.
populo Romano maxime acceptus

Mors fere omnis homines terret.
7.
Itinera
quam
per montis
per vallis.
magis
ardua
sunt
102
COMPARISON
OF ADJECTIVES.
8.
Mare magis idoneum classibus est quam flumen
9.
parvum.
Bonus iudex civitati magis necessarius est quam
bonae leges.
10.
Naves
Roinanorum
validiores
erant
quam
Gallorum.
320.
|1. The roads over the mountains were very steep.
2. In summer the
shade
is more agreeable
than
the sun.
18.
The bank of the river was not a very suitable

place
for a camp.
Level places are most suitable for cavalry battles.

ib. The discourse of Cicero was more agreeable to
the senators than (that) of Caesar.
W. Are not wise leaders more necessary to the
f 4.
state than "brave

17.
soldiers?
The dust was more troublesome to the soldiers

than the stones.
8. Almost all men fear death.

| 9. Caesar was more acceptable to the soldiers than
Cicero.
tlO. What is more necessary to life than the light

of the sun?
321.
VOCABULARY-
acceptus, accepta, acceptum, adj., acceptable, agreeable

arduns, ardua, arduum, adj., steep,
difficult.
castra, castrorum, n., (pl.), camp.
communis, communis, commune, adj., common.
fer8, adv., almost.
idoneus, idonea, idoneum, adj., suitable.

mors, mortis, f., death
necessarius, necessaria, necessarium, adj., necessary
COMPARISON
103
OF ADJECTIVES.
LESSON XLVII.
OF AD JECTIVES. Contiotid.
COMPARISON
Amount of Difference
Ablative.
in -er form the superlative by adding

rimus to the nominative singular masculine.
The compara
322.
1. Adjectives
tive is regular.
Comparison of acer, sharp, and miser, wretched :
2. The
acer,
acrior,
acerrimus.
miser,
miserior,
iniserrimus.
in -lis form the superlative by
following adjectives
adding -limus to the stem after the final vowel is dropped
facilis, easy, facilior, facillimus.

So difficilis, hard, similis,
like dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slender, humilis, low.
323.
Model sentence
CicerB
sex annis
maior
erat Caesare.
Abl. of amount of difference
Cicero was
324.
six years older than Caesar.
Turris multis pedibus altior est muro.

2. Viae in vallibus multo faciliores sunt quam in
1.
montibus.
8.
Castra
Komana
similiora
oppido
Gallorum rant.
4.
Colles humiliores
montibus sunt
quam
castra
104
COMPARISON
OP ADJECTIVES.
5. Dolor acerrimus animo nocet.

6.
Somnus simillimus
est morti.
arbores sunt populT.

8. Iter per montis in Italiam difficillimum est.
9. Classis hostium miserrimos civis terrebat.
7.
10.
Gracillimae
Mores
Romanorum
Gallorum
et
dissimillimi
erant.
Rule
comparatives to
326.
Marcus
the amount of difference.3

p..
express
The Ablative is used with
is
325.
Head taller than his brother.
is
is ?
/2.. Is the Latin tongue very difficult

the easiest.
|3. The journey through the valley
the most beautiful of all flowers.
4. The rose
f5. The
horses
of the Roman horsemen
were very
swift.
/6.
The Gauls had very low ships.
/7. The march through
the
hills was much more
8.
difficult.
Caesar roused
the courage of his eager soldiers.
9. The town was more like Rome than like Athens.
10.
The master
was much more
wretched than his
slaves.
VOCABULARY.
327.
animus, animT, m., mind, courage.
Latlnus, Latina, Latinum,
adj.,
Latin.
tlie instrumental ablative
(see
This
is
Older.
lingua, linguae, f., tongue, language.

somnus, somni, m., sleep.
166).
COMPABISON
106
OP ADJECTIVES.
LESSON XLVIII.
OF ADJECTIVES. Continued.
COMPAKISON
328.
Some
adjectives
form
positive,
comparative,
superlative from different stems.

Neut.
Mate.
Feiu.
Pos.
bonus,
bona,
bonum, good.
Com.
Sup.
melior,
melior,
melius, letter.
optimus,
optima.
optimum, best.
Pos.
mains,
mala,
malum, bad.
Com.
peior,
peior,
peius, worse.
Sup.
pessimus,
pessima,
pessimum,
Pos.
dives,
dives,
dives, rich.
Com.
ditior,
ditior,
ditius, richer.
Sup.
ditissimus,
ditissima,
dltissimum, richest.
Pos.
multus,
multa,
multum, much.
worst.
pills,1 more.
Com.
Sup.
plurimus,
Pos.
m&gnus,
*
plurima,
plurimum, most.
magna,
magnum, great.
maior,
mains, greater.
Com.
maior,
Sup.
maximus,
maxima,
maximum, greatest.
Pos.
parvus,
Com.
minor,
parva,
minor,
parvum, small.
minus, less.
Sup.
minimus,
minima,
minimum, least.
Pos.
vetus,
vetus,
*J
Com. ^yetustior,
vetustior,
Sup.
veterrima,
veterrimus,
vetus, old.
vetustius, older.)
veterrimum, oldest.
and
106
OF ADJECTIVES.
COMPARISON
1.
Eratne Numa melior rex quam Romulus ?U
2.
Leges
meliores quam milites
bonae
fortissiml
sunt.
Oppidum urbe minus est.
4. Libri maximI non sunt semper optimi.
5. DitissimI somnum altum non semper habent.
3.
6.
Apud Helvetios
ditissimus
7.
Nautae Roman! maximum laudem meruerunt.
erat Orgetorix.
Alba Longa vestustior est Roma.

19. PlurimI milites in arce manserunt.
8.
330.
10.
Sol multd maior est terra.
II.
J 2.
Croesus was the richest of all men.
13.
Our friendship was of very long standing.2

The commander
deserved
the least praise.
/4. Pirates are worse than wolves.

?
5.
The town was smaller than the city.
/ 6.
Corinth was
The temple
7.
very rich city.
of Jupiter was
older
than
the
senate-house.
18.
Old friends are the best.
)9.
Very small animals are often very bold.

110. Nothing is better than virtue.
1
Plus is thus
declined
Stem pluriSlNO.
Han
Fem.
Neat.
Masc.
Plur.
Fem.
Hoic
plus
plures
plures
Gen.
DaT.
Acc.
pltiris
plurium
plurium
pluribus
pluribus
plus
Abl.
plure
plfiris (plures) plfiris (plures)

pluribus
pluribus
Use
vetua.
Neut.
plura
plurium
pluribus
plura
pluribus
v/|
107
ADVERBS.
LESSON XLIX.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON
Formation of Adverbs.
331.
Adverbs are formed from adjectives

1.
in several ways.
Adjectives that have o stems change the final o to 5

Adj.
2.
OF ADVERBS.
Stem.
Adv.
bonus, good,
bono-
bene/ well.
cams, dear,
caro-
care, dearly.
gratus, agreeable,
grate, agreeably.
malus, bad,
gratomalo-
miser, wretched,
misero-
misere, wretchedly.
Adjectives that have

Adj.
male,1
ill.
stems add -ter to the stem
Stem.
Adv.
audax, bold,
audaci-
fortis, brave,
forti-
audaciter(audacter),
fortiter, bravely.
priidens, prudent,
prudenti-
prudenter,2
3.
boldly.
prudently.
Most other adverbs are case-forms of nouns or adjec
tives; as,
cito, quickly, soon, abl. from citus.
multum, much, ace. from multus.
forte, by chance, abl. from fors.
332.
Comparison
of
Adverbs.
The comparative of the adverb has the same form
as
the
neuter ace. sing. of the comparative of the adjective; as, cams

dear ; carius, more dearly.
108
ADVEEBS.
The superlative of the adverb is formed from the staSof

the superlative of the adjective by changing the final o to e;
as, carissinrus, dearest ; carissime, most dearly.
1333. 1.
Nautae mare audacter navigant.
Galli saepe audacius quam Romani pugnabant.

3. Apud consulem heri optime cenavi.
2.
4.
Copiae Caesaris contra

tissime pugnabant.
5.
Mercatores
hostis
ad Belgas minime
acerrimos
for-
saepe commeant.
6. Omnium civium longe audacissimus erat Catilina.

,17.
Inferiore parte fluminis
Romanos
facile pro-
hibuerunt.
8.
Equites Romani
equites Gallos
subito fugave-
runt.
9. Poetae patriam carissime amaverunt.
10. Nostris amicis facillime persuasimus.
|1.
334
The farmers soon furnished food to the horsemen.
We easily saw the sea from the tower.

13. We most willingly obey the law.
t2.
6.
(|6.
They
very
easily kept
territory.
Cicero boldly delivered
the enemy
a
4.
from
their
long oration against
(in) Catiline.
Caesar
suddenly
sends
his
forces
into
lower
Italy.
|7. The enemy fought boldly;
the Romans fought
8.
The boys hastened home more quickly than to

(in) school.
9.
more boldly.
Caesar moved the camp very quickly.
10. The soldiers fought the battle successfully.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
109
VOCABULARY.
335.
cito, adv., quickly, soon.

N.com-meo,
commeare, commeavl, commeatum, go, resort.
*-
forte, adv., by chance.

Înferior, Inferior, inferius (comparative of Inferos), lower.
longe, adv., far.
mercator, mercatoris, m., trader.
minimS, adv., least, by no means.
JI
aubit^ adv., suddenly.

1
Final o of the stem becomes e.

1
tl- of the stem is dropped before the ending -ter. m
LESSON L.
'
336.
STEM IN
THIRD CONJUGATION
VERBS.
Present, imperfect, and future
e.
indicative active of
rego, rule, stem rege-.

rego,
Present.
reginras, we
rule.
rule.
regis, you rule.
regitis, you rule.
regit, he rules.
regunt, they rule.
regebam,
Imperfect.
was ruling.
regebas, you were

regebat, he was
regam,
regebanras,
ruling,
ruling.
/ shall rule.
will rule.
will rule.
we were
ruling.
regebatis, you were ruling.

regebant,
they were
ruling.
Future.
regemus, we
shall rule.
will rule.
they will rule.
reges, you
regetis, you
reget, he
regent,
110
.
/-
'
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Cicero multas epistulas ad Atticum scribebat.

2. Vivuntne plures in urbibus quam run ?
1 1^
1
IS.
14.
in montis ducent.
Caesar magnas copias in Galliam contra hostis
Vere pastores
greges
ducet.
1
5.
Multo maiores copias habebat quam diicebat.
Oppidum altissimo aggere ciugent.

|7. Caesar bellum in Gallia multos annus gerebat.
'8. Caesar dicit: "Plujimae civitates Britanniae
\6.
came et lacte vivunt."
338.
^9.
Magnus orator animos hominum regit.
110.
Urbem
|1.
miirS fortium
civium
cingimus.
We shall lead our soldiers into battle.
surrounds his camp with a rampart.

13. Caesar wages war with the Gauls.
12.
Caesar
|4.
shall live
in the country during
{per)
the
long summer.
I 5. Pirates live on the sea.
\ 6.
7.
My brother
Caesar will
writing
letter yesterday.
lead his forces to Rome.
was
The enemy take courage and approach the city.

*9. The Gauls adopted many Roman customs.
8.
10.
339.
shall write two letters to-morrow.

VOCABULARY.
Hcingo, cingere, cmxi, cinctum, surround.

S
dico. dlcere, dixi, dictum, speak, say.

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead.
y gero,
gerere, gessi, gestum, wage
rego, regere, rexi. rgctum, rule.
(war).
>i*scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, write.

sumo, sfimere, sumpsi, sumptum, take, assume, adopt.
vivo, vivere, vlaci, victum, live.
Ill
THIRD CONJUGATION.
IUPPITEB ET RANAE.
340.
Ranae clamore magno
Bidet pater
regem petunt a love.
deorum atque magnum truncum e caelo in paludem demittit.

Ranae subito motii
aquarum sonoque territae, mergunt et

in limo latent.
Mox una emergit, regem explorat, comites
Omnes sine timore adnant truncoque inutili insulevocat.
Alium
tant.
mittit.
regem
Tum Iiippiter
postulant.
ciconiam
Ciconia cito magnum ranarum numerum dilacerat,
vivas alias devorat. fReliquae
lugent, flent, orant, sed deum
" Benignum,"
non movent querelae ac lacrimae.
placidum
habetis."
regem
non
amavistis,
iam
ferum
inquit,
et
" et
barbarum
)
LESSON LI.
VERBS.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
I 341.
rexi,
ACTIVE. Continued.
Perfect.
reximus, we ruled.
ruled.
rexisti, you ruled.
rexistis, you ruled.
rexit, he ruled.
rexerunt, they ruled.

Pluperfect.
rexeram,
/ had ruled.
rexeras, you had ruled.
rexerat, he had ruled.
rexero,
/ shall
rexeramus, toe had ruled.

rexeratis, you had ruled.
rexerant, they had ruled.
Future Perfect.
have ruled.
will have ruled,

will have ruled,
rexerinvus, we
shall
have ruled.
will have
they will have
rexeris, you
rexeritis, you
ruled.
rexerit, he
rexerint,
ruled.
112
THIRD CONJUGATION.
342. 11.
Pastores greges in vallis pulchras egerunt.
\Z. Galli patriam in partis tris diviserunt.

|3. Galli statuas in templis Romanis fregSrunt.
14.
Hostes
ad
legatos
Caesarem
de
mise-
pace
runt.
1
5. Caesar magnum numerum equorum emit.
6.
17.
1
1
Romani
Gallos multis proeliis vicerant.
Garumna fliimen Gallos ab Aquitanis dividit.
8.
Castra alto aggere cinxerunt.
9.
Bellum cum Germanis multos annos gesserant.
10. Puer
Icarus
alas
sumpsit
et
ad
solem vo-
lavit.
343. 11.
Caesar had broken the strength of the enemy

and had conquered their forces.
2.
Seneca wrote a book concerning
the shortness
of life.
f 8.
The
general passed
his
life at Bome and in
the field.
14. We
shall
lived
have
at
Rome three
months
to-morrow.
|5.
Caesar
divided his forces
hastened
*6.
7.
1 8.
into three
parts and
to the river.
We spent the summer in Bome.
bought many books in Athens.
The
river Tiber separated
the
Bomans
from
their enemies.
\ 9.
Caesar's
forces
easily conquered
the enemy.
10. The enemy broke the statues of the great men
in the temples.
118
NUMERALS.
VOCABULARY.
344.
ago, agere, 6gl, actum, drive, lead, pass, spend.
di-vido, dividere, divisi, diviaum, divide, separate

emo, emere, 6ml, emptum, buy^"
frango, frangere, frSgi, fractum, break.

legatus, legati, m., ambassador, lieutenant.
mitto, mittere, mlsi, missum, send.
numerus, numeri, m., number.
Tiberis, Tiberia, m., Tiber.
vinco, vinoere, viol, victum, conquer.
LESSON LII.
NUMERALS. Continued.
345.
The
Lesson
XL.
cardinals
from
to
10
have
been given in
11, undecim.
30, triginta.
12, duodecim.
40,
quadraginta.
18, tredecim.
50,
quinquaginta.
14,
quattuordecim.
60, sexaginta.
15,
quindecim.
70, septuaginta.
16,
sedecim.
80,
octoginta.
17, septendecim.
18, duodeviginti.
90,
nonaginta.
100,
centum.
19, undeviginti.
101,
centum (et) unus,
20, viginti.
200,
ducenti, -ae, -a.
iinus, or
300,
trecentl.
viginti.
400,
quadringenti.
., f viginti
tunus
et
NUMERALS.
114
500,
quingentl.
1,000,
mille.
600,
sescentl.
5,000,
quinque milia.
700,
septingenti.
800,
octingenti.
900,
nongenti.
346.
10,000,
100,000,
decem
miliajL^
centum miliaj
The cardinals from 4 to 100 inclusive are indeclinable.
The hundreds, up to 1000, are declined like the plural of

bonus, Appendix
13.
Mille in the singular is an indeclinable adjective; in the
plural it is a neuter noun, and is used with the genitive.
Thus, mille
thousand
men;
but
duo
milia
two thousand men.
hominum,
347.
homines,
|1.
C.
.
4.
Cicero sexaginta tris annos vixit.

Romulus, primus rex Romanus, triginta septem
annos regnavit.
Caesar
quinque milibus
appropinquavit.
Flumen centum
pedes
militum ad oppidum
latum,
viginti
pedes
altum erat.
5.
Mons decem milia pedum altus est.
6. Ducenti milites contra mille fortissime pugnabant.

7. Meliore loco centum quinquaginta milites duo
milia facile superaverunt.

8. Classis Romana triginta hostium navis delebat.
9. Heri quattuor horas in urbe eramus.
10.
34a
'Quis vitas duodecim Caesarum scripsit?
There were many thousands of citizens at Home.

2. The temple was five hundred and twenty-five
1.
feet long and two hundred feet wide.

3.
i 4.
Caesar
In
lived fifty-six years.
the Roman fleet there were thirty-four ships.
115
NUMEBALS.
S.
The general led his forces

for six hours.
through
the
forest
The Roman year had ten months.

Galba approached the town with four thousand
1 7.
6.
men.
There are a thousand soldiers in the city.

9. The tower is a hundred feet high.
8.
10.
In
the Roman legion there
were 3,600 men.
LESSON Lin.
NUMERALS. Continued.
The ordinals from
349.
XL.
to 10 have been given in Lesson
The ordinals are declined like bonus, Appendix 13.

90th,
11th,
undecimus, -a, -um
12th,
duodecimus.
100th,
centesimus.
13th,
tertius decimus.
101st,
centesimus
nonagesimus.
quartus decimus.
15th, quintus decimus.
200th,
primus.
ducentesimus.
300th,
trecentesimus.
16th,
sextus decimus.
400th,
quadringentesimus.
17th,
500th,
quingentesimus.
18th,
septimus decimus.
duodevicesimus.
600th,
sescentesimus.
19th,
undevkesimus.
700th,
septingentesimus.
20th,
vicesimus.
800th,
octingentesimus.
21st,
900th,
30th,
vicesimus primus.
tricesimus.
1,000th,
nongentesimus.
millesimus.
40th,
quadragesimus.
5,000th,
50th,
quinquagesimus.
60th,
sexagesimus.
70th,
septuagesimus.
80th,
octoges
14th,
quinquiens
mus.
millesi
10,000th,
deciens millesimus.
100,000th,
centiens millesimus.
116
NUMERALS.
850.
1.
Tertio
vicesimo
et
anno
rex
regni
murum
aedificat.
'2. Poeta
3.
Mortuus
aetatis
'4.
5.
carmen
centesimum
est
Caesar
una hora scripsit.
sexto
et
anno.
Augustus natus est sexagesimo

Christum natum.
Augustus
et
quinquagesimo
annos
tertiS anno ante
septuaginta sex, dies
quinque
triginta vixit.
' 6. Galli Romanos
trecentesimo
nonagesimo anno
natum superaverunt.
7. Caesar natus est centesimo anno aute Christum
ante Christum
natum.
"8. Tiberius tertio et vicesimo anno regni mortuus
est.
1
9.
10.
351.
Claudius vIxit annos sexaginta quattuor, regna-
vit quattuordecim.
TJndecimus belli annus est.
The poet died in the thirty-fifth year of his age.

J 2. The enemy destroyed the town in the two
hundredth year before the birth of Christ.
1.
j 3. The leader was born in the sixtieth year of the city.

4. The king died in the thirteenth year of his reign.
* 5. We conquered the enemy in the seventeenth battle.
16.
The queen reigned forty-five
17.
The great orator was born in the one hundred

and sixth year before the birth of Christ.
18.
Nero died in the thirty-second year of his age,

the fourteenth of his reign.
1 9.
Caesar
10.
years.
praised the valor of the eleventh legion.

On the twentieth day our men approached the
town.
TH1ED CONJUGATION.
352.
117
VOCABULARY.
ante Christum natum, before the birth
mortuus est, he died.
of
Christ.
natus est, he was born.

regnum, regni, n., reign.
regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum,
reign.
LESSON LIV.
THIRD CONJUGATION. Continued.
VERBS.
353.
Indicative active of capio, take, stem cape-
Principal parts
capio, capere, cepi, captum.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
capio,
capimus, we take.
take.
capis, you take.
capitis, you take.
capit, he takes.
capiunt, they take.
capiebam,
Imperfect.
was taking.
capiebamus,
we were taking.
capiebas, you were taking.
capiebatis, you were taking.
capiebat, he was taking.
capiebant, they were taking.
capiam,
I shall
Future.
take.
will take.
will take.
capiemus,
we
capies, you
capietis, you
capiet, he
capient, they
shall take.
will
will
take.
take.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
118
The Perfect,
Pluperfect,
regularly from cepL
Future Perfect are formed
and
(See 341.)
Omnes finem belli cupimus.

2. Cras iter longum per vallem faciemus.
354.
1.
(3.
4.
Hostes territi in paludem fugerunt.

Galli iter per nostram provinciam facere
cupie-
bant.
15.
'6.
*
7.
'8.
1
9.
10.
multa proelia cum Gallis fortibus fecit.

Populus Romanus pacem cum Helvetiis fecit.
Caesar
Locus nomen ex calamitate populi Romani cepit.

Hostes in finis Aeduorum
iter fecerant.
filiam et iinum e filiis cepit.

exploratores in finis hostium
Caesar Orgetorigis
Caesar
multos
mittebat.
355.
1.
The soldiers wished for the end of the war.
\2.
The horsemen
fled
through
the
gates into the
city.
'3. To-morrow we shall make a long journey into

f4.
the province.
The foot soldiers hurled
their
spears and
fled
into the marsh.

V).
Caesar made a march into the territory

Gauls.
of the
6. The cavalry-men captured a scout.

"The enemy
1 7. The scout announced to Caesar:
has fled into the forests."
18.
The enemy had fled into the woods, and sur
10.
rounded his camp with a rampart.

Caesar- led his soldiers into the woods, con
took their camp.
So (itd) Caesar broke the power of the enemy.
quered
110.
the enemy,
FOURTH
DECLENSION.
119
VOCABULARY.
356.
capiS, capere, cSpi, captum, take, seize, capture.

cupio, oupere, ouplvl, cupitum, desire, wish.
explorator, exploratoris, m., scout.
facio, facere, feci, factum, do, make.
fugio, iugere, fugi, f ugitum, Jiee.
iacio, iacere, iScI, iactum, throw, hurl.
pax, pacis, f., peace.
pedes, peditis, m., foot-soldier.
provincia, provinciae,
1
f., province.
to make.
LESSON LV.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
387.
The stem ends in u.
Most nouns in -us are Masculine.

Domus,
house ; manus, hand; and a few others are Feminine.
The
four Neuters end in u.
358.
Gender
359.
Portus, m., harbor, and a few other nouns, together
with dissyllables in -cus, have the Dative and Ablative Plural
in -ubus.
360.
Domus, house, has some forms
of the Second Declen
Declension of manus,
n., horn; and domus,
f.,
381.
f.,
sion, including the Locative domi, at home.
house:
hand; lacus, m., lake; cornu,
120
FOURTH
Stem, manu-
DECLENSION.
Stem, lacu-
Stem, coma-
Stem, domu-
Sing.
Sing.
Sing.
Sing.
Nom.
manus
lacus
cornu
domus
Gen.
manus
lacus
Ace.
cornu (cornus) domus

manui (hwww) lacui(kwro) cornu
domul
manum
lacum
cornu
domum
Abl.
manu
lacu
Dat.
Plur.
cornu
Plue.
doino
Pura.
Plur.
manus
lacus
cornua
domus
Gen.
manuum
lacuum
cornuum
domuum
Dat.
manibus
lacubus
cornibus
domibus
Ace.
manus
lacus
cornua
domos
Abl.
manibus
lacubus
cornibus
domibus
3.
12.
<5
Cicero senatum
Milites
de bello saepe
monebat.
proelio arcubus hastisque piignabant.

Consules duces exercituum saepe erant.
in
%..
Nom.
Dux Galloruni senatul donum dat.

Caesar in Galliam magno cum exercitu maturavit.
Gallum
clarum senatus
populi Romani amicum
appellaverat.
'7. Lacus Lemannus
flumen Rhodanus provinciam

Romanam ab Helvetiis dividunt.
'8
Exploratores
et
hostibus
adventum Caesaris
niin-
tiaverunt.
hostes
II.
The Roman senate sent
2.
At
3.
363.
Caesaris
large army into Gaul.

Corinth there were two harbors.
Lake Leman was the largest lake
in
10
in oppidum fugerunt.
Caesar exercitum magnis itineribus per Alpis
in Italiam dtixit.
Adventu
Helvetia.
FIFTH DECLENSION.
' 4.
121
Oxeu fight with their horns.
| 5. Cicero wrote the letter with his own (sua) hand.

1 6. The girl's hands were small and white.
' 7. They fought a great battle in the harbor.
I 8. The citizens feared the approach of the army.
9.
At
the
swamps
10.
Did
of Caesar the Gauls fled into
coming
and
forests.
the consuls obey
the senate?
VOCABULARY.
364.
adventus, adveutus, m., approach, arrival.

arcus, arcus, m., bow.
comu, coma, n., horn, trumpet, wing (of an army).
domus, domus, f., house.
exercitus, exercitus, in., army.
Gallus, Galli. in., a Gaul.
lacus, lacus. in., lake, pond.
f., hand.
palus. paludis, f., swamp.
manus, maims,
portus, portus, m., harbor.

senatus, senatus, m., senate.
LESSON LVL
FIFTH DECLENSION.
365.
The stem ends in
366.
Gender
All
e.
nouns of this declension are Feminine,
day, and meridies, noon, which are Masculine.

Dies, however, is sometimes Feminine in the singular.
except dies,
122
FIFTH
367.
out.
DECLENSION.
Only dies, day, and res, thing, are declined through

Most nouns of this declension have only the singular ;
but acies, army ; spes, hope, and a few others, have nomina
tive and accusative plural forms.
368.
Declension of res, thing
dies, day.
Stem, re-
Stem, die-
Plue.
Sing.
Plue.
Nom.
res
res
dies
dies
Gen.
rei
rerun
die!
dierum
Dat.
rei
rebus
die!
diebus
Ace.
rem
res
diem
dies
Abl.
re
rebus
die
diebus
369.
fl.
Sing.
Senatores
fidem
,2.
Caesar castra
*4.
Acies
civium meruerunt.
in loco idoneo posuit.

'8. Metus militum spem victoriae delevit.
fortissime
pugnabat
et
septima
hora
oppidum cepit.
'6.
In
In
i7.
Septimo die Caesar proelium equestre fecit.
15.
omnibus rebus dux bona est spes.

acie erant duo milia peditum.
%).
8.
Aedui pacem a Caesare petierunt.

Nostram spem in hastis et gladiis posuimus.
/10. Post periculum senes metum posuerunt.
3.
1.
We spent three days at Rome.

2. The sun beholds all things on land and sea.
From the hill we saw the enemy's line of battle.
4.
On the fifth day Caesar sent his forces to Geneva.
6. 5.
370.
Fear put hope to flight.

The Romans called Cicero
country.
the father of his
FIFTH DECLENSION.
123
The Romans put their hope in Cicero.

8. Did Cicero deserve the confidence of the citizens ?
7.
9.
The year has three hundred and sixty-five days ;

the day has twenty-four hours.
10. The hope of a long life is common to men.

VOCABULARY.
371.
aciSs, aciSI,
f.,
diSs, diei, m. or
army, battle array, line
f., day.
of battle.
fidSs, fidel, f., faith, fidelity, confidence.

metus, metus, hi., fear.
petS, petere, petivl (petil), petitum, seek.

pono, ponere, posui, positum, put, place, lay aside, pitch
(camp).
rel,
f., thing, circumstance,
r8s,
affair.
tVGNA ROMlNA.
372.
castris
omnls copias ediicit, et

Nota tamen res est hostibus ; et prima
iter ad fiumen facit.
luce nostri copias hostium pedestris in summo colle vident.
Caesar
media nocte
ex
Tum Caesar in dextro et sinistra cornu equites collocat et

militum animos paucis verbis ad pugnam incitat. " Milites,
omnis spes civitatis Romanae in virtiite nostra est ; fortibus
victoria
est."
Hostes
primo
in sinistrum
exercitus latus,
deinde in dextrum, postremo in medios ordines impetum

faciunt.
Longa et acris pugna, crebra volnera. Non terrent
nostras ingentia hostium corpora, magnlque clamores. Pug
nam in manibus faciunt, et brevi tempore hostis ex omnibus
partibus superant.
Caesar egregiam
mia dat.
Dux hostium in maniis nostras incidit.

militum virtutem laudat, et omnibus prae-
124
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
LESSON LVII.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Person
I,
Declension of ego,
373.
Personal Pronoun of the First
Plur.
Sing.
Nom.
ego,
/.
nos, we.
Gen.
mei,
nostrum (nostri),
Dat.
of me.
mihi, to, for me.
nobis, to, for us.
Ace.
me, me.
nos, us.
Abl.
rah, from me.
nobis, from us.
374.
of us.
Meus pater mihi multos libros donavit.

2. Frater mecumi domum matiirabat.
1..
Cives nobis cibum et equos praebuerunt.

4. Romae pater me in scholam misit.
3.
Dux noster locum castris idoneum occupavit.

6. Nos. omnes Ciceronis orationes laudamns.
5.
7.
Nostri amici nobiscum J Romae manebunt.
8.
Caesar
9.
Milites fortes a nobis hostis acris prohibuerunt.
nostros2 ex hibernis ediixit.
10. Classis Romana portum occupavit.

375.
1.
Marcus
and
I8
stayed
in the country three
months.
3.
The lives of great men teach us many things.

My friend easily persuaded me.
4.
The scout announced to us the arrival of Caesar.
2.
We shall all remain in the city.

6. Our men fought more bravely than the enemy.
5.
PERSONAL
7.
8.
125
PRONOUNS.
Por three months we were in winter quarters.

My brother dined with me at Marcus's to-day.
He sent the scout with us into Gaul.

10. Wisdom gives us courage in all circumstances.
9.
VOCABULARY.
376.
e-duco, educere, eduxl, eductum, lead out.

ego, mei, pers. pron., I.
hiberna, hibernorum, n. (plur.), winter quarters.
meus, mea, meum, adj., my, mine.
noster, nostra, nostrum, adj., our, ours.
oc-cupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum, seize, occupy.
sapientia, sapientiae, f., wisdom.
The preposition cum when used with personal, reflexive, interroga

tive, or relative pronouns is added to them, forming one word.
8 Ego et Marcus.
a Used as a substantive.
LESSON LVIII.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Continued.
Ablative
op Cause.
Declension of tu, you, Personal Pronoun of the Second

Person, and of sui, himself, Personal Pronoun of the Third
377.
Person (reflexive).
Sing.
Nom.
tu, you.
Gen.
Dat.
tui
tibi
Ace.
Abl.
Plur.
vos, you.
vestrum (vestri)
Sing.
sui
Plur.
sm
vobis
sibi
sibi
te
vos
se
se
te
vobis
se
se
126
PERSONAL
Model sentences
378.
PRONOUNS.
Mllites metu hostium fugerunt.

Abl-
Amicum
The soldiers fled from fear
"^
of the
propter amicitiaza
servavit.
He saved his friend on
account of friendship.
Bewon.
379.
enemy.
seditionem Gallorum
cum
1.
Propter
2.
exercitu, in provinciam mittarn.

Vobiscum pacem et amicitiam confirmabimus.
te,
magno
8. Caesar suos in Belgas, fortissimos omnium Gal

lorum, misit.
4. Flumen Rhodanus provinciam
vestram
ab
Hel
vetia dividit.
5.
6.
Mali homines sibi saepe nocent.

Multi milites aegri erant volneribus.
Galli sua lingua se Celtas vocant.

8. Cum proximis civitatibus amicitiam confirmavit
7.
dux Romanus.
9.
Cupiditate agri
Germani.
bellum
cum
Gallis
gerebant
10. Caesar secum iinam legionem habebat.

380.
pressed
Rule
Real cause, source, or origin, is usually ex
by the Ablative without
stated as a reason
preposition,
but cause
is often expressed by the Accusative with
ob or propter.
381.
1.
You
2.
The soldiers fought bravely on account of their
have ten legions
desire
3.
After
with you.
for glory.
the
victory
other (se).
the
soldiers
praised
each
PERSONAL
4.
Caesar
127
PRONOUNS.
will send you all to Rome.
We shall easily keep the enemy away from you.

said : " We shall make our
6. The Helvetians
5.
journey through your province."

7.
Caesar
strengthened
his
friendship
with
the
nearest states.
8.
Cicero
delivered
four orations
concerning the
conspiracy of Catiline.
We envy you all on account of your wisdom.

10. We shall willingly obey you.
9.
VOCABULARY.
382.
con-firmo, confirmare, confirmavi,

con-iuratio,
coniurationis,
confirmatum, strengthen.
f., conspiracy.
cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., desire, eagerness.

propter, prep, with ace, on account of.
proximus, proxima, proximum, adj., nearest, next.
suus, sua, suum,i adj., his, her, its, their.
ttl,
tuL
pers. pron., you.
tuus, tua, tuum, adj., your, yours (of one person).

vester, vestra, vestrum, adj., your, yours (of two or more
persons).
1
Refers to subject
128
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
LESSON LIX.
383.
Hie, this, the Demonstrative Pronoun of the First
Person, refers to something near the speaker.
Plur.
Sino.
Mage.
Fem.
Neut.
Hue.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
hie
haec
hoc
hi
hae
haec
Gen.
huius
huius
hiiius
horum
harum
horum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
his
his
his
Ace.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hos
has
haec
Abl.
hoc
hac
hoc
his
his
his
384.
1.
Hi
2.
Dumnorix hoc tempore civibus maxime acceptus
omnes
elves
fortissimi
sunt.
erat.
Pater huius regnum multos annos obtinuerat.

4. Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam
8.
coegit.
6.
His
Hie
7.
Caesar
5.
8. Cum
rebus
bellum minus facile gerebant.
causam
ex
vinculis dixit.
legatos ad has civitates misit.

his quinque legionibus in Italiam
ma-
turavit.
Hac oratione consul civitatem servavit.

10. Caesar iter in Galliam fecit ; in hoc itinere
confircum multis
civitatibus
amicitiam
9.
mavit.
385.
129
This route through our province was the easiest.

2.
am pleading the cause of all these good
1.
citizens.
3.
This desire for the kingdom was the cause of the
conspiracy.
4. These soldiers have fought many great battles.
5. The scout announced these things to Caesar.
made a conspiracy on account of his
6.
Orgetorix
7.
for this kingdom.

On account of these things the Romans waged
8.
war with the Gauls for many years.

We shall not easily keep the enemy from these
desire
towns.
9.
10.
These men are pleading their cause in chains.

This man's father had held the royal power for
twenty years.
386.
VOCABULARY.
agS, agere, Sgi, actum, plead.
causa, causae, f., cause.

cogo, cogere, co6gl, coactum, gather, assemble.
familia, familiae, f., household, retinue.
hie, haec, hoc, demonst. pron., this.
iudicium, iudicii. n., trial.

ob-tineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum, hold, obtain.
regnum, regni, n., kingdom, royal power.
vinculum, vinculi, n., chain, bond.
130
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS.
LESSON LX.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Continued.
Iste, that {of yours), such, the Demonstrative Pronoun
of the Second Person, refers to something near the person
387.
spoken to.
Sinq.
Plub.
Man.
Fem.
Neut
Masc.
Fem.
Neut
Nou.
iste
ista
istud
isti
istae
ista
Gen.
istius
istius
istius
istorum istarum istorum
Dat.
isti
isti
isti
istis
istis
istis
Ace.
istum
istam
istud
istos
istas
ista
Abl.
isto
ista
isto
istis
istis
istis
388.
1.
Estne iste tuus liber?
2.
Istam
3.
Arma sua omnia secum porta bant.
vitam tuam non laudabimus.
Ob hanc rem Caesar Romam legatos

5. De istis rebus ad te scribam.
4.
mittit.
6.
Aedificia multa in his vicis hostes incenderunt.
7.
Ista non est amicitia.
8.
Suntne ad istam
rem paratt?
9. Iste Catilina hanc coniurationem contra civis fecit.

10. Ad omnia haec pericula parati erant.
1.
Your friend
affairs
has
written
to
me
about
of yours.
That man is the worst of all the citizens.

8. Are these your greatest virtues?
2.
those
DEMONSTRATIVE
131
PRONOUNS.
4. Confidence is the bond of friendship.

5. The magistrates gathered the arms from all the
in the town.
buildings
6.
On account of this thing they set fire to all

their ships.
7.
The soldiers were more

than the generals
ready
for this march
were.
8.
Where are those books of yours ?
9.
On account of this desire for peace the magis

trates
send ambassadors
10. Caesar said
"I
to Caesar.
shall set fire to those buildings
of yours."
390.
VOCABULARY.
aedificium, aedificil, n., building.

arma, armorum, n., (plur.), arms.
in-cendo, incendere, incendi, incSnsum, set fire to, bum
late, ista, istud, demonst. pron., that (of yours), such.
magistrates, magistrates, m., magistrate, magistracy.
with ace, for, on account of.
paratus, parata, paratum, adj., ready.
ob,
prep
vlous, viol, m., village.

1
Iste
sometimes expresses contempt.
132
DEMONSTRATIVE
PBONOUNS.
LESSON LXI.
391.
Pronoun of the Third
Hie, that, the Demonstrative
Person, refers to something near the person spoken of.

Ipse, self, is used for emphasis.
Plur.
SlNO.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut
Nom.
ille
ilia
illud
illl
illae
illa
Gen.
illius
illius
illorum illarum illorum
Dat.
ill!
illi
illi us
illi
illis
illis
illis
Ace.
illum
illam
illud
illos
illas
illa
Abl.
illo
illa
illo
illis
illis
illis
'
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fein.
Nom.
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ipsi
Gen.
ipsius
ipsius
ips!us
ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dat.
ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Ace.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Abl.
ipso
ipsa
ipso
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
1.
Caesar
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
ipsa
ipsae
illud oppidum magno cum exercitu olim
oppugnavit.
2.
Hlos servSs fugitivSs in urbe vidimus.
3. Cicero et Caesar
clarissimi
sunt ;
hie
4.
ille1 imperator est.

Graeci suam linguam Eomanos docebant.
5.
Iiira,
mons
altissimus,
erat
Ipsa hac die Caesar Genavae
orator
inter Sequanos
Helvetios.
6.
erat.
et
133
7. Liter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum
iter
est difficile.
8.
Galli Germanos suis finibus prohibuerunt et ipsi

in illorum finibus bellum gesserunt.
9. Hoc mihi minime gratum est.

10. Caesar cum copiis in extremum Gallorum oppidum maturabat.
393.
1.
Thisi
town is nearest the sea, that1 is nearest
the mountains.
On that very night the army stormed the town,

8. Caesar himself led the army into Gaul.
4. Did you see those soldiers of his at Rome?
2.
5.
We saw those very soldiers at Athens.
6.
The territories of the Romans are next to the

territories
of the Gauls.
7.
This is the last town of the Helvetians.
8.
Those very high
mountains
are
between
the
Gauls and the Romans.

9.
Rome and Athens are two very famous cities ; the
in Italy, the latter 1 is in Greece.

At this very hour they are in Athens.
former
10.
is
394.
VOCABULARY.
ex-pugno. expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatum, take by Storm,

extremus, extrema, extremum, adj., farthest, last.
ille, ilia, illud, demonst. pron., that.

in-colS, incolere, lncolul,
, inhabit.
inter, prep, with ace, between, among.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, demonst pron., self, he, very.
nox, noctis, f., night.
op-pugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum, attack, storm.
134
DEMONSTRATIVE
HANNISALIS
395.
Antiochus,
bellum
qui
H ant li ball
ostendebat
cum
in campo
PRONOUNS.
IOCUS.
Romanis
parabat,
gerere2
ingentis, quas'com-
copias
exercitum inslgnibus argenteis

paraverat, convertebatque
5
et aurels micantem ; inducebat etiam currus cum falcibus,
cum turribus, equites cum armis splendidis. Tum
rex Hannibalem aspicit et dicit : " Satisne 6 sunt Romanis
elephantos
haec omnia ?
"
Hannibal, qui ignavos Antiochi milites de-
" Satis sine dubio sunt Romanis

spiciebat, respondet :
omnia, etiam7 si avarissimi sunt."
Hie is used for that whieh is more remote in thought or speech

for that which is nearer in thought or speech.
1
2 to
wage.
6
which (ace. pi.).
glittering.
satis-ne,
enough ?
even.

Characteristic, Genitive and Ablative.
Is, he, that :
Plur.
Sing.
Fem.
Neat.
and was manoeuvring.
LESSON LXII.
Maso.
haec
Llasc.
Fem.
Neat.
Nom.
is
ea
id
ei1
eae
ea
Gen.
eius
eius
eius
eorum
earum
eon
Dat.
ei
ei
ei
eis
eis
eis
Ace.
eum
eam
id
eos
eas
ea
Abl.
eo
ea
eo
eis
eis
eis
hie
DEMONSTRATIVE
135
PRONOUNS.
Idem, the same :

Sing.
Masc.
N.
Plur.
Neut.
Fem.
Fern.
Idem
eadem
Masc.
eidem
idem
Fem.
Fern.
1
Neut.
eaedem
eadem
G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
eorandem earundem eorundem
1). eidem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
eundem eandem idem'
eosdem
easdem
eadem
eddem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
A.
A.
397.
eidem
eidem
eadem
eSdem
Model sentences
Summae virtntis
He is a man of the greatest
est.
virtue
Gen. of characteristic.
Catnina
ingenib maid
erat.
Abl. of characteristic.
Catiline was a man of baa
spirit,
1.
Eddein die castra movit et eopias ad flumen duxit.
2.
Helvetii
3.
Ad
suis finibus migrare2 cupiebant.
eam profectionem equos et curros
compara-
verunt.
4.
Oppida sua omnia incenderunt et ita (so) domum

reditionis spem deleverunt.
5. Caesar in iilteriorem Galliam propter eam pro

fectionem Helvetiorum contendit.
6. Eos Helvetios
magno proelio superavit.
librum de senectiite
7. Cicero
scripsit, idem epi-
stulas multas ad Atticum misit.

8.
Caesar
maximis
itineribus
ad
iilteriore
legio
oppidum
idem
contendit.
9.
Erat
in
Gallia
una,
magnae
virtutis.
10.
Helvetii bono animo in populum Romanum erant.
136
DEMONSTRATIVE
399.
Rule
The Genitive
of
PRONOUNS.
a
noun, with an adjective
in agreement, is used to express Quality or Characteristic.

The Ablative8 is also used in the same way.
400.
That consul was a man of the greatest wisdom.

2. This place is more suitable for a camp than that ;
it extends from the river to the mountain.
1.
3.
Caesar hastened with the same army into farther
Gaul.
They make ready many things for the return home.
5. The troops hastened into farther Gaul by the
same route.
4.
Horses, arms, wagons, soldiers ; all these things

the Helvetians prepared quickly.
7. Caesar stormed the town on the same day.
6.
For
8.
the
same reason
he sought
soldiers from
the Gauls.
9.
10.
The Helvetians were ready for these same things.

The return of the troops was pleasant to all the
citizens.
401.
VOCABULARY.
carrus, cSrrl, m., wagon, car.

com-paro, comparare, comparavl, comparatum, make ready,
prepare.
con-tendo, contendere, contend!, contentum, hasten.
idem, eadem, idem, same.
is, ea, id, this, that.
iter, itineris, n., route, passage.
per-tineS, pertinere, pertinui,
, reach, extend.
profectio, profectionis, f., departure.
red-itio, reditionis, f., return.
ulterior, ulterior, ulterius, (gen. ulteriSris),
farther.
1
2
Ii or I may be
to
migrate.
written for
s
el
so too in the dat. and abl. plur.
This is the instrumental ablative (accompaniment).
IBBEGULAR ADJECTIVES.
137
LESSON LXIII.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
402.
Certain adjectives
have irregularities
caused
by the
confusion of some of their forms with those of pronouns (see

387-391). These are :
alius, alia, aliud, another.
nullus, nulla, nullum,
solus, sola, solum,
totus,
tota, totum,
no (one).
alone.
whole.
ullus, ulla, ullum, any.

unus, una, unum, one.
alter, altera,
neuter,
alteram, the other.
neutra, neutrum, neither.
nter, utra, utram, which (of two).

These all have -lus in the gen. sing, and
-l in
the- dat.
sing, ; while alius has -d in the nom. and ace. sing. neut.
is declined as follows :
It
Plur.
Sing.
Maso.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
alius
alia
aliud
alii
aliae
alia
Gen.
alius
alius
alius
aliorum aliarum aliorum
Dat.
alii
alii
alii
aliis
aliis
aliis
Ace.
alium
aliam
aliud
alios
alias
alia
Abl.
alio
alia
alio
aliis
aliis
aliis
403.
Roma caput totius orbis terrarum erat.

2. Nullam spem reditionis habuerunt.
1.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
138
Uter puer librum habuit? Neuter.

4. Virtus unius viri civitatem servavit.
3.
5.
Caesar
castra
in altera ripa fluminis posuit.
6.
Aliud iter
8.
Alii
9.
Unum iter per SequanSs difficile erat; alteram
nullum.
7. Iter per provinciam sine ullS metu fecerunt.
habebant
aliud dixerunt.i
per provinciam
Alii
10.
404
multo facilius.
alio itinere ad urbem contendunt.
The sun is the light of the whole world.
1.
To no one was his country dearer than to Cicero.

3. The poet said: "The good alone are happy."
2.
4.
Some fled into the marsh, others into the forest.
5.
There was a great shouting throughout2 the city.8
To Caesar alone they announced these things.

7. Neither of these generals was in the city.
8. We have no other soldiers.
6.
like one thing, some another.

10. Neither army had any hope of victory.
9.
Sopxe
Some
Use
said
one thing, others another.
tStus.
Use the ablative.
FOURTH
t39
CONJUGATION.
LESSON LXIV.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. STEM IN I.
VERBS.
405.
Indicative active of audio, hear, stem audi-
Principal parts, audio, audire, audivi, auditum.

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
/ hear.
audio,
audimus, we hear.
audis, you hear.
auditis, you hear.
audit, he heart.
audiunt, they hear.
audiebam,
/ was hearing.
Imperfect.
audiebas, you were hearing.

audiebat, he was hearing.
audiebant, they were hearing.
Future.
/ shall hear.
audiam,
audiebamus, we were hearing.

audiebatis, you were hearing.
audiemus, we shall hear.
will hear.
will hear.
audies, you
audietis, you
audiet, he
audient, they
audivi,
will
will
hear.
hear.
Perfect.
/ heard.
audivimus, we heard.
audivisti, you heard.
audivistis, you heard.
audivit, he heard.
audiverunt, they heard.

Pluperfect.
audiveram,
I had heard.
audiveramus, we had heard.
audiveras, you had heard.
audiveratis, you had heard.
audiverat, he had heard.
audiverant, they had heard.
140
FOURTH
CONJUGATION.
Future Perfect.
Plur.
Sing.
audivero,
/ shall have
audiverimus, we shall have
heard.
heard.
audiveris, you
will
have
audiveritis, you
heard.
have
will
have
heard.
audiverit, he
will
have
audiverint, they
heard.
406.
will
heard.
Audivistine orationem Ciceronis de pace?

2. Milites duces coniurationis in arce custodiebant.
3. Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem coutendit et ad
1.
Genavam pervenit.
4. Ea die ad ripam Rhodani
omnes
convenient.
5. Caesar, quod calamitatem consulis memoria tenebat, exercitum Helvetiorum sub iugum misit.
6.
Hostes nostros itinere facile prohibebant propterea

quod collis occupaverant.
7.
Carmina poetae clari diu memoria tenebimus.

Hostes legationem de pace ad Caesarem mise-
8.
runt, propterea quod nullam
victoriae spem
habebant.
9.
Caesar
castra
movit
quod
adventum
hostium
audiverat.
10. Caesar ipse in provinciam non venit propterea
quod legati bellum feliciter gerebant.
407.
1.
have
heard
remember
__^
those
words of yours, and shall
them a long time.
had heard of this battle on the march.
2.
Caesar
8.
They had seized the power because they were

the three strongest peoples of all Gaul.
4. The soldiers
reached
the mountain
marches before dawn.
by forced
FOURTH
5.
The
CONJUGATION.
had
senate
assembled
141
in
the
temple
of
Jupiter.
6.
We like to hear the conversation of wise men.
7.
We shall arrive in the province to-morrow.
8.
The Helvetians had no hope of returning home,,

because they had set fire to
9.
10.
all their towns.
The day had come, but (sed) the ambassadors

did not assemble.
Do you remember
came,
saw,
Caesar's
famous
words:
"I
conquered"?
VOCABULARY.
408.
audio, audire, audlvx, auditum, hear, hear of.

con-venio, convemie, convgnl, conventum, assemble.
custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum,
guard.
lggatio, legationis, f., embassy.

memoria tengre, to remember. ,
per-veni5, pervenire,
pervSnl, perventum, (with ad or In),
arrive, reach.
prima lux. primae lucis, f., dawn.

quod,
propterea quod, }conj.,
because.
venio, venire, venl, ventum, come.

verbum, verbl, n., word.
142
IRREGULAR CONJUGATION.
LESSON LXV.
VERBS.
409.
Present, imperfect, and future indicative of sum, be,
stems es-,
fa-
Principal parts
sum, esse,
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
/ am.
sum,
es,
eram,
estis, you are.
is.
sunt, they are.

Imperfect.
was.
e ramus,
we were.
eras, you were.
eratis, you were.
erat, he was.
erant, they were.
ero,
410.
sumus, we are.
you are.
est, he
fui.
/ shall
Future.
be.
will be.
will be.
erimus, we
eritis, you
erit, he
erunt,
"Civis
Romanus
be.
will be.
they will be.
eris, you
1.
shall
sum."
Multitiid5 cupidissima pacis erat.

8. Helvetii ad eas res parati erunt.
2.
4. Iter per SequanSs angustum et difficile erat, inter

montem Iuram et fhlmen Rhodanum.
5. Saepe eis cum finitimis bellum est.
regni diu cupidus erat.
7. CrSs spes victoriae multo maior erit.
8. Multitudo ex provincia tota ad ripam fluminis
6.
Orgetorix
convenerat.
143
9. Inter duas acies spatium non magnum erat.

10. Herl apud exercitum eram, hodie domi sum,
eras
411.
ruri ero.
The soldiers were eager for victory.

2. These states often waged war with their neighbors.
3. We shall be ready for battle to-morrow.
1.
4.
Between the two battles
there
was an interval
of thirty days.
5.
Caesar's army was in a narrow and difficult road.
Was Cicero a man of great courage?

7. The enemy had heard of Caesar's arrival.
8. The Helvetians keep their neighbors, the Ger
6.
mans, from their territories.

9.
Were the Romans of good disposition towards
(in) the Helvetians?

10. They themselves
wage war
in their territory.
VOCABULARY.
412.
angustus, angusta. angustum, adj., narrow.

animus, animi, m., mind, disposition, courage.
cupidus, cupida, cupidum, adj., desirous of, eager for.
finitimus, finitima, finitimum, adj., neighboring;
as a noun,
neighbor.
multitude, multitudinis, f., crowd, multitude.

spatium, spatii, n., space, interval.
sum, esse, fui,
413.
be,
exist.
MILES INFIDELIS ET FIDELIS CANIS.
Diu miles
Nox. erat et luna sereno in caelo fulgebat.
Subito autem canis
quidam locum prope urbem custodiebat.
quem secum habebat latravit ; iam ipse sonum lenem audit.
144
Statim gladium destringit, sed vox nota, " DepSne," 1 inquit,

" telum ; Cloelia, uxor tua, haud 2 procul 2 ab hoc loco te
veni
exspectat ;
fidei immemor
loci relinquit.
tum audit.
igitur mecum celeriter."

deserit;
stationem
canem
Stultus
tamen
miles
custodem
Dum abest, clangorem armorum, deinde gemiDoloris plenus ad stationem recurrit.

Signum
abest ; canis, custos fidelis, moribundus iacet.

lay
a not
aside.
far.
come.
LESSON LXVI.
IRREGULAR CONJUGATION. Continued.
VERBS.
414.
Perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative of
sum:
Perfect.
ful,
Plur.
Sing.
fuimus, we have been.
have been.
fuisti, you have been.

fuit, he has been.
fueram,
fuero,
I shall
fuerunt, they have been.
Pluperfect.
had been.
fueras, you had been.

fuerat, he had been.
fuistis, you have been.
f ueramus,
we had been.
i'ueratis, you had been.
fuerant, they had been.
Future Perfect.
have been.
will have been.

'
will have been.
fuerinras, we shall have been.
fueris, you
fueritis, you
fuerit, he
fuerint, they
will
will
have been.
have been.
415.
145
Huius legationis Divico princeps fuit.

2. Legiones totam hiemetn in hibernis fueraut.
1.
Illis
4.
temporibus Cicero maximus orator fuit.

Itinera quam ' maxima 1 fuerunt.
5.
Cras tris mensis
3.
6. Copia frumenti
Romae fuerimus.
in agris fuit.
7.
Auctoritas Orgetorigis maxima fuerat.
8.
Eo tempore altitudo fluminis minima fuit.
9.
Fossa erat quindecim pedes lata.
10.
Fossa altissima fuerat; sed eo tempore altitudo

erat duorum pedum.
416.
1.
Cicero's letter was long and full of hope.
2.
There
had
been
many
people
in Rome
that
day.
He will have been two years in Athens.

4. The authority of Orgetorix had been greater
3.
than Caesar's.
5.
The soldiers had been in their camp
for three
days.
6. The Helvetians had made the longest possible2

marches.
7.
They had bought the greatest
of horses and wagons.

8. On account of this danger
possible number
they had fortified
the camp with a very deep ditch.

9. The
authority
of
Orgetorix
was
very
great
among the Helvetians.

10. The height of the tower had been two hundred
feet.3
10
INTERROGATIVES.
146
417.
VOCABULARY.
altitudo, altitudinis, f., height, depth.

auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., authority, influence,
copia, copiae, f., abundance, supply.

fossa, fossae, f., ditch, trench.
frumentum, frumenti, n., corn, grain.
munio, munire, munivi, infinitum, build, fortify.
1
Translate:
the longest possible.

8
See
in
See
in
4 above.
10 above.
LESSON LXVII.
INTERROGATIVES.
418.
dais,
Pronoun,
who
? which
what ?
and is declined as follows
is the Inte rrogative
Sing.
Masc.
Nom.
Plue.
Fem.
Neut
Masc.
Fem.
Neut
quae
qui
quae
quae
quorum
quarum
quorum
Gen.
quis
cuius
cuius
quid
cuius
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quem
quam
quid
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
Qui, which
:?
what
declined as follows
is the Interrogative ) Adjective, and is
Sing.
Plur.
Neut
Masc.
Fem.
Neat.
Masc.
Fem.
Nom.
qui
quae
qui
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
quod
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
INTERROGATIVES.
419.
Quis filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium duxit?

2. Cui Orgetorix filiam suam in matrimonium dedit ?
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
420.
147
Quae civitates Galliae novis rebus studebant?

Quis hoc opus perficiet?
Quem Delphis vidisti?
Quis est hie? Qui sunt
illi?
Quam ob rem Caesar id oppidum munivit?

Quare dux milites culpabat?
In
quibus Caesar spem posuit?

Quae oppida Caesar expugnavit ?
1.
Who led
2.
What battle had Caesar heard of?
8.
Whom had the Helvetians

chief of the embassy?
Caesar's
forces
into Gaul
sent
to Rome
as
What legions did Caesar send into Gaul ?

5. Where was the depth of the river least?
6. What soldiers will guard the camp to-morrow
4.
7.
To whom did Caesar give
passage
through
the province?
Whom did Caesar marry?

9. Against
(in) whom did Cicero
8.
deliver
four
famous orations?
10.
421.
Who defeated the Gauls in many battles?

VOCABULARY.
In matrimonium dare, give in marriage.

in matrimonium ducere, marry.
novus. nova, novum, adj., neiv.
per-ficio. perficere, perfeci, perfectum, finish, accomplish.
qui, quae, quod, interrog. adj., which, what.
quia, quae, quid, interrog. pron., who ? which ? what ?
studeo, studSre, studui,
, desire, be eager for.
supero, superare, superavi, superatum, defeat, conquer.
148
PASSIVE VOICE.
LESSON
FIRST CONJUGATION.
VERBS.
422.
LXVIIi:
Present
and imperfect
love:
PASSIVE VOICE.
indicative
passive
of amo.
Present.
amor,
Plur.
Sing.
amamur, we are loved.
am loved.
amaris,1 you are loved.
amaminl, you are loved.
amatur, he is loved.
amantur, they are loved.
amabar,
/ was
Imperfect.
amabamur, we were loved.
loved.
amabaris, you were loved.
amabaminl, you were loved.
amabatur, he was loved.
amabantur, they were loved.
423.
Exploratores Caesari consilia hostium enuntiant.

hostium Caesari ab exploratoribus 2
2. Consilia
1.
eniintiantur.
8.
Imperium totius Galliae ab hominibus inimicis
4.
occupatur.
Multae civitates
bellicosae,
populo
Romano
6.
inimicae, a Caesare pacabantur.

Id oppidum a Belgis magno exercitu oppugnatur.
Totius belli imperium consuli dabatur.
7.
Cicero ab Attico carissime amabatur.
8.
In Gallia
5.
a potentioribus
occupabantur.
9. Haec omnia Caesari ab legatis, primis civitatis,
regna
eniintiabantur.
10. Obsides a civitatibus
multis Caesari dantur.
PASSIVE VOICE.
424.
1.
2.
149
army was putting the enemy to flight.

The enemy were being put to flight by Caesar's
Caesar's
army.
3.
All
4.
Rome is loved by all good Romans.

The hostages are put to death by the cruel
5.
good Romans love Rome.
soldiers.
6.
These things were all announced to Caesar at

dawn by the scouts.
7.
The farthest town of Gaul was stormed
by these
warlike tribes.
8.
The control
of the whole army was given to
the two generals
9.
by the senate.
The plan was being announced to the senate by
the consul.
10. That part of Gaul was being subdued by Caesar.
425.
VOCABULARY.
bellicosus, bellicosa, bellicosum, adj., warlike.

consilium, consilii, n., plan, design.
6-nunti5, enuntiare, enfintiavi, enuntiatum, announce,
imperium, imperii, n., command, control.
in-imlcus, inimica, inimlcum, adj., unfriendly, hostile.

obses, obsidis,
c,
hostage.
paco, pacare, pacavi, pacatum, pacify, subdue.

1
The ending -re instead of -ris sometimes occurs.
With passive verbs the voluntary agent is expressed by the ablative

with the preposition ab (by). (Ablative of separation.)
150
PASSIVE VOICE.
LESSON LXIX.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
VERBS.
PASSIVE. Continued.
426. Future and perfect indicative passive of amo, love:Future.

Plnr.
Sing.
amabor,
I shall
amabimur, we shall be loved.
be loved.
will be loved.
will be loved.
will be loved.
they will be loved.
amaberis, you
amabimini, you
amabitur, he
amabuntur.
amatus sum,
Perfect.
have been
or was loved.
or were loved.
amatus es, you have been
or were loved.
amati estis, you have been

or were loved.
amatus est, he has been
amati sunt, they have been

or were loved.
or was loved.
427.
amati sumus, we have been
1.
Hostes loca superiora occupabunt.
2.
Loca superiora ab hostibus occupabuntur.
3.
Oppida
sociorum
nostrorum
extra
provinciam
trans flumen expugnabuntur.

4. Pax et amicitia cum proximis
civitatibus
con-
firmataei sunt.
5.
Prudentes
cSnsules
ab omnibus laudabuntur.
PASSIVE VOICE.
6. Exercitum
in
Galliam
151
mittemus
socii
quod
nostri a Gallis vexati sunt.

7.
Iter per provinciam per vim
ab
Helvetiis tempta-
tum est, propterea quodaliud iter erat nullum.

8.
Socii Romanorum
a civitatibus
bellicosis vexa-
buntur.
9.
In
exercitus
conspectu
Romani
agri
nostri
vastati, oppida nostra expugnata sunt.

10.
428.
1.
Omnis Gallia a militibus Caesaris
vastabitur.
The enemy will lay waste the fields outside the

city.
2.
The fields outside the city will be laid waste by

the enemy.
3.
Who was called the father of his country by

the
4.
Romans ?
The state was saved by Cicero, a man of great

courage.
5. The
soldiers were wounded
by the
arrows
of
the enemy.
We were delighted with the songs of the poet.

7. Who were elected consuls at Rome?
6.
8.
The territory of the Romans was being pillaged

by the warlike
9.
Caesar
by all
loved
was
army because
a
Helvetians.
he was
the soldiers
a
in the
brave soldier
and
faithful friend.
10. This journey

because
was attempted by the
they were
neighbors.
being harassed
Helvetians
by their
PASSIVE VOICE.
152
VOCABULARY.
con-spectus, conspectus, in., sight, view.
extra. prep. with ace, beyond, without, outside of.
socius, socii, in., ally.
superior, superior, superius (gen. superioris) , higher.
tempto, tempt&re, temptavl, temptatum, try, attempt.
trans, prep. w. ace, across.
vast5, vastare, vastavi, vastatum, lay waste, pillage.
vSxo, vexare, vexavi, vexatum, harass.
Note that the gender and number of the participle
the gender and number of the subject.
1
are the same as
LESSON LXX.
VERBS.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE. Continued.
Accusative with some Passive Forms.

430.
Pluperfect
amo, love:
and future
perfect indicative
passive
Pluperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
amatus eram,
had been
loved.
amatus eras, you had been
loved.
amatus erat, he had been
loved.
amati eramus, we had been

loved.
amati eratis, you had been

loved.
amati erant, they had been

loved.
of
PASSIVE VOICE.
153
Future Perfect.
Plur.
Sing.
/ shall have
amatus ero,
amati erimus, we shall have
been loved.
been loved.
amatus eris, you
will
have
been loved.
will
have
amati erunt, they
been loved.
will
sententiam
rogatus est.
Caesar was asked
opinion.
432.
1.
have
been loved.
Model sentence
Caesar
have
been loved.
amatus erit, he
431.
will
amati eritis, you
Frumenta
2. Frumenta
hit
matura ex agris comportaverint.

matura ex agris comportata erunt.
Eorum principes a Caesare convocati erant.

4. Principatus in civitate Dumnorigi datus erat.
3.
5. Graviter eos accusat
quod oppidum ab eis non-
dum expugnatum erat.

6. Sententia ab amicis de his rebus postulata erat.
7. Cicero consul a civibus creatus erat.
8.
Dumnorix
civitate
Helvetiis
erat
Orgetorigis
amicus quod
ex ea
filiam in matrimonium
duxerat.
9. Cicero
sententiam
de
periculis
rei
publicae
rogatus erat.
10.
433.
Hostes nostros itinere nonnunquam prohibuerunt.
Rule
Verbs
that take
two
Accusatives
in
active, one of the person and the other of the thing

213), sometimes
passive.
the
(see
retain the Accusative of the thing in the
154
PASSIVE VOICE.
434.
1.
The
senate
had
called
been
senate-house
because
together
in the
consul
feared
the
danger.
Ripe grain had been brought into the town.

3. Wagons and horses will have been demanded
2.
from the Gauls.

4.
The faithful guards had
been
praised by the
good emperor.
5.
For
6.
(lotus) the city.

The hills will have been seized by our men.
7.
The
many days there
Gauls
had
been
had been fear throughout
routed because they had
no horsemen.
8.
The lieutenant was severely blamed because he

had not called the soldiers together.
9.
The most
suitable place
for
a camp
had
been
occupied by the enemy before our return.

10. The army had been conquered in many battles.
VOCABULARY.
435.
com-portS,
comportare,
comportavi,
comportatum,
bring/
together.
con-voco,
convocare,
convocavi,
convocatum, call together,
convoke.
flagito, flagitare, flagitavi, flagitatum, demand.
fugo, fugare, fugavi, fugatum, rout.
graviter, adv., severely.
maturus, matura, maturum, ripe.
non-nunquam, adv., sometimes.
,-
principatus, prlncipatus, supremacy, headship, chief-place.
v
:
PASSIVE VOICE.
155
CICEROMS IOCUS.
436.
Cicero, Bomanorum oratorum clarissimus, Lentulum generum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, longo gladio accinctum
"
vldit.
adligavit
"
?
Quis
437.
gladium
1UVENIS.
PHILOSOPHUS
Iuvenis
" ad
generum meum," inquit,
quidam diu apud Zenonem
philosophum vixerat.
Domum tandem revertit ; tum pater eum rogavit his verbis
"
Quid didicisti, mi
fili ? "
Filius respondit
" Hoc
tibi,
moribus meis monstrabo."
pater,
filium verberavit.
pater
Propter hoc responsum

Tum filius dixit: "Iram patris
ferre8 didici."
1
* to bear.
girt.
LESSON LXXI.
VERBS.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE.
Present, imperfect, and future indicative passive of

moneo, warn :
438.
SENT.
Sing.
moneor,
/ am warned.
Plur.
monemur, we are warned.
moneris, you are warned.
monemini, you are warned.
moiietur, he is warned.
monentur, they are warned.
PASSIVE VOICE,
156
Imperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
monebar,
/ was warned.
monebamur, we were warned.
monebaris, you were warned.
mouebamini, you were warned.
monebatur, he was warned.
monebantur, they were warned.
monebor,
/ shall
Future.
monebimur, we shall be
be
warned.
warned.
moneberis, you
will
monebimini, you
warned.
be
warned.
monebitur, he
will
monebuntur, they
be
warned.
439.
will
be
will
be
warned.
1.
Exploratores duces de perioulis saepe monent.

2. Duces ab exploratoribus
de periculis saepe
monentur.
3.
Helvetii fluminibus
4.
Una pars Galliae continetur Garumna fliimine,

Oceano, finibus Belgarum.
5.
Hoc tempore principatus in civitate a Dumnorige
et montibus
continentur.
obtinetur.
6.
Dum in urbe manemus,
oppida
sociorum
ab
hostibus delentur.
7.
8.
Nonn1illi auctoritate
Orgetorigis permoventur.
Summus mons a Labieno tenebatur dum oppidum
a Caesare oppugnatur.
Magistri discipulos linguam Graecam docent.

10. Discipuli linguam Graecam a magistro docentur.
9.
440.
1.
Nammeius
will
hold
the chief
place
of the
embassy.
2. The chief place of the embassy will be held by

Nammeius.
PASSIVE VOICE.
157
8. The citizens will be terrified by the approach of

the enemy.
4.
Gaul is bounded on (ex) one side by the Rhine,
5.
on the other by the Ocean.

While the top of the mountain is held by the
lieutenant, Caesar takes the town by storm.
6. We
are
often
of great
by the words
moved
orators.
7.
They were not yet ready for departure, because

some were unarmed.
8.
Our allies are shut in by very deep rivers, very

high mountains, and very broad lakes.
9.
10.
Sometimes we are warned by our friends.
We were
often warned
by the words
of our
friends.
VOCABULARY.
441.
con-Uneo, continSre, continul, contentum, bound, shut ill.

dum. conj., while.
non-dum, adv., not yet.
non-nullus, nonnulla, nonnullum,
adj., some one,
pi., some,
several.
Ocean us, Oceani, m., ocean.

pars, partis, f., side.
per-moveo, permovere, permSvI, permotum, more, influence.
summus, summa, summum, adj., highest, highest part of,
top of.
168
PASSIVE VOICE.
LESSON LXXII.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
VERBS.
442.
Perfect,
pluperfect,
passive of moneo, warn :
PASSIVE. Continued.
future
and
perfect
indicative
Perfect.
Plur.
Sing,
monitus sum,
have been
moniti sumus, we have
been
or were warned.
or was warned.
monitus es, you have been
moniti estis, you have been
or were warned.
or were warned.
monitus est, he has been or

was warned.
moniti sunt, they have

or were warned.
been
Pluperfect.
monitus eram,
/ had been
warned.
moniti eramus, we had
been
warned.
monitus eras, you had been

warned.
moniti eratis, you had
been
warned.
monitus erat, he had been
moniti erant, they had
been
warned.
monitus ero,
been
I shall
warned.
moniti erimus, we shall have

been
will
have
warned.
monitus erit, he
been
have
warned.
monitus eris, you

been
Future Perfect.
moniti eritis, you will have

been
mil
have
warned.
warned.
moniti erunt, they will have

been
warned.
PASSIVE VOICE.
443.
159
1.
Nostri impetum hostium fortiter sustinuerunt.
2.
Impetus hostium a nostris fortiter sustentus est.
3.
Plebs
Romana
auctoritate
Caesaris
saepe per-
movebatur.
4. Princeps
de seditione equitatus
monitus erat.
6.
quo prlncipatus Galliae obtentus est?

Karthago, urbs Africae, a Romanis deleta est.
7.
Hoc proelio
5.
equitatus
Caesaris
hostibus
ab
fugatus est quod ad pugnam nondum paratus

erat.
Plebs timida audacia militum territa erat.

9. Amor militum a Caesare liberalitate retentus
8.
est.
10. Dumnorix, homo summa audacia, magna apud

plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidus
rerum
novarum,
post
concilium
a Caesare
retentus est.
444.
1.
Scouts had warned Caesar of (de) the approach

of the enemy.
2.
Caesar had been warned of the approach of the

enemy by scouts.
8.
An abundance of fodder
was
furnished to the
soldiers by farmers.
4.
5.
In
great part of the enemy

other bank of the river.
was
seen on the
the council
Caesar spoke more boldly be

cause the bridges were held by his men.
6. While Caesar is speaking in the council, the top

of the mountain is being held by Labienus.
7.
great number of cavalrymen had been held
in camp by the leaders.

8. While the council was being called together,
the enemy were pillaging the towns.
PASSIVE VOICE.
160
9.
Four orations were delivered at Rome by Cicero

against the conspiracy of Catiline.
10.
The grain in the fields had
been destroyed
by
the soldiers.
445.
VOCABULARY.
audScia, audaciae, f., boldness.
concilium, concilii, n., council.

equitatus. equitatus, m., cavalry.
gratia, gratiae, f., favor, influence.
impetus, impetus, m., attack.
liberalitas. liberalitatis, f., generosity, liberality.
plgbs, plebis, f., common people.
re-tineo, retinere, retinui, retentum, hold back, keep.
LESSON LXXIII.
VEEBS.
446.
rego,
THIRD CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE.
Present, imperfect, and future indicative
rule:
Present.
Sing.
regor,
am ruled.
regitur, he is ruled.
/ was ruled.
Plur.
regimur, we are ruled.
regeris, you are ruled.
regebar,
passive
regimini, you are ruled.

reguntur, they are ruled.
Imperfect.
regebaris, you were ruled.

regebatur, he was ruled.
regebamur, we were ruled.

regebamini, you were ruled.
regebantur, they were ruled.
of
PASSIVE VOICK
regar,
/ shall
regeris, you
regetur, he
447.
161
Future.
be
regemur, we shall he ruled.
ruled.
will be ruled.
will be ruled.
regemini, you
regentur, they
will be
will be
2.
Belgae unam partem Galliae incolunt.

Una pars Galliae a Belgis incolitur.
3.
Orgetorix
1.
ex
ruled.
ruled.
vinculis suam causam dicere (to
plead) cogitur.
4. Iter per provinciain Helvetiis non concedetur.
5. Duae legioues in Italia conscribuntur.
Voluntate Caesaris praesidia in castella mittuntur.
7. Copiae Caesaris in Galliam sine iniuria ducentur.
6.
auro
8.
Sapientia
9.
argento emitur.
Legati nobilissimi civitatum ad Caesarem mitte-
neque
(neither)
neque
(nor)
bantur.
10.
448.
1.
Corpus animo regitur.

The Roman
state was
ruled
by consuls for a
long time.
2.
Scouts are sent into the territory of the enemy.
3.
Caesar's
troops will be
quarters in the spring.
led
out
of
winter-
Many soldiers will be enlisted at Rome.

5. Ambassadors will be sent to Rome to-morrow
4.
in accordance
with the wish of the leader.
Many men are ruled not by wisdom, but by force.

7. Many wars were often being waged by the
6.
Romans at the same time.

8.
The Roman army is led from the province into

the neighborhood of (ad) Geneva.
11
162
PASSIVE VOICE.
The army of Lucius Cassius, the consul, was
being sent under the yoke.
10.
Cavalry-men and foot-soldiers are being collected

from
the -whole province and from the
(e)
9.
Aeduans and their allies.

449.
VOCABULARY.
castellum, castelli. n.,forf, redoubt.

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, collect.
con-cedo, concedere, concEssi, concSssum, permit, allow.
in-iuria, iniuriae, f., injury.
prae-sidium, praesidii, n., guard, garrison.
sub, prep. with ace. and abl., under.
vadum, vadl, n.,ford.
voluntas, voluntatis, f., wish, will.
LESSON LXXIV.
VERBS.
450.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE. Continued.
Perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative pas
sive of rego,
rule:
Perff.ct.
rectus sum,
Sing.
have been or
was ruled.
rectus es, you have been or

were ruled.
rectus est, he has been or
was ruled.
Plur.
recti sumus, we have been or

were ruled.
recti estis, you have
been
or
were ruled.
recti sunt, they have been or

were ruled.
168
PASSIVE VOICE.
rectus eram,
Pluperfect.
had been
recti eramus, we had been

ruled.
ruled.
rectus eras, you had been
recti eratis, you had been

ruled.
ruled.
recti erant, they had been
rectus erat, he had been
ruled.
ruled.
rectus ero,
been
I shall
recti erimus, we shall have
have
ruled.
been
rectus eris, you
will
rectus erit, he
been
been
will
ruled.
recti eritis, you
have
ruled.
been
451.
Future Perfect.
ruled.
been
have
ruled.
recti erunt, they
have
will
will
have
ruled.
Gallia est omnis divisa in partis tris.

2. Castella a militibus fortissime defensa sunt.
1.
8.
Post pugnam acerrimam castra hostium nostris

tradita sunt.
4.
Gallia
5.
Septem
posita erat
fliimen Rhenum.
libri
de
Roma
7.
Romani
a.
Romulo
saepe
bello
montis
Pyrenaeos et
Gallico a Gaio Iulid
sunt.
Caesare scriptl
6.
inter
condita est.
moribus
et
exemplis
patrum
regebantur.
8. Nullum frumentum a militibus in agris relictum
est.
9.
Nostra consilia de hoc conatu hostibus enuntiata erant.
10.
Victus est exercitus Xerxis (of Xerxes) magis

consilio Themistoclis
armis Graeciae.
(of Themistocles)
quam
164
452.
PASSIVE VOICE.
1.
This town had been surrendered to Caesar at

early dawn.
2. The
attempt was
given up
from fear of the
garrison.
8.
The army was led into the fort by night.
4.
book
concerning
old
age
was
written
by
Cicero.
Alba Longa was founded by Ascanius.

6. The weapons of the soldiers had been left in
5.
the fort.
7.
We are more easily ruled by examples
than by
words.
8.
The
sometimes
9.
10.
453.
being pillaged by the enemy,

by night, more often by day.
fields were
The city will have been defended

of the citadel.
by the guards
By whom had the headship of Gaul been obtained

VOCABULARY.
conatus, conatus, m., attempt,

con-do, condere, condidi, conditum, found.
de-fendo, defendere, defendl, defensum, defend.
exemplum, exempli, n., example.
interdiu, adv., by day.
noctu, adv., by night.
re-linquo, relinquere, reliqul, relictum, leave, give up.
telum, tell, n., weapon.
tra-do, tradere, tradidi, traditum, surrender.
165
PASSIVE VOICE.
LESSON LXXV.
VERBS.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE. Continuedl
Two Datives.
454.
Present, imperfect, and future indicative
passive
of
capio, take :
Present.
capior,
Plur.
Sing.
capimur, we are taken.
am taken.
caperis, you are taken.
capiminl, you are taken.
capitur, he is taken.
capiuntur, they are taken.

Imperfect.
capiebar,
/ was taken.
capiebamur, we were taken.
capiebaris, you were taken,
capiebamini, you were taken.
capiebatur, he was taken.
capiebantur, they were taken.
capiar,
I shall
capieris, you
capietur, he
455.
Fpturb.
be taken.
will be taken.
will be taken.
Model sentence
capiemur, we shall be taken.

capiemini, you
capientur, they
will be
will be
Una legiS Labieno
auxilio
One legion was sent to
missa est
help liabienus.
taken.
taken.
PASSIVE VOICE.
166
456.
equitibus auxilio missae sunt.
1.
Duae legioues
2.
Filia Orgetorigis
et unus e
filiis
capitur.1
Casu locus castris prope silvam capiebatur.

4. Legatio ad has civitates ab Orgetorige suscipitur.
3.
5.
Tela in castra ab hostibus iaciebantur.
6.
Senatus
7.
Anna ab omnibus in pago civibus, belli cupidis,
8.
capiuntur.
Haec omnia Caesari
9.
Patres filiis exemplo sunt.
populus Romanus beneficia

ifirias diu memoria tenebat.1
et
et
in-
ciirae fuerunt.
10. Milites urbi praesidio erant.

457.
Rule
Two Datives sometimes occur with the same
verb ; one the Dative of the purpose used to complete the

the other the Dative of the person
predicate,
458.
affected.
These things will be my care.2

2. All our possessions in the province
1.
seized
8.
will
be
by the enemy.
The rest of (reliqum) the army was led into

, J
winter quarters.
4. This grain will be a great help to Caesar.2

5. A great war will be "undertaken by the Roman
-
people.
-.
These towns will be taken by us in the spring.

7. Three legions were sent to help the allies.
6.
8.
Spears
are being thrown
into the town by the
enemy.
9. The army
arrived in the province without ^ny
mischance.
10.
Men are often saved from danger by the kind

ness of their friends.
PASSIVE VOICE.
167
VOCABULARY.
459.
auxilium, auxilii, n., aid, help.

beneficium, beneficii, n., benefit.
bonitas, bonitatis, f., kindness.
casus, casus, m., accident, mischance.
con-sumo, consumere, consumpsl, consumptum, consume,
pagus, pagi,
m., canton, district.
possessio, possessiSnis, f., possession, occupation.

reliquus, reliqua, reliquum, remaining, rest of.
sus-cipio, suscipere, suscSpl, susceptum, undertake.
MULIER STULTA.
460.
Galli ferarum certaminibus multum delectabantur.

rex cum
magna caterva nobilium
mulierumque
Olim
clararum
ludos aspiciebat.
Quaedam ex his, quae sponsi fortitiidinem

tentare
cupivit, aureum torquem deiecit in mediam harenam
qua leo ingens cum duobus tigribus cert&men acerrimum
8
quidem," inquit, "si ullus in te residet erga

Statim iuvenis in
me amor, torquem mihi e feris eripies."
agebat.
"Tu
saltu alacri torquem rapuit ; tutus

Tum ille, dum omnes factum plaudunt,
harenam se praecipitavit ;
cum praemid rediit.

" Tu
cum risu ad pedes virginis crudelis torquem proiecit.
" meam vitam minimi 4 habuisti ; ego tuum
quidem," inquit,
amorem."
that the verb is singular.
try.
* Note
Use two datives.
* to
of very little value.
168
PASSIVE VOICE.
LESSON LXXVI.
PASSIVE. Continued.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
VERBS.

sive of capio, take :
461.
Perfect.
Plur.
Sing.
captus sum,
have been or
capfi sumus, we have been or
was taken.
were taken.
captus es, you have been
or
capti estis, you have been or
were taken.
were taken.
captus est, he has been
or
capti sunt, they have been or
was taken.
were taken.
captus eram,
Pluperfect.
had been
capti eramus we had been

taken.
taken.
captus eras, you had been
taken.
capti eratis, you had been

taken.
captus erat, he had been
capti erant, they had been

taken.
taken.
Future Perfect.
captus ero,
1 shall have
been taken.
been taken.
captus eris, you

been
will
have
taken.
captus erit, he
been taken.
capti erimus, we shall have

capti eritis, you
will
have
been taken.
will
have
capti erunt, they

been taken.
will
have
PASSIVE VOICE.
169
tuae heri acceptae sunt.
1.
Epistulae
2.
Consilio
8.
Exercitus
suo se e manibus hostium eripuit.
Romanus
ex
illo
periculo
virtiite
equitatus ereptus est.

4. Bellum a Romania incipitur quod imperil cupidi
sunt.
cum exercitu
in montibus ab explora-
5.
Metellus
6.
toribus conspectus erat.

Duo bella a Caesare una aestate confecta erant.
Oppidum a militibus facile receptum est.

8. Labienus exercitui Romano a Caesare praefectus
7.
erat.
Anna et obsides acceptl sunt.

10. Helvetil, homines belli cupidi, magno dolore
adfecti erant, propterea quod iter in finis
9.
hostium habebant nullum.
463.
1.
Your letter had
been received before my departure.
2. The route of the enemy was spied out by our

scouts.
8. The brave scout was rescued
from the hands
of the enemy.
4. Caesar had been put in command of the troops
by the senate.
5. This lieutenant was put in command
famous tenth legion.
of Caesar's
6.
After the battle they betook themselves to the town.
7.
The book was snatched
8.
These things were accomplished with great care

and much labor.
9.
The Gauls were affected with fear on the arrival
from the fire by a slave.
of Caesar.
10. The city of Tarentum had been recovered.
PASSIVE VOICE.
170
461
VOCABULARY.
acceptum, receive, accept.

ad-ficio. adficere, adfecl, adfectum, affect, visit (with punishment).
con-ficio, conficere, confecl, confectum, finish, complete, ac
ac cipio, accipere, accepl
complish.
con-spicio. conspicere, conspexi, conspectum.
see,
spy out.
S-ripio, gripere, eripui. ereptum. seize, snatch, rescue.

in-cipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum, begin.
labor, laboris, in., labor, toil.
prae-ficio, praeficere, praefecl, praefectum, (with dat.), put in
command of.
re-cipio, recipere, recSpi, receptum, retake, take, recover.
as recipere, betake one's self.
LESSON LXXVII.
VERBS.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE.
Present, imperfect, and future indicative passive of

audio, hear :
Present.
465.
Plur.
Sing.
audior,
am heard.
audimur, we are heard.
audiris, you are heard.
audimini, you are heard.
auditor, he is heard.
audiuntur, they are heard.
andiebar,
Imperfect.
was heard,
audiebaris, you were hcird

audiebatur, he was heard,
audiebamur, we were heard.

audiebamini, you were heard.
audiebantur, they were heard.
PASSIVE VOICE.
171
FUTUBE.
Plur.
Sing.
audiar,
/ shall
audieris, you
audietur, he
466.
1.
be
audiemur, we shall be heard.
heard.
will be heard.
will be heard.
will be heard.
they will be heard.
audiemini, you
audientur,
Castra Romana in hoc loco ponuntur
et aggere
muniuntur.
2.
8.
Quando hoc bellum crudele finietur?

Caesar de (in) tertia vigilia cum legionibus
tribus ad hostis pervenit.
4. Cervus in silva suis cornibus impediebatur.

5. Verba Ciceronis semper audientur.
Proelium mandatis Caesaris tertia vigilia incipitur.

7. Biduum oppidum oppugnabatur.
8. Dum in urbe eramus, bellum finiebatur.
6.
9.
Biduo et duabus
noctibus
ad castra
hostium
pervenimus.
10. Nostri magna multitudine
hostium circumvenie-
bantur.
467.
1.
The
enemy's
departure
was
hindered
by
our
for two days.

2. Will this work be finished to-morrow?
3. The plans of the enemy will be found out by
men
the scouts.
4. The
camp will
be
fortified
with
a very
high
rampart.
5. The army is surrounded by marshes and rivers.
6. These things are found out and announced to
Caesar.
7.
Our
army is
rough roads.
hindered
on the march.
by the
PASSIVE VOICE.
172
8.
By the orders of Caesar the horsemen

their horses in the camp.
leave
The stag was surrounded by wolves in the forest.

10. Which of the two towns is fortified by the higher
9.
wall?
468.
VOCABULARY.
agger, aggeria, m., rampart.
biduum, bidui, n., two days.

circum-venio, circumvenire, circumvenX, circumventum,
sur
round.
com-perio, comperire, comperi, compertum, find Out.
finio, ftnlre, finlvl, finitura, end, finish.
im-pedio, impedire, impedivl, impedltum, hinder, embarrass.
mandatum, mandati, n., order, command.
vigilia, vigiliae, f., watch, night-watch.
LESSON LXXVIII.
VERBS.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE. Continued.

sive of audio, hear :
Perfect.
Pltir.
Sing.
auditus sum,
have been
or
was heard.
auditus es, you have been or

were heard.
auditus est, he has been or

was heard.
audit! sumus, we have
been
or
were heard.
auditi estis, you have
been
or
been
or
were heard.
"auditl sunt, they have

were heard.
PASSIVE VOICE.
178
Pluperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
/ had
auditus eram,
been
audit! eramus, we had
heard.
heard.
auditus eras, you, had been

heard.
auditi eratis, you had
auditus erat, he had been
auditi erant, they had
/ shall
Future Perfect.
have
auditi erimus, we shall have
been heard.
been
auditus eris, you
will
have
been
will
have
heard.
auditi eritis, you will have
heard.
auditus erit, he
470.
been
heard.
auditus ero,
been
been
heard.
heard.
been
been
heard.
auditi erunt, they will have
heard.
been
heard.
1.
Dux hostium biennium Eomae custoditus erat.
2.
Hoc oppidum natiira optime munitum erat.
8.
Clamor totis castris ante lucem auditus est.
Ferrum Igni mollitur.

5. Animi multitudinis verbis oratoris molliti sunt.
4.
6.
In
7.
Verae amicitiae difficillime
castris Helvetiorum
8. Magnus
numerus
repertus
9.
reperiuntur.
iumentorum in eo
sunt.
oppido
est.
Populus Romanus
manus
tabulae repertae
permovetur
quod civis Ro-
vinctus est.
10. Procillus, captivus, vinculis ab hostibus vinctus

est; sed casu e manibus hostium a Caesare
ereptus est.
471.
1.
The consul's great oration was heard by all the

citizens.
PASSIVE VOICE.
174
2. The captives were all bound with strong chains.

8.
All
4.
The orders of the general were found in the
the roads were guarded by Caesar's
forces.
camp.
5. The grief of the captives

hope
6.
was softened
by the
of liberty.
Our army had been hindered on the march by

the beasts of burden.
7.
The harbor was guarded by twenty ships of war

(long ships).
8.
Wrath is softened by pleasant words.
By chance the fords were found before night.

10. This war has been waged for two years.
9.
472.
VOCABULARY.
biennium, biennii, n., two years.

captivus, captlvi, m., captive.
iumentum, iumenti, n., beast of burden.
mollio, mollire, mollivi, mollitum, soften, calm.
re-perio, reperrre, repperl, repertum, find, discover.
tabula, tabulae, f., list.
vincio, vinclre, vinxi, vinctum, bind.
BELATIVE
175
PRONOUN.
LESSON LXXIX.
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
473.
Declension of qui, who, which :

Sing.
Masc
Plue.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc
Fern.
quae
Neat.
Nom.
qui
quae
quod
qui
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum quarum quorum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
474.
1.
Tris legiones quae circum Aquileiam

ex hibernis
2.
Cum
quattuor
quae
hiemabant
educit.
legionibus
quas
secum
habebat
in castra matiiravit.
4.
Quod nocet saepe docet.

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis qui trans Rbenum
5.
incolunt, quibuscum saepe bellum gerunt.

Casticus, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos
3.
annos obtinuerat,
filiam Orgetorigis in matri-
monium duxit.
6.
Caesar ea legione, quam
secum
habebat,
militi-
busque qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu

Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum Influit, ad
qui finis Sequanorum ab
Helvetiis dividit, murum in altitudinem pedum
montem
Iuram,
sedecim perdflcit.
7.
lis
qui novis rebus studebant facile persuasit.
176
RELATIVE
8.
Caesar
9.
Allobroges
ea
nesque
PRONOUN.
quae ad bellum
pertinent comparat.
qui trans Rhodanum vicos possesio-
habebant fuga
se
ad Caesarem reci-
piunt.
10.
Gallia est omnis divisa in partis tris, quarum

unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli
appellantur.
475.
Rule
The Relative Pronoun has the same gender
and number as its antecedent; its case is determined
by its
relation to the other words of the clause in which it stands.

476.
1.
He led the troops, which had assembled
2.
the whole province, to the river Rhone.

He gave his daughter in marriage to Casticus,
from
who had been the leader of the enemy.

3.
Dumnorix, who had married the daughter of

was eager for a revolution.
Orgetorix,
4. To
Caesar
they sent
ambassadors,
of whom
Divico was the head-man.

5.
He destroys the bridge which was over (in) the

river.
6. Caesar puts Labienus in command of that forti

fication which he had made.
7.
The Saone is a river which flows into the Rhone.
8.
Caesar
remembered
those things which the
Hel
vetians related.
9. Caesar assembled the chiefs, of whom he had a
great number in camp.
10. The Aeduans, whose fields had been laid waste
almost in
ambassadors
sight
of the Roman
to Caesar.
army, send
IMPERATIVE
177
HOOD.
VOCABULARY.
477.
circum, prep. with ace, around, about, near.

com-memoro. commemorare, commemoravi commemorStum,
call
mind, relate.
hierao, hiemare, hiemavl, hiematum. pass the winter, winter.
In-fluo, influere, influxl Influxum flow into.
munitio, munitionis, f., fortification.
to
novae rSs, novarum rerum, f. (pi.), revolution.

paene, adv., almost.
per-duco, perducere, perduxi, perductum, construct.

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, what, that.
LESSON LXXX.
VERBS.
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
FIRST AND SECOND
CONJUGATIONS.
Present imperative active and passive of amo, love,
and moneo warn :
Active.
478.
Plnr.
Sing.
ama, love thou.
amate love ye.
mone, warn thou.
monete, warn ye.

Passive.
amare, be thou loved.
nmamini,
monere, be thou warned.
monemini,
be
ye loved.
be
ye warned.
The future imperative, which is given in the Appen

dix, is used chiefly in laws and maxims. It is seldom found
479.
in ordinary writing.
12
178
480.
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
2.
malos culpate.
Verba sapientium memoria tene.
3.
Semper
4.
Igni, 0
5.
De hac re monere; cave canem.
6.
Omnis civis monete,
1.
Laudate bonSs,
labora, nam perseverantia omnia vincit.

captivi, cremamini.
nam
hostes
in urbem im-
petum facient.
7. Ea quae audivistis Caesari nuntiate.
8.
Nobiscum, amicl, in navi manete.
9.
Patriam, O eives, arnate ; rem publicam servatej

vos honoribus ornate.
10.
virtutem amate:
Legibus parete;
vincula ami-
citiae firmate.
481.
Rule
1.
The Imperative is used in commands.
your friends from this danger.
Liberate
Warn your friends about these things.

3. Hide in the woods, for the enemy is approach
2.
ing.
Deck the heads of the brave with garlands.
5. Fight bravely; for victory is the reward of
4.
bravery.
6.
Be
ye
taught
wisdom; for wisdom
is better
than gold.
7.
Announce
these
things
to
your
friends
at
home.
8.
Destroy the town, but save the citizens.
9.
Soldiers,
10.
sustain bravely this first attack, and
the victory will be yours.

Strengthen the walls of the city, and obey the
general's commands willingly.
IMPERATIVE
179
MOOD.
VOCABULARY.
483.
cania, canis,i
c,
dog.
caveo, oavere, cavi, cautum, beware.

cremo, cremare, cremavi, crematum, burn.
mandatum. mandati, n., command.
nam, conj.,
for.
perse verantia, perse verantiae, f., perseverance.
484.
ORIGO
MUNDI.
Primo die Beus lucem creavit

aquas
; secundo
die caelum ; tertio
et terrarn ; quarto solem et lunam ; quinto animalia,
volucris, piscis ; sexto homiuem creavit.
LUS01NIA ET ACANTHIS.
485.
Luscinia et acanthis ante fenestram in caveis pendebant.

Liiscinia incipit cantum suum iucundissimum.
Pater inter" Utra avis tam suaviter canit ? " et ostendit
rogat filium :
utramque.
Filius statim
est quae sonos
respondet
"
illos suavissimos edit;
Sine dubio acanthis

pennas
enim habet
pulcherrimas/''
Haec fabula eos notat qui S vestibus et e forma homines
aestimant.
1
Gen. plur.
canum.
180
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
LESSON LXXXI.
IMPERATIVE
VERBS.
486.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
MOOD.
Present imperative active and passive of rego, rule,
and capio, take :

Active.
Plur.
Sing.
rege, rule thou.
regit, rule ye.
cape, talce thou.
capite, take ye.

Passive.
regere, be thou ruled.
regimini,
capere, be thou taken.
capiminl, be ye taken.
487.
1.
Rege
animum
tuum;
be
virtutem
ye ruled.
sapientiamque
cole.
Prima luce in hostis impetum facite.

8. Arma vestra, milites, magna cum cura Inspicite.
4. Virtute regere, nam virtus est optima vitae dux.
2.
5. Due
ad me equum, nam ad profectionem para-
tus sum.
6. Die
mihi, vidistine
7.
Bellum Helvetiorum
8.
In
hodie meum
fratrem ?
quam celerrime conficite.
montem vos recipite,
nam
noster exercitus
superatus est.
locS superiore in hostis tela conicite.

10. Epistulas ad me saepe scribe, nam tuas epistulas
9.
libenter lego.
IMPEBATIVE
488.
181
MOOD.
1.
"Send
2.
Flee to the hills, for there
3.
valley.
Break the chains of the captives, and divide the
booty among the soldiers.
the scout to vat," said Caesar.
is
danger in the
4.
Behold these wounds ; they were received

the walls of Carthage.
5.
Accomplish
arrival.
6.
Undertake
7.
Lead
all
these
things
the embassy
Caesar's
to the states of Gaul.
the legions into the city and receive the
hostages.
8.
before
before
Believe me, friend, for
speak
the truth.
Cherish virtue, despise gold.

10. Examine these shields ; they were made by the
Romans.
9.
489.
VOCABULARY.
a-spicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum, look at, behold,

colo, colere, colui, cultum, cherish.
con-icio, conicere, coniScl, coniectum, hurl, throw.
credo, crSdere, crgdidi, creditum (withdat.), believe^
de-spicio, despicere, despexi, dSspectum, despise.
In-spiciS, Inspicere, inspexi, inspeotum, look at, examine.
lego, legere, legi, ISctum, read.
praeda, praedae, f., booty.
scutum, scutl, n., shield.
DIcO, duco, facio, and ferS have in the second person singular
imperative active die, due, fac, and fer; so the compounds, except
those in -ficio.
1
IMPERATIVE
182
MOOD.
LESSON LXXXTI.
VERBS.
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
FOURTH CONJUGATION
AND sun.
Present imperative active and passive of audio, hear,
and present imperative of sum, be :
490.
Active.
audi, hear thou.
audita, hear ye.

Passive.
audimini,
audire, be thou heard.

es, be thou.
491.
be
ye heard.
este, be ye.
1.
Verba sapientium semper audite.
2.
Audax in bello, in pace prudens es.
3.
Este boni, fortes, impigri.
4.
Punlte, consules, duces coniurationis.
.... 5.
Templa maxima diligentia
6.
Este memores .beneficiorum.
7.
De omnibus his
custodite.
obsidibus supplicium
gravissi-
mum sumite.
8.
Sequanis obsides
.
9.
date, nobilissimos
ad ripam Rhodani
Arces
munite,
hostis
omnes
in
captivos omnis vinculis
civitatis, et
convenite.
itinere
circumvenlte,
firme vinclte.
10. Finite labores, nam nox appropinquat.
IMPERATIVE
492.
1.
MOOD.
188
Soldiers, fortify the camp with a rampart and

trench.
2.
Assemble to-morrow
at the gates of Rome.
Guard the citadel, for the city is full of enemies.

4. Always be ready for all things.
3.
of the words of the poet.

6. Punish the bad, O judges, defend the good.
7. Be brave, for victory is the reward of bravery.
5.
Be mindful
8.
Bind the prisoner and lead him into the senatehouse.
9.
Hear this wise man, for he will teach you many

useful things.
10. Pitch your camp between the river and the hill.
VOCABULARY.
dUigentia, dUigentiae, f., care, diligence*
firme, adv., strongly, firmly.
gravis, gravis, grave, adj., severe.
ndbilis, nobilis, nobile, adj., famous, noble,
punio, punire, punivi, pumtum, punish.
supplicii, n., punishment.

vallum, valli. n., rampart, palisade.
supplicium,
184
PRESENT
INFINITIVES.
LESSON LXXXIII.
PRESENT INFINITIVES.
Active.
494.
Passive.
to love.
iimare,
monere,
to
warn.
amari, to he loved.
moneri, to be warned.
regere, to rule.
regi, to be ruled.
capere, to take.
capl, to be taken.
audire, to hear.
audiri,
to be
heard.
esse, to be.
The Latin Infinitive, given as a part of the verb, is

used as a verbal noun, followed, where the sense demands, by
495.
an object;
gerere periculosum est, To wage war

or, Waging war is dangerous.
as, Belhim
is dangerous
There are three Infinitives :

The Present Infinitive represents
an action as going on at
the same time as the action of the verb on which it depends.

The Perfect Infinitive represents an action as completed at
the time of the action of the verb on which it depends.
The Puture Infinitive represents an action as not yet begun
at the time of the action of the verb on which it depends.
This lesson illustrates the use of the present infinitive as a
simple verbal noun without definite time force.
496.
1.
Caesar milites castra muni re iubet.
2.
In
3.
4.
provinciam pervenire contendit.

Helvetiis est in animo iter per provinciam facere.
Docere est discere.
5. Te hoc facere veto.
6.
Divitiacum ad
7.
Cupimus vera discere.

Constituerunt iumentorum
8.
186
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT
vocari iussit.
se
et
carrorum
quam
maximum numerum coemere.

9.
Cum
his
fortibus
populis
bellum
gerere
non
dubitabimus.
10.
497.
Humanum est errare.
1.
Order Labienus
2.
You
ought
to
to hold the
hasten
hill.
into
Italy
hy
forced
marches.
3.
To hesitate is to be defeated.
4.
It
5.
We desire to reach the city before night.
is better to give than to receive.
6.
8.
outside his province.

"Why do you hesitate to do this?
9.
Teach me to seek wisdom.
intend to write you a long letter to-morrow.

7. The senate forbade the general to wage war
10.
498.
It
is sometimes
safer to fight than to
run away.
VOCABULARY.
co-emo, coSmere, coSmi, coemptum, purchase, buy up.

con-stituo, constituere, constitul, cSnstitfltum, decide.
dSbeo, dSbere, debui, dgbitum, owe, ought.
, learn.
disco, discere, didici,
dubito, dubitSre, dubitSvi, dubitatum, doubt, hesitate.
erro, errare, erravi, erratum, err.
humanus, humana, humanum. adj., human.

in animo esse, (with dat.), be in one's mind.
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, order.
magnum iter, forced march.
tutus, tuta, tutum, adj., safe, secure.
veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, forbid.
PERFECT INFINITIVES.
186
LESSON LXXXIV.
499.
Active.
Passive.
amavisse, to have loved.
amatus esse, to have been loved.
monuisse, to have warned.
monitus esse, to have been warned.
rexisse, to have ruled.
rectus esse, to have been ruled.
cepisse, to have taken.
captus esse, to have been taken.
audivisse, to have heard.
auditus esse, to have been heard.
fuisse, to have been.
500.
Model sentences
DIoit suum amlcum Romae
esse.
He says that his friend is at Rome.

Dicit suum amlcum Romae fuisse.
He says that his friend was at Rome.
Dixit suum amlcum Romae esse.

He said that his friend was at Rome.
Dixit suum amlcum Romae fuisse.
He said that his friend had been at Rome.
Examine these sentences carefully, and refer to 495.
501.
Dicit legatos de pace venisse.

2. Caesar dixit populum Romanum pacem cupere.
3. Consul dicit se civis de periculo iam monuisse.
1.
4. Dixit se haec omnia iam audivisse.
5.
Caesar
pontem, qui erat

iubet.
ad
187
Genavam, rescindi
dicunt hostis appropinquate.

7. Senatus consules bellum gerere iiissit.
6.
Exploratores
8.
Exploratores
renuntiant collem a Labieno teneri.
9.
Dixerunt
omnia pro patria fecisse.
se
10. Eniintiant oppidum captum esse.

11. Dixerunt apud eos fuisse regem Divitiacum, nunc
esse
In English,
regem
Galbam.
your own or another's

words, you introduce the reported statement by that; for
example, Marcus is at Some; but, He says that Marcus
502.
is at Rome.
when you report
In Latin
becomes an infinitive
the verb
of the reported
for instance, Marcus Romae
statement
est
but,
Dicit Marcum Romae esse. Notice, too, that the nominative

of the first sentence becomes accusative in the second. ""This
accusative is called the subject of the infinitive.
503.
The scout says that the enemy are approaching,

2. The scout says that the enemy were approaching
1.
3.
The captives say that the town is being fortified.
4.
The captives. say that the town has. been fortified.

He says that he has received a letter from his
5.
brother.
6. Cicero said that Catiline was the leader of the
conspiracy.
7. They say that the enemy have taken the city.
8. The Helvetians said that they desired to make a
9.
journey, through the province.

The poet says that wisdom is better than gold.
10. Caesar said that he had always -been the friend
of
the- Helvetians.
.-..-,--.
FUTURE INFINITIVES.
188
VOCABULARY.
504.
nunc, adv., now.

re-nuntio, renuntiSre,
renuntiavi,
renuntiatum,
bring
word.
rS-scindo, rSscindere, rescidi, rSscissum, cut down.
LESSON LXXXV.
FUTURE INFINITIVES.
Active.
505.
amaturus esse,i to be about to love.

moniturus esse, to be about to warn.
recturus esse, to be about to rule.
capturus esse, to be about to take.
auditurus esse, to be about to hear.
futurus esse, to be about to be.
Passive.
am atom
Iri,
to be about to be loved.
monitum Iri, to be about to be warned.

rectum iri, to be about to be ruled.
captnm
Iri,
to be about to be taken.
auditum Iri, to be about to be heard.
back
FUTURE INFINITIVES.
506.
dicit
189
cum iis pacem facturum esse.
1.
Caesar
2.
Sperant se oppidum captures.
8.
Caesar
4.
Nervii confirmaverunt
dixit
se
se eos
in fidem recepturum
se neque legatos
esse.
missiiros
neque ullam
5.
condicionem pacis accepturos.

Caesar Helvetios temperatures ab iniuria non
existimabat.
6.
Caesar se itinere
Helvetios prohibiturum osten-
dit.
7.
Existimaverunt hoc iter
Helvetiorum
maguo
cum periculo
8.
provinciae futiirum.
respondit se civitStem conservaturum
Caesar
esse.
9.
10.
507.
Enuntiat duces milites ex oppido educturos.

Qvitates se obsides daturas confirmant.
2.
He announced that he would demand hostages.

He says that he will take the town by storm.
8.
The leaders
1.
answered
that they would
remain
for two days.

4.
The scouts
brought
back word that the enemy
had pitched their camp
said that they would

Roman people.
5.
They
6.
They announced
hostages
near the
hill.
seek aid from
the
to Caesar that they would give
to the Sequanians.
7.
He hopes that his friend will come to-morrow.
8.
Caesar
says that he
will arrive in
the province
on the fifth day.

9.
10.
Caesar shows that he will defend the Aeduans,

friends of the Roman people.
He said that the temple was
built.
about
to
be
FUTURE INFINITIVES.
190
VOCABULARY.
508.
con-dicio condicionis, f., condition.

con-servo,
conservare,
conservavi,
serve, spare.
ex-istimo existimare, existimavl,
conservatum,
save,
pre
existimatum, think.
in-iuria. iniuriae, f., wrong-doing.

os-tendo, ostendere, ostendi. ostentum (ostSnsum), show.
postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum, demand.
re-spondeo, respondere, respondl, responsum, answer.
spero, sperare, speravi, speratum, hope.
temperd, temperare, temperavi, temperatum, refrain.
SCIPIO ET ENN1US.
509.
Olim Scipio
Scipio Nasica et Ennius poeta amici erant.
" En
ad Ennium venit et ad portam de eo quaesivit ; ancilla
Videbat autem Ennium
nius/' inquit, "domi non est."
Nasica
nihil tamen dixit, sed domum revertit.
diebus ad Nasicam venit Ennius.

mavit,
" Non
sum
cognosco vocem
es
domi."
"
tuam ?
Huic
Paucis post
ipse Nasica
Tum Ennius
"
Nasica autem respondit
impudens ; ego enim ancillae tuae credidi
Quid
:
tu.
exclaNonne
" Homo
non mihi
credis ipsi."
jr.
510.
M'. Curius
CURIUS.
de Samnitibus, de Sabinis, de
Pyrrho triumpha-
verat et extremum aetatis tempus in vita rustica consumebat.

Ad eundem, dum ad focum sedet, Samnites magnum auri
pondus portaverunt, sed ab eo repudiati sunt ; dixit enim nSn
aurum habere praeclarum esse, sed iis imperare qui aurum
haberent.2
i Esse in
the future active infinitive is often omitted.
had.
ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
191
LESSON LXXXVI.
ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
511.
Future.
Present.
amans,1 loving.
amaturus (-a, -um), about to love.
monens, warning.
moniturus, about to warn.
regens,
ruling.
rectiirus, about to rule.
capiens, taking.
capturus, about to take.
audiens, hearing.
auditurus, about to hear.

futurus, about to be.
512.
The Participle expresses the action of the verb in the
form of an adjective.
The Present Participle represents an action as going on at
the same time as the action of the verb.
The Perfect Participle represents
the time of the action of the verb.
an action as completed at
The Future Participle represents an action as not yet begun

at the time of the action of the verb.
513.
1.
Divitiacus fiens haec
2.
Hostes
loco
3.
Orgetorix.
suae
a.
Caesare
superiore
tela coniciebant.
civitatis
in
nostros
imperium
erat.
4.
petebat.
Piignaturi clamorem faciunt.
venientis
obtenturus
192
ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
5.
Hostes ab (on) lateribus nostras pugnantis circunivenerunt.
6.
Magnam
hostium fugientium
multitudinem
in-
terfecerunt.
7.
Hostes fugituri suos amicos
conspexerunt.
8.
Milites, desperantes
virtute,
de
sua
in castris
manebant.
9.
dixit
Caesar
Romani
se
optime merentis socios
populi
defensurum.
10. Nostri resistentis hostis in fugam coniecerunt.

514.
1.
Caesar
recalls
Labienus
(as he is) about to lead
the soldiers out of the camp.
2.
All
3.
The second line made an attack on the fleeing
weeping begged peace of Caesar.
enemy.
4.
Caesar
attacked
the
enemy
(while
they were)
fortifying the camp.

5.
Caesar praised his men (while they were) bravely

sustaining the enemy's attack.
6.
Our men hindered the enemy (as they were)

about to make a journey
through the prov
ince.
7.
We do not believe
bad man
speaking the
truth.
8.
Ariovistus, despairing of victory, sent ambassa

dors
9.
Caesar's
to Caesar.
men captured
the enemy's
cavalry (as
they were) laying waste the fields of the allies
of the Roman people.
10. Caesar, leading his forces out of camp, saw that

the enemy
had seized the heights.
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

515.
193
VOCABULARY.
de-spero, desperare, dSsperavl,

d6, despair of, distrust.
fleo, Here, flevi, fletum. weep.
dSsperatum, despair} with
inter-ficiS, interfioere, interf6el, interfectum, kill, slay.

latus, lateris, n., side, wing.
peto, petere, petlvl (petii), petitum, beg.
re-sisto, resistere, restitl,
, resist.
revoco, revocare, revocSvl, revocatum. call back, recall.
vgrum, v6rl, n., truth.
The present participle is declined like

sing., however, ends in e.
prudens (
252)
the ablative
LESSON LXXXVII.
PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.
516.
amatus
(-a, -urn),
loved; monitus, warned ; rectus,
ruled ; captos, taken ; auditus, heard.

517.
1.
Orgetorix,
regni
cupiditate
tionem nobilitatis
2.
Exploratores
adductus, coniura-
fecit.
renuntiant milites superatos
se
in
silvam recepisse.
3.
Hostes suas copias e castris
eductas
Instriixe-
rant.
4.
Auctoritate
Orgetorigis
permoti,
haec
facere
constituerunt.
5.
Hac oratione adducti, inter

13
se
ius iurandum dant.
194
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

6.
7.
in hostis impeditos impetum fecit.

Helvetii, adventii Caesaris commoti, legatos ad
Caesar
eum mittunt.
8.
In
castris
Helvetiorum
tabulae
repertae
sunt
Graecis litteris confectae.

9. Nostri
hostis
impeditos
in flumine
interfece-
runt.
10.
Magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante

Galli neque audiverant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti, legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt.
518.
1.
Ariovistus, being asked by the Gauls, had led

his forces across the Rhine.
2.
Catiline, having been accused by Cicero of con

spiracy,i fled from the city by night.
8.
They sent the captive bound to Caesar.
4. These men, having been wounded, betook them

selves to the camp.
6.
The Aeduans, having been conquered in war, sent

ambassadors
6.
Alarmed
by
to Caesar about peace.

the
words of the
scouts,
Caesar
hastened to lead his forces across the river.

7.
The prisoner, guarded by soldiers, was led to

Caesar.
8.
Having been surrounded, they were conquered.
9.
Warned of the arrival of the enemy, they betake

themselves
10. We
into the citadel.
conquered the
flight.
enemy
and
put
them to
GERUNDIVE.
195
VOCABULARY.
519.
ad-duco, adducere, addfixi. adductum, lead to, influence.

celeritas, celeritatis, f., swiftness, celerity.
com-moveo, commovere, commovi, commotum, alarm.
dS-ditio, dSditionis
f., surrender.
In-struo, instruere, lustruxl, instructum, draw up, arrange.

inter sS dant, they exchange.
ius iurandum, iuris iurandi D., until.
nobilitas, nobilitatis. f., nobility, nobles.
per-moveo, permovere, permovi, permotum, disturb, alarm.
re-cipio, recipere, recSpl, receptum, take, betake.
rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum, ask.
Use the genitive.
LESSON LXXXVIII.
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
(GERUNDIVE).
amandus (-a, -um), to be loved.
520.
monendus (-a, -um), to be warned.

regendus (-a, -tun), to be ruled.
capiendus,
(-a, -um), to be taken.
audiendus, (-a, -um), to be heard.

521.
The Latin Future Passive Participle is often to be
translated by the English verbal noun in -ing.
belli gerendi,
desire
the
desire
of war about to
be
of waging war.
waged.
Thus, cupiditas
Literally, the
196
GERUNDIVE.
522.
When the Future Passive Participle agrees with
in the accusative
denotes purpose.
come
for
523.
word
with the preposition ad, the expression

Thus, veniunt ad pacem petendam,
case
the purpose
of
seeking peace.1
Hi
2.
discipuli culpandi sunt.

Mercatores ea quae ad animos
effeminandos
8.
pertinent important.
Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix
deligitur.
4.
Locus ad aciem instruendam idoneus erat.
1.
Omnia ad bellum gerendum parata erant.

6. E tota prdvincia ad urbem defendendam conve-
5.
nerunt.
Proelii committendi signum dat.

8. Ad galeas induendas tempus non erat.
7.
9.
10.
Facultas per provinciam itineris

tiis non data est.
Ariovistus
cum suis omnibus
faciendi Helvecopiis
ad
occu-
pandum Vesontionem
quod est oppidum
maximum Sequanorum contendebat.
524.
Are the Romans ready for waging war?

2. They assembled for the
purpose of defending the
1.
ford.
8. Are not the citizens to be warned?
4. Why are we to be ruled by this man?
6.
The tenth legion was ready for waging war.

All the states of Gaul had come for the purpose
of attacking Ariovistus.
7.
Caesar hastens with a large army
5.
of defending the province.

8.
These
boys are praiseworthy.
for the purpose
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.

9.
An opportunity of undertaking
197
the embassy was
given to Orgetorix.
10.
Ambassadors have already come for the purpose
of seeking peace.
525.
VOCABULARY.
com-mitto, commlttere, commisi, commissum, join (battle).

de-ligo, deligere, delegi, delectum, choose, select.
eHemino,
efleminare, effeminavi, effeminatum, weaken, ener
vate.
facultas, facultatis, f., opportunity.

galea, galeae,
f.,
helmet.
im-porto, importare, importavi, importatum, import,

induo, induere, indui, indutum, put on.
laudandus, laudanda, laudandum, praiseworthy.
signum, signl, n., signal, standard.
i
rally
Remember that the accusative is the case of the object

comes to express goal, intention, purpose.
; it thus natu
LESSON LXXXIX.
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE. Continued.
526.
The Future Passive Participle sometimes acquires the
of necessity. For example, oppidum oppugnandum est,

the town must be stormed.
idea
527.
1.
Karthago delenda est.
2.
Signum tuba dandum erat.

Acies Instruenda est.
3.
FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
198
4. Caesari
5.
Hi
6.
De his captivis
dum est.
7.
MUites ab opere revocandi sunt.
8.
Haec oppida nobis

ventum Caesaris.
9.
Constituit
10.
maximum
sumen-
supplicium
expugnanda sunt ante ad-
captivos esse cSnservandos.
Omnes copiae
occasum
528.
omnia Quo tempore erant agenda.

captivi maxiino supplicio adficiendi sunt.
1
in
castra
reducendae
sunt ante
solis.
Scouts must be sent into the enemy's

2. The city will have to be destroyed.
1.
territory.
3.
The city had to be destroyed.
4.
We1 must wage war in the province.
5.
The troops
sunrise.
must be led out of camp
6;
The citadel
must be
bravely defended
guards.
7. The soldiers in the camp
must
before
by the
be warned
of
the danger.
8.
9.
10.
They decided that the captives must be killed.

We must make a journey through the prov
ince, for we have no other way.
The heights (mperioriz toed) must be
before
;.529.
seized
dawn.
VOCABULARY.
con-cedo concgdere, concessI, concgsaum. permit, allow,

occasus (-us) solis, sunset.
ortus (-us) solis. sunrise.
re-duc5. redflcere, reduxlv reductum, lead back.
tuba, tubae, f., trumpet.^ . .
1
Note that the dative denotes the person qn.yhoij^tbji.obligation
rests.
GERUND
AND SUPINE.
199
LESSON XO.
GERUND
530.
object.
AND SUPINE.
The Gerund is a verbal noun, which may have an

The only cases in use are the Genitive, Dative, Ac
cusative, and Ablative, singular.

The gerund of amo is thus declined
Gen.
amandi,
Dat.
amando,
Ace.
amandum,
Abl.
amando,
of loving.
to,
for
loving.
loving.
from, by loving.
So monendi, regendi, capiendi, audiendi.

The Genitive of the gerund is used like other genitives ; as,
amor pugnandi,
love
of fighting.
The Dative of the gerund is rare.

The Accusative of the gerund is commonly used with ad
to express purpose (see 143, and note, p. 197); as, me vocas
ad scribendum, you summon me to write.
The Ablative
of the gerund is used like other ablatives ;

as, vincit pugnando, he conquers by fighting.
531.
The Supine is a verbal noun used only in the Dative,
Accusative, and Ablative, singular.

The supine of amo is thus declined
Dat.
amatfi,
Ace.
amatum, loving.
Abl.
amktn, from, by loving.
for loving.
So monitu, rectu, captii, auditfi.
200
GERUND
AND SUPINE.
The Dative of the supine is rare except with a few adjec

tives; as, facile dictu, easy to say.
The Accusative of the supine is used after verbs of motion
to express purpose, as the Accusative of limit of motion
without
the preposition (see 143, and note, p. 197) ; as,

venerunt petitum pacem, they came to seek peace.
The Ablative of the supine is rare.
532.
1.
AnimI hostium ad pugnandum parati erant.
2.
Divitiacus
finem orandi fecit.
Hoc est facile dictu.

4. Hie locus ad pugnandum maxime idoneus est.
5. Spatium pila in hostls coniciendi non dabatur.
8.
LegatI hostium venerunt pacem petitum.

7. Quid optimum est factii?
6.
8.
9.
In
muro consistendi potestas

Venimus vos monitum.
10. Aedui
legatos
ad
Caesarem
erat
nulli.
mittunt rogatum
auxilium.
533.
1.
The troops were ready for fighting.
2.
There was no hope of escape.1

They came to Koine to seek for peace.
3.
4. Eagerness for (of) fighting seized the army.

5. The Aeduans had come to Rome to the senate
to ask for aid.
6.
Caesar
took a day for deliberating.
7.
Caesar
gave
(fecit) the enemy an opportunity
of fighting.
8. No time was given for taking arms.
9. This is difficult to see.
10. Wisdom is the art of living well and happily.
GERUND
534.
ars, artis,
AND SUPINE.
201
VOCABULARY.
f., art.
con-sisto, oonsistere, constiti,

, stand, remain.
de-libero, deliberate, deliberavi, dSliberatum, deliberate.
oro, orare, 6rSvi, oratum. speak, pray.
potestas, potestatis, f., .power, opportunity.
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum, ask.
spatium, spatii, 11., space, time.
535.
SERVUS TIGER.
Vir
Hie
quidam verberabat servum, maxime ob pigritiam.
"
"
Cur me percutis ? nihil enim feci."
clamavit,
Propter id
ipsum," respondit dominus,
536.
" te
percutio, quod nihil fecisti."
PUERI ET APES.
Duo pueri in horto ambulabant.

'fCavete," hortulanus
" Me quidem
"
monebat,
apis turbabitis, aculeum gerunt."
nulla unquam apis laesit," puerorum alter respondit, magna
Verum repente aculeos
audacia appropinquans apiarium.
Hunc sua, alterum aliena

maximosque exinde dolores sensit.
Uter eorum fuit prudentior ?
pericula cautum reddiderunt.
537.
HAEDUS ET LUPUS.
Haedus stans in tecto domiis lupo praetereunti 2 maledixit.

Cui lupus, " Non tu," inquit, " sed tectum mihi maledicit."
Saepe locus vel tempus homines timidos audacis reddit.
538.
tubicen:
" Cur me," inquit, " inTubicen ab hostibus captus est.

terficitis; nam inermis sum neque quidquam habeo praeter
202
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
hanc
"te
tubam."
At
interficiemus
"
hostes,
quod
ipse
hoc ipsum," inquiunt,

pugnandi imperitus, alios ad
Propter
Non solum maleficl sunt puniendi,

pugnam incitare soles."
sed etiam ei qui alios ad male faciendum inritent.
i fugiO.
passing by (dative).
LESSON XOI.
SUBJUNCTIVE
VERBS.
Wish
639.
Subjunctive
ACTIVE.
(see 46).
The Subjunctive mood is used to express desire (op
tative) and possibility (potential).

540.
Subjunctive active of amo, love :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
amem,
/ may love}
amemus, we may love.
ames, you may love.
ametis, you may love.
amet, he may love.
ament, they may love.
amarem,
Imperfect.
might love.
amaremus,
we might love.
amares, you might lover
amaretis, you might love.
amaret, he might love.
amarent, they might love.
Perfect.
amaverimus, we may have loved.

may have loved,
amaveris, you may have loved, amaveritis, you may have loved.
amaverit, he may have loved,
amaverintj they may have loved.
amaverim,
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
203
Pluperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
/ might have
amavissem,
amavissenvus, we might have

loved.
loved.
amavisses, you might have
amavissetis,
loved.
loved.
amavisset, he might have
amavissent,
Model sentences
hieiaet.
Romae
May he spend, the winter in Home !

Would that lie were spending
the winter in Rome !
Utinam
Romae
hiemaret.
Utinam
Romae
hiemavisset.
542.
they might have
loved.
loved.
541.
you might have
that he Iiad spent the

winter in Rome !
1.
Id
2.
3.
Exploratores bona renuntiant.

Utinam obsides inter nos dedissemus.
4.
Utinam
5.
Nos omnes patriam nostram amemus.
6.
Utinam
dei approbent.
in Gallia hiemaretis.
ne
mercatores
eas
res ad
Belgas im-
portavissent.
7.
Hoc te delectet.
8.
Utinam
Ciceronem
sententiam
primum
roga-
visses.
9.
10.
Exercitus
Utinam
hostis hoc proelio superet.

has res ante adventum Cicero-
noster
nobis
nis commemoravissent.
543.
Rule
The Subjunctive
with or without utinam2 is
The negative is ne.

The present here expresses what may be ; the imperfect
what might be, but is not ; the pluperfect what might have
used to express a wish.
been, but was not.
204
544.
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
1.
2.
that we may take this town by storm !

Would that we had been dwelling at Athens
at that time
3.
that
ship
4.
5.
we
were
Would that we had
the
sailing
sea
in
our enemies in
conquered
that fight!
that you would
Would
danger!
that we
liberate
had
the
seized
city from this

the
not
May you
victors
us
of our liberty, O
8.
O that
9.
May you dwell
you had
things to me !
this city
10.
deprive
at
heights
dawn, before the arrival of the enemy

7.
stout
great
6.
for
not
a
announced
long
these
time with
sad
us
in
O that you would refrain from wrong-doing!
545.
VOCABULARY.
ap-probo, approbare, approbavl, approbatum, approve.

utinam, adv., 0 that I would that !
victor, victoria, m., victor, conqueror.

1
The subjunctive
may be translated in various
ways as the sense
demands, often by the indicative.

a The
imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive without
in wishes.
utinam
are rare
205
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
LESSON XOII.
VERBS.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Exhortation
546.
ACTIVE. Continued.
Subjunctive.
Subjunctive active of moneo, warn :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
/ may warn.
moneam,
moneamus,
we may warn.
moneas, you may warn.
moneatis, you may warn.
moneat, he may warn.
moneant, they may warn.
monerem,
/ might warn.
Imperfect.
moneremus,
we might warn.
moneres, you might warn.
moneretis, you might warn.
moneret, he might warn.
monerent, they might warn.
monuerim,
/ may
Perfect.
monuerimus, we may have
have
monueria, you may have
warned.
monuerit, he may have
monueritis, you may have

warned.
monuerint, they may have
warned.
warned.
Pluperfect.
iuonuissem,
/ might have
warned.
moniliases, you might have
warned,
monuisset, he might have
warned.
monuissemus,
we
might have
warned.
monuissetis,
you might have
warned.
monuissent,
warned.
they might have
206
547.
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
Model sentence
AmicSs moneTtmus.
548.
1.
Omnes legibus
Let us warn our friends.

pareamus, suspicionesque vite-
mus.
2.
Portent
3.
Nostras
servi haec omnia in templum.
4.
liberos sapientiam doceamus.

Impetum hostium fortiter sustineamus.
5.
CivTs
6.
Caligula,
7.
Laboremus
8.
Hoc oppidum expugnemus.
9.
Semper
de hoc maximo periculo
moneamus.
" Utinam
imperator, dixit :
Romanus unam cervicem haberet."
omnes,
beneficia
nam labor
populus
omnia vincit.
populi Romani memoria tene-
amus.
10. Iaceamus in silva, nam umbra arborum grata est.

549.
Rule
tion, command,
550.
1.
The Subjunctive
is used to express exhorta
entreaty.
Let us all remember
the words
of these wise
men.
2.
Let the leader
of the conspiracy beware
the consul has discovered
for
all his plans.
Let us obey the laws.

4. Would that
might see you!
5. May we deserve the love of all good citizens
6. O that we had warned you about this attempt
3.
Let us keep the enemy from our territories.

8. Let us have one ting and one government !
7.
May you be well !

10. Let us ask him his opinion;
9.
is very great.
for his influence
!
!
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
551.
207
VOCABULARY.
cervix, cervlcis, f., neck.

suspicio. suspicionis. f., suspicion.
vltS, vitare, vltavl, vitatum, shun, avoid.
LESSON XCIII.
SUBJUNCTIVE
VEEBS.
ACTIVE
Continued.
Wish and Exhortation.

552.
Subjunctive active of rego, rule :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
regam,
may rule.
regamus, we may rule.
regis, you may rule.
regatis, you may rule.
regat, he may rule.
regant, they may rule.
regerem,
I might rule.
Imperfect.
regeremus,
regeres, you might rule.

regeret,
rexerim,
he
might rule.
we might rule.
regeretis, you might rule.

regerent,
they might rule.
Perfect.
may have ruled.
rexerinras, we may have ruled.
rexeris, you may have ruled.
rexeritis, you may have ruled.
rexerit, he may have ruled.
rexerint, they may have ruled.
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
208
Pluperfect.
rexissem,
/ might have
rexissemus,
ruled.
ruled.
rexisses, you might have
rexissetis, you might have

ruled.
ruled.
rexisset, he might have
they might have
rexissent,
ruled.
ruled.
553.
we might have
1.
Dum vivimus, vivamus.
2.
Pacem petamus,
tus est.
nam
exercitus noster supera-
copias hoc flumen audacter transducamus; hostes enim nostro adventu fugient.
4. Ne proelium ante adventum Caesaris commit8.
Nostras
tamus.
5.
Labienus
suas copias
in proximum collem sub-
ducat.
6.
Legatus in colle medio triplicem aciem lnstruat
quattuor legionum.
7. Utinam dux clarus viveret.
8.
9.
Quod agis, prudenter agas.

Vos, viri fortes, urbem templaque deorum defendatis.
10.
554.
1.
Intendas animum studiis et rebus honestis.
Let us enroll
as
three
legions
in further
Gaul
soon as possible [quam citissime).
Let us fill the whole mountain with men.

3. Let us betake ourselves to the nearest hill, for
2.
the number of the enemy
4. Let
us
hasten
into Gaul
is great.
by forced
marches,
for the Gauls are desirous of waging war.
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
5.
May
you
inflict
wicked man
great
209
on
punishment
this
6.
May you always avoid the suspicion of fear!
7.
Let
as
the
soldiers put on their helmets
as sooe
possible.
8.
Would that the consul were living!
9.
Let us rule our tongues, for words often do
much harm (harm much).

10. Let us send ambassadors to Caesar concerning
peace.
555.
VOCABULARY.
enim,i conj., for.

honestus, honesta, honestum, honorable.
in medio oolle, halfway up the hill.

in-tendo, intendere, intendl, intentum, apply, devote.
malus, mala, malum, wicked.
aub-duco, subducere, subduxi, subductum, withdraw.
sumo, sumere, sumpsl, sumptum, (with the prep. d8), inflict on.
tri-plex, triplex, triplex, adj., triple.

ulterior, filterior, ulterius, adj., farther.
i enim should not stand at the beginning of
positive.
a clause.
It is
post
210
SUBJUNCTIVE
ACTIVE.
LESSON XOIV.
SUBJUNCTIVE
VERBS.
Doubtful Statement
556.
ACTIVE. Continued.
Subjunctive
(see
46).
Subjunctive active of capio, take :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
capiam,
may lake.
we may take.
capiamus,
capias, you may take.
capiatis, you may take.
capiat, he may take.
capiant, they may take.
caperem,
Imperfect.
might take.
caperemus,
we might take.
caperes, you might take.
caperetis, you might take.
caperet, he might take.
caperent, they might take.
ceperim,
/ may have
Perfect.
taken.
ceperimus,
we may have taken.
ceperis, you may have taken,
ceperitis, you may have taken.
ceperit, he may have taken.
ceperint, they may have taken.
cepissem,
I might
Pluperfect.
have
taken.
cepisses, you might have
taken.
cepisset, he might have
taken.
cepissemus, we might have

taken.
cepissetis, you might have
taken.
cepissent, they might have
taken.
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
557.
Model sentences
Whither am
Qua fugia,m ?
558.
Whither teas
fugerem ?
Quo
211
to flee
I to flee t
1.
Quid faciam?
2.
Quid facerem
3.
Quid hoc homine faciamus?
4.
Quot legiones conscribamus ?
Quid faceret aliud?

6. Talis milites contra hostis acerrimos ducerem?
7. Quomodo hanc urbem sine militibus, sine armis
5.
defendamus ?
8.
Cur haec tibi commemorem?
9.
De
hoc
nobilissimo
captivo
supplicium
su-
merem ?
10.
Dicunt
se
exercitum prima luce flumen trans-
ducturos.
559.
Rule
ing doubt.
The Subjunctive
This is sometimes
is used in questions
imply
called the interrogative
or
dubitative subjunctive.
560.
Are we to learn these words?

2. Whom were the men to obey?
8. Are we to pitch camp in this place?
1.
4. Am
to lead out the troops before the arrival
of Caesar
5.
Whom
were
peace?
6.
Where was
7.
Whither are
we
to
send
to
Caesar
to
to enroll so many legions ?

we
to betake
ourselves?
ask
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
212
8.
What was
9.
Let us
to say about this thing?

remember the victories of our
soldiers
10.
brave
He says that
he
has
already
led the
forces
across the river.
561.
VOCABULARY.
qu6, adv.,
whither ?
quomodo, adv., how, in what manner.

quot, indecl. adj., how many ?
talis, talis, tale, adj., such.
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
LESSON XCV.
SUBJUNCTIVE
VERBS.
562.
ACTIVE. Continued.
Subjunctive active of audio, hear :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
audiam,
audiaS, you may hear.
audiamus, we may hear.

audiatis, you may hear.
audiat, he may hear.
audiant, they may hear.
audirem,
may hear.
Imperfect.
might hear.
audiremus, we might hear.
audires, you might hear.
audiretis, you might hear.
audiret, he might hear.
audirent, they might hear.
SUBJUNCTIVE
audiverim,
ACTIVE.
Perfect.
audiverimus, we may have
may have
heard.
heard.
audiveritis, you may have
audiveris, you may have

heard.
heard.
audi verint, they may have
audiverit, he may have

heard.
audivissem,
heard.
Pluperfect.
might have
audivissemus, we might have
heard.
heard.
audi visses, you might have
and I vissetis, you might have
heard.
heard.
audivissent, they might have
heard.
audivisset, he might have

heard.
563.
213
Verba sapientium semper audiamus.

2. Nostrae urbis templa custodiamus.
1.
Utinam heri in provinciam pervenisses.

4. HSs obsides, nobilissimos civitatis, vinciamus?
3.
5.
6.
Omnes illo die ad ripam Rhodani conveniant.

Ne is locus ex calamitate populi Romani et
internecione exercitiis nSmen
senatui pareamus, bonis civi-
7.
Patriam amemus,
8.
bus consulamus, posteritatis gloriae serviamus.

Utinam pater veniat !
9.
Iudex hos civis maids piiniat.
10.
664.
capiat.
Huic
cedamus ?
huius condiciones audiamus ?
1.
Let us fortify the
2.
rampart.
Let us punish the leaders
8. Would that we
the arrival
had
camp
with
ditch
and a
of the conspiracy.
fortified
of the enemy
the town
before
214
SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE.
4.
Let the enemy come; we are ready for either

peace or war.
5.
Would that
6.
May you find out these things from the cap
had known
this
tives.
7.
When are we to finish this work?
8.
May the great orator calm the passions of the

people.
9.
Let
us
guard
faithfully the
common-people.
10. Let us finish the work
liberties
of the
to-day; for to-morrow
our friends will come.
565.
VOCABULARY.
aut, either . . . or.

cedo. cSdere, cessi, cessum, yield.
aut
condicio, condicionis, f., terms, conditions.

consuls,
consulere, consului,
for
the interests
internecio, internecionis,
consultum,
of.
f., destruction.
plebs. plebis, f., common-people.

servio, servire, servlvl, servitum,
566.
with dat., consult
ANDROCLUS
(with dat.), serve.
ET
LEO.
In
circo maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur.

Multae ibi ferae, sed praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto terrificoque fremitu et sonoro animos oculosque in se converterat.
Introductus erat inter complurfs ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum
datos 1 servus viri consularis ; ei servo Androclus nomen fuit.
Hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente quasi admirans

ac deinde
stetit
sensim et placide, tanquam familiaris, ad hominem
SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE.
accedit.
215
Tum caudam more canum adulantium blande movet,
cruraque et manus hominis, prope iam exauimati inetu, lingua

leniter demulcet. Androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissum animum reciperat, paulatim oculos ad leonem
refert.8
Tum quasi propter mutuam recognitionem laetos
videres hominem et leonem.

{Continued
1
in 596).
a
given up, condemned.
* turns.
wondering.
LESSON XOVI.
VERBS.
567.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive passive of amo, love:

Present.
Sing.
amer,
/ may
be loved.
ameris, you may be loved.

ametur, he may be loved.
amarer,
PASSIVE.
/ might
amentur, they may be loved.

amaremur, we might
be loved.
be
loved.
amaremini, you might
he
loved.
amarentur, they might
be
loved.
Perfect.
may have
been loved.
amatus sis, you may have

been loved.
amatus sit, he may have

been loved.
amemur, we may be loved.

amemini, you may be loved.
Imperfect.
amareris, you might be loved.

amaretur, he might be loved.
amatus sim,
Plur.
amati simus, we may have

been loved.
amati sitis, you may have

been loved.
amati sint, they may have

been loved.
216
SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE.
Pluperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
I might
amatus essem,
have
amati essemus, we might have
been loved.
been loved.
amatus esses, you might have
amati essetis, you might have
been loved.
been loved.
amatus esset, he might have
amati essent. they might have
been loved.
568.
been loved.
Subjunctive passive of moneo, warn :

Present.
Plur.
Sing.
monear,
/ may
moneamur, we may be
be
warned.
warned.
monearis, you may be
moneamini, you may be

warned.
moneatur, he may be
moneantur, they may be
warned.
monerer,
I might
Imperfect.
moneremur, we might be
be
warned.
warned.
monereris, you might be
warned.
moneremiiii, you might be
moneretur, he might be
monerentur, they might be
warned.
warned.
warned.
monitus sim,
been
Perfect.
may have
warned.
monitus sis, you may have

been
warned.
monitus sit, he may have

been
warned.
moniti simuS, we may have

been
warned.
moniti sitis, you may have

been
warned.
moniti sint, they may have

been
warned.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE.
217
Pluperfect.
Sing.
monitus essem,
been
Plur.
monitl
might have
warned.
been
monitl
monitus esses, you might have

been
warned.
been
monitus esset, he might have

been
569.
we might have
warned.
you might have
essetis,
warned.
monitl essent, they might have
warned.
1.
essemus,
been warned.
Utinam
haec loca
superiora
ante
liicem occu-
pata essent!
Populus Romanus de hac re moneatur.

8. Mons militibus compleatur.
4. Utinam omnes iustitiam 1 et misericordiam doce2.
rentur
5.
Proelium audacius redintegretur.
6. Haec
Caesari cito
nuntientur,
nam
periculum
maximum est.
7.
Consul
laudetur,
nam
civitatem
sua
virtute
servavit.
8. Cives in templum
convocentur, nam periculum
civitatis magnum est.

9. Oppidum hostium a nostris deleatur.
10. Equitatus in praesentia
pabulationibus
pro-
hibeatur.
570.
1.
Let not the soldiers
2.
Would that these things had been announced

to us before
8. Let
these
be
kept in camp.
runaway
soldiers
be
accused
of
cowardice.
4.
Let the Aeduans be called friends by the senate

of the Roman people.
218
5.
Would
that
the
headship
held by this man

6.
Let their chiefs
be
of Gaul had been
called together as soon as
possible.
Let the enemy be warned by ambassadors.

8. Would that the town had been taken
7.
storm
by
Let the city be destroyed with all the citizens !

10. Let the fields of the enemy be ravaged by day
9.
and by night.
571.
VOCABULARY.
Ignavia, ignaviae,
f.,
cowardice.
in praesentia, for the present.

misericordia.
misericordiae,
f., pity.
pabulatio, pabulationis, f., foraging.

red-integro, redintegrare, redintegravi, redintegratum, renew.
scio, scire, sclvi, scltum, know.
vasto, vastare, vastavi, vastatum, ravage.
See 433.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE.
219
LESSON XCVII.
VERBS.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE. Continued.
Subjunctive of Purpose with ut and ne.

Subjunctive passive of rego, rule :
572.
Present.
regar,
/ may
Plur.
Sing.
be
ruled.
regamur, we may be ruled.

regamini, you may be ruled.
regards, you may be ruled.
regatur, he may
regerer,
be,
regantur, they may be ruled.
ruled.
/ might be ruled.
Imperfect.
regeremur, we might be ruled.
regereris, you might be ruled.

regeretur, he might be ruled.
regeremini, you might be ruled.

regerentur, they might be ruled.
Perfect.
rectus sim, 1 may have been
ruled.
ruled.
rectus sis, you may have been
ruled.
rectus sit, he may have been
ruled.
rectus essem,
been
/ might
have
ruled.
ruled.
ruled.
rect? sint, they may have been
Pluperfect.
rectus esset, he might have

been
recti sitis, you may have been

ruled.
ruled.
rectus esses, you might have

been
recti simus, we may have been
recti essemus, we might have

been
ruled.
recti essetis, you might have

been
ruled.
recti essent, they might have

been
ruled.
220
Subjunctive passive of capio, take :
573.
Present.
capiar,
Plur.
Sing.
capiamur, we may be taken.
may be taken.
capiaris, you may be taken.
capiamini, you may be taken.
capiatur, he may be taken.
capiantur, they may be taken.
caperer,
Imperfect.
might be taken.
caperemur,
we might be taken.
capereris, you might be taken,
caperemini, you might be taken.
caperetur, he might be taken.
caperentur, they might be taken.
captus sim,
Perfect.
may have been
taken.
taken.
captus sis, you may have been

taken.
taken.
Pluperfect.
might have
been taken.
been taken.
been taken.
capti essent, they might have

been taken.
Model sentences.
Primary tenses
d.
capti essetis, you might have

been taken.
captus esset, he might have
b.
capti essemus, we might have

been taken.
captus esses, you might have
c.
capti sint, they may have been

taken.
captus essem,
a.
capti sitis, you may have been

taken.
captus sit, he may have been
574.
capti simus, we may have been
Veniant
Venient .
ut
Veneiiat
Ven e runt
paoem
petant.
SUBJUNCTIVE
a.
They come
b.
They
c.
A.
will come
that
They will have come
they may )
seek peace.
Veniebant l
Venerunt
i ut pacem peterent.
c.
Ven.era.nt
c.
b.
a.
,
b.
221
They have come
Secondary tenses
a.
PASSIVE.
They were coming )

that they might
They came
I
They had come
I
Fuginnt ne capiantur. They flee that
)
[
seek peace.
they may not be
taken.
575.
1.
Milites
fortiter
noctem
pugnabant
ut
oppidum
ante
caperetur.
2.
Fugerunt omnes ne interficerentur.
3.
Caesar
magnis itineribus contendit ut in provinciam quam celerrirae perveniat.
4. Explorator in collem ascendit ut castra hostium

videret.
Urbs deleta est ne postea ab hostibus caperetur.

monet
ut in reliquum
6. Caesar Dumnorigem
5.
tempus
suspiciones vitet.
Helvetii suas domos reliquerant ut bellum cum

Gallis gererent.
8. Caesar ad Lingones litteras misit ne Helvetios
7.
frumentd iuvarent.
9.
10.
Sementis quam
maximas fecerunt ut in itinere
copia friimenti suppeteret.

Caesar multos milites in provinciam
misit at
socii defenderentur.
576.
Rule
tive with
ut
Purpose may be expressed by the Subjunc
In
negative clauses ne is used.
222
577.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Rule
If
a primary
tense
clause, a primary tense is used

a secondary tense
tense is used
678.
1.
PASSIVE.
*
is used
in the main
in the dependent
If
clause.
J is used in the main clause, a

secondary
in the dependent
clause.
stormed the town that he might liber

ate the citizens.
Caesar
2. We are fighting
in order that our country may
be freed.
8. They fortify the town that
it
may not be taken
by the enemy.
4.
5.
by forced marches in order that

they might reach the river before night.
Caesar led his forces out of camp that he
They hastened
might give the enemy an opportunity to fight
(of fighting).
6. The
soldiers
prayed
that
against the enemy.

7. They betook themselves
they might
led
be
to the mountains that
they might withstand the attack
of the enemy.
fought many battles in order that

they might not be ruled by the Romans.
9. The enemy fled into the woods that they might
8.
The
Gauls
not be seen by our men.

10. They gave hostages in order that the city might
not be taken and destroyed.
579.
VOCABULARY.
scendo. ascendere, ascendl. ascensum, ascend.

iuvo, iuvare, iflvi, iutum, aid.
Httera, litterae, f., letter ; in pi., letters, epistle.
postea, adv., afterwards.
sup-peto, suppetere, suppetivl. suppetltum, be at hand,
a
store.
See
55, 56, 57.
be
in
223
LESSON XOVIII.
PASSIVE. Continued.
SUBJUNCTIVE
VERBS.
SUBJUNCTIVE
OF esse.
Clauseb op Purpose introduced by a Relative Pronoun.

580.
Subjunctive passive of audio, hear :

PRESENT.
Plur.
Sing.
audiar,
/ may
be
audiamur, we may be heard.
heard.
heard,
audiamini, you may be heard.
audiatur, he may be heard,
audiantur, they may be heard.
audiaiis, you may
be
Imperfect.
audirer,
/ might
audiremur, we might be
be
heard.
heard.
audiremini, you might
audireris, you might be
heard.
heard.
audiretur, he might be
audirentur, they might be

heard.
heard.
auditus sim,
Perfect.
may have
been heard.
auditus sis, you may have

been heard.
auditus sit, he may have

been heard.
be
audit! slums, we may have

been heard.
audit! sitis, you may have

been heard.
auditi sint, they may have

been heard.
224
Pluperfect.
auditus essem,
/ might have
audit! essemus, we might have
heard.
been
been
auditus esses, you might have
auditi essetis, you might have
been heard.
been
auditus esset, he might have
heard.
audit! essent, they might have
heard.
been
heard.
been
heard.
Subjunctive of sum, be :
581.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
/ may
sim,
simus, we may be.
be.
sis, you may be.

sit, he may be.
essem,
essgs,
satis, you may
suit, they may be.

Imperfect.
might be.
essemus, we might be.
you might be.
essetis, you might be.
esset, he might be.
fuerim,
/ may have
essent, they might be.
Perfect.
been.
fueris, you may have been.

fuerit, he may have been.
fuissem,
be.
/ might
fuerimus, we may have been.

fueritis, you may have been.
fuerint, they may have been.
Pluperfect.
have been.
fuissemus,
we might have been.
fuisses, you might have been.
fuissetis, you might have been.
fuisset, he might have been.
fuissent,
582.
Model sentences :
Veniunt qui
pacem
petant.
Venerunt qui
pacem
peteient.
For
they might have been.
tenses see 574.
They come to seek peace.

Tiiey came to seek peace.
SUBJUNCTIVE
583.
PASSIVE.
225
Missl sunt qui oriculum consulerent.

2. Milites misit qui sociTs auxilio essent.
1.
3.
In
4.
praemittit
Exploratores
qui locum
castris deligant.
Scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent.
5.
flumine factus est pons quo copiae

transducerentur.
facilius
idoneum
Missi erant qui haec Caesari nuntiarent.

7. Captivi in castra ducti sunt ut audireutur.
8. Milites in urbem praemissi sunt ut arx. cus-
6.
todiretur.
Nonnulli in castris manent ut incolumes sint.

10. Caesar castra promovit ut prope flumen esset.
9.
584
tive
Rule
Purpose may be expressed
with a relative
by the Subjunc
or adverb.
pronoun
For
tenses
see
574.
585.
1.
We sent messengers who should announce
2.
things to Caesar.
They gave him a sword with
which
to
these
kill
himself.
3.
A rampart
be
built that by it the camp might
was
protected.
4.
Caesar
5.
The
sent two legions to defend
citizens
came
to Rome
the town.
to see the
new
temple.
6. They send the chief men of the state to say

that they will give hostages to Caesar.
He did everything (all things) to gain the favor

of the citizens.
8. They elected consuls to be the guardians of the
7.
state.
9.
10.
Would that you too had been there

May you be happy.
15
226
SUBJUNCTIVE IN RESULT
586.
CLAUSES.
VOCABULARY.
munio, munire, munivi, infinitum, protect

(a camp).
oraculum. oraculi, n., oracle.
prae-mltto, praemlttere, praemisl. praemlssum, send
forward
pro-moveo. promovere. promovi, promStum, move
forward.
quoque, ail v. and conj., too, also.
trans-dfico, transdiicere, transduxx, transductum, lead across.
LESSON XOIX.
IN RESULT CLAUSES.
SUBJUNCTIVE
587.
Model sentences
Ita vivit
Ita vixit
ut
)
S
Be SO lives
") that
Be has so lived ) dear
omnibus cams
sit.
Ita vivebat
Ita vixit
ut
omnibus
carus esset.
Ita vivebat ut
omnibuB
is
he
to
all.
Be teas so living "| that he was

He
carus
so
lived
Be
fuerit.
Ita vivit ut omnibus carus non sit.
) dear
to
all.
lived that he
teas dear to all.
Be
so
lives that he is
not dear to all.
so
For
But in result clauses the perfect

tenses see 574.
subjunctive is very often used after secondary tenses.
588.
1.
Milites Caesaris tam incauti erant ut ab hostibus

circumveniretu'ur et multi interfecti sint.
2.
Sociorum adventu tanta
rerum commiitatio
facta ut nostri proelium
redintegrarent.
est
SUBJUNCTIVE
3.
Hostes
IN KESULT CLAUSES.
tanta
227
ut
iter
baec
non
habebant
impedimenta
impediretur.
4.
Aedui
non
tam
barbari
erant
ut
scirent.
5.
Vesontio natura loci sic miiniebatur ut magnam

ad diicendum
bellum daret facultatem.
6.
Tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit

ut omnium mentis animosque perturbaret.
7.
Magna celeritate ad flumen decurrunt ut paene

uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et
iam in manibus nostr!s
8.
Armorum
9.
multitudo
magna
erat
quae
hostes videantur.
de muro
in fossam,
oppidum, iacta est, sic ut

muri aggerisque altitudinem
ante
prope summam
acervi armorum adaequarent.
Hoc bello Caesar tantum eflecit ut ab his nationibus mitterentur
10.
legati qui pacem peterent.

erat virtus militum ut impetu hostium
Tanta
non perturbarentur.
589.
Rule
In
with the Subjunctive.

590.
1.
by ut or a relative
Result is often expressed
clauses
negative
ut non is used.
Our men fought so bravely that the enemy were

soon conquered.
2.
The
mountain
ships
3.
was
so
high that we saw the
in the harbor.
The town was so fortified that the citizens were

safe.
4.
The
enemy
were
so
frightened
that they did
not withstand the attack of our men.

6.
The river was so deep (or,

that Caesar's
of
so
great depth)
march was hindered.
228
SUBJUNCTIVE
6.
IN RESULT CLAUSES.
The soldiers fought
so bravely that the battle
was soon finished.

7.
The
scouts
approached so
near
the
city that
they saw the soldiers on the wall.

8.
Caesar
had
so
many
soldiers
that
he
terrified
that
they
easily
conquered the enemy.

9.
The
citizens were
so
fled
into the citadel.

10.
The soldiers were so hard-pressed (presst) that

they
591.
despaired
of their lives.
VOCABULARY.
ad-aequo, adaequare, adaequSvi, adaequatum, equal.

barbarus, barbara, barbarum, adj., rude, barbarous.
com-mutatio, commutationis,
f. , change.-
de-curro, decurrere, dgcucurri (decurri), decursum. run down.

ef-fioio, efficere, effSci, effectum, effect, accomplish.
n., hindrance; in pi., baggage.

perturbare, perturbSvi, perturbatum, throw into
im-pedimentum,
per-turbo,
impedimentl,
confusion.
sic, adv., thus, so.
tantus, tanta, tantum, adj., so much, so great, such.
timor, timoris, m.,/ear, anxiety, alarm.
COMPOUNDS
229
OF Bum.
LESSON 0.
VERBS.
592.
COMPOUNDS OF sum.
Conjugation of possum, be able :
Principal parts
possum,
potul.
posse,
Indicative.
Present.
am able.
Plur.
Sing.
Perfect.
have beeni or was able.
Plur.
Sing.
possum,
possumus,
potui,
potuimus,
potes,
po testis,
potuisti,
potuistis,
potest,
possunt.
potuit,
potuerant.
Imperfect.
/ was
able.
Pluperfect.
1 had been able.
poteram,
poteramus,
potueram,
potueramus,
poteras,
poteratis,
potueras,
potueratis,
poterat,
poterant.
potuerat,
potuerant.
Future.
Future Perfect.
be able.
/ shall
potero,
poterimus,
potuero,
potuerimus,
poteris,
poteritis,
potueris,
potueritis,
poterit,
poterunt.
potuerit,
potuerint.
/ shall
have been able.
230
COMPOUNDS
OF sum.
Subjunctive.
Present.
/ may
be able.
Plur.
Sing.
Perfect.
may have been able.
Plur.
Sing.
possim,
possimus,
potuerim,
potuerimus,
possis,
possitis,
potueris,
potueritis,
possit,
possint.
potuerit,
potuerint.
Imperfect.
/ might
be able.
Pluperfect.
might have been able.
possem,
possemus,
potuissem,
potuissemus,
posses,
possetis,
potuisses,
potuissetis,
posset,
possent.
potuisset,
potuissent.
Imperative.
Wanting.
Participle.
Infinitives.
Pres.
Pres.
posse.
Perf.
potuisse.
potens.
Possum is compounded of potis, able, and sum, be.

Other compounds of sum are inflected like the simple verb,
except prosum, in which the form prod appears before an
initial
593.
of the simple verb ; as, proderam,

1.
was useful.
Potes ita vivere ut omnibus carissimus sis.
2. Tam paratus fuit animus hostium ad pugnandum ut tempus ad galeas induendas deesset.
servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus.
4. Caesar ut spatium intercedere posset legatis re8.
Legum
5.
spondit se diem ad deliberandum sumpturum.

Fines Belgarum a provincia longissime absunt.
6.
Ex
eo
proelio
superfuerunt.
circiter
hominum
milia cxxx
COMPOUNDS
OF sum.
231
8.
Omnes qui aderant auxilium a Caesare petierunt.

Caesar iter fillI per provinciam dare non potuit.
9.
Inter novissimum
7.
primum
hostium agmeni et nostrum
non amplius
milibus
sex
passuum
intererat.
10.
594.
1.
Quis equitatui praeerat?

Our men were not able to take the town by
storm.
We are able to do this.

3. We were not able to do that.
2.
4.
They so fortified the town that the enemy were

not able to take it.
5.
We are coming in order that we may be pre

sent at the battle.
6. Caesar's troops were not able to seize the heights.

7. High mountains were between Italy and Gaul.2
8.
Caesar
was
not far
distant
from the
enemy's
camp.
9.
10.
They were unable to endure his rule longer.

No one (nemo) was able to see the enemy.
595.
ab-sum, abesse, aful,

ad-sum, adesse, adfui,
VOCABULARY.
, be
,
away, be distant.
(with dat.),
be
present.
amplius, indecl., more.
circiter, adv., about.

de-sum, deesse, dSfui,
, (with dat.), fail, be wanting.
inter-cedo, intercedere, intercessi, intercessum, intervene.
inter-sum, interesse, interful,
, be between, intervene.
passus, passus, m., pace, step.
possum, posse, potul,
be able, can.
prae-sum, praeesse, praeful,

super -sum, superesse, superful,
(with dat.), be in command.

, be left, remain, survive.
232
COMPOUNDS
ET
ANDROCLUS
596.
OP sum.
LEO. Continued.
Haec tam mira res
maximos populi clamores excitat et

" Cur tibi uni atroimperator Androclum vocat quaeritque,
" Ibi Androclus rem mirificam narrat :
cissimus leo pepercit ?
" Cum
" Africa
in provincia," inquit,
proconsul meus dominus

esset,8 ego ibi iniquis eius cottidianls verberibus ad fugam
ut mihi a domino tutiores latebrae essent, in
sum coactus et,
locos desertos et remotos concessi ac, si defuisset4 cibus, con

silium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere.
Tum die medio,
in specum remotum latebrosumque me recondo.
Non multo
post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili iino et cruento
pede, gemitus edens et murmura ob dolorem cruciatumque
volneris.
Primo quidem conspectii advenientis leonis territus
sum ; sed postquam leo videt me procul delitescentem,

et mansuetus
accessit
sublatum5
et
pedem
mitis
mihi porrexit
Ibi ego spinam ingentem, pedi

opis petendae gratia.
eius inhaerentem, revelli et sine magna iam formidine siccavi
Ille tum, mea opera levatus,
penitus atque detersI cruorem.
quasi
pede
iu manibus meis posito,6 recubuit et quievit."

(Concluded
in 617.)
Translate, rear.
in 593.
esset, when
See sentence 9
cum
should
raised, lifted up.
was.
having placed his paw
in my hands.
fail.
IBREGULAB VERBS.
233
LESSON 01.
IRREGULAR VERBS. Continued.
597.
Conjugation of vol5, wish :
Principal parts
velle,
volo,
voluL
Indicative.
Present.
to is A.
Perfect.
/ wished or
have wished.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
volo,
volumus,
volui,
voluimus,
vis,
voltis,
voluisti,
voluistis,
volt,
volunt.
voluit,
voluerunt.
Imperfect.
was wishing.
Pluperfect.
had wished.
volebam,
volebamus,
volueram,
volueramus,
volebas,
volebatis,
volueras,
volueratis,
volebat,
volebant.
voluerat,
voluerant.
Future.
shall wish.
Future Perfect.
/ shall
have wished.
volam,
volemus,
voluero,
voluerimus,
voles,
voletis,
volueris,
volueritis,
volet,
volent.
voluerit,
voluerint.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
234
Subjunctive.
Present.
may wish.
Plur.
Sing.
Perfect.
may have wished.
Plur.
Sing.
velim,
velimus,
voluerim,
voluerimus,
veiis,
velitis,
volueris,
volueritis,
elit,
velint.
voluerit,
voluerint.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
/ might
/ might wish.
have wished.
vellem,
vellemus,
voluissem,
voluissemus,
velles,
velletis,
voluisses,
voluissetis,
vellet,
vellent.
voluisset,
voluissent.
Imperative.
Wanting.
Participle.
Infinitives.
598.
Pres.
velle.
Perf.
voluisse.
Pres.
volens.
1.
Id
2.
Cicero voluit librum
3.
Omnes vitam longam voluraus.

Caesar cum Helvetiis bellum gerere volebat.
4.
fac, si vis.
de senectute
scribere.
o.
Orgetorix quam pliirimas civitates

ficio habere obstrictas volebat.
6.
Nonne Romae hiemem
7.
Voluerunt
8.
9.
10.
agere
suo
bene-
voltis?
ut exercitus urbem caperet.

Hunc raontem a Labieno occupari voluerat.
cive.T
Ariovistus proelio cum Romania contendere voluit.

Hi milites audaces existimari volebant.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
599.
235
1.
Caesar wished to finish the war before the winter.
2.
Why do you wish to do these things?
He says that he wishes to make peace with us.

4. We all wish our country to be saved.
8.
5. They wished to reach Rome before night
but
they were not able, for the road was very bad
6.
He said that he had wished for a long time to

see
you.
7. They were willing to seek for peace, for they

feared
8.
our army.
The scouts wished to discover the plans of the

enemy.
9.
They wished to take the town before the arrival
of the Romans.
10. Would that you were willing to do these things
VOCABULARY.
600.
conj.,
volS, velle, volui,
I,
if.
ob-stringS, obstringere, obstrinxi, obstrictum, bind.
will, wish.
IRREGULAR VERB8.
236
lesson on.
Conjugation of nolo, be unwilling :
601,
Principal parts
nolo, nolle, nolui.
Indicative.
Present.
unwilling.
am
Perfect.
have been or was unwilling^
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
nolo,
nolumus,
nolui,
noluimus,
non vis,
non voltis,
noluisti,
noluistis,
non volt,
nolunt.
noluit,
Imperfect.
was
noluerant.
Pluperfect.
had been unwilling.
nolebam,
nolebamus,
nolueram,
nolueramus,
nolebas,
nolebatis,
nolueras,
nolueratis,
nolebat,
nolebant.
noluerat,
noluerant.
Future.
shall
be
unwilling.
Future Perfect.
/ shall
have been
unwilling.
nolam,
nolemus,
noluero,
noluerimus,
noles,
noletis,
nolueris,
nolueritis,
nolet,
nolent.
noluerit,
noluerint.
IRREGULAR. VERBS.
237
Subjunctive
Present.
may be
unwilling.
Perfect.
may have been
unwilling.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
nolim,
nolimus,
noluerim,
noluerimus,
nolis,
nolitis,
nolueris,
nolueritis,
nolit,
nolint.
noluerit,
noluerint.
Sing.
Imperfect.
might be unwilling.
Pluperfect.
might have been unwilling.
nollem,
nollemus,
noluissem,
noluissemus,
nolles,
nolletis,
noluisses,
noluissetis,
nollet,
nollent.
noluisset,
noluissent.
Imperative.
Pres.
nollte (plur.).
noli (sing.),
Participle.
Infinitives.
Pres.
Pres.
nolle.
Perf.
noluisse.
nolens.
Nolo is compounded of non (ne) and volo.
602.
1.
Hoc facere nolumus.
2.
Consules civem Romanum interficere nSluerunt.
8.
Caesar
noluit eum locum vacare.
4. Aedui legatos ad Caesarem
mittere nolebant.
Helvetils discedere nSlebat.
5.
Caesar
ab
6.
Noli
me tangere
7.
Malo vera dicenti credere nolumus.
8.
Legatus
proelium ante adventum Caesaris com-
mittere noluit, itaque milites in castris retinebat.
238
IRREGULAR VERBS.
9.
10.
603.
Nolo hoc facere, nam patriae nocebit.

Caesar
ab exercitu. tam
diu abesse noluit.
unwilling to lead his men out of camp.

2. We are unwilling to do these things, for they
1.
Caesar was
will injure our
friends.
He says that he is unwilling to do this.

4. Caesar refused to join battle at that time.
3.
5.
The enemy were unwilling to lead their forces

across
the river.
Why were you unwilling to tell me the truth?

7. Do not despise the lowly.
6.
8.
Spring was approaching and the army was un

willing to remain longer in winter-quarters.
9.
Did Caesar refuse to be called king
10.
The scouts were unwilling to attempt this long

journey by night.
VOCABULARY.
604.
con-temno, contemnere, contempsl, contemptum, despise.

dis-cedo, discedere, discSssi, discessum, depart, go away.
humilis, humilis, humile, adj., lowly.
itaque, conj., and thus, therefore.
nolS, nolle, nolui,
, be unwilling, refuse.
tam, adv., SO.
tango, tangere, tetigl, t actum, touch.
vaco. vacare, vacavl, vacatum, be empty,
be
unoccupied.
verus. vera, verum, adj., true.

1
Noll
and
uolite
are often used
in prohibitions.
IBREGULAB VERBS.
239
LESSON OIII.
60S.
Conjugation of maid, prefer :
Principal parts
maid,
malle,
malul.
Perfect.
Indicative.
Present.
I prefer.
Plur.
Sing.
have preferred.
Plur.
Sing.
malo,
malumus,
malui,
maluimus,
mavis,
mavoltis,
maluisti,
maluistis,
mavolt,
malunt.
maluit,
maluerunt.
Imperfect.
preferred.
Plitperfect.
had preferred.
malebam,
tnalebamas,
malueram,
malueramus,
malebas,
malebatis,
malueras,
malueratis,
malebat,
malebant.
maluerat,
malaerant.
Future.
I shall
prefer.
Future Perfect.
I shall
have preferred.
malam,
malemus,
maluero,
maluerimus,
males,
maletis,
malueris,
malueritis,
malet,
malent.
maluerit,
maluerint.
240
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Subjunctive.
Present.
may
prefer.
Plur.
Sing.
Perfect.
may have preferred.
Sing.
Plur.
malim,
malimus,
maluerim,
maluerimus,
maiis,
malitis,
malueris,
malueritis,
malit,
malint.
maluerit,
maluerint.
Impeefect.
might prefer.
Pluperfect.
might have preferred.
mallem,
mallemus,
maluissem,
maluissemus,
malles,
malletis,
maluisses,
maluissetis,
mallet,
mailent.
maluisset,
maluissent.
Imperative. Wanting.
Participles,
Infinitives.
606.
Wanting.
Pres.
malle.
Perf.
maluisse.
1.
Milites pigri maluerunt in castris manere quam
2.
pugnare.
Nonnulli malunt metui quam diligi.
Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat.

4. Dixit se esse quam videri bonum malle.
3.
5.
Virtu tem
quam
6.
Itinera duo sunt
8.
Igni cremari
doctrinam malimus
hoc malumus quod facilius est.

7. Multi Romae manere quam run vivere malebant.
9.
proditor esse mavolt.

Boni bona malunt, mali mala.
quam
10. Cicero dixit, "Malo

cum
cum
aliis recte sentire."
Platone
errare quam
IRREGULAR VERBS.
607.
1.
The soldiers preferred
241
death
to slavery.1
Do you prefer Athens to Rome?

3.
prefer to do this work alone.
4. We prefer an honorable death to
2.
disgraceful
life.
5.
Evil
6.
We preferred to pitch the camp near the river

rather than upon (in) the hill.
men prefer darkness to light.
Let us prefer the true2 to the useful.2

8. Would that all men preferred to do good rather
7.
than to do evil.
9.
10.
In
summer
some
prefer
the
sea, others
mountains.
to do this that we may be friends.
prefer
VOCABULARY.
608.
doctrina, doctrlnae, f., learning.

maiS, malle, malui,
, prefer.
malus, mala, malum, adj., evil.
metuS, metuere, metui,
,fear.
potius, adv., rather.
proditor, proditoris, m., traitor.

rScte, adv., correctly.
sentio, sentire, sensl, sensum, think.
servitus, servitutis, f. , slavery.
tenebrae, tenebrarum, f. (pi.), darkness.
turpis, turpis, turpe, adj., disgraceful.
1
See sentence
5,
606.
16
Accusative plur.
the
242
IRREGULAR VERBS.
LESSON CIV.
609.
Active voice of ferd, bear

Principal parts
fero,
ferre,
toli,
latum.
Indicative.
Present.
/ bear.
Perfect.
bore or have borne.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
fero,
ferimus,
tuli,
tulimus,
fers,
fertis,
tulisti,
tulistis,
fert,
ferunt.
tulit,
tulerant.
Sing.
Imperfect.
was bearing.
Pluperfect.
/ had
borne.
ferebam,
ferebamus,
tuleram,
tuleramus,
ferebas,
ferebatis,
tuleras,
tuleratis,
ferebat,
ferebant.
tulerat,
tulerant.
Future.
/ shall bear.
Future Perfect.
/ shall
have borne.
feram,
feremus,
tulero,
tulerimus,
feres,
feretis,
tuleris,
tuleritis,
feret,
ferent.
tulerit,
tulerint.
243
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Subjunctive.
Present.
may bear.
Perfect.
may have borne.
Plur.
Plur.
Sing.
feram,
feramus,
tulerim,
tulerimus,
feras,
feratis,
tuleris,
tuleritis,
ferat,
ferant.
tulerit,
tulerint.
Sing.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
/ might
might bear.
have borne.
ferrem,
ferremus,
tulissem,
tulissemus,
ferres,
ferretis,
tulisses,
tulissetis,
ferret,
ferreut.
tulisset,
tulissent.
Imperative.
Pres.
fer (sing.),
ferte
(plur.).
Participles.
Infinitives.
Prf.8.
ferre.
Pres.
ferens.
Perf.
tulisse.
Fut.
laturus.
Ftrr.
laturus esse.
Supine.
Gerund.
610.
Gen.
ferendi,
DAT.
ferendo,
DAT.
latu,
Ace.
ferendum,
Acc.
latum,
Abl.
ferendo.
Abl.
latu.
1.
Nautis auxilium ferre non poterant.
2.
Dicebant se voltus Germanorum ferre non posse.

Hi arma ferebant, sed non magnum in re
3.
militari usum habebant.

4.
Absurdum
est Hgna
in silvam ferre.
244
IRREGULAR VERBS.
5.
Belgae
exercitum.
hiemare moleste
6.
Roinani
populi
ia
Gallia
ferebant.
Helvetii lnsignem calamitatem populo Romano

intulerant.
7.
Helvetii
iuiurias
Aeduis
sociiisque
eorum
in-
tulerunt.
8.
Socii frumentum non conferunt.
9.
Hostes pedem referre coeperunt.

Hostes ad impedimenta et carros se contulerunt.
10.
611.
2.
The father brings many gifts for his sou.

Wise men bear all things patiently.
3.
Not all fields
4.
Let us bear our labors patiently.
5.
The Helvetians
6.
The
1.
Romans
bear good grain.

make
began
war upon all Gaul.

to make war upon their
neighbors.
8.
The soldiers inflicted and received many wounds.

The victory brings great joy to Caesar.
9.
The messenger
7.
10.
612.
brought many letters to Caesar.

carried off all the gold and silver
The pirates
from the towu.
VOCABULARY.
ad-fero, adferre, attull, adlatum, bring to.

coepi (perf. indie), coepisse, coeptum. began.
con-fero, conferre, contuli, conlatum, bring together.
se conferre, betake one's self.
ef-fero, efferre, extuli, elatum. carry out, carry off.

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, bring.
molests ferre, take ill, be annoyed.
gaudium, gaudil, n., joy, pleasure.

In-fero, Inferre, intuli, inlatum, inflict, make (war).
245
IRREGULAR VERBS.
in-signis, insignis, insigne, adj., noted, remarkable.
lignum, ligni, n., wood.
militaris, militaris, militare, adj., military.
patienter, adv., patiently.
re-fer6, referre, rettuli, relatum, bring back.
pedem referre, retreat.
usus, usus, m., use, experience, practice.
voltus, voltiia, m., countenance, looks.
LESSON OV.
613.
Passive voice of fero, bear :
Indicative.
Present.
am borne.
Plur.
Sing.
Perfect.
have been borne.
Sing.
Plur.
lati sumus,
lati estis,
lati sunt.
feror,
ferimur,
latus sum,
ferns,
ferimini,
latus es,
fertur,
fernntur.
latus est,
Imperfect.
/ was
borne.
Pluperfect.
had
been borne.
ferebar,
fergbamur,
latus eram,
ferebaris,
ferebamini,
latus eras,
lati eramus,
lati eratis,
ferebatur,
ferebantur.
latus erat,
lati erant.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
246
Future Perfect.
Future.
shall
be
borne.
/ shall
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
have been borne.
ferar,
feremur,
latus ero,
fereris,
feremini,
latus eris,
lati erimus,
lati eritis,
feretur,
ferentur.
latus erit,
lati erunt.
Subjunctive.
Perfect.
Present.
may
/ may have
borne.
be
Plur.
Sing.
been borne.
Plur.
Sing.
ferar,
feramur,
latus sim,
lati simus,
feraris,
feramini,
latus sis,
lati sitis,
feratur,
ferantur.
latus sit,
lati sint.
Imperfect.
/ might
be
Pluperfect.
/ might
borne.
have been borne.
ferrer,
ferremur,
latus essem,
ferreris,
ferremini,
latus esses,
lati essemus,
lati essetis,
ferretur,
ferrentur.
latus esset,
lati essent.
Imperative.
Pres.
ferre
(sing.),
Participles.
Infinitives.
614.
ferimini (plur.).
Pres.
ferri.
Perf.
latus.
Perf.
latus esse.
Fut.
ferendus.
Fut.
latum Iri.
1.
Senatus
Romanus bellum Gallis Inferri iussit.
Gallis a Romanis inlatum est.

3. Impedimenta in unum locum conferri iussit.
2.
Bellum
4.
Omnes cruciatus
Sequanis perferendi sunt.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
24?
Haec responsa ad Caesarem relata sunt.

6. Alii in aliam partem territi ferebantur.
'. Hoc non est ferendum.
5.
i.
Crebri ad Caesarem rumores adferebantur, omms

Belgas contra populum Romanum
obsidesque inter se dare.
9.
coniurare
Dixerunt ad Galbam, propter iustitiam priidentiamque, summam totius

luntate deferri.
belli
omnium
vo-
10. Ferantur patienter quae mutari non possunt.

615.
The baggage was brought together into one place.

2. These things are not to be borne.
1.
3.
Rumors
were
borne
to
the
general
that the
soldiers were unwilling to fight.

4.
Evili
5.
War will
6.
He says that grain is being brought together

in the fields.
7.
Let the arms
8.
Many letters, found in the camp of the enemy,
is often preferred to good.

be made upon the Gauls.
be
were brought
9.
brought back into camp.

to Caesar.
Bear all things with patience.
10. What things have been brought to us?

616.
VOCABULARY.
con-iuro. coniQrare, coniurfivi, coniuratum, conspire.

crSber, crSbra, crSbrum, adj., frequent.
oruciStus, cruciatiis, m., torture.
de-fero, dSferre, detull, delatum, confer upon.
per-fero, perferre, pertull, perlatum, endure.
prae-fero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatum prefer.
summa, summae, f., control.
248
IRREGULAR VERBS.
ANDROCLUS
617.
"Ex
eo die triennium
eodemque
membra
ET LEO.
Concluded.
totum ego et leo in eodera specu
victii viximus.
Nam earum quas capiebat ferarum

opimiora ad specum mihi ferebat, quae ego, Ignis
non habens, meridiano sole tosta edebam.
copiam
Sed ubi
mihi vita illa ferina iam molesta fuit, leone absente,2 reliqui
militibus visus apprehensusIs me

que.sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus.
statim capitis3 damnavit deditque ad bestias.
Intellego
specum et tribus post diebus a
hunc
autem
leonem,
quo
tunc
separatus
sum,
captum
gratiam mihi nunc beneficii et medicinae referre."

Tum omnium precibus demissus
Haec dixit Androclus.
est et poena solutus et leone suffragiis populi donatus. Postea
Androclus
tabernas
est leo
et
leo, loro tenui
revinctus,
urbe tota circum
Donatus est aere Androclus, floribus sparsus

" Hie est leo hospes
omnesque obvii exclamant,
ibat.
hominis, hie est homo medicus leonis."
evil things.
when the
lion was away.
to death.
IBBEGULAR
Ui
vEKbiS.
LESSON OVI.
618.
_,
Passive voice of facio, make:
Principal parts
Active, facio, facere,
Passive,
feci, factum.
fid, fieri, factus sum.i
Indicative.
Present.
/ am made.
Perfect.
i" have
been
or was made.
Sing.
Plur.
fio,
fimus,
factus sum,
factI sumus,
fis,
fitis,
factus es,
facti estis,
fit,
fiunt.
factus est,
facti sunt.
Imperfect.
was made.
Plur.
Sing.
Pluperfect.
had
been made.
fiebam,
fiebamus,
factus eram,
facti eramus,
fiebas,
fiebatis,
factus eras,
facti eratis,
fiebat,
fiebant.
factus erat,
facti erant.
Future.
/ shall
,
be
made.
Future Perfect.
I shall
have been made.
fiam,
fiemus,
factus ero,
facti erimus,
fies,
fietis,
factus eris,
facti eritis,
fiet,
fient.
factus erit,
facti erunt.
ibbegdlab verbs.
260
Subjunctive.
Present.
/ may
be
made.
Perfect.
may have been made.
iing.
Plar.
ffam,
flamus,
factus sim,
facti slmus,
fias,
flatis,
factus sis,
facti sitis,
fiat,
fiant.
factus sit,
facti sint.
Imperfect.
might
made.
be
Plur.
Sing.
Pluperfect.
might have been made.
fierem,
fieremus,
factus essem,
facti essemus,
fieres,
fieretis,
factus esses,
facti essetis,
fieret,
fieieat.
factus esset,
facti essent.
Imperative.
Pees,
fi (sing.),
fite (plur.).
Participles.
Infinitives.
Pres.
fieri.
Perf.
factus.
Perf.
fuctus esse.
Put.
faciendus.
Fut.
factum Iri.
Most compounds of facio with prepositions change a of the

In
present stem to i, and a of the perfect passive stem to e.
the passive they are conjugated like the passive of capio :
Active
conficio,
Passive
conficere, confeci, confectum,
finish.
conflcior, conficl, confectus sum, be finished.
Other compounds of facio retain a, and have -flo in the

passive
Active
Passive
benefacio, benefacere, benefeci, benefactum,
:
:
benefid, beaefieri, benefactus sum,
be
benefit.
benefited.
251
IRREGULAR VERBS.
619.
1.
Nemo casu fit sapiens.
2.
Dixit hoc fieri
posse.
3. Tum Caesar litteris certior fiebat Belgas contra

populum
Romanum coniurare.
4.
Helvetii de Caesaris adventu certiores facti sunt.
6.
Per exploratores Caesar certior factus est Helvetios tris partis copiarum flumen transduxisse
et ad oppidum accedere.
6. Initium fugae a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus

factum est.
7.
Hoc voluntate Caesaris non fit.
8.
Undique
9.
Proelium equestre adversum paucls ante
iino tempore impetus in hostis flebat.

2
diebus
factum est.
10.
Flebat ut Helvetii minus facile finitimis bellum

lnferre possent.
62Q
Many things become easy by practice.

2. The consuls were made the guardians of the state.
1.
3.
Men often become wiser by adversity.
4. The general
the enemy
5.
was
informed
were approaching
the city.
Servius Tullius is said to have been the son of

a slave, but he became a
6.
by the scouts that
king at Rome.
Can these things be done?
1. Then an attack was made upon them with swords.

8. The war with the Helvetians (Helvetiorum)
soon finished.
9, Caesar was informed
by scouts
was
that the forces
of Ariovistus were not far off.

10. These things had not yet been done.
IRREGULAR VERB8.
252
VOCABULARY.
621.
ac-cedo, accSdere, access!, accessum, approach.

adversus, adversa, adversum, adj., adverse, unsuccessful.
casu, (abl.), by chance.
certiorem facere, assure, inform.
in-itium, initii, n., entrance, beginning.
pauci, paucae, pauca (adj. pi., sing, very Tene),Jew, little.
res adversae (pi.), adversity .
turn, adv., then, at that time.
Note that in some tenses
uses the active forms

2
f acid
has no passive forms
of its own, but
of fid.
3
adverb.
ablative, amount of difference, see 325.
LESSON OVII.
622.
Conjugation of eo, go :
.... :
Principal parts
eo,
ire,
(ii), itnm.
Indicative.
Present.
went or have gone.
Sing.
Plur..
Sing.
eo,
Imus,
Ivi,
Itis,
-ivisti,
Is,
it,
',''.',
'
go,
Perfect.
v.
-Sunt.
Ivit,
Plur.
Ivimus,
Ivistis,
Iverunt.
253
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
went.
7*
had gone.
Ibam,
Ibamus,
Iveram,
Iveramus,
Ibas,
Ibatis,
Iveras,
Tveratis,
ibat,
ibant.
Iverat,
Iverant.
Future Perfect.
Future.
shall go.
shall have gone.

Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Ibo,
ibimus,
lvero,
lvenmus,
Ibis,
Ibitis,
Iveris,
Iveritis,
ibit,
ibuut.
Iverit,
Iverint.
Subjunctive.
Present.
may go.
Perfect.
may have gone.
Plur.
Plur.
Sing.
eam,
eamus,
iverim,
Iverimus,
eas,
eatis,
Iveris,
iveritis,
eat,
eant.
iverit,
iverint.
Imperfect.
might go.
Pluperfect.
might have gone.
irem,
Iremus,
lvissem,
ivissemus,
ires,
Iretis,
Ivisses,
ivissetis,
iret,
Trent.
ivisset,
ivissent.
Imperative
Pres.
Ite (plur.).
Infinitives.
Pres.
ire.
Perf.
Ivisse.
Fut.
iturus
esse.
254
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Par- riCIPTiKH.
Supine.
Gerund.
Pres.
iens.
Gen.
eundi,
Dat.
itu,
Fut.
itiirus (act.) .
Dat.
eundum (pass.). Ace.
eundo,
Ace.
itum,
eundum,
Abl.
itu.
Abl.
the perfect
the forms without
system
are
regular
The present participle
the forms without
v are more com
In compounds of
ieram, iero, ierim, issem.

is
mon ; as,
ii,
In
e before a, o, and u.
e5,
inii, inieram, etc.
as,
declined as follows
Note that the stem i- becomes
eundS.
Nom.
iens
iens
Gen.
euntis
euntis
euntis
Dat.
eunti
eunti
eunti
Ace.
euntem
euntem
iens
Abl.
eunte
eunte
(I)
Neut.
(I)
Fem.
iens
eunte
(i)
Sing.
Han.
Plur.
Nom.
euntes
euntes
euntia
Gen.
euntium
euntium
euntium
Dat.
euntibus
euntibus
euntibus
Ace.
euntis (es)
euntibus
euntis (es)
euntibus
euntia
Abl.
euntibus
follows
Those compounds of eo which, like adeo, approach, and

ineo, enter, are transitive, are inflected in the passive as
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
adimur,
adear,
adeamur,
adiris,
adimini,
adearis,
adeamini,
aditur,
adeuntur.
adeatur,
adeantur.
adeor,
255
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
adibar,
adibamur,
adirer,
adiremur,
adibaris,
adibamini,
adireris,
adiremini,
adibatur,
adibantur.
adiretur,
adlrentur.
Perfect.
Future.
adibor,
adibimur,
adiberis,
adibimini,
adibitur,
adibuntur.
aditus sim, etc.

Pluperfect.
aditus essem, etc.
Perfect.
Infinitives.
aditus sum, etc.
Pluperfect.
aditus cram, etc.
623.
Pres.
adiri.
Perf.
aditus esse.
Participles.
Future Perfect.
Perf.
aditus.
aditus ero, etc.
Fut.
adeundus.
1.
Helvetii per finis hostium Ibant.
" Ibam
3.
forte via sacra, sicut meus mos est."

Helvetii e finibus suis exire voluerunt.
4.
Initium transeundi flumen ab hostibus fiebat.
2.
5. Alpis
nemo
Hannibalem
ante
cum
exercitu
transiit.
6. Post hanc pugnam Infelicem exercitus domum
rediit.
magnis itineribus contendit ut ante adventum hostium flumen transeat.
7.
Caesar
8.
Nox appropinquat
9.
Helvetii duobus itineribus domo exire poterant.
10. Ehodanus nonnullis
domum eamus.
locis vado transitur.
256
INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
624.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Will
you go home with me?

The horsemen went out from the gates of the city.
Let us hasten that we may cross the river be
fore night.
shall return.
go, but
Caesar orders the ambassadors
to leave the camp.

6. The Germans will cross over from their terri
5.
tories into the territories

7.
of the Helvetians.
The number of those who returned home was

great.
8.
Of
9.
Caesar
these 20,000
that
says
crossed
the Rhine.
will go with
he
the
tenth
legion alone.
VOCABULARY.
625.
e6, Ire,
Ivi (ii), itum,
go.
ex-eo, exire, exil, exitum, go out from, leave.

red-eo, redire, redil, reditum, go back, return.
sicut, adv., as, just as.
trans-eo, transire, transii, transitum, go across, cross (over).
LESSON OVIII.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS,
626.
verb
An Indirect Question is
SUBJUNCTIVE.
one that
depends
upon a
of saying or thinking.
627.
Model sentences
Ubi
Dio ubi
est?
sit.
Where U he?
Tell me where he is.
(Direct question.)
(Indirect question.)
INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
628.
1.
Rogat quid fiat.
2.
Rogavit quid fieret.
3.
Caesar
non intellexit
257
quid timeret.
in utram partem Arar fluat.
Iudicari non potest

5. Equitatum omnem praemittit qui videant quas
in partis hostes iter faciant.
4.
7.
Ostendit quae nuntii dixerint.

Ostende quae in nobis reprehendas.
8.
Quid agatis scire possumus.
9.
Caesar qua de causa hostes discederent
6.
nondum
perspexerat.
10.
629.
Quaesivit ab his quae civitates quantaeque

armis essent, et quid in bello possent.
Rule
The verb
in
of an Indirect Question is in the
Subjunctive.
630.
Note: After primary
tenses
( 55, 57)
and perfect subjunctive are used in indirect
the present
questions.
The
present subjunctive here stands for the present indicative.

The perfect subjunctive stands for any past tense of the
indicative.
After secondary
tenses
( 56, 57)
the imperfect and plu
in indirect questions.
The
imperfect subjunctive here stands for the present indicative.
The pluperfect subjunctive stands for any past tense of the
perfect
subjunctive
are
used
indicative.
631.
He asks who are able to bear arms.

2. He asked who were able to bear arms.
3. He asked how many men had gone forth from
1.
home.
4. Caesar shows what has been done.

5. Caesar asks the captives what the number of
the enemy is.
17
258
INTRODUCED
CLAUSES
6.
Caesar
sent scouts
BY cum.
to see in what direction the
enemy had gone.

7.
The
say that they are not able to
scouts
see
in what direction the enemy have gone.

8. They did not know why the enemy had moved
9.
their camp.
Do you know how many men there are in the
army?
10.
Ariovistus asks Caesar what he wants.

VOCABULARY.
632.
fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, flow.

Intel-lego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum, understand.
iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatum, judge.
nuntius, nuntii, in., messenger, message.
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum (ostensum), show.
pars, partis, f., direction.
per-spicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectum, see clearly.
quaero, quaerere, quaesivl, quaesitum, ask, inquire.
quantus, quanta, quantum, adj., how great.
re-prehendo, reprebendere, reprehend!, reprehensum, blame.
LESSON OIX.
CLAUSES
633.
INTRODUCED BY
Model sentences
cum, when.
Cum in Italia essemus, multas et pulchras urbis vidimus.

When we were in Italy, we saw many beautiful cities.
Clim venies,
haec omnia videbis.
When you come, you will see all these things.
CLAUSES INTRODUCED
634.
1.
BY cum.
259
Cum esset Caesar in hibernis, ad eum rumores

adferebantur omnis Belgas coniurare.
%.
Prima luce, cum summus mons

retur, Considius ad Caesarem
Labieno tene-
accurrit.
8. Cum oppidum expiignaverint, civis omnis necabunt.

4.
Helvetii fere cottidianis

contendunt, cum
hibent,
aut
ipsi
proeliis cum Germanis
aut suis finibus

in
eorum
eos pro-
finibus
bellum
gerunt.
6. Cum pabuli
copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum
venit.
6. Caesar,
cum id
nuntiatum
in
esset,
Galliam
contendit.
7.
nox fecisset, Iccius

oppiignandi
Remus, qui turn oppido praefuerat, nuntium
Cum
finem
ad eum misit.
8.
Ad te scribam, cum plus otii habebS.
9.
Cum veneris, hoc cognosces.

Cum Caesar ad oppidum accessisset
10.
pueri mulieresque ex
ab Eomanis petierunt.
poneret,
635.
Rule
In
a clause
introduced
time, the verb is in the Subjunctive
if
castraque
muro
pacem
by cum expressing
the Imperfect or
Plu
perfect tense is used ; otherwise in the Indicative.
2.
When
3.
1.
When Caesar had arranged all things at Rome,
saw the emperor when
seei
it,
we
was at Rome.
we shall believe
it.
into Gaul.
he hastened
When we return
4.
636.
home, we shall do these things.
260
CLAUSES
INTRODUCED
BY cum.
When Caesar had advanced
5.
that
reported
three
days,
Ariovistus was
scouts
hastening
to
seize Vesontio.
6. When there
was
was
sent
as
sedition at Rome, Agrippa

ambassador
to the commons
a
(plebs) .
7.
When the Romans had taken Carthage, they de
8.
stroyed it.
When Caesar
crossed
the
Rubicon,
he
to Rome.
hastened
9.
had
Paul, when he was blind, remained at Damascus

many days.
10.
When Caesar had noticed this, he collected the

soldiers.
VOCABULARY.
637.
ac-curro, aocurrere, accurri,

animadvertd,
hasten up to.
animadvertl, animadversum,
,
animadvertere,
notice.
caecus, caeca, caecum, adj., blind.

cognosoo. cognoscere, cflgnovi, cognitum, know.
col-ligo, colligere, collSgi, collectum, collect.
f.,
cottidianus, cottidiana, cottidianum, adj., daily.

woman.
mulier, mulieris,
see sentence
9,
Future perfect,
p.
otium, Qtii, n., leisure.

plus (genitive plfiris, see note,
106), more.
pro-c6do, procedere, processl, procSssum, advance.
634.
261
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
LESSON OX.
SIMPLE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
638.
conditional
sentence has two parts,
condition,
which is usually introduced by si, and a conclusion.

639.
as they
Conditional
sentences
contain,
Simple conditions
1.
are divided into three classes,
here .nothing is implied
about the
fulfilment of the condition, and the Indicative is used
Doubtful conditions; here it is implied that there is

(was) doubt about the fulfilment of the condition, and the
2.
present (perfect) Subjunctive is used.
Conditions
3.
contrary
to
is (was) unfulfilled,
Subjunctive is used.
condition
640.
Model sentences
Si adest,
bene
fact j
here
it is stated that the
and the imperfect (pluperfect)
(simple conditions.)
If he is present, it is well.
bene eiit.
If he is present, it will
est.
Si aderit (adfuerit),
be well.
Si adluit,
641.
bene
fait.
If he was present, it teas well.
2.
Si haec clvitas est, civis ego sum.

Si patriam amat, hoc non faciet.
3.
Si vis, dabo tibi testis.
4.
Si Helvetios
1.
eorum
5.
superaverint Bomanl, Aeduis sociis
libertatem eripient.
Si amicum laudaveris, ab amico laudaberis.
262
Si animum vicisti, hostem acerrimum vicistl.

7. Si vincemus, omnia nobis tuta erunt.
8. Si tot exempla virtutis vos non movent, nihil
6.
unquam movebit.
9.
Si hostes
loca
superiora
occupaverint, victores
erunt.
10.
642.
Si
Rule
tiL
exercitusque valetis, bene est.

simple conditional sentence, implying noth
ing as to the truth of the condition,

Indicative
643.
1.
If
8.
4.
If
5.
verbs
in the
in both condition and conclusion.
If
If
2.
has its
If
the general
is
with the army, all things are
well.
you do this, you will be praised by all.
the scouts have told the truth, the city is
full of soldiers.
the Aeduans
make peace
send
ambassadors,
Caesar
will
with them.
the enemy have seized
the heights, they have
conquered.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
If you
If
If
If
If
love justice, you will be loved by the just.

will tell you about our journey.
you wish,
Caesar moves his camp, the enemy will make
an attack upon his army.
this is true,
Caesar
the city is in great
has crossed
the Rubicon,
republic is destroyed.
VOCABULARY,
644.
bene, adv., well.
dlc6, dicere, dlxl, dictum, tell.

iustus, iusta, iustum, adj.. just.
res publica,
rel publicae. f., republic.
unquam, adv., ever.
danger.
the Roman
CONDITIONAL
263
SENTENCES.
645.
PHILOSOPBUS ET IMAGO.
Erat Athenis
spatiosa
et
domus, sed Infamis
capax
et
Per silentium noctis sonus ferri et, si attenderesi
pestilens.
acrius, strepitus vinculorum, lougius primo, deinde e proximo
Mox apparebat
reddebatur.8
imago, senex macie confectus,
promissa barba, horrenti capillo

catenas
cruribus compedes, manibus

Inde inhabitantibus tristes
quatiebatque.
diraeque noctes per metam vigilabantur : vigiliam morbus et
mors sequebatur.* Nam iuterdiu quoque, quamquam absgerebat
cesserat imago, memoria imagiuis
timoris
timor erat.
Deserta est iude domus moustrumque

Nemo domum aut emere aut conducere
dominus.
erat
manebat, longiorque causis
volebat.
Tandem venit Athenas philosophus AthenodSrus domumque condiixit.
Vespere poscit pugillaris, stilurn, lumen;
suos
omnis servos
oculos, manum
dimittit
intendit.
"
ipse
ad
scribendum
Vacua," inquit, "
animum,
mens
inanis
sibi metus fingit."
Initio silentium
noctis, deinde
sonus
fern
Turn fragor adventat et iam ut
vinculorum.
strepitus
in limine, iam
et
Philosophus respicit, videt imaginem

Sine mora tollit lumen et sedigito.
ut intra limen auditur.

quae stat
quitur.6
innuitque
In
area domus imago repente
herbas et folia signum locS ponit.
deserit comitem ; is
Postero die magistratiis
listened.
close by.
3 became
audible.
followed (transitive).
as
follows.
if.
if you
illum locum efTodiunt ossaque, catenis vincta, inveniunt.
264
LESSON OXI.
IMPLYING DOUBT.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
646.
Model sentence
SI adsit,
bene
sit.
If he should, be present, it would be

well.
647.
6.
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
6.
Id
7.
Aedui si
1.
2.
8.
4.
exercitum trans flumen ducat, hostes fugiant.

urbs capiatur, templum a. militibus deleatur.
exploratores hostis videant, citissime redeant.
Helvetii e finibus exeant, prohibeat.

Aedui legatos ad Caesarem mittent, impetrabunt.i
si fiet, magno cum periculo
se
Caesarem
8.
provinciae erit.
non possint, legatos ad
defendere
mittant rogatum auxilium.
Si hostes Caesari obsides dent, pacem cum eis

faciat.
Si Germani Rhenum transibunt, Caesar in eorum

finis contendet.
10. Caesar, si Helvetii Aeduis bellum Inferant, eos
9.
pro hostibus habeat.

648.
Rule
In
a less
vivid future conditional
which implies doubt, the Present Subjunctive
sentence,
is used in both
the condition and the conclusion.i

649.
1.
If
2.
If
you write the letter,

friend.i
the
town
should
be
will take it to your

taken
by storm, the
citizens would be put to death.
If
8.
If
4.
If
5.
6.
If
7.
If
If
If
8.
9.
If
10.
ambassadors
265
should be sent, peace would be
made.
the army of the enemy should be larger than
ours, we should be in great danger.

the
town should
temples
would
be taken,
not the
destroyed?
be
you ascend the hill, you will see the enemy

in the valley.
you should send forward scouts, they would
bring back word that the enemy had fled.
Catiline, Rome will be saved.
we banish
you should
greatest
do this, you would
deserve the
praise.
the enemy should arrive

fore Caesar,
they
the Roman
allies.
in the province be
would ravage
the
fields o
VOCABULARY
650.
in exsilium agere. banish.

prS, prep. with abl., for, as.
1
If the
writer wishes to make the statement
the following
forms,
Si aderit,
Si venerit,
e.,
in
a more
vivid,
he may use
bene erit.
bene erit.
Fut. perf.
I.
more
If he is present, it will well.

If he comes, it will be welL
vivid future conditional
used in both the condition
be
sentence
and the conclusion.
the future indicative is
If, however, the act
of
the condition is regarded as completed before that of the conclusion begins,

the future perfect is used in the condition.
266
CONDITIONS
CONTRARY
TO
PACT.
LESSON CXII.
CONTRARY TO FACT.
CONDITIONS
651.
Model sentences
SI adesset,
bene
Si adtuisset,
esset.
If he
fuisset.
bene
were present,
well.
(Present.)
If
he
it
would
had been present, it
would have been well.

652.
be
(Past.)
Si Caesar adesset, hostis iam vinceremus.

2. Si urbs capta esset, omnes eives interfecti essent.
3. Si hoc tum dixisses, domi remansissemus.
1.
4. Caesar
si copias flumen transduxisset, superatus
esset.
5.
6.
Si adfuisses, Srationem longam audivisses.

Helvetii, si sementis quam maximas fecissent,
copiam friimenti habuissent.

7. Si heri venisset, fratrem suum vidisset.
Si diligentes essetis, laudaremini.

9. Sapientia non expeteretur, si nihil efficeret.
10. Si pacem facere voluissent, Caesar non recusa,8.
visset.
653.
Rule
When a conditional sentence expresses some
thing contrary to fact, the Imperfect Subjunctive is used in

both condition and conclusion to refer to present time ; the
Pluperfect
Subjunctive
is used in both condition and con
clusion to refer to past time.
CONDITIONS
654
1.
2.
If
If
CONTRARY
TO
PACT.
267
the army had been there, we should not have

feared the danger.
the soldiers had been bolder, the city would
not have been taken.

3.
If
the enemy
be
were approaching, we should not
remaining here.
4.
If
5.
If
Rome had been conquered by Carthage, the

history of the world would have been changed.
Hannibal had led his army against Home
If
immediately, would he have taken the city ?

the farmers had plowed the fields well, they
6.
7.
If
would have had an abundance

Caesar
knew this, he would
of grain.
be moving
his
camp.
8.
9.
If the
If
Helvetians had sent ambassadors to Caesar,
he would have made peace with them.

the battle had been fought before the arrival
of Caesar, he would have severely accused the

generals
10.
If
because
they had not obeyed
his
orders.
Labienus had led out his forces at that time,

they would have been captured.
655.
VOCABULARY.
diligSns. diligSns, dnigens, adj., diligent.

ex-petS, expetere, expetlvl, expetitum, seek after.
.
Me, adv., here.
historia, historiae, f., history.
ibi, adv., there.

re-cflso. recusare, reousavi, recusatum, refuse.
re-maneo, remanere, remans! remansum, remain,
statim, adv., immediately.
IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS.
268
LESSON CXIII.
656.
Intransitive
verbs
may be used
third person singular, impersonally, i.

as subject ; as, pugnabatur, there was
in the passive voice,

e.
without a person
fighting; itar,tAeygo;
dicitur, it is said.
657.
1.
Ciceronem eloquentissimum
dicitur.
2.
Romam ventum est.
Rornanorum
fuisse
Una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est,

initium capit a Minim; Rhodano.
4. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est.
5. Caesari reniintiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per
8.
6.
agrum Sequanorum iter facere.

Iudicari non potest in utram partem fluat Arar.
Traditur Romam a Romulo conditam

8. Nobis currendum est.
9. Sic itur ad astra.
7.
10.
658.
Domum
esse.
eundum est.
There is a battle going on.

2. It is said that the Romans learned .philosophy
,:_c, v
from the Greeks!.
1.
3.
It
has
been reported that Caesar's
crossed
4.
forces
have
the river.
We must reach Rome before the arrival of your

friends.
5.
6.
They arrived in the province.

It was believed that many victories were won
by the aid of the gods.
269
They go into the temple to worship the gods.

8. There is a tradition that there were seven Roman
7.
9.
It
kings.
seemed best to Caesar
to storm the town.
10. We must hasten to the city.

65*.
VOCABULARY.
acriter, adv., sharply.
astrum, astri, n., star.
col6, colere, colui, cultum, worship.

e-loquens. eloquens, eloquens, adj., eloquent.
philosophia, philsophiae, f., philosophy.
LESSON OXIV.
IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS. Continued.
660.
When an intransitive verb in the active voice is ac
companied by an indirect object, the indirect object is retained

when the verb is used impersonally in the passive ; as, mihi
paret, he obeys me
661.
ns,
mihi paretur,
/ am obeyed.
Some verbs expressing feeling are used impersonally ;
me miseret,
it grieves
me,
or,
I pity.
Other impersonal verbs are such as have a phrase or

clause as their subject ; as, hoc facere licet, it is permitted to
662.
do this.
663.
1.
Mihi creditur.
2.
Nos pudet.
8.
Mori
4.
Parentibus
quam
vinel praestat.
parent! um est.
5. Constat Bomam caput orbis terrarum fuisse.
270
6.
Helvetiis
Bomanam facere
iter per provinciam
non licuit.
7.
Accidit ut una nocte omnes statuae deicerentur.
8.
Ad regem Itur.
9.
Constat inter omnis Ciceronem eloquentissimum

oratorum esse.
10.
1.
664.
Nos misereat miserorum.1
am ashamed
of you.1
Let me be believed.
8. Let the laws be obeyed.
2.
4.
It
5.
spring.
The sick man is not permitted to see his friends.
It happens that the enemy is approaching.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
is
clear that Caesar
will
wage
war
in
the
pitied him.
It is said that the king is ill.
The soldiers are not permitted to go out from
the camp.
It
is better to do this to-day.
665.
VOCABULARY.
ac-cidit, accidere, accidit,

constat constare. constitit,
it happens.
constatum, it is agreed, it is
,
clear.
licet, licSre, licuit or licitum est, it is permitted.

miseret. miserere, miseruit, it grieves, pities.
prae-stat, praestare, praestitit, praestatum or praestitum, it
is
better.
pudet, pudere. puduit or puditum est, it shames.

Some
of these verbs are occasionally used with a personal
subject.
1
The cause of the feeling is in the genitive.
VERBS.
DEPONENT
271
LESSON CXV.
DEPONENT VERBS.
A Deponent Verb is
66b.
with active meanings

also the following
one which
as, hortor,
active forms
/ urge.
has
forms
passive
Deponents have
the present participle,
as,
urging ; the future participle, as, hortaturus, about

to urge ; the future infinitive, as, hortaturus esse, to be about
hortans,
to urge
The
the gerund, and the supine.
future
meaning
participle (gerundive) is passive

as, milites hortandi sunt, the soldiers must
passive
in
be
urged.
Synopsis of hortor,
Principal parts
Pres. hortor,
Irtvpf. hortabar,
Put.
hortabor,
I urge
:
hortor,
hortari,
hortatus sum.
Indicative.
Per/.
urge.
hortatus sum,
have
urged.
was urging .
/ shall
Plup.
hortatus eram,
urged.
urge.
Put.Pf.
hortatus ero,
I
I
had
I shall
have urged.
Subjunctive.
Pres. horter,
Imp/, hortarer,
may urge.
/ might
Per/, hortatus sim,

have urged.
urge.
Plup. hortatus
essem,
have urged.
I
I
may
might
deponent verbs.
272
Imperative.
Pres.
hortare, urge (thou).
Infinitives.
Pres.
hortari, to urge.
Pref.
hortatus esse, to have urged.
Put.
hortaturus esse, to be about to urge.
Participles.
Pres.
hortans, urging.
Pref.
hortatus, having urged.

{
hortaturus, about to urge.
I hortandus, about to (must) be urged.

Gerund. hortandi, of urging.
667.
1.
Caesar
Supine,
hortatu, for urging.
cum omnibus copiis prima luce profectus
est.
2.
Milites cohortatus, aciem Instruxit.
3.
Pollicitl sunt
4.
Nostri
in
se obsides
locum
daturas esse.
iniquiorem
pugnandi
causa
progred! noluerunt.
5.
Angustos
se
finis habere arbitrabantur.
Dumnorigi ut idem conaretur persuasit.

finitimis
ut eodem iiterentur
7. Persuaserunt
6.
consilio.
8.
Per finis suos Helvetios ire patiuntur.
9.
Equitatus hostis multa milia passuum couseciitus est.
10.
Ne haec facere conemur.
DEPONENT
668.
1.
The Aeduans will

through
273
VERBS.
attempt to make a journey
the province.
2. They thought that they were ready for all dan

gers.
3.
Caesar
will not suffer the Aeduans to go through
the province.
4. Caesar set out for Bome with three legions.
5.
Caesar
was not able to use this grain.
The enemy had attempted

7. They had promised that
6.
the same thing.
they would
all
be
present.
8. The soldiers were unwilling to advance.

9.
10.
They tried to take the town by storm.
Having promised to give hostages, the ambassa

dors returned home.
VOCABULARY.
angustus, angusta, angustum, adj., narrow.

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum, think.
causa (abl.), for the sake of.
co-hortor. cohortari, cohortatus sum, exhort.
Conor, conarl, conatus sum, try, attempt.
con-sequor, consequi, consecutus sum, pursue.
in-iquus, inlqua, inlquum, adj., uneven.
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, permit.
polliceor, pollicSit, pollicitus sum, promise.
proficiscor, proficiscl, profectus sum, set out.

pro-gredior, progredi, progressus sum, advance.
utor, fltl, ttsus sum, (with abl.), use.
670.
CUIQUE SITUS LABOR.
Olim puero qui ludere voluit niillus comes erat; itaque

pueros alios, quos videbat, ut secum luderent orabat; hi
18
274
DEPONENT
autem
VERBS.
Inde ad
propter negotia venire recusabant.
quibus occurrebat, se recepit ; sed horum etiam
omnes
animalia,
Bos arabat, canis ovis vigilaquidque suo occupatur labore.

bat, aves nidos exstruebant, apes mel conferebant, ne unurn
quidem ludo vacabat.1
PUER INDOGTUS SERVUS EST.
671.
Venit olim
dixit
"
quidam
ad
Aristippum philosophum,
Visue filium metun artis tuas docere
" Hoc
Aristippus,
"
?
dque
Respondit
faciam, si duo talenta accepero."
Pater
pretio exterritus dixit,

Contra Aristippus,
possum."
autem
" At servum
" Pac hoc ;
minoris
ita duos
emere
servos
liabebis."
"BONUS ESSE MALbr
672.
Olim Alexander Macepauper erat.

Turn dixit Phocion,
donum rex ad eum centum talenta misit.
Phocion Atheniensis
" Cur mihi tantum pecuniae dare vis ? " Respondit legatas,
" Alexander te unum omnium Atheniensium bonum virum
Tum Phocion : " Aufer," inquit, " pecuniam ;
existimat."
bonus esse malo."
1
had time
for play.
for
less.
ABLATIVE
275
ABSOLUTE.
LESSON OXVI.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
A
substantive and a participle, a substantive and an

adjective, or two substantives may be in the ablative case
to express some modification of the idea contained in the
673.
main verb, such as time, cause, concession,

struction is called Ablative
674.
Model sentences
etc.
This con
Absolute.
Romuld regnante (=
Cum Romulus regnaret).
When Romulus was reigning.
Oppido expugnato (= Cum oppidum expugnatum esset), Cae

sar copias ill castra reduxit.
When the town had been taken by storm (or, having
taken the town by storm), Caesar led his forces back
to camp.
675.
1.
Orgetorix,
Messala et PisSne consulibus, coniii-
rationem nobilitatis
2.
fecit.
Hostes, locis superioribus occupfitis, itinere exercitum nostrum prohibere conantur.
Hoc proelio facto, exercitum (lumen transducit.

4. Caesar, convocatis eorum principibus, eos gra3.
viter accusat.
5.
Hoc facto, duabus legionibus in castris relictis,

reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit.
6.
Omnibus aedificiis incensis, exercitum ex oppido

ediixit.
ABLATIVE
276
ABSOLUTE.
7.
Omni pacata Gallia, exercitus domum rediit.
8.
Re frumentaria comparata, castra movet, diebusquindecim ad finis Belgarum

que circiter
perventum est.
9. Nerone imperatore, Roma incensa
10.
676.
Gladiis destrictis, in
eos
est.
impetum fecerunt.
1.
Catiline formed a conspiracy in the consulship of

Cicero.
2.
We shall be victors
leadership of
under the
Caesar.
3.
Having conquered
Caesar
4.
the enemy
in
great battle,
led his men back into camp.
Having captured the town, the soldiers liberated

the captives.
5.
6.
Having collected grain, he hastened by forced
If
marches
to Ariovistus.
an opportunity
is given, these men will lay
waste the province.

7.
When this had been decided, they advanced to

the bank of the river.
8.
When Caesar was dead, Brutus and Cassius at
9.
republic.
When these things had been announced by the
scouts, Caesar determined to advance.
tempted
to establish
10. After hostages had been given, peace was made.
VOCABULARY.
677.
con-stituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum, establish,

termine.
dS-stringo, dSstringere, destrinxl, destrictum, draw.

regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatum, rule,
reign.
de
ABLATIVE
ABSOLUTE.
277
PYRRHUS ET FABRICIU8.
67&
Romani
qui in ultima Italia sunt, bellum

His ut auxilmm ferret, Pyrrhus, Epiii rex, in
Tarentinis,
indixerunt.
Italiam venit.
dimicaverunt.
Tum primum Romani cum transmaiino hoste

Missus est contra eum consul Valerius Lae-
vinus, qui, cum exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, iussit eos per

castra duei, ostendique omnem exercitum, tumque dimitti, ut
xenuutiarent Pyrrho quaecumque a Romanis agerentur.
Commissa mox pugna, cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantorum auxiliS vicit, quos incognitos Romani expaverunt : sed
nox proelio finem dedit.
Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit.
Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit, eosque summo
honore tractavit, occisos sepelivit ; quos cum adverso volnere
et truci voltu mortuos iacere vidisset, tulisse ad caelum
maniis dicitur cum hac voce, se totius orbis dominum esse
potuisse, si tales sibi milites contigissent.
Postea Pyrrhus, iunctis sibi Samnitibus, Liicanis, Bruttiisque, Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro lgnique vastavit ; Campa-
niam depopulatus est; atque Praenesten venit miliario ab

urbe octavo decimo.
Mox terrore exercitfls, qui cum consule
Legati, ad Pyrrhum
sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit.
de redimendis captivis missi, ab eo honorifice suscepti sunt ;
captivos sine pretio Romam misit.
Unum ex legatis Romanorum,
est, ut,
cum eum pauperem
Fabricium,
sic admiratus
cognovisset, quarta parte

regni promissa, sollicitare voluerit, ut ad se transiret ; contemptusque a FabriciS est.
Quare cum Pyrrhus ingenti
Romanorum
admiratiohe
esse
teneretur, legatum praecipuum vi-
rum, CSneam nomine, misit, qui pacem aequis condicionibus

peteret; ita ut Pyrrhus partem Iteliae,_quam iam armis
occupaverat, obtineret.
Interiecto anno, contra Pyrrhum Fabricius est missus, qui
278
ABLATIVE
ABSOLUTE.
prius inter legatos sollicitari non potuerat, quarta parte regnl

Tum, cum vicina castra ipse et rex haberet, mepromissa.
dicus Pyrrhi ad eum nocte venit, promittens veneno Pyrrhum
se occisuram, si sibi aliquid polliceretur ; quem Fabricius
vinctum
medicus
fertur,
reduc! iussit
Tum
spopondisset.
" Ille
est
Pyrrhoque did quae

rex, admirans eum, dixisse
dominum,
ad
Fabricius qui difficilius
sol a cursu suo avertI potest."

Tum rex in Siciliam profectus
ab honestate quam
et
Fabricius, victis SamConsules deinde Maiiius
missi sunt.
Pyrrhum
ipsum Ta-
est.
Lucanis, triuraphavit.
Curius Dentatus et Cornelius Lontulus adversus
nitibus
Curius
exercitum eius
superavit ;
Ea die caesa sunt hostium
rentum fugavit ; castra cepit.

viginti tria milia. Curius Dentatus in consulatu triurnphavit.
Primus Komam elephantos duxit.

Pyrrhus etiam
mox recessit, et apud Argos occisus est.
679.
VITA BEATA.
Vitam quae faciunt beatiorem,
Iucundissime Martialis, haec sunt
Res non parta labore, sed relicta;
Non ingratus ager
Lis nunquam
toga
focus
perennis ;
rara
mens quieta ;
Vires ingenuae; salubre corpus;

Priidens simplicitas; pares amici;
Convictus facilis; sine arte mensa.
Somnus qui faciat brevis tenebras ;
Quod sis, esse veiis, nihilque malis;
Summum nee metuas diem,
nee
optes.
Tarento
APPENDIX.
279
APPENDIX.
PARADIGMS.
NOUNS.
DECLENSION L
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Filia
Sing.
Plur.
hasta (f.), spear.

bastae
hastae
hastae
hastarn
hasta
hastarum
hastis
hastas
hastis
has dat. and abl. plur. filiabus.
DECLENSION II.
Sing.
master
Nom.
Gen.
(m ).
dominus
domini
temple
(n.).
templum
field (m. ).
ager
templi
agii
templo
agro
Ace.
domino
dominum
Abl.
templum
agrum
domino
templo
agro
Dat.
Plur.
Gen.
domini
dominorum
Dat.
dominis
Ace.
dominos
templorum
templis
templa
Abl
dominis
templis
Nom.
templa
agri
agiorum
agiis
agris
agros
APPENDIX.
280
Sing.
son (m.).
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
talent (n.).
boy (m.).
fllius
filii, fill
filiS
filium
filio
puer
ingenium
pueii
ingenii, ingeni
puerS
puerum
ingenio
ingenium
puero
ingenio
Plur.
Nom.
filii
pueri
ingenia
Gen.
filiorum
filiis
filios
filiis
puerorum
ingenioruin
ingeniis
ingenia
ingeniis
Dat.
Acc.
Aiiu
pueris
pueros
pueris
Nouns in -us of this declension have a vocative form in -e

domine. The vocative of fllius is fill.
DECLENSION III.
3.
Sing.
Labial Stem.
Plur.
Nom.
princeps (m.), leader.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
principis
principi
principes
principum
principibus
principem
Abl.
principes
principe
principibus
Lingual Stems.
4.
Sing.
virtue (f.).
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
virtus
virtutis
virtuti
virtutem
virtute
soldier (m.).
stone (m.).
head (n.).
miles
lapis
caput
militis
miliH
militem
milite
lapidis
lapidi
capitis
lapidem
caput
lapide
capite
lapides
capita
lapidum
lapidibus
lapides
lapidibus
capitum
capiti
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
virtfites
virtutum
vivtutibus
virtutes
virtutibus
milites
militum
militibus
milites
militibus
capitibus
capita
capitibus
as,
Palatal Stems.
5.
Sing.
leader
(c).
nurse (f.\
king (m.).
rex
(a).
iiidex
iudicis
iudic!
judge
nutrix
nutricis
nutrici
Gen.
dux
duds
Dat.
duci
regis
regi
Ace.
ducem
regem
nutricem
iudicem
Abl.
duce
rege
nutrice
iudice
Nom.
duces
reges
indices
Gen.
ducum
regum
Dat.
ducibus
regibus
Ace.
duces
Abl.
reges
ducibus
regibus
nutrices
nutricum
nutricibus
nutrices
nutricibus
Nom.
Plue.
Liquid Stems in
6.
iudicum
iudicibus
iudices
iudicibus
and r.
Sing.
consul (m.).
shepherd (m.).
Nom.
consul
Gen.
consulis
pastor
pastoris
Dat.
consul!
pas tori
Ace.
consulem
Abl.
consule
pastorem
pas tore
Nom.
Gen.
consoles
consulum
Dat.
consulibus
Ace.
consulSs
consulibus
father (m.).
pater
patris
patri
patrem
patre
Plur.
Abl.
pas tores
patres
pas to *um
pastoribus
patrum
patribus
pastures
patres
pastoribus
patribus
Liquid Stems in m and n.

Sing.
7.
Nom.
winter (f.).
lion (m.).
leo
Gen.
hiems
hiemis
Dat.
hiemi
Ace.
hiemem
hieme
Abl.
leonis
leoni
leonem
leone
virgin (f.).
virgo
virginis
virgin!
virginem
virgine
army (n.).
agmen
agminis
Sgmini
agmen
agmine
282
APPENDIX.
Plur.
Nom.
hiemes
leonea
Gen.
hiemum
hiemibua
leonum
leoiiibus
hiemes
leones
hiemibus
leonibus
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
&
Stems
in
virgines
virginum
virginibus
virgines
virginibus
Sgmina
agminum
agminibus
agmina
agminibus
8.
SlNQ.
custom (ra.).
Nom.
Gen.
mos
right (n.).
ius
work (n.).
opus
time (p..).
tempus
temporis
tempori
moria
juris
operis
Dat.
mori
iuri
Acc.
morem
ius
operi
opus
Abl.
more
iure
opera
tempore
Nom.
mores
opera
tempora
Gen.
morum
operum
temporum
Dat.
Ace.
moribus
operibus
Abl.
moribus
iura
iurum
iuribus
iura
iuribus
temporibus
tempora
temporibus
tempus
Plur.
mores
9.
Stems
opera
operibus
in i.
(c).
cloud (f.).
Nom.
hostia
nubes
Gen.
hostia
nubia
Dat.
Acc.
hosti
nubi
hostem
nubem
Abl.
hoste
nube
tower
).
enemy
(i.
Sing.
turris
turris
turri
fire (m.).
Ignis
ignis
Igni
cough
(f.).
tussis
tussis
tussi
tussim
turrem (-im) ignem
turre (turri) Igni (Igne) tussi
Plur.
Nom.
hostes
nubes
turres
ignes
tussea
Gen.
hostium
hostibus
Acc.
hostia
nubia
turrium
turribus
turns
Abl.
(hostes)
hostibus
(tunes)
(nubes)
turribus
nubibus
Ignium
Ignibus
ignis
(ignes)
ignibus
tussium
Dat.
nubium
nubibus
tussibus
tussis
(tussea)
tussibus
APPENDIX.
283
Sing.
client (m.).
citadel (f.).
city (f.).
mouse
(c).
urbs
arx
mus
urbis
urbi
arcis
muris
Dat.
die ns
clientis
clienti
arci
muri
Ace.
clientem
urbem
Abl.
murem
cliente
urbe
arcem
arce
Nom.
Gen.
mure
Plur.
Nom.
clientes
urbes
arces
mures
Gen.
urbium
urbibus
urbis
arcium
aruibus
murium
muribus
Ace.
clientium
clientibus
clie litis
arcis
muris
Abl.
clientibus
Dat.
(clientes)
(arces )
(urbes)
urbibus
(mures)
muribus
arcibus
sea (n.).
animal
(n.
,).
Sing.
spur (n.).
Nom.
mare
animal
calcar
Gen.
maris
animalis
calcaris
Dat.
mari
animali
calcaii
Ace.
mare
animal
calcar
Abl.
marl
animali
calcaii
Plur.
Nom.
maria
animalia
Gen.
animalium
Dat.
marium
maribus
animalibus
Ace.
maria
animalia
calcaria
calcarium
calcaribus
calcaria
Abl.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Irregular Nouns.
10.
Gen.
Dat.
bovi
Ace.
bovem
senl
seneiu
Abl.
bove
sene
Nom.
snow [V,
1.
old man (m.
ox(m.).
bos
bo vis
).
SlNO.
force
(t).
sen ex
nix
senis
nivis
vis
vis
nivi
vi
nivera
nive
vim
vi
APPENDIX
284
Plur.
Nom.
boves
series
nivSs
Gen.
boum
senum
Dat.
senibus
Ace.
bobus (bubus)
boves
nivium
nivibus
series
nives
Abl.
bobus (bubus)
senibus
nivibus
vires
virium
vlribus
vires
vlribus
Sing.
bone
flesh (f.).
(n.).
Jupiter (m.).
Nom.
card
OS
Gen.
carols
ossis
Iuppiter
Iovis
Dat.
earni
ossi
Iovi
Ace.
carnem
OS
Abl.
carne
osse
Iovem
love
Plur.
Nom.
carries
ossa
Gen.
ossium
Dat.
carnium
carnibus
Ace.
carries
ossa
Abl.
carnibus
ossibus
U.
ossibus
DECLENSION IV.
Sing.
hand
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
(t).
manus
man us
lake (m.
).
lacus
horn (n.).
cornu
house (f.).
domus
lacus
cornu(cornus) domus
domui (domS)
manui(manu) lacui(lacu)cornB
lacum
domum
manum
corn 5
lacu
domfl
manu
cornii
(domo)
Plur.
Gen.
manus
manuum
lacuum
cornuum
Dat.
manibus
lacubus
cornibus
Ace.
manus
lacus
cornua
Abl.
manibus
lacubus
cornibus
Nom.
lacus
cornua
domus
domuum (domorum)
domibus
domus (domos)
domibus
APPENDIX.
285
DECLENSION V.
12.
Sing.
res, 1:., thing.
Gen.
Ace.
rei
rei
rem
Abl.
re
Dat.
dies (m
diSI
die!
res
rerum
rebus
dies
dierum
diebus
diem
res
dies
die
rebus
diebus
.),
Nom.
Plur.
day.
13.
DECLENSIONS
ADJECTIVES.
AND IL
Sing.
Maso.
Fern.
Neat.
Nom.
bonus (good)
bona
bonum
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
Dat.
Ace.
bono
bonae
bond
bonum
bono
bonam
bonum
bona
bono
Abl.
Plur.
boni
bonorum
bonae
bona
bonarum
bonis
bonorum
bonis
Ace.
bonis
bonds
bonas
bona
Abl.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
vocative form bone occurs in the masculine singular.

Sing.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl
pulcher (beautiful)
pnehri
pulchra
pulchro
pulchrum
pulchr5
pulchrae
pulchram
pulchrae
pulchra
pulchrum
pulchri
pulchro
pulchrum
pulchro
Plur.
pulchrae
pulchra
Dat.
pulchri
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchrarum
pulchris
pulchrorum
pulchris
Ace.
pulehros
pulchras
pulchra
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Nom.
Gen.
Abl.
286
APPENDIX.
Sing.
Hue.
Fem.
Neat
Nom.
Gen.
miser (wretched)
miseri
misera
miserum
miseii
Dat.
misero
miserae
miserae
Ace.
miserum
miserum
Abl.
misero
lniseram
misera
misero
misero
Plur.
Nom.
miseri
Gen.
miserorum
Dat.
miseris
Ace.
miseros
miseris
Abl.
miserae
miserarum
misera
miseris
miseras
miseris
misera
miseris
miseris
miserorum
DECLENSION m.
14.
Consonant
Stems.
Sing.
Muc.
Fem.
Neut.
vetus
Gen.
vetus (old)
veteris
Dat.
veteri
veteris
veteri
vetus
veteris
veteri
Ace.
veterem
veterem
vetus
Abl.
vetere (veteri)
vetere (veteri)
vetere (veteri)
Nom.
Plur.
Nom.
veteres
veterSs
Vetera
Gen.
veterum
veterum
veterum
Dat.
Acc.
veteribus
veteribus
veteribus
veterSs (veteris)
veteribus
veteres (veteris)
veteribus
Vetera
Abl.
veteribus
Sing.
memor
memoris
Acc.
memori
memorem
memor
memoris
memori
memorem
Abl.
memori
memori
memori
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
memor (mindful)
memoris
memori
memor
APPENDIX.
2
287
'
Punt.
Neat
Hue.
Fem.
memores
memorSs
memorum
Ace.
memorum
memoribus
memorgs
memorSs
Abl.
(raemoris)
memoribus
(memoris)
memoribus
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
memoribus
i.
15.
Stems
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
tristifl (sad)
trlitis
tnju
tristem
trigti
op
in i.
Sing..
Nom.
n.
tristis
tristis
tristi
tristem
tristi
trlste
tristis
tristi
triste
tristi
Plite.
Nom.
tristSs
tristes
Gen.
Dat.
tristium
tristibus
Ace.
tristla (tristSs)
tristium
tristibus
tristis (tristes)
tristibus
Abl.
tristibus
tristia
tristium
tristibus
tristia
tristibus
Srac
audax
audax
Gen.
audax (bold)
audacis
audacis
audacis
Dat.
audaci
audaci
Ace..
audacem
audacem
audaci
audax
audaci
audaci
audaci
Nom.
Abl.
(audace)
(audace)
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
audaces
audacium
(audace)
Plur.
audaces
audacium
audacibus
audacibus
audacis (audaces) audacis (audaces)
audacibus
audacibus
audacia
audacium
audacibus
audacia
audacibus
288
APPENDIX.
Sing.
IfUS.
Neut.
Fem.
Nom.
prudens (prudent) pi udens
Gen.
Dat.
prudentis
prudenti
Ace.
prudeiitem
Abl.
prudenti
(prudente)
prudentis
prudens
prudentis
prudenti
piudenteni
prudenti
prudens
prudenti
(prudente)
prudenti
(prudente)
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
prudentgs
prudentSs
prudentia
Dat.
prudentium
prudentibus
prudentium
prudentibus
prudentium
prudentibus
Ace.
prudentis
prudentis
prudentia
(prudentSs)
Abl.
(prudentSs)
prudentibus
prudentibus
prudentibus
SlNG.
Nom.
Gen.
Beer (sharp)
acris
acris
acris
acris
Dat.
acii
acrl
acii
Ace.
acrem
acrem
acre
Abl.
acii
acii
acii
Sere
Plur.
Gen.
acres
acrium
Dat.
acribus
Nom.
Ace.
Abl.
acres
acrium
acribus
acris (acrSs)
acribus
IRREGULAR
16.
acrium
acribus
aciis (acres)
acribus
acria
acribus
ADJECTIVES.
Sing.
Plitc.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut
Nom.
Gen.
alius
alia
aliud
alii
alius
alius
alius
aliorum
Dat.
alii
alii
alium
alio
aliam
alia
alii
aliud
aliis
Ace.
Abl.
acria
alio
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
aliae
aliarum
alia
alios
aliis
aliis
alias
aliis
aliorum
aliis
alia
aliis
289
APPENDIX.
Sing.
Plttr.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neat.
uni
unorum
finae
una
unarum
finis
unos
finis
finas
unorum
finis
una
finis
finis
finis
Nom.
Gen.
unus
unius
una
unius
unum
unius
Dat.
uiil
fini
fini
Ace.
unum
fin am
Abl.
find
una
unum
fino
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Hug.
Fem.
Neat.
duo (two)
duorum
duobus
duae
duo
duarum
duabus
duorum
duobus
duos (duo)
duobus
duas
duo
duabus
duobus
ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES.
17.
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Neat.
carior
carius
carioris
carioris
Dat.
carior (dearer)
carioris
cariori
cariori
cariori
Ace.
cariorem
Abl.
cariore (cariori)
cariorem
cariore (cariori)
carius
cariore (cai
Nom.
Gen.
Plur.
Nom.
cariores
cariores
cariora
Gen.
cariorum
cariorum
Dat.
carioribus
carioribus
Ace.
carioris (cariores)
carioribus
carioris (cariorSs)
carioribus
cariorum
carioribus
cariora
Abl.
i.
carioribus
niREGULAR COMPARATIVES.
bonus (good)
mains (bad)
dives (rich)
melior
peior
ditior
magnus (great)
parvus (small)
maior
minor
vetustior
multus (much)
veto* (old)
plus
19
optimus
pessimus
ditissimus
plfirimus
maximus
minimus
veterrimus
290
APPENDIX.
NUMERALS.
19.
Cardinals.
1.
linus,
2.
3.
duo,
tres,
4.
quattuor.
6.
quinque,
sex,
6.
Ordinals.
primus, first.
secundus,
tertius,
quartus,
quintus,
sextus,
Distributives.
singuli, ore by
terni (trini).
quaterni.
quini
sent
septem,
octo,
9. novem,
10. decem,
Septimus,
octavus,
nonus,
septeni.
decimus,
undecim,
12. duodecim,
13. tredecim,
undecimus,
duodecimus,
tertius decimus,
quartus decimus,
deni.
undeni.
duo deni.
7.
8.
11.
quattuordecim,
15. quindecim,
16. sedeeim,
14.
septendecim,
18. duodcviginti,
19. unde viginti,
17.
20.
21.
viginti,
( viginti
(
Onus,
iirius et viginti,
quintus decimus,
sextus decimus,
Septimus decimus,
duodevicesimus,
octoni
noveni.
terni deni
quaterni deni.
quini
deni.
seni deni.
iindevicesimus,
vicesimus,
septeni deni.
duodevicenL
undeviceni.
viceni.
vicesimus primus,
viceni singuli.
30.
triginta,
tricesimus,
triceni.
40.
quadraginta,
quinquaginta,
sexaginta,
septuaginta,
octoginta,
nonaginta,
centum,
quadragesimus,
quinquagesimus,
sexagesimus,
septuagesimus,
quadrageni.
quinquageni.
sexageni.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
101.
200.
300.
centum (et) Onus,

ducenti, -ae, -a,
trecenti,
quadringenti,
quingenti,
600. sescenti,
400.
600.
700.
septingenti,
800.
octingenti,
900. nongenti,
1,000. mille,
6,000.
10,000.
100,000.
quinque milia,
decern
milia,
centum milia,
octogcsimus,
nonagesimus,
centesimus,
centesimus primus,
ducentesimus,
trecentesimUB,
one.
bin!
septuageni
octogeni.
nonageni.
centeni.
centeni(et) singuli
duceni.
treceni.
quadringeni
quadringentesimus,
quingentesimus,
sescentesimus,
quingeni.
septingentesimus,
septingeni.
octingentesiraus,
nongentesimus,
millesimus,
quinquiens millesimus,
deciens millesimus,
centienB millesimus,
octingeni.
nongeni.
milleni.
quina milia.
dena milia.
sesceni.
centcna milia.
APPENDIX.
291
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
20.
First person,
ego,
Sing.
Third person (Refl.),

sui, himself.
Second person,
I.
tu,
you.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Plur.
nos
tu vos
sui
Gen. mei nostrum (nostri) tui vestrum (vestri) sui
(vostrum, vostri)
Dat. mihi nobis
tibi vobis
eibi
sibi
Ace. me
nos
se (sese) se (sese)
te vos
te vobis
Abl. rue nobis
se(sese)
se(sese)
Nom. ego
hie,
Sing.
Nom.
Gbn.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Neat.
Masc.
Fem
Neut.
hie
hums
huic
hunc
haec
hi
hae
haec
htiius
huic
hanc
horum
his
has
haec
hac
hdrum
his
hos
his
harum
his
hoe
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hoc
his
his
iste
Gen.
istius
Dat.
isti
istum
isto
iste that.
Gen.
ille
illius
Dat.
illi
Ace.
ilium
Abl.
ma
isti
isti
istius
isti
istam
ista
istud
isto
istorum
istis
istos
istis
ista
istius
ille
ilia
illius
illi
illam
ilia
illud
illius
illi
illud
ills
illi
illorum
illis
illas
illis
id
eius
ei (ii)
eorum
ei
ei
eis
eum
earn
id
eos
eo
ea
eo
eis
Dat.
Ace.
istis
ista
istorum
istis
ista
istis
illae
illarum
illis
ilia
illas
illorum
illis
ilia
illis
illis
Plur.
ea
is
eius
istae
istarum
istis
istas
Plur.
eius
el
Gen.
Abl.
that.
is, that.
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
istud
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
Fern.
Nom.
Abl.
this.
Masc.
Sing.
Ace.
PRONOUNS,
DEMONSTRATIVE
21.
(iis)
eae
ea
earum
eorum
eis
(iis)
(iis)
eis
eis
ea
eas
(iis)
(iis)
eis (iis)
APPENDIX.
292
ipse, self.
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fein.
Neut.
Fem.
Neut
Nom.
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
Gen.
ipsius
ipsius
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsorum
Dat.
ipsl
ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsarum
ipsis
Ace.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
Abl.
ipsa
ipso
ipsS
ipso
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Masc.
idem,
the same.
Sing.
Masc.
Nom. idem
ipsis
Plur.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
eadem
idem
eidem
eaedem
Neut.
eadem
(iidem)
Gen. eiusdem eiusdum eiusdem
eidem
eorundem earundem eorundem

eisdem
elsdem
eisdem
Ace. eundem eandem
idem
eosdem
easdem
eadem
Abl.
eodem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
Dat. eidem
eidem
(iisdem)
eodem
eadem
(iisdem)
(iisdem)
(iisdem)
(iisdem)
(iisdem)
RELATIVE PRONOUN,
22.
qui, who.
Plur.
Sing.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
quod
cuius
cui
qui
quae
quae
quorum
quibus
quarum
quorum
quibus
quibus
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
Masc.
Fern.
Nom.
Gen.
qui
Dat.
cui
quae
cuius
cui
Ace.
quern
quo
Abl.
cuius
Neut.
INTERROGATIVE
23.
quis,
who
PRONOUN,
t
Plur.
Sing.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut
qui
quae
quae
quorum
quarum
cui
quid
cuius
cui
quibus
quibus
quorum
quibus
quam
quid
quos
quas
quae
quibus
quibus
quibus
Masc.
Fern.
Nom.
Gen.
quis
cuius
quae
cuius
Dat.
cui
Ace.
quern
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
APPENDIX.
293
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE,
24.
qui, what f
Sing.
Nom.
Gen.
Masc.
Fem.
qui
quae
cuius
Dat.
cuius
cui
Ace.
quem
quam
quo
qua
Abl.
Plus.
Neut.
quod
cuius
cui
cui
quod
quo
Fem.
qui
quae
quae
quorum
quibus
quarum
quibus
quorum
quibus
quos
quas
quae
quibus
quibus
quibus
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
25.
aliquis,
some.
Plur.
Sing.
Masc.
Neut.
Fem.
Nom. aliquis
Gen. alicuius
Dat. alicui
aliqua
alicuius
Masc.
aliquo
aliquid
aliqui
alicuius
aliquorum
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquo
Aliqui
as
Neut.
aliqua
aliquorum
aliquibus
alicui
aliqua
Fem.
aliquae
aliquarum
alicui
Ace. aliquem aliquam aliquid
Abl.
Neut.
Masc.
is used instead of aliquis, and

adjective forms.
aliquod instead of aliquid,
quidam, a, a certain.
Sing.
Mase.
Nom.
Gen.
quidam
cuiusdam
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Fem.
Neut.
cuidam
quaedam
cuiusdam
cuidam
quiddam
cuiusdam
cuidam
quendam
quodam
quandam
quadam
quiddam
quodam
Plur.
Nom.
Gen.
quidam
quorundam
Dat.
quaedam
quaedam
quorundam
quibusdam
quarundam
quibusdam
Ace.
quosdam
quasdam
Abl.
quaedam
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
Quoddam is used instead of quiddam as an adjective.
APPENDIX.
294
26.
VERBS: FIEST CONJUGATION.

Pres.
Principal parts
Ind.
Pres.
Inf.
amare,
amo,
Pert Ind.
Stem in
i.
Perf. Part.
amavi, amatum (love) .
active voice.
Indicative.
Present.
amo,
/ love.
Plur.
Sing.
amamus,
we love.
aniatis, you love.
amas, you love.

amat, he loves.
amant, they love.

Imperfect.
amabam,
aiuabamus, we were loving.

amabatis, you were loving.
was loving.
amabas, you were loving.

amabat, he was loving.
amabant, they were loving.
Future.
amabo,
shall love.
amabiB, you will love.
amabit,
he
shall love.
amabitis, you will love.
amabunt, they will love.
amablmus,
will love.
we
Perfect.
have loved.
amavi,
amavisti, you have loved.
amavit, he has loved.
amavimus, we have loved.

amavistis, you have loved.
,
amaverunt ) ,
r they have loved.
amavere
)
PitTPERFECT.
amaveram, 1 had loved.

amaveraa, you had loved.
amaverat,
amavero,
amaveram us,
he had loved.
/ shall have
we had loved.
amaveratis, you had loved.

amaverant, they had loved.
Future Perfect.
loved.
amaveris, you will have loved.

amaverit, he will have loved.
amaverimus,
we
shall have loved.
amaveritis, you will have loved.

amaverint, they will have loved.
295
APPENDIX.
Subjunctive.
Present.
amem,
may love.
ames, you may love.
amet,
amemua,
we may love.
ametis, you may love.

ament, they may love.
he may love.
Imperfect.
/ might
amarem,
am ar emus,
love.
toe
might love.
amaretis, you might
amares, you might love.

amaret, he might love.
amarent,
love.
they might love.
Perfect.
amaverim,
/ may
amaverimus,
have loved.
atnaveris, you may have loved.

amaverit, he may have loved.
we may have loved.
amaveritis, you may have loved.

amaverint, they may have loved.
Pluperfect.
amavissem,
might have loved.
amavisses, you might have loved.
amavisset,
he might have loved.
amavissemus, wemight have loved.

amavissetis, you might have loved.
amavissent, they might have loved.
Imperative.
Present.
amate, love ye.
amS, love thou.
Future.
shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
amato, thou shalt love.

amato, he shall love.
amatote,
Participles.
Infinitives.
Pres.
amare,
Perf.
Fut.
amavisse,
Pres. arnans,
to love
to have loved.
amaturus esse,
ye
Fut.
loving.
amaturus, about to love.
to be
about to love.
Supine.
Gerund (verbal noun).

Gen.
amandi,
Dat.
amando, to, for loving

amandum, loving.
Ace.
Abl.
amando,
of loving,
by
loving
Dat.
Ace.
amatu. to love.
amatum, to love.
Abl.
amatu, to love.
296
APPENDIX.
PASSIVK
VOICE.
Ind
Pres Inf.
Pres.
Principal parts
amor, amari,
Perf.Ini
amatus sum.
Indicative.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
amamur, we are loved.

amamini, you are loved.
amantur, they are loved.
am loved.
amor,
amaris (-re) you are loved.
amatur, he is loved.
Imperfect.
amabar, / was loved.
amabaris (-re), you were loved.
amabatur,
he was loved.
Future.
amabor,
shall be loved.
amaberis (-re), you will be loved.
amabitur,
amabamur, we were loved.

amabamini, you were loved.
amabantur, they were loved.
he
amatus sum,
will
be
loved.
Perfect.
/ have been
or
was loved.
amati sunns,
or
we have been
were loved.
amatus es, you have
amati estis, you have
or
been
were loved.
amatus est,
amabimur, we shall be loved.

amabimini, you will be loved.
amabuntur, they will be loved.
been
or
they have been
or
were loved.
he
has
or
been
was loved.
amati sunt,
were loved.
Pluperfect.
amatus eram,
had been loved.
amatus eras, you had been loved.
amatus erat, he had been loved.
amatus ero,
I shall have
been
amati eratis, you had

amati erant, they had
been loved.
been loved.
amati erimus,
we
shall have
been
loved.
amatus eris, you will have
been
loved.
loved.
we had been loved.
Future Perfect.
loved.
amatus erit,
amati eramus,
amati eritis, you will have
been
loved.
he
will have
been
amati erunt,
loved.
they
will
have been
APPENDIX.
297
Subjunctive.
Present.
amer,
may be loved.
ameris (-re), you may be loved.
ametur, he may be loved.
amemur,
we may be loved.
amemini, you may

amentur, they may
Imperfect.
amarer,
/ might
be
amaremur,
loved.
arnareris (-re), you might be loved.
amaretur,
he might be loved.
amatus sim,
/ may have been
be loved.
be loved.
we might be loved.
amaremini, you might

amarentur, they might
be
loved.
be loved.
Perfect.
amati simus,
loved.
we may have been
loved.
amatus bis, you may have
been
loved.
amati sitis, you may have
been
loved.
amatus sit,
amati sint,
he may have been
loved.
they may have been
loved.
Pluperfect.
amatus essem,
amati essemus, we might have
1 might have
been loved.
been loved.
amati essetis, you might have
amatus esses, you might have
been loved.
been loved.
amatus esset,
he might
amati essent,
have
they might have
been loved.
been loved.
Imperative.
amare,
Present.
amamini,
be thou loved.
be ye loved.
Future.
amator, thou shall
amator,
he
shall
loved.
be
be loved.
amantor,
Perf.
amari,
to be loved.
amatus esse,
to have
Perf.
amatum
iri,
to be loved.
be
loved.
amatus,
having
been
loved.
been loved.
Fut.
shall
Participles.
Infinitives.
Pres.
they
to be about
Fut.
(Gerundive),
be loved.
amandus,
to
APPENDIX.
298
27.
VERBS: SECOND CONJUGATION.
Stem in S.
moneo, monere, monui, monitum (warn).

Principal parts, Pass. : moneor, moneri, monitus sum.
Principal parts, Act.
Indicative.
active.
PASSIVE.
Present.
Present.
moneo
Plur.
monemus
moues
monetis
monet
monent
Sing.
moneor
Plur.
monemur
moneris (-re)
monetur
mouemiiii
monentui
Sing.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
monebar,
monebam, etc.
etc.
Future.
Future.
monebor, etc.
monebo, etc.
Perfect.
monitus sum, etc.
Perfect.
mouui
monuimuB
inonuistl
monuit
monuistis
monuerunt
monuere
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
monitus eram, etc.
monueram, etc.
Future Perfect.
Future Perfect.
monuero, etc.
monitus erS, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
moneas
moneamus
moneatis
moneat
moneant
moneam
Imperfect.
monerem, etc.
Perfect.
monuerim,
etc.
Pluperfect.
monuissem, etc.
Present.
monear
monearis (-re)
moneatur
moneamur
moneamini
moneantur
Imperfect.
monSrer, etc.
Perfect.
monitus sim, etc.
Pluperfect.
monitus essem, etc.
APPENDIX.
299
Imperative.
Pres.
mone
monete
Pres.
Fur.
moneto
moneto
monetote
Fut.
memento
monere
monetor
monemini
monitor
monentor
Infinitives.
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
monere
Pres.
moneri
Fut.
monitus esse
monitum iri
Perf.
monuisse
moniturus esse
Participles.
Pres.
monens
Fut.
moniturus
Perf.
Fut.
Gen.
monendi
Dat.
Ace.
mouendo
2a
monendua
Supine.
Gerund.
Abjl.
monitus
monendum
Dat.
Ace.
monendo
Abl.
monitu
monitum
monitu
VERBS: THIRD CONJUGATION.
Stem In e.
Principal parts, Active: rego, regere, rexi, rectum (rule).

Principal parts, Passive : regor, regi, rectus sum.
Indicative.
ACTIVE.
Present.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
regS
regis
regit
regimus
regitis
regunt
Imperfect.
Plur.
Sing.
regor
regeris (-re)
regitur
regimur
regimini
reguntur
Imperfect.
regebar, etc.
regebam, etc.
Future.
Future.
regam
passive.
regemus
regar
regemur
regeo
regetis
regemini
reget
regent
regeris (-re)
regetur
regentur
APPENDIX.
300
rexi
rexisti
rexit
Perfect.
Perfect.
reximus
rexistis
rexerunt
rexere
rectus sum, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
rectus eram, etc.
rexeram, etc.
Future Perfect.
Future Perfect.
rectus ero, etc.
rexero, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
regar
regaris (-re)
regamus
regam
regas
regat
regamur
regamini
regaatur
regatur
Imperfect.
regatis
regant
Imperfect.
regerer, etc.
regerem, etc.
Perfect.
Perfect.
rexerim, etc.
Pluperfect.
rectus aim, etc.
rexissem, etc.
rectus essem, etc.
Pluperfect.
Imperative.
Pres.
Fut.
regite
rege
regito
regit5
regitote
regunto
Pres.
regere
regiminl
Fut.
regitor
regitor
reguntor
Infinitives.
Pres.
regere
Fut.
rexisse
recturus esse
Perf.
Pres.
Fut.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Perf.
Fut.
regi
rectus esse
rectum iri
Participles.
Perf.
Fut.
regens
recturus
Gerund.
Gen.
Prks.
""
regendi
regendo
regendum
regendo
Supine.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
rectfi
rectum
rectu
rectus
regendus
APPENDIX.
301
VERBS: THIRD CONJUGATION.
29.
Continued.
Principal parts, Active: capio, capere, cepl, captum

Principal parts, Passive
Indicative.
ACTIVE.
passive.
Present.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
capio
capis
capit
(take).
capior, capi, captus sum.
Plur.
Sing.
capimus
capior
capitis
capiunt
caperis (-re)
capitur
capimur
capimini
capiuntur
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
capiSbar, etc.
capi&bam, etc.
Future.
Future.
capiam
capiSmus
capiar
capies
capietis
capieris (-re)
capiet
capient
capiStur
Perfect.
capiemur
capiSmini
capientur
Perfect.
captus sum, etc.
cepl, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
captus eram, etc.
ceperam, etc.
Future Perfect.
Future Perfect.
captus ero, etc.
cepero, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
capiam
Present.
capiar
capias
capiSmus
capiatis
capiat
capiant
capiatur
Imperfect.
caperem, etc.
Perfect.
ceperim, etc.
Pluperfect.
cepissem, etc.
capiaris (-re)
capiamur
capiaminl
capiantur
Imperfect.
caperer, etc.
Perfect.
captus sim, etc.
Pluperfect.
captus essem, etc.
APPENDIX.
302
Imperative.
Pres.
Fut.
capite
cape
capito
capito
capitote
capiunto
Pres.
capere
capimini
Fut.
capitor
capitor
capiuntor
Infinitives.
Pbes.
Perf.
Fut.
capere
cepiase
capturus esse
Pres.
cap!
Perf.
Fut.
captus esse
captum
iri
Participles.
Pres.
capiens
Fut.
capturus
Perf. captus
Fut. capiendus
Supine.
Gerund.
Gen.
capiendi
Dat.
capiendo
Dat.
Ace.
capiendum
capiendo
Ace.
captu
captum
Abl.
captu
Abl.
30.
VERBS: FOURTH CONJUGATION
Stem in
Principal parts, Active : audio, audire, audivl, auditum (hear).

Principal parts, Passive : audior, audiri, auditus sum.
Indicative.
ACTIVE.
passive
Present.
Present.
Plur.
Sing.
audimus
auditis
audiunt
audio
audis
audit
audior
audiris (-re)
auditur
Imperfect.
audiebam, etc.
audimur
audiminT
audiuntur
Imperfect.
audiSbar, etc.
Future.
audiam
audiemus
audies
audietis
audient
audiet
Plur.
Sing.
Future.
audiemur
audieris (-re)
audiemini
audiStur
audientur
audiar
APPENDIX.
30
Perfect.
Perfect.
auditus sum, etc.
audivx, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
audiveram, etc.
auditus eram, etc.
Future Perfect.
audivero, etc.
Future Perfect.
auditus ero, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
audiar
audiaris (-re)
audiatur
audiamus
audiam
audias
audiatis
audiat
audiant
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
andirem, etc.
audirer, etc.
Perfect.
audiverim, etc.
Perfect.
auditus sim, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
audivissem,
audiamur
audiamini
audiantur
auditus essem, etc.
etc.
Imperative.
Pres.
Fut.
audi
audito
audito
audite
Pres.
audire
auditote
audiunto
Fut.
auditor
auditor audiuntor
audimini
Infinitives.
Pres.
audire
Pres.
audirl
Perf.
Fut.
audivisse
Perf.
Fut.
auditus esse
auditurus esse
auditum
Irl
Participles.
Pres.
audiens
Fut.
auditurus
Gerund.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
audiendi
audiendo
audiendum
audiendo
Perf.
Fut.
Supine.
Dat.
audita
Ace.
auditum
Abl.
audits
auditus
audiendus
304
APPENDIX.
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum, possum, prosum, fero,

eo, adeor, volo, nolo, maid, fio.
31.
Principal parts
sum, esse, fui (be).
Indicative.
Peesent.
Plur.
Stag,
sum,
/ am.
sumus, we are.
estia, you are.
es, you are.

est, he is.
sunt,
Imperfect.
was.
eram,
eras, you were.
erat, he was.
shall be.
ero,
eris, you will be.
erit,
he
they are.
will
be.
fui, / have been.

fuisti, you have been.
fuit, he has been.
eramus, we were.
cratia, you were.
erant, they were.
Future.
erimus, we shall be.
eritis, you will be.
erunt, they will
be.
Perfect.
f uimus,
we have been.
fuistis, you have been.

fuerunt (-re), they have
Pluperfect.
fueramus,
had been.
fueram,
f ueras, you had been.
f ueratis,
you had been.
fuerat,
fuerant,
they had been.
he had been.
fuero, / shall have been.

fueris, you will have been.
fuerit, he will have been.
we had been.
Future Perfect.
f uerimus, we shall have been.
fueritis, you will have been.
fuerint, they will have been.
Subjunctive.
sim,
/ may
Present.
be.
sis, you may be.

sit, he may be.
essem, might be.

esses, you might be.
esset, he might be.
been.
simus,
we may be.
sitis, you may

sint,
be.
they may be.
Imperfect.
essemus, we might be.
essetis, you might be.
essent, they might
be.
305
APPENDIX.
Perfect.
fuerimus, we may have been.
f uerim,
may have been.
fueritis, you may have been.
fueris, you may have been.
fuerint, they may have been.
f uerit, he may have been.
,
Pluperfect.
fuissemus, we might have been.
fuissem, might have been.
fuissetis, you might have been.
fuisses, you might have been.
fuissent, they might have been.
fuisset, he might have been.
Imperative.
este,
Pbes.
es,
Fut.
esto, thou shalt be.

esto, he shall be.
be
thou.
estote,
shall be.
snnto, they shall be.
esse, to be.
Perf.
Fut.
fuisse,
ye
Participle.
Infinitives.
Pres.
be ye.
to have been.
futurus esse,
to be
Fut.
about
futurus, about
to be.
to be.
Principal parts
32.
possum, posse, potui
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
Present.
potes
potest
possis
possit
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
poteramus
poteratis
poterant
poteras
poterat
possimus
possitis
possint
possim
possumus
potestis
possunt
possum
poteram
(be able).
possera
possemus
posses
possetis
possent
posset
Future.
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
potero
poteris
poterit
Perfect.
Perfect.
potuerim, etc.
potui, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
potuissem, etc.
potueram, etc.
Future Perfect,
potuerO, etc.
20
606
APPENDIX.
Participle.
Infinitives.
Pres.
Pres.
posse
Ferf.
potens
potuisse
Principal parts
33.
prosum, prodesse, proful (help).
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
prSsum
prodes
prodest
Present.
prosum us
prodestis
prosim
prosunt
prosit
prosimus
prosltis
prosis
prosint
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
prodesse m, etc.
proderam, etc.
Future.
proderO, etc.
Perfect.
Perfect.
proful, etc.
prOfuerim, etc.
profueratn, etc.
profuissem, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
profilers, etc.
Imperative.
Infinitives.
Prf.s.
prodes
prOdeste
Pres.
prodesse
Fut.
prodesto
prodestote
Perf.
profuisse
prodesto
prdsunto
Fut.
profuturus esse
Participle.
Fut.
34.
Principal parts, Active

Principal parts, Passive
fere
fert
Present.
fero, ferre, tull, latum (bear).

feror, ferri, latus sum.
Indicative.
ACTIVE.
fero
profuturus
ferimus
fertis
ferunt
feror
ferris
fertur
PASSIVE.
Present.
ferimur
ferimini
feruntur
307
APPENDIX.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
ferSbar, etc.
ferebam, etc.
Future.
Future.
ferar, etc.
feram, etc.
Perfect.
Perfect.
latus sum, etc.
tuli, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
latus eram, etc.
tuleram, etc.
Future Perfect.
Future Perfect.
latus er5, etc.
tulero, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
ferar, etc.
feram, etc.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
ferrem
ferres
ferremus
ferrer
ferremur
ferretis
ferreris (-re)
ferreminl
ferret
ferrent
ferretur
ferrentur
Perfect.
Perfect.
latus sim, etc.
tulerim, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
latus essem, etc.
tulissem, etc.
Imperative.
Pres.
fer
ferte
Fdt.
fertO
fertote
ferto
ferunto
Pres.
ferre
Fdt.
fertor
feriminl
feruntor
fertor
Infinitives.
Pres.
Perf.
Pres.
fene
Perf.
tulisse
Fut.
laturua esse
Pres.
ferSns
Fdt.
latunis
Fut.
ferri
latus esse
latum
Iri
Participles.
Gerund.
Perf.
Fdt.
Supine.
Gen.
ferendl
Dat.
ferendo
Dat.
lata
Ace.
ferendum
Ace.
latum
Abl.
ferendo
Abl.
lata
latus
ferendus
appendix.
308
Principal parts
35.
e5,
Ire,
Ivi (ii),
itum (go).
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
Present.
eo
imus
Is
itis
it
eunt
eam, etc.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
irem, etc.
ibam, etc.
Future.
ibo, etc.
Perfect.
Perfect.
ivi (ii), etc.
iverim (ierim), etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
iveram (ieram), etc.
ivissem (issem), etc.
Future Perfect.
ivero (iero), etc.
Imperative.
Pres.
Put.
i
ito
Ho
Infinitives.
ite
Pres.
itote
eunto
Perf.
Fut.
Gen.
eundi
Dat.
eundo
Dat.
itu
Ace.
eundum
eundo
Ace.
itum
Abl.
itu
Abl.
PASSIVE OF
iturus esse
Participles.
Supine.
Gerund.
ire
Ivisse
Pres.
iens.
Fut.
iturus.
Gen. euntis
ade5.
Principal parts : adeor, adiri, aditus sum
(be approached).
Indicative;
Present.
adeor
adimur
adiris
aditur
adeuntur
adimini
Perfect.
aditus sum, etc.
309
APPENDIX.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
aditus erara, etc.
adibar, etc.
Future Perfect.
Future.
aditus ero, etc.
adibor, etc.
Subjunctive.
Perfect.
Present.
aditus sim, etc.
adear, etc.
Pluperfect.
Imperfect.
aditus essem, etc.
adirer, etc.
Participles.
Infinitives.
Pres.
Pert,
Pfrf.
adiri
Fut.
aditus esse
36.
Principal parts
aditus
adeundus
vol5, velle, volul (wish).

nolo, nolle, nolui (be unwilling).
maid, malle, malui (prefer).
Indicative.
volo
volumus
nolo
nolumus
non voltis
vis
voltis
non vis
volt
(vultis)
volunt
(non vultis)
non volt nolunt
(vult)
Imperfect.
volebam, etc.
Future.
"
malumus
mavis
maroltis
mavolt
(mavultis)
malunt
(mavult)
Imperfect.
nolebam, etc.
malebam, etc.
Imperfect.
Future.
nolam, etc.
Perfect.
volul, etc.
Pluperfect.
nolui, etc.
volueram, etc.
nolueram, etc.
voluero, etc.
maid
(non vult)
volam, etc.
Future Perfect.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Perfect.
Pluperfect.
Future Perfect.
nolucro, etc.
Future.
malam, etc.
Perfect.
malui, etc.
Pluperfect.
malueram, etc.
Future Perfect.
maluero, etc.
310
APPENDIX.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
Present.
velim
velimus
nolini
velis
velitis
velit
velint
nolltis
nolit
nolint
Imperfect.
mails
inalit
mallem
malles
mallemus
malletis
mallet
mallent
noli in us
rnalira
noli.s
Imperfect.
vellem
vellemus
nollem
velles
velletis
nolles
nollemus
nolletis
vellet
vellent
nollet
nollent
Perfect.
voluerim, etc.
Pluperfect.
malint
Imperfect.
Perfect.
Perfect.
noluerim, etc.
maluerim, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
voluissem, etc.
malimus
malitis
maluissem, etc.
noluissem, etc.
Imperative.
Pres. noli
Fct.
nolite
nolito nolitote
nolito
Infinitives.
Pres.
velle
Pres. nolle
Perf.
voluisse
Perf.
Pres. malle
Perf.
noluisse
maluisse
Participles.
Pres.
37.
Pres. nolens
volens
Principal parts : fio, fieri, factus sum
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Present.
fio
fis
fit'
(be made, become).
Present.
fimus
flam
fiamus
fitis
fIunt
flas
fiatis
fiat
fiant
. .'.:./
APPENDIX.
311
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
fierem
fiebam, etc.
fieres
fieret
Future.
flam
fies
flemus
fietis
fiet
flent
fierent
Perfect.
f actus
fieremus
fieretis
Perfect.
factus sim, etc.
sum, etc.
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
f actus eram, etc.
factus essem, etc.
Future Perfect.
factus ero, etc.
Imperative.
Infinitives.
Pres.
fi
fite
Pres.
fito
fito
fitote
Perf.
fieri
Fut.
fiunto
Fut.
factus esse
factum iri
Participles.
Perf.
Fut.
factus
faciendus.
DEPONENT VERBS.
38.
1st Conj.
Principal
2d Conj.
parts:
3d Conj.
4th Conj.
hortor,
vereor,
loquor,
partior,
hortari, hortatus sum (urge).

vereri, veritus sum (fear).
loqui, locutus sum (speak).
partirl, partitus sum (share).
Indicative.
Pres.
partior
vereris (-re)
veretur
veremur
loquor
loqueris (-re)
loquitur
loquimur
hortaminT
vereminl
loquimiui
hortantur
verentur
loquuntur
partimini
partiuntur
hortor
vereor
hortaris (-re)
hortatur
hortamur
partiris (-re)
partitur
partimur
APPENDIX.
312
Impf.
hortabar
verebar
loquebar
partiebar
Fut.
hortabor
verebor
partiar
hortatus sum
veritus sum
loquar
locutus sum
Perf.
Plupf.
Fot. Pf.
partitus sum
hortatus eram veritus eram locutus eram partitus eram
veritus ero
hortatus ero
locutus ero
partitus ero
Subjunctive.
Pres.
verear
partiar
partirer
Impf.
horter
hortarer
Perf.
Plupf.
veritus sim
hortatus sim
partitus sim
hortatus essem veritus essem locutus essem partitus essem
vererer
loquar
loquerer
locutus sim
Imperative.
Pres.
hortare
verere
loquere
Fut.
hortator
veretor
loquitor
partire
parti tor
Infinitives.
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
hortari
vereri
loqul
partiri
hortatus esse veritus esse
locutus esse partitus esse
hortaturusesse veriturus esse locuturus esse partlturus esse
Participles.
Pres.
hortans
verens
Perf.
Fut.
veritus
loquens
locutus
partiens
hortatus
veriturus
locuturus
partlturus
verendus
loquendus
partiendus
loqueudi
partiendi
locutum
partitum
hortaturus
F. Pass. hortandus
partitus
Gerund.
Gen.
hortandl
verendl
Supine.
Ace.
hortatum
veritum
APPENDIX.
313
RULES OF SYNTAX.
CASES.
( 79) The Subject of the verb is in the Nominative.
2. ( 101) The Genitive is used to limit the meaning of a noun
1.
or an adjective.
( 399) The Genitive of a noun, with an adjective in agree

ment, is used to express quality or characteristic.
4. ( 91) The Indirect Object is in the Dative.
3.
5. ( 153) Simple possession is usually expressed by the Dative

with est or sunt.
. 6.
( 457) Two Datives sometimes occur with the same verb ;
one the Dative
of the
purpose used to complete the predicate, the

other the Dative of the person affected.
7. ( 86) The Direct Object of a verb is in the Accusative.
8. ( 143) Limit of Motion is regularly expressed by the Accu
sative with ad or in.
9. ( 159) Names of towns used to express the Limit of Motion
are put in the Accusative without a preposition.
10. ( 192) Duration of time and extent of space are expressed
by the Accusative.
11.
( 198) Verbs meaning make, call,
choose,
esteem,
and the
like, may take a second Accusative denoting the same person or

thing as the object.
12. ( 213) Most verbs meaning ask, demand, teach, conceal may
take two Accusatives, one of the person and the other of the thing.
13. ( 433) Verbs that take two Accusatives in the active, one
of the person and the other of the thing, sometimes retain the
Accusative of the thing in the passive.
( 380) Cause stated as a reason is often expressed by the
Accusative with ob or propter.
15. ( 502) The Accusative is sometimes called the subject of
an Infinitive.
16. ( 522) When the Future Passive Participle agrees with a
word in the accusative case with the preposition ad, the expression
14.
denotes purpose.
314
APPENDIX.
17. ( 531) The Accusative of the mpine is used after verbs of

motion to express purpose.
18. ( 106) The Ablative is used to denote Separation.
19. ( 110) With verbs expressing Separation a preposition (ab,
de. ex) is always used with persons, sometimes with things.

20. ( 166) Means and Instrument are expressed by the
lative.
21.
( 227) Accompaniment
is expressed by the Ablative
Ab
with
the preposition cum.
( 228) Manner is expressed by the Ablative with the pre

position cum ; if, however, the noun is limited by an adjective,
manner may be expressed by the Ablative without a preposition.
23. ( 278) The Ablative with the preposition in is used to
22.
express
24.
Location.
( 291) Time at or within which is expressed by the Ablar
tive.
25. ( 312) The comparative may be followed by the Ablative.
Here quam is not used.
26. ( 325) The Ablative is used with comparatives to express
the amount of difference.
27. ( 380) Real cause, source, or origin is usually expressed
by the Ablative without a preposition.
28. ( 399) The Ablative of a noun with an adjective in agree
ment is used to express quality or characteristic.
29. ( 673) A substantive and a participle, a substantive and an
adjective, or two substantives may be in the Ablative Absolute.
30.
( 27) The Vocative is the case in which is put the name of
the person addressed.

31. ( 273) Names of towns have a form called the Locative,
which expresses the idea of at.
32. ( 278) Some words not names of towns have a Locative
form, which is to be translated with at, in, or on.
AGREEMENT.
( 80) A noun and its adjective are in the same gender,
number, and case.
34. ( 96) The number and person of the verb are the same as
the number and person of the subject.
33.
APPENDIX.
315
( 311) The comparative may be followed by quam, than.

When quam is used, the two things compared are in the same
35.
case.
( 475) The relative pronoun has the same gender and num
ber as its antecedent; its case is determined by its relation to the
other words of the clause in which it stands.
36.
MOODS.
37.
( 45) The Indicative is the mood of direct assertions and
questions.
38. ( 481) The Imperative is used in commands.
39. ( 543) The Subjunctive, with or without utinam, is used
to express a wish. The negative is ng.
40. ( 549) The Subjunctive
command, entreaty.
is used to express exhortation,
( 559) The Subjunctive is sometimes used in questions im

plying doubt.
42. ( 576) Purpose may be expressed by the Subjunctive with
at. In negative clauses ne is used.
41.
43. ( 584) Purpose may be expressed by the Subjunctive with

a relative pronoun or adverb.
44 ( 589) Result is often expressed by ut or a relative with
In negative clauses ut non is used.
the Subjunctive.
45. ( 629) The verb of an indirect question is in the Subjunctive.
46. ( 635) In a clause introduced by cum expressing time, the
verb is in the Subjunctive if the Imperfect or Pluperfect tense is
used ; otherwise in the Indicative.
47. ( 642) A simple conditional sentence, implying nothing as
to the truth of the condition, has its verbs in the Indicative in both
condition and conclusion.

48. ( 648) In a less vivid future conditional sentence, which
implies doubt, the Present Subjunctive is used in both the condi
tion and the conclusion.
49. ( 653) When a conditional sentence expresses something
contrary to fact, the Imperfect Subjunctive is used in both condi
tion and conclusion to refer to present time; the Pluperfect Sub
junctive is used in both condition
time.
and conclusion to refer to past
APPENDIX.
316
TENSES.
If
primary tense is used in the main clause, a

If a secondary
primary tense is used in the dependent clause.
tense is used in the main clause, a secondary tense is used in the
50.
( 577)
dependent clause.
51. ( 495) The time expressed by the Infinitive is relative to
that of the verb on which it depends.
52. ( 512) The time expressed by the Participle is relative to
that of the verb on which it depends.
LATIN-ENGLISH
VOCABULARY.
acris, acre, adj. (stem

acri-), sharp, eager, fierce.
acerrimus, -a, -um (superlative
acer,
S (another form of ab), prep,

with abl., from, away from, by.
ab (another form of a), prep,
of acer), sharpest, very sharp,

fiercest, very fierce.
acervus, -l, m., heap.
with abl., from, away from, by.
acies, aciei, f., army, line

battle, battle array.
ab-erro, -are, -avi, -atum, wan

der from.
abs-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
acriter, adv., sharply, fiercely,

eagerly.
go away, depart.
ab-sura,
be
ab-esse,
away,
be
a-ful,
of
aculeua, -I, m., sting.

acutus, -a, -um, adj.,
distant.
ab-surdus, -a, -um, ad] , absurd,
sharp,
acute.
foolish.
ao, conj., and.
ad, prep, with ace, to, towards,
acanthis, acanthidis, f., gold
ad-aequo,
for, at, near.
acceptus, -a, -um, adj . , pleasing,

grateful, acceptable, agreeable.
accidit, -ere, accidit,
it
happens.
ac-cingo, -ere, cinxi, -cinctum,

gird.
lead to, influence.
ad-fero, adferre, attuli, adlatum, bring to.

ad-ficio, -ere, -fScI,
-fectum,
affect, visit.
ad-ligo, -are, -avi, -atum,
tie to,
bind to.
ao-cipio, -ere, oepl, -ceptum,

receive, accept.
ac-curro, -ere, -curri,
,
run
-atum,
equal.
ad-duco, -ere, -duxT, -ductum,
finch.
ac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,

approach.
-avi,
-are,
to, hasten up to.
ac-cuso, -are, -avi, -atum, ac

cuse, blame, reprove.
ad-mlratio,
admirationis,
admiration,
f.,
respect.
ad miror, -arl, -atus sum, won

der, be astonished, admire.
ad-no,
to.
-are, -avi, -atum,
swim
318
adsum
ad-sum,
be
ad-esse, ad-ful,
present.
adulans (gen. adulantis) adj.

(stem adulanti ), fawning.
adulor, ail, -atus aura, fawn.
ad-venio, -Ire, -v6ni, -veiitum,
approach.
ad ven to, -are, -avi, -atum,
proach,
ap
come near.
unsuccessful.
versum, a wound in front.

adversus, prep, with ace, to
wards, against.
ad-volo, -are, -avi, -atum.yfy to.

aedificium, -ii, n., building.
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, build.
Aedui, -drum, m. (pi.), the
a powerful tribe in
Gaul.
aeger, aegra, aegrum,
adj., ill,
sick.
Aegyptus, -i, f., Egypt.

aequor, aequoris, a., level sur
face, plain ; sea.
aequus, -a, -um, adj.,
even,
fair,
just.
aes, aeris, n., money.
aestas, aestatis, f., summer.
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, esti
mate, value.
ager, agrl, m. , field, farm, terri

tory.
rampart
of Sparta.
agmen, agminis, n. , army, army
on the march.
ago,
-ere,
Sgi,
actum, drive,
lead (e.g. vitam), pass, spend,
plead ;
engage
in
form.
in
per
agere,
do,
exsilium
agricola, -ae, tu., farmer, peas

ant.
ala, -ae, f., wing.
alacris,
alacer,
alacre,
adj.
(stem alacri-), quick, active.
Alba Longa,
Longa.
-ae,
f.,
Alba
albus, -a, -um, adj., while.

Alexaiidrl, in.,
Alexander,
Alexander, king of Mace
donia.
aliSnus, -a, -um, adj., another's,
of another.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid (aliquod), indef. pron., some,

some
one.
alius, alia, aliud (cen. alius),

adj., another, else. alius
, . . another.
. . . alius, one
alii . . . alii, some . . .
others.
Allobrogum,
Allobroges,
(pi.),
the
Allobroges,
m.
a peo
ple of Gaul.
aetas, aetatis, f., age, time. lifeAfrica, -ae, f . , Africa.
agger, aggeris, m.
Agis, Agidis, in., Agia, a king
banish.
ad-ventus, -us, in ., approach,

arrival.
ad-versus,-a,-um,adj ,adverse,
volnus
ad-
Aeduans,
alter
mound, wall,
Alpes, Alpium, f. (pi-), (stem
Alpi-),
the
Alps.
alter, altera, alterum (gen. al-
alterl
terius). the other.
alterl, some . . . the
.
.
.
others.
319
altitudo
altitudo, altitudinis,
depth.
altus, -a, -um,
f.,
height,
adj., high, tall,
lofty, deep.
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, walk,

take a walk.
at the house
of;
the works of.
aqua, -ae, f., water.
ara, -ae,
adj., more.
maid-servant.
Androclus.
angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow.

-verti,
animadvert5,
-ere,
hard,
animal, animalis, n. (stem animali-), animal.

animus, -I, m., mind, disposition,
feeling, passion; courage.
annus, -T, m., year.
ante, adv. and prep. with ace,
before.
Antiochus, -I m., Antlochus,

king, who waged war
apiary.
f.
(stem api-), bee.

ap-pareo, -ere, -paruT, -paritum,
become visible,
appear.
ap-pello, -are, -avi, -atum, name,

call.
ap-prehendo, -ere, -prehendi,

-prehensum. seize-
arduous, difficult.
area, -ae, f., open space, court

yard.
argenteus, -a, -um, adj., silver.
n., silver.
argentum,
-orum,
m. (pi.), the in
Argi,
-i,
notice.
with the Romans.

apiarium, -ii, n., bee-hive,
arbor, arboris,
tree.
arcus, -us, m., bow.
arduus, -a, -um, adj., steep,
habitants of Argos.
Ariadna, -ae, f., Ariadne.
Ariovistus,
m.,
Ariovistus,
king of the Germans.
Aristippus,
-l, m.
Aristlppus,
Greek philosopher.
arma, -orum, n. (pi.), arms.
armiger, armigeri, m., armora
m.
Androclus, -I,
think.
f.,
as
f.,
subst. and
ancilla, -ae,
amplius, indecl., used both as
altar.
Arar, Araris, m., the Saone.

arbitror, -tri, arbitratus sum,
-I,
tend, increase.
bearer.
aro, arare, aravT aratum. plow.

ars, artis,
f.
ex
f.,
aquila, -ae, f., eagle.

Aquileia, -ae, f., Aquileia,
city in northern Jtaly.
Aquitani, -orum, m. (pi.), the
A tm Haitians.
(stem arti-),
art,
skill.
arx, arcis,
amplid, -are, -avi, -Stum,
apis, apis,
in
near.
with ace, at, with,
apud, prep.
lone.
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, love.

amor, amoris, m. , love, affection.
a Syrian
approach, draw
near, among
amicitia, -ae, f . , friendship.

amicus, -I, m., friend.
a-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
-versum,
ap-probo, -are, -avi, -atum, ap

prove.
ap-propinquo, -are, -avi, -atum,
(stem arc!-), citadel.
320
aspera,
adj.,
asperum,
rough, harsh.
a-spicio, -ere, aspexi, aspectum, look at, behold.

astrum, -I, n . , star.
Atticus
m.,
(a
-i,
give heed to, listen.
auctoritatis,
authority,
auctoritas,
of Attica,
,
friend of Cicero).
-a, -um, adj.,
influence.
f
,
audacia, -ae,
boldness, auda
city.
audacter (aud&x), adv., boldly.
audax (gen. audacis), adj.
(stem audaci-), bold, daring,
rash, reckless, desperate.
audio, -ire,
hear,
-Ivi
(-ii), -itum,
-ferre,
abs-tuli,
ab-
latum, carry off, bear away.

aureus,
-a,
but, however.
-um,
adj.,
(stem avi-), bird.
avis, avis,
baca, -ae, f., berry.

barba, -ae, f., beard.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., rude,
barbarous,
savage.
beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy.

Belgae, -arum, m. (pi.),
Belgae, Belgians.
belli (locative of bellum),
gold,
golden.
aurlga, -ae, m., driver, charioteer.

aurum, -I, n., gold.
Ausidius, -ii, m., Ausidius.
the
in
war.
bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., warlike.

bellum, -T, n., war.
bene, adv. (bonus), well.
beneficium, -ii,n., benefit, kind
ness.
benignus, -a, -um, adj., kind,

benign.
bestia, -ae, f., beast, animal.
biduum, -I, n., a period of two
days, two days.
biennium, -ii, n.,
hear of, listen to.
au-fero,
autem, conj.,
auxilium, -ii, n., aid, help.

avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy,
covetous, avaricious.
a-verto, -ere, -verti, -versum,
as
atque, conj., and.

atrox (gen. atrocis), adj. (stem
atroci-), fierce, terrible.
at-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
Atticus,
Attic.
aut,
or.
Atheniensi), Athenian,
subst., a citizen of Athens.
Roman,
turn aside.
but.
Athenae, -arum, f . (pi . ), Athens.

Atheniensis,
Atheniensis,
Atheniense,
adj.
(stem
attend,
Atticus,
period
of two
years, two years.
blande, adv. gently.

blandimentum, -i, n., bland
,
at, conj.,
either
ishment, caress.
bonitas, bonitatis, f., kindness.

bonus, -a, -um, adj., good.
bos, bovis, c. ox, cow.
,
asper,
aut, conj., or; aut
a-scendo, -ere, ascendi, ascen

sum, ascend.
bos
ascendo
321
brevis
brevia, brevis.breve, adj . , (stem
brevi-), short, brief.
brevitas, bre vitatis, f . , brevity,
shortness.
m.
(pi.), the
capture.
ern Italy.
Capua, -ae, f., Capua.

caput, capitis, n. , head, source,
capital.
careo, -Sre, carui,caritum(with
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.

caedo, -ere, cecidi.caesum, kill,
abl.),
be without, want, lack.
carmen,
slay.
caelum, -I, n., sky, heaven.

Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar,
n.,
song,
poem.
calamitas, calamitatis, f., dis
seize, lay hold on.
-i,
carrus,
m., wagon, cart.
car us, -a, -um, adj., dear.
castellum,
a.., fort, redoubt.
Casticus, -I, m., Casticus,
misfortune.
of the Roman emperors.
-I,
calcar, calcaris, n. (stem calcari-), spur.

Caligula, -ae, m. , Caligula, one
Sequanian.
casu,
abl.
used
as
adv.,
by
castra, -orum, n. (pi.), camp.
Campania, -ae, f . , Campania,

a district in Central Italy.
campester, campestris, campestre, adj. (stem campestri ),
of a level field, level, fiat,
chance.
,
casus, -us, m. accident, chance,

mischance.
catena, -ae, f., chain.

caterva, -ae, f., crowd.
even.
m., plain, field.

canis, canis, c. (stem cani-;
gen. pi., canum), dog.
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, sing.
-%
cantus, -us, m., song.

capax (gen. capacis),
carminis,
caro, carnis, f . , flesh, meat.

carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptum,
a famous Roman general,
Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline.

He was
Roman who headed
a
campus,
oner.
capto, -are, -avi, -atum, seize,
a people of South
calamity,
goal.
captivus, -l, m., captive, pris
conspiracy
Cicero.
Cato, Catonis,
adj.
thwarted
m.,
Cato,
famous Roman.
(stem capaci-), large, roomy,
Cauda, -ae, f., tail.

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason.
causa, abl., for the sake of.
capacious.
capio, -ere, cSpi, captum, lake,
seize, capture.
21
by
a
Bruttii, -drum,
aster,
f.,
capra, -ae,
Britannia, -ae, f . , Britain.
Bmttians,
Capitolium, -ii, n., the Capitol

the Capitoline hill at Rome,
capillus, -l, m., hair.
322
cautus
cautus, -a, -um, adj., careful,
cautious.
cavea, -ae, f., cage.
cavi, cautum,
-ere,
cave6,
beware.
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, go,

ceteris,
celere,
adj.
(stem celeri- but genitive pi.

celerum), swift.
celeritas, celeritatis, f., swift
ness,
celerity.
celeriter, adv., quickly.

celerrime, adv. (superlative),
most quickly,
very quickly.
celo, -are, -avi,
circum. adv. and prep. with

ace, around, about, near.
circum-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, surround.
circus, -I, m., circus, race
course.
citissime,
retire, yield, cede.
celer,
colligo
-aturu,
hide,
most
(superlative),
adv.
quickly,
very quickly.
cito, adv., quickly, soon.

civis, civis, c. (stem clvi-),
citizen, fellow-citizen.
ci vitas, civitatis, f., citizen
ship, stale, nation.
-avi, -atum, cry

out, exclaim.
clamor, clSmoris, m., shout, cry,
clamo,
-are,
clamor.
conceal.
Celtae, -arum, m. (pi.), Celts.
ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, dine.
centum, indecl. num., hundred.
clangor, clangoris, m.,noise,din.

clams, -a, -um, adj., loud; clear;
certamen. certaminis, n., con
classis, classis, f . (stem classi-)
test, fight.
famous.
fleet.
facere,
assure,
inform.
f.,
certus, -a, -um, adj., certain,

sure.
cervix, cervicis, f.,
cliens,
clientis,
m.
(stem
clienti-), client, follower.
cloaca, -ae, f., sewer, drain.
Cloelia, -ae,
Cloelia.
coeml,
coemere,
co-emo,
neck.
cervus, -I, m., stag.

ceteri, -ae, -a (pi.),
adj.,
re-
cibu3. -i, m.,food. [maining, other.
Cicero, Ciceronis, in.. Vicero,

a famous Roman orator.
ciconia, -ae, f., stork.

Cineas, -ae, m., Cineas, the
friend of Pyrrhus.
cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, sur
round.
circiter, adv. and prep. with

ace, about, round about.
coemptum, purchase, buy up.

coepi, coepisse, coeptum est
(pres. system not used), began.
co-gnosco, -ere, cognovi, cogni-
tum, learn, recognize, know.

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, drive
together, gather, assemble
certiorem
noise,
com
pel, collect.
co-bortor, ail. cohortatus sum,

exhort.
col-ligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum,
collect.
328
collis
collis, collis, m. (stem colli-),
consistd
conatus, -us, m., attempt, under.

taking.
hill.
col-loco, -are, -avi, -atum, place,
con-cedo, -ere, -cSssi, -cessum,

permit, allow.
colo, -ere, colui, cultum, culti

vate, cherish, worship.
columba, -ae, f ., dove, pigeon.

com-es, comitis, c, companion,
concilium, -ii, n., council.

con-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum,
shout,
cry out.
con-dicio, condicionis,
dition,
comrade.
.,
station.
con'
terms.
com-memoro, -are, -avi, -atum,
con-do, -ere.condidi, conditum,
re
found, establish.
con-duco, -ere, -diixi, -ductum,
to mind,
late.
com-meo, -are, -avi, -atum, go,
hire.
con-fero, conferre, contull,

conlatum, bring together. se
conferre, betake one's self
con-ficio, -ere, confecl, c6nfectum, finish, complete, ac
go about, visit, resort.
f.,
com-mitto, -ere,-mlsl, missum,

join,- proelium committere,
join battle.
-movl,
-ere,
com-moveo,
-motum, move, disturb, alarm.
communis, communis, com
mune, adj. (stem communi),
common.
com-mutatio, commutationis,
complish.
con-firmo,
strengthen,
establish
assert,
con-icio, -ere, conieci, coniectum, hurl, throw, drive.
-are,
make ready,
-avi,
con iuratio, coniurationis,
-atum,
prepare, procure,
conspiracy.
-are,
con iflro,
collect.
comperio, -ire, comperi, compertatn, Jind out, learn, ascer
-avi,
f.,
-atum,
conspire.
conor, -ari, conatus sum, try,
tain.
attempt.
con-scribo, -ere,-scripsi, -scriptum, enroll, enlist.

con-sequor,
consequl, consecutus sum, pursue.
con-servo, -are, -avi, -atum,
compedis, f., fetter,
compes,
shackle.
com-pleo, -ere, complevi, completum, fill.

com-plures, complures, complura, adj. (pi.), (stem com-
spare, preserve, save.
consilium, -ii, n., plan, design.

con -sis to, -ere, -stiti, -stitum,
several, very many.
com-porto,
-are,
together,
-avi,
collect.
-atum,
,
pluri-),
bring
-avi, -atum,
declare, promise.
change.
com-paro,
-are,
call
remember,
stand,
remain.
324
statum, it is agreed, it is clear.

con-stituo, -ere, -stitul, -stitutam.,decide, determine, establish,
arrange.
consul, consults, m., consul,

chief civil officer.
consularis, consularis, con

sulate, adj. (stem consulari-),
consular, of consular rank.

consulatus, -us, in., consul
supply
pi.
dance,
abun
quantity,
forces,
troops, resources.
Corinthus, -i,
Cornelia, -ae,
cornu.
Corinth.
Cornelia.
-u, n., horn;
trumpet;
wing (of an army).

corona, -ae, f., crown, gar
land.

cottidianus, -a, -um, adj., daily.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
creber, crSbra, crebrum, adj.,

frequent.
credo, -ere, credidi, creditum,
for
the interest
of.
con-sumo, -ere, -sumpsi -sumptum, consume.

con-temno,
-ere,
-tempsi.
-temptum, despise, disdain.
con-tendo, -ere, -tend!, -tentum, hasten, strive.
con-tineo, -gre, -tinui, -tentum,
hold,
contain,
shut in, bound.
con-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum,

to
one's lot.
contra, adv. and prep. with ace,

against, on the other hand.
con-venio, -ire, -venl, -ventum.

come together,
assemble.
con-verto, -ere, -verti, -versum,

turn, cause
oon-victus,
to
turn, manozuvre.
-us, m., social in
tercourse.
crudeli-), cruel,
fierce.
cruentus,
-a,
-um, adj., bleeding,
bloody, stained with blood.
cruor, cruoris, m., gore, blood.

crus, cruris, n., leg.
cubTle, cubllis, n., (stem cubili-),
couch, bed.
culpa, -ae, i., fault, blame.

culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame.
cum, prep. with abl. with.
cum, conj., when.
cupiditas, cupiditatis, ., desire,
eagerness
-avi, -atum,
call together, convoke.
con-vocS,
adj. (stem
-are,
cupidus, -a, -um, adj., eager for,

desirous
of.
measures
(with dat.), believe, credit.

cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, burn.
creo, -are, -avi, -atum, make,
create, elect.
Creta, -ae, f., Crete.
Croesus, -I, m., Croesus.
cruciatus, -us, m., torture.
crudelis, crudelis,
crudele,
consulo, -ere, -sului, -sultum,

(with accusative) consult ;
(with dative) consult for, take
ship.
fall
copia, -ae,
f.,
con-spec tus, -us, in., sight, view.

con-spicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum, see, spy out.
con-stat, -are, constitit, con-
cupidus
f., ,f.
cSnspectus
325
cupio
cupio, oupere, cupivi (cupil),
cupitum, wish, desire.
cur, adv. , why ?
f. ,
throw down.
care, anxiety.
curia, -ae, f., senate-house.

Curius, -II, m., Curlus.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, care
for, attend to, care, heal.
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum,
currus, -us, m , chariot.
[run.
cursus, -us, m , course.
custodio. -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum,
guard,
keep.
custos, custodis,
dS-fero, deferre, detull, delatum, confer upon.

de-icio, -ere, -iSci, -iectum,
[guard.
c. guardian,
de-inde, adv., then, next.

dS-lecto, -are, -avi, -atum,
please, delight.
de-led, -ere, -lSvi, -IStum, wipe
out, put an end to, destroy.
dS-libero,
weigh,
-avi,
-Sre,
-atum,
deliberate.
de-ligo,
-ere,
-legi,
-Iectum,
select.
choose out,
de-litesco, -ere,-litui,
cura, -ae,
destringo
hide,
conceal one's self, skulk.
concerning.
debeo,
-ere,
debui, debitum,
(stem
lamed.
dSbilis,
dSbile,
dSbili-),
weak, feeble,
adj.
decern, num. adj., mdecl., ten.

decimus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
tenth.
f.,
de-currS, -ere, -cucurri or

-curri, -cursum, run down.
de-ditio, deditionis,
sur
render.
de-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,

lead away, bring down.
de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum,

defend.
from.
send down.
de-mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulctum, stroke.

dens, dentis, m
tooth.
dS-pono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
owe, ought.
dSbilis,
move
dS-mitto, -ere, -misi, missum,
-i,
m., Daedalus.
Daedalus,
damno, -are, -avi, -atum, con
demn.
dare inter se, exchange.
dS, prep, with abl., from; about,
Delphi, -Brum, m. (pi.), Delphi,

the seat of the oracle of Apollo,
de-migro, -are, -avi, -atum,
lay down, lay aside.
de-populor, -ari. depopulatus

sum, lay waste, pillage.
de-sero, -ere, -serui, -sertum,
desert, abandon.
de-sertus, -a, -um, adj., desert,
lonely.
de-spero,
-are,
despair;
-avi,
-atum,
with de, despair
of, distrust.
de-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
tum, despise
dS-stringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strictum, draw.
326
desum
defui,
deesse,
dS sum,
(with dat ),fail, oe wanting.

de-tergeo, -ere, -tgrsi, -tersum,
-avi,
-atum,
devour.
dexter, dextra, dextrum, adj.,
right.
dico. -ere, dixi, dictum, speak,
dies, diel, m. (sometimes f. in
sing.), day.
difficile, adv., with difficulty.
difflcilis, difficilis, difficile. adj.
difficili). difficult.
difficillime, adv. (superlative),

with great
difficulty.
digitus, -i, m., finger.

di-lacero, -are,
avi,
-atum,
diligens (gen. dlligentis), adj.
diligent,
diligenti),
rich.
diu, adv. , long, long time.

diutius, adv. (comp.), longer,
dives
(gen.
divitis),
adj.,
rich.
Divico, Diviconis, m., Divico,

a chief of the Helvetians.
di-vido, -ere, -visi, -visum,

divide, separate.
Divitiacus, -i, m.. JHvitiacus,
of Dumnoriz.
do, dare, dedi,
ex
change.
-ere,
docui, doctum,
teach, show.
doctrina, -ae,
learning.
dolor, dolSrls, m., grief, distress,
f.,
diligentia, -ae, f., care, dilig
datum, give,
dare inter se,
furnish.
doceo,
careful.
ence.
love.
sorrow.
contend.
di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,

send away, let go, dismissdirus, -a, -um, adj., fearful,
dire.
dis-cedo, -ere, -cSbsi. -cessum,
discipulus,
m.,
pupil.
disco, -ere, didici,
-I,
home.
dominus,
m., master, lord.
domus, -us,
(see 361), house.
dono, -are, -avi, -atum, give,
present.
donum,
n., gift, present.
-are,
dubito,
-avi, -atum,
doubt,- hesitate.
dubium, -ii, a., doubt.
-I,
depart, go away.
--.
dolus, -i, m. treachery, trickery.

domi (locative of domus), at
scholar,
,
learn.
dimico, -5re, -avi, -atum, fight,
choose,
-ISsi, -lectum,
-i,
-ere,
f.
di-ligo,
parative of dives), richer.

ditissimus, -a, -um, adj. (super
lative of dives), richest, very
a chief of the Aeduans, brother
tear in pieces.
(stem
dissimilar.
unlike,
a longer time, too long.
say, plead, tell.
(stem
dis-similis,
dissimilis,
dissimile, adj. (stem dissimili-),
ditior, ditior, ditius, adj. (com
wipe away.
deus, -I, m., god.

de-voro, -are,
dubium
ducentJ
327
ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. (pi.),

two hundred.
e-gregie,
adv.,
ex
splendidly,
cellently.
Dumnorix, an Aeduan.
duo, duae, duo, num. adj. (see
e-gregius, -a, -um, adj., splendid,

excellent.
,
m. elephant.
elephantus,
e-loquens (gen. eloquentis),
adj. (stem eloquenti-), elo
quent.
-i,
duco, -ere, dfixi, ductum, lead,

conduct, protract.
dum, conj., while.
Dumnorix,
Dumnorigis, in.,
e-mergo, -ere, -mersi, -mersum,
duodecim, num.
adj. indecl.,
twelve.
duodeviginti, num. adj. indecl.,

eighteen.
poet.
g-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, announce.

eo, ire, ivi, (ii), itum, go.
Epirus, -i, . Epirus, a province
in Greece.
epistula, -ae,
letter, epistle.
eques, equitis, m., horseman,
f
du-plico, -are, -avi, -atum,

double.
durus, -a, -um, adj., toilsome.
dux, ducis, c, leader.
emerge.
emo, -ere, emi, emptum, buy.
enim, conj. (post-positive) for.
Ennius, -ii, m., a famous Roman
come out,
283), two.
f.,
E
form of ex), prep.
with abl., from, out of.
knight.
edo, -ere, edi, esum, eat.

e-do, -ere, -didi, -ditum, give
out, put forth.
6-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
equus, -i, m., horse.
lead out.
-ire, -avi,
-atum,
weaken, enervate.
ef-fero, efferre,
extuli, elatum,
carry out.
erro, -are,
wander,
complish, effect.
-ere, -fodi, -fossum,
take
away,
(with abl.
or gen.), lack, need, want.

ego, mei, pevs. pron.
(see
/.
373),
-avi, -atum,
err,
go astray.
et, conj., and. et

.
.
.
dig, dig up.

egeo, -ere, egui,
snatch,
seize,
rescue.
ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, ac

ef-fodio,
erga, prep. with ace, towards.

e-ripio, -ere, -ripui, reptum,
et,
both
and.
etiam, conj., also, even.,
Europa. -ae, . Europe.

e-voco, are, -avi, -atum, call
ef-femino,
equester, equestris, equestre,

adj. (stemequestri-), cavalry,
equestrian.
equitatus -us, m., cavalry.
8 (another
out, summon.
328
-I,
n., example.
exemplum,
ex-eo, exire, exii, exitum, go
out from, leave.
ex ercitus, -us, m., army.
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., slight,
small.
consider,
believe.
ex-pavesco, -ere, -pavi,
fear greatly.
ex-peto, -ere, -petivi (-petii),
petitum, seek after.
ex-plorator, exploratoris, m.,
scout.
ex-ploro. -are, -avi, -atum, ex

amine, investigate.
-5v,
-atum,
storm.
-atum.
expect, await.
ex-struo, ere, -struxi, -struc-a, -um, alarmed,
frightened.
extra. adv. and prep. with ace,

without, outside of, beyond.
extremus, -a, -um, adj. farthest,

last.
drive out.
f.,
faenum,
n., hay.
f.,
fagus.
falx, falcis,
beech-tree.
(stem
falci-),
scythe, hook.
familia, -ae, f., slaves, family,

kindred.
familiaris,
m.
-is,
(stem
familiari-),
familiar ac
quaintance,
friend.
faveo. -ere, favi, fautum (with

dat.), favor, aid, be well-
feliciter, adv., happily, success

fully.
felix (gen., felicis), adj. (stem
felici-),
happy.
fenestra, -ae, f., window.
tum, build.
ex-turbo,
tunity.
disposed towards.
exsilium. -ii, n., exile.

ex-specto, -are, -avi,
ex-territus,
oppor
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
fera, -ae, f., wild beast.

fere, adv., quite, almost.
ferinus. -a, -um, adj., of wild

beasts.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear,

bring. molests ferre, take
ill, be annoyed. fertur,
said.
is
take
by
ex-pugno, -are,
f.,
it
think,
factum, -i, n., deed.

facultas, facultatis,
-i,
ex-inde, adv., then.

ex-istimo, -are, -avi, -atum,
make.
f.
out.
famous Roman.
fabula, -ae,
story, fable.
facile, adv., easily.
facilis, facilis, facile, adj. (stem
facili-), easy, unrestrained.
facio, -ere, fgci, factum, do,
-i,
claim, cry
faber, fabri, m., workman, smith.

Fabricius, -ii, in., Fabricius,
a
ex (another form of g), prep.

with abl., from, out of.
ex-animatus,-a,-um,adj.,li/i?/m.
ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, arouse,
excite.
ex-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, ex
fero
329
ferrum
n., iron.
adj.
loyalty, fidelity.
ful.
adj.,
faith-
-i,
fashion, produce.
finio, -ire, -ivi(-ii), -itum, finish,
most
bravely, very bravely.
fortiter,
adv.
(fortis),
boldly,
bravely
fortitudo, fortitudinis,
age,
fortitude.
For tuna, -ae,

goddess
cour
Fortune, the
of chance.
fossa, -ae, f., ditch, trench.
end, cease.
),
end,
finis, finis, m. (stem fini
limit, boundary; in pi. terri
fragor, oris, m., noise.

fran go, -ere, fregi,
actum,
break
tory.
flagito. -are, -avi, -atum,
de
fugio,
mand.
fleo, -ere, flSvi, fletum,
weep,
shed tears.
flexuosus, -a, -um, adj., wind

ing, deoious.
flos, floiis. ni., fiower.

flumen. flflminis n., river.
fluo, -ere, fluxl. flflxum. flow.
fluvius. -ii, m., river.
Omentum, -I, n., corn, grain.

fuga, -ae, i., flight.
fi
firmo. -are, -avi, -atum, streng

then, confirm.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm,
f.,
boring; as a noun, neighbor.

fir me, adv., strongly, firmly.
frater, fratris, m., brother.

fraud, deceit.
fraus, fraudis,
fremitus, -us, m., roaring, roar.
rumen tai ins, -a, -um, adj., of
corn, corn- res frumentaria, supply of grain, supplies.
fioitimus, -a, -um, adj., neigh
strong
I.,
f.,
filia, -ae,
daughter (dat. and
abl. pi., filiabus).
films, -ii, in., son.
filum,
n., thread, string.
fmgo, -ere, finxi, fie tum, form,
forti-), strong, bold, brave.

fortissimo, adv. (superlative),
fi
-um,
-a,
beauty.
formido, formidinis,
fear.
forte, adv. (fors),
chance.
fortis, fortis, forte, adj. (stem
fugere,
fugi,
fugitum,
flee.
fugitivus, -a, -um, adj., run-away,
fugitive.
fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, put to

flight, drive away, rout.
shine.
fulgeo, -ere, fulsi,
m.,
funis, funis,
(stem funi),
,
fidus,
shape
(stem fideli-), faithful, trusty.

fides, fidei, . confidence, faith,
form,
by
fidelis,
fidele,
spring.
forma, -ae, f.,
ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild; cruel.

festino, -are, -avi, -atum, hasten.
f.,
fertilis, fertile, adj.

(stem fertili-), fertile.
fidelis,
focus,
m., hearth, fire.
folium, -ii, n., leaf.
fons, fontis, in., fountain,
-i,
-i,
ferrum,
fertilis,
funis
rope.
Gaius
330
Hispaniensis
gratia (abl. sing.), for

Gaius, -ii, m. (when abbreviated
Gaius.
,Galba,(Ji)
written C.)
Galba, ae, ui
one of
Caesar's lieutenants; (2) one
of the chiefs of the Suessiones.
f f.,
galea, -ae,
helmet.
Gallia, -ae,
Gaul.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic,
the sake
of
gratus,
-a, -um,
adj., pleasing,
grateful, agreeable.
gravis, gravis, grave, adj. (stem
gravi-), severe.
graviter, adv., severely, harshly.
grex,
gregis,
m., flock,
herd,
drove.
of Gaul.
habeo,
Garumma, -ae,
habita, -are, -avi, -atum, dwell,

lire inhabit.
haedus, -i, m., kid.
Hannibal,
Hannibalis,
m.,
Hannibal, a famous Car
f.
divinity, guardian deity.

gens, gentis,
(stem genti-),
tribe.
Germans.
Germanus,
-a,
m.
(pi.), the
-um, adj.,
Ger
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, bear,
(war),
f.,
gladius, -ii, ro., sword.

glorygloria, -ae,
gracilis, gracilis, gracile, adj
gracili-),
graceful,
(stem
slender.
Graeci, -orum, m (pi), the

Greeks.
Graecia, -ae,
Greece.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek.
gratia, -ae, f., favor, influence.
f.,
haud, adv
arena.
spear.
not,
no means.
Helvetii, -orum, m
man.
vmge
general.
vetians,
the
HeU
people of Gaul.
herba, -ae,
grass.
heri, adv., yesterday.
hiberna, -orum, n. (pi.), winterquarters.
hie, haec, hoc (gen. huius), de

mon, pron., this.
hie, adv., here.
hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum, win

ter, pass the winter.
hiems, hiemis, f., winter.
Spain.
Hispania, -ae,
Hispaniensis,
Hispaniensis,
Hispaniense. adj (stem Hispaniensi-) Spanish; as a
f.,
Germani, -5rum,
thaginian
harena, -ae,
hasta, ae,
gener, generi, m., son-in-law.

genius, -ii, m., genius, guardian
by
ing.
Genava, -ae, f., Geneva.
f.,
-us, in., groan, groan
f., a
gemitus,
hold; deliver.
f.,
gaudium, -ii, n., joy, pleasure.
have,
Garonne.
the
-ere, babui, habitum,
noun,
f.,
Gallus, -i, in., a Gaul.

Galli, on, in. (pi), the Gauls.
Spaniard.
331
impetrS
historia, -ae, f ., history.
iaculum, -i, n., javelin.
hodie, adv., to-day.
iam, adv., now, already.
respect.
f.,
honoro, are,-avi -arum, honor.

hour.
hora, -ae,
Horatius, -ii, m., Horace, fa
(stem hosti-),
enemy.
-um,
humanus,
-a,
man,
refined.
adj.,
hu
humi (locative of humus), on

the
man among the Kemi, Gallic

tribe.
idem, eadem, idem (gen. eius-
dem), demon. pron., same.

idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable.
ft.
igitur, conj., therefore,

ignavia, -ae,
so, then.
cowardice.
ground.
humilis, humilis, humile, adj.

low, lowly,
(stem humili-),
humble.
humus, -i, ., ground, earth.
cowardly.
ignis, ignis,
m.
(stem igni-),
fire.
ille, ilia, illud (gen. illius), de
mon. pron., that.
imago, imaginis, ., ghost.
im-memor (gen. immemoris),

adj., with gen., unmindful, for
getful.
im-pedimentum, n., hindrance,

(pi.) baggage.
im-pedio, -ire, -ivi, (-ii), -Itum,
hinder,
embarrass,
obstruct,
impede.
imperator,
m.,
imperatoris,
empe
commander,
general
;
exhort.
hortulanus, -i, m. gardener.
hortus, -i, m., garden.
hospitis, m., host,
hospes,
c.
leading
(stem horrenti-), shaggy.

hortor, -ari, hortatus sum, urge,
hostis, hostis,
Iccius,
-i,
(gen. horrentis), adj.
guest, friend.
Icarus.
m.,
ignavus, -a, -um, adj., slothful,
mous Roman poet.
horrens
m.,
Iccius, -ii,
honestus, -a, -um, adj., hon

orable, honest.
honor, honoris, m , honor.
honorifice, adv., honorably, with
there.
f.,
integrity.
ibi, adv.,
Icarus,
-I,
homo, hominis, c, man.

honestas, honestatis, f ., honor,
historia
ror.
im-peritus, -a, -um, adj., unskil
ful.
imperium, -ii, n., command, con

lie, lie
down.
laoio, iaoere, ieci, iaotum, throw,

hurl.
empire.
im-pero, -are, -avi, -atum, com.

mand, rule over, control.
impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, gain

one's end
iaceS, -ere, iaoul,
trol, power,
obtain.
332
impetus
in-haereS
-are, -avi, -atum,
in -die
adj., active.
im-porto, -are, -avi, -atum,
in-died, -ere, -dixi,
im
port.
im-pudens (gen. impudentis),

adj. (stem impudenti-), shame
impudent.
in, prep. with ace. and abl. ; (1)

with ace, into, to, upon,against,
(2) with abl., in, on, upon.
in ammo esse (with dat.), be in
one's mind,
be
one's intention.
inanis, inanis, inane, adj. (stem
inani),
empty, vain.
in-cautus, -a, -um, ad j . , incau
tious,
careless, reckless, heed
less.
in-cendo,
-ere,
-cendi, -cen-
fire to, burn.

in-cido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, fall
into.
ln-cipio, incipere, -cepi, -cepset
tum, begin.
in-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, urge
on, rouse.
in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj., un

incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, begin,
commence.
safe, out
inco
incolumi
of danger.
then, thence.
-).
incolumis,
lume, adj. (stem
inde, adv.,
influence.
induo, -ere,
indui,
un
indutum,
put on.
in-ermis, inermis, inerme, adj.

(stem inermi-), unarmed.
in exsilium agere, banish.
in-famis, iniamis, infame, adj.
(stem infami-), ill spoken of.
In-felix (gen. infelicis), adj.

(stem infelici-), unhappy, un
successful.
inferior, inferior, inferius (gen.

inferioris), comp. adj., lower.
in-fero, inferre, intuli, inlatum,
inflict, make (war).
in-fidelis, infidelis. inndele, adj.
(stem infideli-), unfaithful.
in-fluo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxum,
flow into.
in-genium, -ii, n., spirit, talent,
character.
(stem
ingentis), adj.
unnatural,
ingenti-
(gen.
vast,
huge.
in-genuus, -a, -um, adj. inborn.

in-gratus, -a, -um, adj., un
grateful, unproductive.
in-habito, -are, -avi, -atum, in
habit.
in-haereo, -ere, -haesi, -hae,
in
habit; dwell.
in-columis,
adj.,
in-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,

induce,
lead on, bring up
great,
in-cola, -ae, c , inhabitant.

in-colo, -ere, -colui,
-um,
ignorant.
learned,
ingens
known.
-a,
wicked.
sum,
declare.
bad,
-dictum,
-a, -um, adj.,
point
indicate.
in-dootus,
im-probus,
less,
out,
5,
impetus, -us, m., attack, assault.

im-piger, impigra, impigrum,
sum, stick
to,
cling
to.
333
friendly,
enemy.
in-iquus, -a, -um, adj., uneven;
dangerous ; unjust.
in-itium, -ii, n., entrance, begin

in-iflria, -ae,
f.,
ning.
injury,
harm,
wrongdoing.
in-lustris,
inlustris,
inlustre
(stem inlustri-), adj., famous,
in matrimonium
dare, verbal
in
phrase, give
marriage.
in matrimonium diicere, ver
bal phrase, marry.
in medio oolle, adverbial phrase,
half-way up the hill.
-ere,
-nui,
in-nuo,
-nutum,
in praesentia, adverbial phrase,

just now, for the present*
iuquit (pi. inquiunt), defective
said
after one
he says, he
(Placed
intel-lego, -ere, intellexi, intel

lectual, understand.
in-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
(-tensum), apply, devote.
inter, prep, with ace, between,
among.
inter-cSdo, -ere, -cessi, cessum, intervene; intercede.

inter-diu, adv., in the daytime,
day.
inter ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,

kill, slay, put to death.
inter-icio, -ere, -ieci, -ieotum,
place between. interiectus,
intervening.
internecio, internecionis,
they say.
or
more
direct quotation.)
words of
in-rlto, -are, -avi, -atum, incite,
urge on.
ln-signe, insignia, n. (stem insigni-), mark, badge; insig

nia, (neut. pi-), uniform.
destruction, massacre, slaughter.
inter-rogo,
beckon.
verb,
insult.
on,
by
Illustrious.
In-sulto, -are, -avi, -atum, leap
-a, -um, adj., un

hostile; as a noun,
-are,
-avi, -atum,
ask.
inter se dare, verbal phrase,
ex
change.
inter-sum, interesse,
interfui,
intervene.
intra, prep, with ace, within.
intro, -are, -avi, -atum, enter.
,
in-imicus,
ipse
m-imicus
be between,
intro-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, bring in, introduce.

in-utilis, inutilis, inutile, adj.
inutili-), useless.
(stem
in-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
tum, draw up, arrange, array.

insula, -ae,
island.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum (gen. ipsius),
f.,
In-signis, insignis, inslgne, adj.

(stem Insigni-), noted, remark
able, signal.
in-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spe turn,
look at, examine, inspect.
in-struo, -ere, -atriixi, -struc-
fnd,
discover.
in-video,
-ere, -vidi,
-visum,
dat.),
envy,
(with
iocus, -i, m. (plur. also ioca,
-orum,
n), joke, jest.
demon, pron., self, he, very.
334
Ira
latebrosus
Ira, -ae, i., anger, wrath, ire.

is, ea, id (gen. eius), demon,
ius, iuris, n., right, Justice, law

ius iurandum, iuris iurandi. n
pron., he, that.

iste, ista, istud (gen. istius),
demon, pron., that, that (this)
iustitia, -ae,
f.,
lustus, -a, -um, adj. Just, right

eous.
iuvenis, iuvenis, c. (stem iuveni- gen. pi. iuvenum) youth,

,
ita, adv., so, thus.

Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
itaque, conj. , and so, and thus ;
young man.
therefore.
iter, itineris, n., way, route, jour

ney,
righteous
such.
Justice,
ness.
march,
passage.
iter
magnum, forced march.

iubeo, inhere, iussi, iussum,
iuventus, iuventutis, f., youth.

iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum, help,
aid
of yours,
oath.
please, gratify.
command.
order,
iucundus,
-a, -um, adj.,
sweet,
dear.
pleasant,
iudex, iudicis, c. , Judge.

iudicium, -if, n., trial, Judg
opinion.
iudico, -are, -avi, -atum,
Karthago,
Karthaginis,
f.,
Carthage.
frame made
of two spears
placed in the
with
a
third on top;
ground
under this the soldiers of a
conquered army were some
times forced to go, one at a
in
time,
token
of submis
sion.
Iulius, -il, m., Julius.

iumentum, -1, n. beast of burden.
iungo,
-ere,
Join.
iunxi,
iunctum,
Jove.
Iuia, -ae,
in.
the
Jura,
Iovis, m., Jupiter,

,
Iuppiter,
chain
of mountains between
Rhine and the Rhone
the
m.,
Labienus, one
of Caesar's lieutenants.
labor, laboris, m., labor, work,
toil.
laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, labor,

work.
labyrinthus,
m.
n., yoke,
iugum,
-i,
decide.
LabiSnus,
-t,
Judge,
-i,
ment,
labyrinth.
ISc, lactis, n., milk.

lacero, are, -avi, -atum, tear
to
pieces, rend, lacerate.

lacrima. -ae, f., tear.
lacus, -us. in., lake, pool.

laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, hurt,
harm-
laetus, -a, -um, adj., glad.

lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
latebra, -ae, f., hiding-place.

latebrosus, -a, -um, adj., hidden,
retired.
335
lateo
latui,
lateo, -8re,
lurk,
hide, be hidden.
lumen
liberalitas. liberalitatis, f ., gen
liberality.
erosity,
Latinus, -a, -um, adj., Latin.

latro, -are, -Svl, -Stum, bark.
liberi,
latus, lateris, n., side, wing.

latus,
-a, -um,
broad,
adj.,
libero, -are, -avi, -atum,
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, praise.

laus, laudis, C, praise, glory,
fame.
legatio, legationis, f . , legation,
liberty.
f.,
set free,
freedom,
licet, -ere, licuit or licitum est,

permitted.
lignum,
n., wood, fire wood.
limen, liminis, n., threshold.
limus, -i, m., mud.
LingonSs, -um, m.
dor ; lieutenant.
legio, legionis, f., body of sol
diers, legion.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, read.
Lemannus, -I, m., Lake of Ge
lacus),
bet
Genevan.
(stem
lente, adv., slowly, gently.

Lentulus, -I, m., Lientulus, the
son-in-law of Cicero.
leo, leonis, in., lion.
levis, levis, leve, adj.
(stem
light, easy.
levo, -are, -&vi, -atum, relieve.

lex, legis, f., law.
libenter, adv., gladly, willingly.
libenter tS audio, verbal
like
to hear you.
liber, librl, m. , book.

liber, libera, liber um,
letter of the alpha
in the pi. litterae, let
ters, epistle.
locus,
m. in sg., n. in pi., place,
The masc. pi. form loci
spot.
means passages in the works of
adj.,
an author.
(See Lesson
XLI.)
longe, adv. (longus), far, far

off; greatly, much.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
lorum, -i. n., thong, leash.
Liicani, -orum. in. (pi.), the Li*.
canians,
people of Southern
Italy.
ludo, -ere, lusi, visum, play.
ludus, -i, in.. game.
Iuge5, -ere. luxi, luctum, mourn,
1
lenis, lenis. lene, adj.

leni ). gentle, slight.
leniter, adv., gently.
littera,-ae,
with
-i,
Leman,
adj.
(as
quarrel, lawsuit.
f.,
legatus, -I, m., legate, ambassa
(pi.), the
lAngones, a people of Celtic
Gaul.
lingua, -ae, f., tongue, lan
guage.
lis, litis,
(stem liti-), dispute,
f.
embassy.
free.
(pi.), chil
-i,
praiseworthy.
phrase,
free.
it
is
laudandus, -a, -um, verbal adj.,
levi-),
in.
dren.
libertas, libertatis,
wide.
neva,
-5rum,
lament.
lumen, luminis. n., light, lamp.
336
luna
luna, -an, f . , moon.
lupus, -i, m., wolf.
luscinia, -ae, f., nightingale.
lux, lucis, f., light ;
maneo, -ere, man si. mansum,
remain.
mansuetus, -a, -um,adj., tamed,
stay,
dawn, day.
gentle.
Mantua, -ae, f., Mantua.

manus, -us, f ., hand ; band of
men, troop.
Marcus, -I, in., Marcus.

mare, maris, n. (stem mari-),
M' (Manius. -ii, m.), Manius,

a Roman praenomen.
Macedo,
sea.
in.,
Macedonis,
macie confectus, -a, -um, lean,

thin.
magis, adv., more; rather.

magister, magistri, in., master,
tial,
magis tratus, -us,
tracy, civil
trate.
magis*
in.,
magis
matrimony.
office ;
duco.
-a,
ripe;
hasten.
-um,
adj., targe,
great.
maxime, adv., especially, very.

maximus, -a, -um, adj. (super
lative of magnus), largest,
greatest,
mains
maior. maior,
(gen.
maioris), adj. (comparative
of magnus), larger, greater.
male, adv. (malus), ill, badly.
male-dico. -ere, -dixi, -dictum
(with dat.), apeak ill of, abuse.
maleficus. -i, m., evil-doer.
malle,
maluT.
prefer.
malus, -a, -um, adj. , bad, wicked,
rather,
evil.
malus, -I, f., apple-tree.

mandatum, -I, n., order,
command,
mandate.
ripe,
timely.
splendid.
mission,
See
maturus, -a, -um, adj.,
magnificus, -a, -um. adj., grand,
choose
Latin poet.
mater, matris, f., mother.

matrimonium, -ii, n., marriage,
maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, make
teacher.
maid,
Marius, -ii, in., Marius.
Martialis. Martialis, in., Mar
Macedonian.
magnus,
memorla
me,
ace.
very great.
and abl. sing. of ego.
medicina, -ae, f., remedy, relief,

medicine.
medicus. -i. m., doctor, physician.
medius, -a, -um, adj., in the
middle,
mid-.
mel, mellis, n., honey.
melior, melior, melius (gen.

melioris), adj. (comparative
to bonus), better.
membrum, -i, n., member,
limb.
com
direction,
mem or
(gen. memoris), adj.,
with gen., mindful.
memoria, -ae, f., memory.
337
mille, num. adj. (pi. as noun,

milia), thousand.
minimS (minimus), adv least
,
memoria tenere, verbal phrase,

hold in memory, remember.
mens, mentis, f. (stem menti-),
not at
mind.
little, very slight.
-ere, merui,
meritum
(also mereor, -eri, meritus
sum), gain, earn, deserve,
merit.
fid,
plunge, dice.
meridianus, -a, -um, adj., mid-day.

meridiea (no genitive in use,
in.,
accusative meridiem),
mid-day,
grieves, pities.
misericordia, -ae,
noon.
Messala, -ae, in., Messala.

Metellus,
m., Xetellus.
mitis, mitis, mite, adj. (stem

miti-), gentle.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, send.
molestus, -a, -um, adj., trouble
/ear.
metis, -a, -um, adj., my, mine.

mico, -are, micui,
sparkle,
,
glitter, gleam.
depart.
soften
militia, -ae,
militari-), of
f.,
military.
military
in
the
field, in
(ii),
-itum,
pacify, calm, conciliate.
moneo, -ere, monui, monitum,

remind, warn, advise.
mons, montis, m., (stem mon-
ti-), mountain,
mountain-
chain.
monstro,
war,
-are,
-avi,
-Stum,
show.
[war.
monstrum,
service,
militiae, (locative of militia) in

war,
disagreeable,
mollio, -ire, -Ivi,
mi
mini, dat. sing, of ego.

miles, militis, in., soldier.
milia (see mille), thousands.
miliarium, -it, n., mile-stone.
militaris, militaris, militare,
adj. (stem
grievous,
some,
irksome.
migro, -are, -avi, -a tum,
pity, sym
pathy, mercy.
-i,
metuo, -ere, metui,

metus, -us, m., fear.
grate,
marvellous.
minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful.

miser, misera, miserum, adj.,
wretched, poor, miserable.
miseret, -6re, miseruit,
it
mergo,
mersum,
f.,
-ere, mersi,
no means, no.
minor, minor, minus (gen. minoris), adj., (comparative to

parvus), less, smaller.
minus, adv., less.
mirificus, -a, -um, adj., wonder.
mercliant.
mereo.
all,
minimus, -a, -um, adj. (superla

tive to parvus), least, very
mensa, -ae, f., table.

mensis, mensis, m. (stem mensi-), month.
mercator, mercatoris, in., tra
der,
morbus
by
memoria tenere
-I,
n.,
monster,
spectre.
mora, -ae, f., delay, hesitation.

morbus, -i, m., disease, illness.
military
service.
22
death.
mos, moris, m., manner, custom,

usage ; in pi., mores, customs,
name of Scipio.
natio, nationis,
nation,
Nasica, sur
in.,
-ae,
race, people,
tribe.
.
nature.
nauta, -ae, in., sailor, boatman.

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, sail
tion
multitude,
crowd.
multo, adv. (abl. of multus),
by
much, much.
-a,
-um,
adj., much,
a,
many
many.
mundus, -I, m , world, universe.
munio, -Ire, -ivl (-ii), -Itum,
build ; fortify, protect.
muuitio, munitionis, f., fortifi
cation, bulwark.
murmur, murmuris, n., moan

ing, complaint.
murus, -I, ra., wall, earthwork.
mus, muris, c. (stem muri-),
mouse.
muto, -are, -avl, -atum, change.

mutuus, -a, -um, adj., mutual,
common.
N
j.,
nam, con
for.
narro, -are, -avl, -atum, "elate,
f.
(stem
navi-),
ship.
ne, conj., not, lest, that not.

nee, and not, nor. neo .
.
nee, neither . . . nor. (See
neque.)
necessarius, -a, -um, adj., una
voidable, requisite,
necessary.
neco, -are, -avl, -atum, kill, slay,

put to death.
negotium, -ii, n., business.
nemo (dat. neminl, gen. and abl.
from nullus), m., no one.
nepos, nepotis, m., grandson.
neque, adv. and conj., and not,
nor. neque .
. neque, nei
.
number,
navis, navis,
ther
nor.
(See nee.)
Nero, Neronis, m., Jfero.

Nervii, -drum, m. (pi.), the
Ifervii, a leading tribe of
Belgic Gaul.
neuter, neutra, neutrum (gen.
neutrius), adj., neither.

nidus, -I, m., nest.
niger, nigra, nigrum,
black,
nihil, indecl. n
Nil us,
adj.,
dark.
,
mulier, mulieris, f. , woman.

multitudo,
multitudinis,
f. ,
navigate.
nothing.
Nile.
(stem nivi-), snow
m.. the
nix, nivis,
wards.
sail over,
-I,
moveo, -ere, movi, motum,

move, stir, rouse.
mox, adv., soon, soon after
tell.
Nasica,
motus, -us, in., movement, mo
be
born.
natura, -ae,
character.
multus,
nascor, nasci, natus sum,
f.,
moribundus, -a, -um, adj., dying.

morior, mori, mortuus sum, die.
mors, mortis, f. (stem morti-),
great
nix
338
moribundus
nobile,
nobilis,
nobilis,
nobili-),
(stem
adj.
fa
well-known,
noble, highborn.
nobilitas, nobilitatis, f , fame ,
high-birth ; nobility, nobles.
nobis, dat. and abl. pi. of ego.
noceo, -gre, nocui, nocitum
mous
(with dat), harm, injure, do

harm.
nocta (abl
used
as
adv.),
by
night, at night.
nolo, nolle, nolui,
wish
unwilling, refuse.
nomen, nominis, n., name.
non, adv., not.
non agin ta, num. adj., indecl.,
not, be
ninety.
nou-dum, adv., not yet.

nongenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,
nine
Oceanus
339
nobilis
nox, noctis, f. (stem nooti-),

night.
nubes,
nubis, f . (stem nubi-),
cloud.
nullus, nu.la, nullum (gen. nul

lum), adj., none, no {one), no.
numerus, -I, in., number.
nunc, adv., noio.
nunquam, adv., never.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, an
nounce, report.
nuntius, -U, m., messenger; message, news.
nutiix, nutricis, f., nurse.
6, excl.,
O.
oh,
ob, prep. with ace, towards,
to ;
for, on account of.
hundred.
obsidis.c,
non-ne,
obses,
answer is expected.)
non-nullus, -a, -um, adj.,
ob-tineo, -ere, -tinul, -tentum,
adv., not? (Used in a

question where an affirmative
(pi),
several, some.
nullus.)
non nunquam, adv.,
(See
sometimes.
noster, nostra, nostrum. adj.,

noto,
tum, shut in, bind.

hold, seize,
obtain,
take posses
sion of.
nonus, -a, -um, num. adj., ninth.

nos, nom. and ace. pi. of ego.
our, ours,
ob stringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric-
of us.
-are, -avi, -atum, mark,
note, apply to
notus. -a, -um, adj., known.
novae res, novarum rerum, f.
(pi.), revolution.
novem, num. adj., indecl., nine.
novus, -a, -um, adj., new. no
vae res, new things, revolution.
ob-vius, -a, -um, adj., in the way.

occasus, -us, m., going down,
setting. occasus solis, sun
set.
oc-cido, ere. -cidx, -cisum, kill,

slay.
oo-cupo -are -avi, -atum, seize,

hold. occupy.
oc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
meet.
-I,
one ;
some
hostage, surety.
m., the ocean, the
often
referring to the
Oceanus
sea;
Atlantic.
340
octavus, -a, -am, num. adj.,
Orgetorix,
Orgetorix,
octingenti,
-ae, -a, num. adj.
eight hundred.
octo, num. adj., indecl., eight.

octoginta, num. adj., indecl.,
eighty.
-I,
oculus,
m., eye.
olim, adv., formerly, once, once
a time,
day:
one
some
times.
f.,
omnis, omnis, omne, adj. (stem

omni-), every, all, whole.
work, aid.
opera, -ae,
opimus, -a, -um, adj., rich, fat,

choice.
oppidum, -I, n., town.

op-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, at
Orgetorigis,
origo, originis,
origin,
m.,
be
ginning.
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, adorn,

equip, deck, ornament.
oro, -are, -avi, -atum, speak,

beg, beg for, pray, plead.
ortus, -us, ru., rising. ortus
solis, sunrise.
6s, oris, n., mouth, speech, coun
tenance.
os, ossis, n.,
bone.
6s-tendo,-ere,-tendi, j-tentumshow, point out.
t-tensum,
otium, -II, n., leisure, repose.

ovis, ovis, . (stem ovi-), sheep.
eighth.
upon
parco
f.,
octavus
tack, storm, besiege.
opis, f., power, wealth;

pabulatio,
help.
best,
very well, in
the best manner.
optimus,
-a,
-um, adj. (superla
tive to bonus),
foraging, foraging expedition.
-I,
pactum,
n., agreement, man
ner, toay.
paene, adv., nearly, almost.

pagus.
m., district, canton,
village.
f.,
phecy.
oration,
speech.
orator, orator is, m., orator.

orbis, orbis, m. (stem orbi-),
circle, ring, circuit, world.
orbis terrarum, world, earth.
ordo ordinis, m., order, rank.
medii ordines, centre (of an
army).
f.,
subdue.
best.
op to. -are, -avi, -atum, choose,

wish for, desire.
opus, operis, n., work, toil.
oraculum,
n., oracle, pro
oratio. orationis,
pabulationis,
pabulum, -I, n., fodder, food.

paco, -are, -avi, -atum, pacify,
-i,
optima, adv.,
-i,
(ops),
pal us. paludis, f., swamp, marsh.
paluster,
palustris, palustre,
adj. (stem palustri-), marshy,
swampy.
par (gen. paris), adj. (stem

pari-), like, equal, like-minded.
paratus, -a, -um, adj., ready.
parco, -ere, peperci (parsi),
par sum, (parcitum), spare.
341
pareo
pareo,
-ere,
pendeo, -fire,
paritum
parui,
(with dat.), obey.

pario, -ere, peperl, partum
(paritum), produce, procure.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, prepare,
part
t direction,
parti-),
small.
finish, accomplish.
pergo, -ere, perrSxi, perrectum, advance, proceed.
periculosus, -a, -um, adj., full of
f. ,
father-land, (own)
native
place.
country,
paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, little.
(Rarely used in the singular.)
paulatim, adv., little by little.

pauper (gen. pauperis), adj.,
poor.
pax, pacis, f.. peace.

pedes, peditis, m., foot-soldier
infantry.
pecflnia. -ae, f ., wealth ; money
a sum
of money.
pedestris, pedestre,
adj. (stem pedestri-), foot.
oopiae pedestres, infantry.
peior, peior, peius (gen. peioris), adj. (comparative to ma
pedester,
lm),
worse.
(mare is
more common in prose.)
pelagus,
-i, n., sea.
lead through; construct.
per-ennis, perennis, perenne,

adj. (stem perenni-), that lasts
per-fero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum, endure.
per-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
herdsman,
pater, patris, m., father.

patienter, adv., patiently.
patientia, -ae, f., patience.
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer,
patria, -ae,
beat.
through the year, never-failing.
step.
shepherd.
permit.
strike,
per-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
partim, adv., partly.

parvus, -a, -um, adj., little,
pastor, pastoris, m.
>
penitus, adv., deeply, thoroughly.

penna, -ae, f., wing.
per, prep. with ace, through.
per-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
side.
passus, -us, in., pace,
pependi,
hang.
make ready.
pars, partis, f., (stem
per-vemo
danger, dangerous,
perilous.
periculum. -I, n., danger, peril.

per It us, -a, -um, adj., skilful.
per-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, move (thoroughly), influ
ence, induce; disturb, alarm.
Perses, -ae, m., a Persian.

perseverantia, -ae, f., perse
verance.
per-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, see through, see clearly.
per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasum, (with dat.), persuade.
per-tineo, -Sre, -tinui,
,
reach, extend ;
per-turbo,
confuse,
-are,
pertain.
-avi,
disturb,
-atum,
throw
into
confusion.
per-venio, -ire, pervenl, perventum, arrive, reach.
342
pes
pSs. pedis, m.,foot.
pessimus, -a, -um, adj., (super
lative to maids) , worst.
pestilens (gen. pestilentis), adj.

(stem pSstilenti-), unhealthy.
peto, petere, petlvl (ii), petif.,
-ae,
philoso
phy.
-I,
in., philoso
philosophus,
pher.
Fhocion, Phocionis, m., Phocion.
piger, pigra, pigrum, adj., slow,
alty.
pceta, -ae m., poet
polliceri, pollicitus
sum, promise.
pondus, ponderis, n., weight,

mass.
pono, ponere, posui, positum,

place, put, lay aside pitch.
pons, pontis, m. (stem ponti-),
bridge.
m., people.
populus,
populus, -I, f., poplar-tree.
por-rigo, -ere, -rSxi, -rectum,
laziness.
pilum, -l, n., javelin.

pingo, -ere, pinxl,
pictum,
stretch
out.
porta, -ae,
gate, door.
porto, -are, -avi, -atum,
,
f.
paint.
pi
rate.
pirus, -I, f., pear-tree.
piscis, piscis, m. (stem pisci-),
port.
call
for, ask, demand.

.
possessionis,
possessio,
posses
seizing
occupation,
sion.
be
possum, posse, potui,
Piso, Pisonis, m., Piso, a Ro
able, can
f.
applaud, approve.
plSbs, plebis,
(stem piebi-),
common people.
plenus. -a, -um, a,d].,full.

plurimus, -a, -um, adj. (superla
tive to multus), most, very
very many.
behind
back, after, afterwards.
postea, adv., afterwards.
posteritas, posteritatis, f.,

future, posterity, future
the
time.
posterus, -a, -um, adj., follow

ing, next.
postquam, conj
famous Greek philosopher.

plaudo, ere, plausl, plausum,
post, adv.. and prep, with ace,

:
placide adv., gently, quietly.

placidus, -a*, -um, adj., gentle.
Plato, Platonis, m.. Plato,
man surname.
Jish.
carry, take.
portus, -us, m., harbor,
posco, -ere, poposci,
bear,
pinus, -i, . pine-tree.

pirata, -ae, m sea-robber,
much
pen
-I,
.
,
dull, lazy.
pigritia, -ae,
p. 106, note 1.)

poena, -ae, f., punishment,
polliceor,
seek, ask, beg.
philosophia,
plus (gen. pluris), adj. (compara

tive to multus), more. (See
tum,
postremo
after,
after
that.
postremo, adv.,
at last,
finally.
343
postulo
postulo, -are, -SvT, -atum, ask,
potens
(gen. potentis), adj.

able. strong,
potenti-J.
(stem
powerful, ruling (wilh the gen
itive).
potentior, (comparative of potens), more powerful.
potestas, potestatis, f . , power,
potius, adv., rather.
-are, -avi,
throw
down,
atum,
precipi
tate.
praecipuus, -a, -um, adj.,
ex
able, noble.
praeda, -ae, f ., plunder, booty.

prae-fero praeferre, praetuli,
praelatum, prefer.
prae-ficio, -ficere, -fSd,
-fec-
tum, place in authority, appoint

in command
command, put
prae-mitto, -ere,
send
misi,
ahead,
send
-mis-
for
ward.
praemium, -ii, n., reward.

Praeneste, Praenestis, n. and f .,
Praeneste, a town of Latium.
praesentia, -ae, f., presence.

in praesentia, just now, for
the present.
prae sidium, -ii, n., guard, gar
rison.
be
before,
have charge of, command,
be
in
command.
praeter, prep. with ace, beyond,

except.
premo, premere, press!, pressum, press, press hard, pur

sue.
-ii, n., reward, pay,
pretium,
(prex, precis),
prayer,
prao darns, -a, -um, adj., honor
sum,
(with dat.),
price.
cellent, distinguished.
of
prae esse. praeful,
pass by.
praebeo, -Ere, praebuT, praebitum, offer, furnish, supply.
to
better.
prae sum,
praeter-eo, -Ire, -IvI (-ii), -itum,
opportunity.
throw,
prae-stat, -are, praestitit, prae-
statum (or praestitum), it is
demand.
prae-cipito,
proditor
f.
(usually in pi.),
entreaty.
prinio, adv. , first, at first.

primum, adv., for the first time.
primus, -a, -um, adj., first, chief.
prima luce, at early dawn.
princeps, principis, in., chief,
leader, head, head-man.
principatus, -us, m., supremacy,

headship, chief place.
prius, adv., before.

privS, -are, -avi,
-atum,
de
prive.
pro, prep. with abl. , before ; for,
as ;
for
the sake of.
pro-cedo, -ere, -cSssi, -cessum,

advance.
Procillus, -i, m., Procillus.

pro-consul,
proconsul,
proconsulis,
m.,
governor.
procul, adv ,far off, far.

proditor, proditoris, m., traitor,
betrayer.
344
proelium
proelium, -il, n., battle.
pro-fectio, profectionis, f . ,
de
parture.
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, set out.

progredior, progredi, progressus sum, advance.
prohibeo, -ere, -bibul,
bitum,
from,
keep
-hikeep
away.
pro icio, -ere,
-iSci, -iectum,
throw, hurl.
hanging down.
-misi,
-mispro-mltto, -ere,
sum, promise.
pro-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, move forward.
prope, adv., and prep, with ace,
near; nearly, almost.
propter, prep, with ace, near,
quod,
adverbial
tum, look out for.
prod-esse,
(with dat ),
f., fight,
contest,
be
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, fight.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,

adj., beautiful.
pulvis, pulveris, m., dust, pow
der.
punio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum,
punish.
puppis, puppis, f . (stem puppi),

stern
of a
ship.
-a,
adj. .
-um,
Pyrenaei montes,
the
Py
between France and Spain.

Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, a
king of Epirus, who invaded
Italy.
pro-ful,
of use, do good.
provincia,
f.,
-ae,
duty ;
province
province,
the
(Gaul).
proximus, -a, -um, adj. (super
lative; comparative propior),
nearest, next.
prudens (gen. prudentis), adj.

(stem prudenti-), fore-seeing,
wise,
-ae,
renees, the mountain range
because.
prosper, prospera, prosperum,

adj., favorable.
pro spicio, -ere, -spexl, -specpro-sum,
pugna.
Fyrenaeus,
on account of.
phrase,
prudenter, adv. prudently.

prudentia, -ae, f., prudence.
publicus, -a, -um, adj., pub
lic.
pudet, -ere, puduit, or puditum est, it shames.
puella, -ae, f . , girl.
puer, pueri, m., boy.
pugillares, -ium, m. (pi.) (stem
pugillari-), writing tablets.
battle.
promissus, -a, -um, adj., long,
propterea
quaero
prudent, skilful.
qua, adv.,
where.
quadraginta, num. adj., indec!.,

forty.
quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,
four hundred.
quaero,
-ere,
quaesitum,
quire.
quaesivi
seek,
ask,
(-ii),
in
345
qualis
qualis, qualis, quale (stem

quali-), adj., what sort, what
re-cipero
quin-decim, num. adj., indecl.,

fifteen.
quingenti, -ae, -a, num.
quamquam, conj., although.

quando, adv., when ?
quantus, -a, -um, adj., how
great.
quare (qua rS), adv., rel. and

interrog., wherefore, why.
-a, -um, num. adj.,
just as.
quassum,
,
fourth .
quasi, adv., as
quatio, -ere,
if,
quartus,
shake.
quattuor,
num.
adj., indecl.,
four.
quattuor-decim, num. adj., in
decl., fourteen.
-que, enclitic conj., and.
querela, -ae, f., complaint.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
Jive hundred.
quinquaginta, num. adj., indecl.,
fifty.
quinque, num. adj indecl., Jive.
quintua, -a, -um, num. adj.,
fifth.
quis, quae, quid, interr. pron.,

who
which
what
as.
than,
adj.,
g.,
superlatives, possible,
quam maximus, the greatest
possible; after comparatives,
e.
quam, adv., how much, how; with
kind.
quisquam, quaequam,
quam or quidquam,
quicindef.
pron., anyone, anything.

quisque, quaeque,
quicque
or quidque, indef.
pron.,
each,
every,
each
one, every
one.
quo, adv., whither.

quod, adv. and conj., because.
quo-modo, adv., how, in what
manner.
quondam, adv., once, once upon

a lime.
quoque,
adv.
and
conj.,
too,
also.
quot, adj., indecl., how many.
which, what, that.
qui-cumque,
quaecumque,
quodcumque, rel. pron., who
ever, whatever.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam,

or quoddam, indefinite pron.,
quidem, adv., indeed, even.

quiesco, -ere, quievi, quiStum,
rarus, -a, -um, adj., rare.

re-cedo, -ere, -c6ssi, -cessum,
a,
certain,
one.
snatch.
retreat, withdraw.
rest.
quietus,
certain
rana, -ae, . frog.

rapid, -ere, rapui, raptum, seize,
-a, -um,
undisturbed.
adj., quiet,
re-cipero, -are, -avi, -atum, re

gain, recover.
re-cipiS, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,

recover,
sS recipere,
take,
reliquus, -a, -um, adj., remain
betake.
one's
betake
rest of.
re-maneo, -Sre, -mansi, -man-
remain.
sum,
self.
recognitionis,
f.,
recognition.
re-motus, -a, -um, adj., remote,

retired.
hide.
go back, return.
red-imo, -ere, -emi, -emptum,

buy back, ransom.
red integro, -are, -avi, -atum,

renew.
red-itio, reditionis, f., return.

re-duco, -ere, -duxi. -ductum,
lead back.
regina, ae, f., queen.

re-fero, referre, rettull, relatum, bring back. pedem
referre, retreat.
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, rule,
reign.
re-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, bring

back, take back.
re-prehendo, -ere, -prehendi,

-prehensum, blame.
repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, re
ject, put away.
res, rei,
thing, circumstance
affair; property.
re-scindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,
cut down.
res frumentaria, rei frumentariae,
supply of grain.
re-sideo, -Sre, -sedl,
side, abide.
re-sisto, -ere,
reignty, royal power.

rego, -ere, rSxi, rectum, rule,
control.
regains. -I, m., prince.

re-linquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum,
leave, give up,
relinquish.
restiti,
-ere, -spSxi,
-spec-
tum, look back, look around.

-Sre,
re-spondeo,
-Bpondi,
respond.
-sponsum, answer,
re-sponsum, -i, n., answer, re
sponse.
res publica, rei publicae,
f.,
sove
re
resist.
re spicio,
-i, n., kingdom,
fuse.
red-do, -ere, -didi, -ditum, ren

der, make, return.
red-eo, redire, redii, reditum,
re-cuso, -are, -avi, -atum, re
back.
bring back word, report.

repente, adv., suddenly.
reperio; -ire, repperi, repertum, find, discover.
run
.
,
lie down.
re-curro, -ere, -curri,
Remits, the
ui
brother of Romulus.
Remus, -i, m. one of the Remi,
an important Gallic tribe.
re-nuntio. -are, -avi, -atum,
,
recte, adv., rightly, correctly.

re-cumbo, -ere, -cubui,
Remus,
re-condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
.
,
re-cognitio,
rSgnum,
ing,
-I,
retake,
res publica
346
re-cipiS
republic,
state.
347
re-tineo
re-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,
retain.
hold back, keep,
re-velIS, -ere, -velli, -volsum,

pull away, pull out.
re-verto, -ere, -vertl, -versum,
sagitta, -ae, f., arrow.

saltus, -us, m., leap, spring.
-vinc-
wel
(salveo). salvere,
fare.
(Seldom used
except in the imperative.)
Sammies. ium, m. (pi), (stem
Samniti-), the Samnites, a

people of Italy.
sanguis, sanguinis, in.. blood.
Santones, Santonum, in. (pi.),
the Santones,
Gallic peo
sapiens (gen sapientis), adj

wise; as
(stem sapieuti
ple.
noun, wise man
rock, cliff'.
of rus),
in
the
famous Roman general.

scriba, -ae, m clerk, scribe.
rus, ruris, n
country.
rusticus, -a, -um, adj., rustic,
rural.
country.
report,
sapientia, -ae,
wisdom.
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.
schola, -ae,
school.
scio, -ire, -ivi (-li), -itum, know.
Sclpio, Scipionis, m., Scipio,
,
m.,
rupis, f., (stem rupi-),

(locative
safely,
),
Rhine.
rosa, -ae, f., rose
rumoris
rumor.
healthy.
welcome, hail.
Rhodanus, -i, in., the Jtlione.

rideo, -5re, risi, risum, laugh.
ripa, -ae, f , bank, river-bank.
rlsus, -us, in , laughter, laugh.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, ask.
Roma, -ae, f . , Rome.
Roman us, -a, -um, adj., Ro
man.
Romulus, -i, in.. Romulus.
rumor,
salubri),
salutis,
re-voco, -are, -avi. -atum, re

coil, call back, revoke.
rex, regis, in.. king.
Rhenus, -i, in., tlie
(stem
salus,
f.,
-vinati,
tie.
f.,
-ire,
tum, bind,
rflri
saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, sav

age, cruel, Jill, grim.
sagino are, -avi, -atum, feed
salubris, salubris, salubre, adj.,
return.
re-vincio,
rupes,
sed
scribo, -ere, scrips!. scriptum,

write.
scutum, -i, n., shield.
saepe
adv
often.
ace.
(See
and abl sing. and plur.
sui.)
secundus, -a, -um, adj follow

ing, second favorable.
securis, securis, f., (stem securi-), axe..
,
Sabini, -orum, m. (pi.), the

Sabines, a people of Italy.
sacra,
sacer,
sacrum, adj.,
sacred-
se,
sed, conj.,
but.
348
sedecim
sS-decim, num. adj. indecl., six
f.,
sedition,
mu
semen
ti-),
f.
sementis,
(stem
seeding, sowing.
semper, adv., always.
senator, senatoris, m., sena
tor.
senatus, -us, m., senate.
philosopher.
senectus, senectutis,
f.,
Seneca, -ae, Seneca, a Roman

old
age.
senex, senis, in., old man.
sensim, adv., slowly, gradually.

sententia, -ae, f., opinion, pur
one's
betake
(See recipio.)
serSnus, -a, -um,
adj.,
self.
clear,
serene.
sermo, sermonis, m., talk; con
servio, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum,
(with dat.), serve.
servitus, servitutis, f., slavery,
servitude, service.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, save,
guard, preserve.
servus, -I, m., slave, servant.
sescenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.
six hundred.
sex, num. adj., indecl., six.
sexaginta, num. adj. indecl.,
sixty
sextus, -a,
pose.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, feel,
-avi -atum, sepa
rate.
sepelio, -ire, -Ivi, (-ii), sepultum, bury.

septem, num. adj., indecl., seven.
septen-decim, num. adj., in
seventeen.
septimus, -a, -um, num. adj.,
I, conj.,
sibi, dat. sing, and plur.
(See
sul.)
sic, adv., thus, so.
sicco, -Sre, -Svi, -atum,
dry,
sixth.
wipe dry.
Sicilia,
-ae,
Sicily.
sicut, adv., as, just as.

signifer, signiferi, m., standardbearer.
seventh.
septingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,

seven hundred.
septuaginta, num. adj., indecl.,
signum, -I, n signal, standard.

ensign.
silentium. -ii. n., quiet, silence.
silva, -ae,
forest, wood.
similis, similis, simile adj.,
with dat.,
(stem simili-),
,
seventy.
SSquani,
adj.,
se-paro,
num.
.,
are,
-um,
if
perceive, think.
-orum, m. (pi.), the
Sequanians,
Gaul.
secutus sum,
versation, discourse.
tiny.
sementis,
decl.,
sequi,
se recipere,
sit.
sedes, sedis, f., (stem sedi-),

seat, dwelling-place, home.
seditio, seditionis,
insurrec
tion, uprising,
sequor,
follow.
teen.
sedeo, -ere. sedl, sessum,
similis
people
of
like.
349
f. ,
simplicity.
sine, prep. with abl , without.
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum,
adj., left.
sitis, sitis, f. (stem siti-), thirst.
socer, soceri, m., father-inlaw.
Bocius, -ii, m., comrade, ally.

sol, solis, in., sun.
Boleo, -ere, solitus sum (semideponent verb),
be
accustomed,
be wont.
sollicito,
-avi,
-are,
-Stum,
sum, promise, offer.
sponsus, -i, m., lover, betrothed.

sportula, -ae,
basket.
statim, adv., immediately.
statio. stationis, i.,post, station.
statua, -ae, f., statue.
statura, -ae,
stature, size.
stilus, -l, style, (an instrument
for writing on wax-coated
tablets).
sto,
stare,
steti,
statum,
stand.
adj. (see 402), alone, only.

solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, re
lease, set free.
somnus, -I, m., sleep.

sonorus, -a, -um, adj., loud.
sonus,
in.. noise. sound.
soror, sororis,
sister.
f.,
-I,
(stem suavi-), sweet.

suaviter, adv., sweetly.
sub, prep. with
spargo, -ere, spars!, sparsum,
subito, adv., suddenly, at once.

subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden,
quick.
suffragium,
-ii, n., vole.
sui (genitive), refl. pron.,
(Re
of
the
fers to the subject
sentence and must often be
translated of him, etc
sum, esse, ful,
be, exist.
)
spero, -are, avi. -atum, hope.

spes, spei, f., hope.
spina, -ae, f., thorn.
splendidus, -a, -um, adj., splen
him
cave.
summa,
control.
-ae,
f.,
withdraw.
self of herself, of itself.
magnificent.
abl.,
of
city
in Greece.
Spartanus, -T, m., Spartan.
spatiosus, -a, -um, adj., large,
spacious.
spatium, -ii, n., space, distance,
interval; time.
specus, -us, in.
ace. and
under.
sub-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,

a
sprinkle, strew, cover.

Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta,
[}ng,
strepitus, us, m., rattling, clankstudeo, -ere, studui,

(with
dat.), desire, be eager, strive for.
studium, -ii, n., study.
stultus, -a -um, adj., foolish.
suavis, suavis, suave, adj.,
,
tempt.
solum, adv., only, alone.

solus, sola, solum (gen. solius),
did,
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, rob,

despoil.
spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spoil-
simplicitatis,
simplicitas,
f.,
simplicitas
top, supremacy,
350
defeat.
super sum, superesse, superfui,

(with dat.), be left, re
main, survive.
sup-peto, -ere, -petivi (-ii), petitum, be at hand, he in store,

available.
supplicium, -ii, n., punishment.

sus-cipio, -ere, -oepi, -ceptum,
undertake ; receive.
suspicionis,
suspicio,
trust,
suspicion.
sus-tineo,
tum,
tain,
f., dis
-tinut -ten-
-ere,
hold up, support,

endure,
sus
withstand.
suus, -a, -um, adj., his, hers, its,

their.
(Refers to the subject
See
of the sentence.
sul.)
if,
Toa
Italy.
m.,
Tarquinius Priscus,
Taruuin the Elder, the fourth
a town on the coast of
king of Rome.
taurus, -I, m., bull.
tS, ace. and abl. sing, of ML
tectum,
n., roof.
tSlum, -i, n., weapon, spear.
tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, re
frain.
temple.
templum,
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, try,
attempt.
tempus. temporis, n., time.
tenebrae, -arum,
(pi.), dark
ness.
tenui,
-6re,
teneo,
hold; seize.
tentum,
tenerum, adj.,
gentle, tender.
tento. -are, -avi, -Stum, try.
tenuis, tenuis, tenue, adj. (stem
tenera,
tenui-), slender, thin.
talentum, -I, talent, a sum of

a
thousand dol
terra, -ae,
silent.
money, about
lars.
adj
Tarentum
rentine, of
as
noun, a Tarentlne.
n., Tarentum,
Tarentum,
tener
taberna, -ae, f., shop.
tabula, -ae, f ., tablet, list, picture.
taceo, -ere, tacui, tacitum, be
-a, -um,
be
Tarentinus,
overcome,
such, so much.
-I,
pass, excel, conquer,
just as.
tanquam, adv. , as
-um,
tantus, -a,
adj so great,
,
superior, superior, superius

(gen. superioris), adj (com
parative of superus), higher.
supero, -Sre, -Svl, -atum, sur
tam, adv., so.

tamen, adv., however.
tandem, adv., at last.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum: touch.
f.
prep. d8, inflict on.
(stem
tali-), such.
-i,
with the
adj.,
tale,
take; assume, adopt
talis,
-i,
part of, top of.

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum,
est
talis,
I,
summus, -a, -um, adj., (super

lative), highest, greatest, high
terreS
earth.
terreS, -ere, terrui, territum,

frighten, alarm, terrify.
351
terri-ficus
terri-ficus, -a, -um, adj., terri
territus, -a, -um, adj., frightened,
-ere, -dflxi, -duc-
trans-duco,
tum. lead across.
scared.
terror, terroris, m., terror.

tertius, -a, -um, num. adj.,
third.
trans-eo,
transire,
transit,
transitum. go across, cross
{over), go over.
testis, testis, c. (stem testi-),

witness.
Themistocles,
Themistoclis,
ru , Themistocles,
an Athe
-i,
is
river in Italy, upon which

situated,
Rome
tigridis),
tigri), tiger.
tigris, tigris
(or
tibi, dat. sing, of tu.

timed, -ere, timul,
c.
three hundred.
num.
,/ear,
be
cowardly.
timor, timoris, m.,fear, anxiety,
adj., indecl.,
thirteen.
trSs,
trSs, tria, num. adj. pi.,
(stem
tri-),
space
of three
three.
tribus, -us. f., tribe (in Rome),

triennium, -ii, n., three years,
triginta,
a/raid of.
timidus, -a, -um, adj., timid,
years.
num.
adj.,
indecl.,
thirty.
triples (gen. triplicis), adj. (stem

triplici-), threefold, triple.
tristis, tristis, triste, adj. (stem
tristi-),
gad.
tollo, tollere, sustuli,
subla-
tum, take up, raise.
over, give up, surrender
torques, torquis, c, (stem torqui-), necklace.

tostus, -a, -um, adj., roasted.
tot, adj. indecl., so many.
totus, tota, totum, (gen. totius), adj (see 402), whole.
tracto, -are, -avi, -atum. treat.
tra-do, -ere, -didi, -ditum, hand
hand
celebrate
tri
triumph,
truncus, -I, m ., log, trunk.

trux (gen. trucis), adj. (stem
truci-), savage, fierce, stern.
tu, tui, pers. pron., thou, you.
tuba, -ae,
trumpet.
tubicen, tubicinis, m., trum
f.
worn by the ancient Romans,
umph,
peter.
Tullus Hostilius, -ii, m. Tullus
Hostilius,
the
third king of
Rome,
tum, adv. then, at that time.
turbd, -are, -avi, -atum, stir up,
,
f.,
toga, a garment
triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum,
alarm.
toga, -ae,
trans marlnus -a, -um, adj.,

Joreign, from across the sea.
trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,
tredecim,
nian commander.
Theseus,
m. Theseus.
Tiberis, Tiberis, m the Tiber,
down.
trans, prep, with ace, across,

on the other side of, over.
ble.
(stem
turbo
disturb.
352
adj .
(see
uter, utra, utrum (gen. utrlus),

,
turpis, turpis, turpe, adj. (stem

turpi-), bad, disgraceful.
turris, turris, f. (stem turri-),
tower, turret.
tussis, tussis, f. (stem tussi-),
venio
402), which (of two).
utilis, utilis, utile, adj. (stem

utili-), useful.
utinam,
adv.,
oh that
turpls
would
that
cough.
uva,
your, yours.
-ae,
utor, utl, fisus sum (with abl.),

use.
f.,
tutus, -a, -um, adj., safe, secure.

tuus, -a, -um, adj., thy, thine,
a clus
grape;
ter.
uxor, uxoris, f., wife.

fiber (gen. uberis), adj., rich,
fruitful, fertile.
ubi, adv., where t where, when?

when.
have time
ullius),
ulterior, ulterior, ulterius (gen.

ulterioris), comp. adj., far
ther.
tiltimus, a, -um, adj. (superla

tive), last, lowest, lowest part
of.
f.,
ultio, ultionis, f., vengeance.

umbra, -ae,
un-decim,
num.
un-de-viginti, num. adj., indecl.,
urbi-),
city.
with Pyrrhus.
validus, -a, -um, adj., strong,
valles, vallis,
(stem valli-),
valley.
vallum, -i, n., rampart, palisade.
vasto, -Sre, -avi, -atum. lay
vastus,
-a,
that, in order that
as,
ravage.
-um, adj., vast, im
mense, huge.
vectigal, vectigalis, n. (stem

vectigSli-), lax, tribute.
vel, adv., or.
[hunt.
venatio, venationis,
hunting,
n. poison.
venenum.
venio, venire, vein, ventum,
-i,
use, experience,
;
if.
consul during the war
f.,
402), one.
practice.
as
vinus,
come.
f.
-us, m
undique, adv., from all sides.

unquam, adv., ever.
finus, una, unum (gen. unius),
(stem
be
strong, avail, farewell.

Valerius, -ii, m., Valerius Lae-
waste, pillage,
nineteen.
ut, conj
for.
vacuus, -a, -um, adj., idle.

vadum,
n., shoal, ford.
valeo, -6re, valui, valitum,
f.
adj., indecl.,
eleven.
urbs, urbis,
empty;
stout.
shade, shadow.
num. adj., (see
be
-J,
villus, ulla, ullum (gen.

adj , (see 402), any.
iisus,
vaco, -are, -avi, -atum,
353
ver, veris, n., spring.

verber, verberis, n. (sing, rare),
voco
victua, -us, m., food; way

life.
-i,
vicus,
m., village.
video, -ere, vidi, visum, see;
whip, blow, stripe.
verbero, -are, -avi, -atum,
beat,
verbum, -I, n., word.

verum, veri, n., truth.
verum, conj , but.
verus, -a, -um, adj., true.
m.,
Vesontio,
Vesontionis,
Vesontio (Besan9on), a town
in Gaul.
vigilia,
vespere, adv. in the evening.

Testa.
Vesta, -ae,
vester, vestra, vestrum, adj.,
villa, -ae,
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, watch,

guard, watch through, spend in
watching.
viginti,
f.,
vincio, -ire,
adj.,
indecl.,
country-seat,
villa.
vinxl, vinctum,
bind.
vinco, -ere, viol, victum, con
more
quer.
vestis, vestis, f., (stem vesti-),
vinculum, -i, n., chain, bond.

vindex, vindicia, c, defender,
garment, clothing.
veterrimus, -a, -um, adj., (su

very
num.
twenty.
persons.)
perlative
guard,
watch,
night-watch, watching.
f.,
(Of two or
your, yours.
-ae,
f.,
pass. seem.
whip.
veto,
of
vSr
vetus),
of
avenger.
vir, viri, m., man, hero.

virgo, Virginia, f., maiden, vir
gin, girl.
virtue, virtutis, f., manliness,
courage, virtue,valor, heroism.
virus, -I, n., poison.
via, vis (see 265),
(stems vi-,
viri-), power, force, violence,
oldest,
old.
-are,
vetui,
forbid.
vetuB
(gen.
vetitum,
veteris),
adj.,
old.
f.,
vetustior, vetustior, vetustius

(gen. vetustioris), adj. (com
parative to vetua), older.
vexo, -Sre, -avi, -atum, shake;
strength.
vita, -ae, f., life.

vitium, -ii, n., fault.
vito, -are, -avi, -atum,
annoy, harass.
f.,
via, -ae,
way, road, street.
viator, viatoris, m., traveller.
vicinua, -a, -um, adj., neighbor
ing, near, close at hand.
f.,
victima, -ae,
victim.
victor, victoria, m., victor,
f.,
vivo, -ere, vixi, victum,
lice.
vlvus,
living,
-a,
-um,
adj.,
alive.
vobia, dat. and abl. pi. of tu.

voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call,
conqueror.
victoria, -ae,
shun^
avoid.
victory.
summon, name.
23
354
wound,
n., crowd, people.

-are, -avl,
-atum,
ZenS
vos, nom. and ace.

of tu.
vox, vocis, f., voice, words.
pi
volgus,
volnero,
-I,
volgus
hurl.
volnus, volneris, n., wound.

will,
volo, velle, volui,
wish.
volS, -are, -avi, -atum, fly.

voltus, -us, m., face, expression,
Xerxes. Xerxis, m., Xerxes, a

king of Persia.
wish, desire.
will,
Zeno, Zenonis,
Zeno,
mous Greek philosopher.
f.,
voluntas, voluntatis,
looks, countenance.
volucris, volucris, f., (stem

volucri-), bird.
fa
ENGLISH-LATIN
The figure (1, 2,
a,
an,
usually
3, 4) placed after
not
translated;
quidam, quaedam, quoddam.
able (be), possum.

about, de, with abl. ; circum, with
ace; circiter (adv.).
absent (be), absum.
abundance, copia, -as,/.
accept, accipio, 3.
acceptable, acceptus, -a, -um;
gratus, -a, -um.
accident, casus, -us, m.

accomplish, conficio, 3; efficio,
3; perficio, 3.
accuse, accuse, 1.
across, trans. with ace.
act, ago, 3; facio, 3.
active, alacer, -cris, -ore
impi-
ger, -gra, -grum.
admonish, moneo, 2.
adopt, sumo, 3.
adorn, orno, 1.
advance, procedo, 3;
VOCABULARY.
a verb marks the conjugation.
afraid (be), timeo, 2.

Africa, Africa, -ae,/.
after, post, with ace. , postquam,
with ind.
afterwards, postea
deinde.
again, iterum;
against,
rursus.
adversus, contra,
in,
with ace.
age, aetas,
-atis,
senectus, -utis,
agreeable,
fi; old
age,
/.
acceptus,
-a,
-um;
gratus, -a, -um.

agreed (is), constat (impers.),
1.
Agrippa, Agrippa, -ae, m.

aid, auxilium, -ii, n.
aid, iuvo, 1.
alarm, timor, -oris, m.
alarm, commoveo, 2; terreo, 2.
AlbaLonga, Alba Longa, Albae
Longae, /.
all, omnis, -e; totus, -a, -um.
progre-
allow, concede,
ally, socius, -ii,
almost, fere
dior, 3.
3.
m.
paene.
adverse, adversus, -a, -um.

Aeduans, Aedui, -drum, m.
alone, solus, -a, -um

already, iam.
affair, res, rei, /.

affect, adficio, 3.
affection, amor, -oris,
also, quoque, etiam.

although, quamquam, with ind. ,'
m.
cum, with subj.
356
-I,
always, semper.
ambassador, legatus,
among, in, with abl.,
inter,
3.
4;
assume, sumo, 3.
at, in with ace. or abl.; ad, apud,
with ace.;
with names
of towns,
locative case.
1
;
Athens, Athenae, -arum,

attack, impetus, -us, m.
attack, oppugno,
adgiedior,
3.
/.
1.
1;
attempt, conatus, -us, m.

attempt, conor,
tempto,
attend (to), euro,
(with ace).
authority, auctoritas, -atis,
avail, valeo,
avoid, vi to,
away from, a, ab, with abl.,
or ex, with abl.j be away,
absum.
axe, securis, -is,
/.
-i,
1.
1;
geri,
1.
1;
2,
3;
1.
approve, probo,
approbo,
Arar, Arar, -aris, m.
Ariovistus, Ariovistus,
m.
armor-bearer, armiger, armi-
1.
/.
convoco,
animal, animal, -alis, n.

announce, nuntio,
enuntio,
annoyed (be), moleste fero, 3.
another, alius, alia, aliud; one
. . . another, alius . . . alius.
answer. responded,
withilal.
anxiety, cura, -ae,/.
any, ullus, -a, -um; aliquis,
aliqua, aliquid (aliquod).
apple-tree, mains. -i,f.
apply, intendo, 3.
approach, adventus, -us, vi.
approach, accedo,
appropinquo,
and, et; atque, ac; -que; and

so, itaque.
anger, ira, -ae,
ace.
Ascanius, Ascanius, -ii, m.

ascend, ascendo, 3.
ashamed (be), pudet, (impers.).
ask, rogo,
oro,
ask of,
ask for, peto,
quaero,
assemble, cogo, 3; convenio,
1. 2.
apud, with
m.
battle
always
m.
arms, arma, -orum, n.

army, exercitus, -us, m. agmen,
-inis, n. (on Ike march) acies,
-ei,/. (in line of battle).
-a, -um.
as, idem
/.
/.;
/.
...
basket, sportula, -ae,

battle, pugna, -ae,
proelium,
-ii, n.; battle array, acies,
-ei,
qui.
barbarous, barbarus, -a, -um.

base, turpis, -e.
/.
same
baggage, impedimenta, -orum, n.

banish, in exsilium ago, 3.
bank (of a river), ripa, -ae,
/.
3.
around, circum, with ace.

arrange, constituo, 3; instruo,
arrival, adventus, -us, m.
arrive, pervenio, 4.
arrow, sagitta, -ae,
art, ars, artis,
as, ut; sicut; pro, with abl.; cum,
with subj.
bad, malus, -a, -um; improbus,
357
of
1.
3.
3.
3
;
2;
/.
in.
bring to
Britain, Britannia, -ae,/.

broad, latus, -a, -um.
brother, frater, -tris,
build, aedifico,
m.
buy up,
with abl.
buy, emo,
by, a, ab,
coemo,
of
sign
3.
3.
4.
munio,
aedificium,
building,
-ii, n.
burn, cremo,
incendo,
but, at; autem; sed.
;
2,
/.
back word,
adfero; bring
renuntio,
1.
3.
3;
/.
gether, comporto,
confero;
back,
bring
refero bring to,
/.
1;
1
;
3,
bridge, pons, pontis,

bring, porto,
fero
bird, avis, -is,

black, niger, -gra, -grum.
1
;
break
brevity, brevitas, -atis,
best, optimus, -a, -um.

confero,
betake, recipio,
better, melior, -oris it is bet
ter, praestat,
(impers.).
between, inter with ace.
be
between, intersum.
beware (of), eaveo,
with ace.
beyond, extra, with ace.
bind, obstringo,
vincio, 4.
blame, culpa, -ac,

blame, culpo,
/.
2.
/'.
3;
brave, fortis, -e.

bravely, fortiter.
bravery, virtus, -utis,
break,
ran go,
through, perfringo,
beginning, initium, -h, n.

behold, video,
aspicio, 3.
Belgians, Belgae, -arum, m.
believe, credo,
with dat.
benefit, beneficium, -ii, n.
baca, -ae,
booty, praeda, -ae,

born (be), nascor, 3.
both, uterque, utraque, utrumque both . . . and, et . . et.
bound, contineo,
bow, arcus, -us, m.

boy, puer, pueri, m.
began, coepi {perfect).

begin, incipio,
berry,
m.
quod.
become, fid.
bed, cubile, -is, n.
beech, fagus, -i,
before, ante, with ace.
beg (for), peto,
oro,
book, liber, -bri,
-I,
burden, iumentum,
n.
beautiful, pulcher,-chra,-chrum.
because, quod quia propterea
boldness, audacia, -ae,

bond, vinculum, -i, n.
bone, os, ossis, n
be, sum.
bear, fero, 3; porto, 1.
beast, bestia, -ae, /. , beast
call
f.
be
abl.
reprehends,
boldly, audacter.
bold, audax, -ads.
Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m.

calamity, calamitas, -atis,
call, appello,
voco,
together, convoco,
1
blind, caecus, -a, -um.

blood, sanguis, -inis, m.
body, corpus, -oris, n.
/.
3.
call
call
358
back,
revoco, 1 ;
call
mind, commemoro, 1.
calm, mollio, 4.
camp, castra, -drum, n.
can, possum.
canton, pagus, -i, m.
capital, caput, -itis, n.
captive, captivus, -i, in.
capture, capio, 3.
/.
carry, porto, 1 ; fero ; carry out,

effero; carry on war, bellum
convenio,
command,
imperium,
mandatum, -i, n.
Carthage,
Karthago, -inis,
Casticus, Casticus, -i, m.
/.,
f.
Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m.

Cato, Cato, -onis, m.
cause, causa, -ae,
cavalry, equitatus, -us, m.
cavalry-man, eques, -itis, to.
equester, -tris, -tre (adj.).
chain, catena, -ae,
vincu
common, communis, -e.

common people, plebs, plebis,
companion, comes, comitis, c.
complete, conficio,
conceal, celo,
concerning, de with abl.
condition, condicio, -onis,/
confer (upon), defero,
confidence, fides, -ei,
conquer, supero,
vinco,
conqueror, victor, -oris, to.
conspiracy, coniuratio. -onis,
conspire; coniuro,
consul, consul, -is, to.
consult (for), consulo,
with
to.
3.
f.
f.
character, mores, morum, m.,

pi.
charioteer, auriga, -ae, m.
cherish, colo, 3.
chief, princeps, -ipis, m. chief
place, princip&tus, -us, m.
children,
pueri, -orum, to.
1.
1.
by
m.;
-us,
chance, casu, forte.

change, commutatio, -onis,
-
change, muto,
liberi, -orum,
to.; dux, ducis, c.
1.
casus,
/.
chance,
command, iubeo, 2; be in
command, praesum, with dot.
commander, imperator, -oris,
3.
lum, -i, n
-il, n.
to.
/.
cart, carrus,
-I,
gerere.
careless, iucautus, -a, -um.
3.
1, with ace.
stiriba, -ae, to.
client, cliens, -entis, to.

cliff, rupes, -is,/.
cloud, nubes, -is,/-.
cold, frigidus, -a, -um.
collect, cogb,
colligo,
come together,
come, venio,
3;
f.
1.
/.
clerk,
care (for), euro,
choose, deligo,
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, m.
circle, orbis, -is, m.
circumstance, res, rei,/.
citadel. arx, arcis,
citizen, civis, -is, c.
city, urbs, urbis,
clear (is), constat (impers.),
4. 4
Capua, Capua, -ae,

care, cura, -ae, /.
to
consult
3.
calm
dot.
359
consume
3.
1.
1.
Delphi, Delphi, -drum, m.

demand, flagito,
postulo,
exeo, 4.
depart, discedo,
departure, profectio, -onis,
with
deptive (of), privo,
3;
/.
-i,
habere.
1
country,
the
1,
/.
vol-
abl.
depth, altitude, -inis,

deserve, mereo,
mereor, 2.
n.
f.
crown, corona, -ae.

saevus, -a,
cruel, crudelis, -e
design, consilium, -ii, n.
desire, cupiditas, -atis,

desire, cupio,
opto,
cut (down), rescinds,
3.
m.
deo,
with dat.
1;
3;
/.
-um.
custom, mos, moris,
2;
/.
crowd, multitude, -inis,
/.;
4.
cowardice. ignavia, -ae,

cross, transeo.
/.
-utis,
-i,
/.
delight, delecto,
deliver an oration, orationem
ruri.
country-seat, villa, -ae,
virtus,
m.
courage, animus,
gus,
3.
1
;
rus,
in
-ae,
/.,
patria,
n.
vol-
2,
ruris,
deep, altus, -a, -um.

vinco,
defeat, supeio,
defend, defendo, 3.
defender, vindex, -icis, c.
deliberate, delibero,
m.
country,
deceit, fraus, fraudis,/.

decide, constituo,
deck, orno,
1.
ii,
cough, tussis, -is,/.

council, concilium,
n.
countenance, 6s, oris, n.
dear, earns, -a, -um.

death, mors, mortis,
1.
/.
1.
conversation, sermo, onis, no.

contented, contentus, -a, -um.
convoke, convoco,
Corinth, Corinthus, -\,f.
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae,
corn (grain), frumentum, -I, n.
correctly. recte.
couch, cubile, is, n.
tus, -us,
daughter, filia, -ae,/.

dawn, prima lux, primae lQcis,/.
by day,
day, dies, -ei. m. and
interdiu; two days, biduum,
one day (once), lim.
-i, .
f.;
sum-
f.
ma, -ae,
ii,
conrume, consumo, 3.
n.
control, imperiuni,
devour
stu-
volo.
f.
dangerous, periciilo.sus, -a, -um.

darkness, tenebrae, -arum,/
destroy, deleo,
destruction. internecio, -onis,/
determine, constituo, 3.
devote, intends,
devour, devoro,
2.
tidie (adv.).
Damascus, Damascus. -I,
danger. periculum -i. n.
1. 3.
daily. cottidianus, -a, -um; cot-
despicio,
3.
despise, contemno,
3;
1.
desirous (of), cupidus, -a, -um.

despair, despero,
360
die, morior, 3.
difficult, arduus, -a, -urn; diffi-
2;
-um
-a,
be
2,
with dat.
eager for, studeo,
eagerness, cupiditas, -atis,/.
eagle, aquila, -ae,/.
earn, mereo,
earth, terra, -ae,/.
easily, facile.
easy, facilis,
-e.
...
or, aut . . . aut.

either
elect, creo,
eloquent, eloquens, -entis.
embarrass, impedio, 4.
embassy, legatio, -onis,
emperor, imperator, -oris, m.
empty (be), vaco,
end, finis, -is, m.
1.
pertur
eager
;
cupidus,
Egypt, Aegyptus, -i,
ditch, fossa, -ae,/

Divico, Divico, -onis, m.
/.
3.
2.
enervate, effemino,
enlist, conscribo,
1.
7.
1.
dwelling-place, sedes, -is,/.
enough, satis.
enroll, conscribo,
1.
2,
entrance, initium, -ii, n.

with dat.
envy, invideo,
equal (make), adaequo,
err, erro,
establish, confirmo,
Europe, Europa, -ae,/
even, etiam ipse.
1.
per, with ace.

dust, pulvis, -eris, m.
duty, officium, -ii, n.
dwell, habito,
of
driver, auriga, -ae, m.

drove, grex, gregis, m.
Dumnorix, Dumnorix, -igis, m.
ace.
during {of time), sign
3.
3.
3;
drive out, exdrive away, fugo,
1.
1;
drive, ago,
[sustineo,
endure, patior,
fero, perfeio,
enemy, hostis, -is, c. inimicus,
3;
draw (sword), destringo,

draw up, instruo, 3.
3;
end, finio,
4.
1.
1.
3;
do, facio,
ago, 3.
dog, canis, -is, c.
doubt, dubito,
dove, columba, -ae,/.
1.
divide, divido,
turbo,
for,
bs,
m.
1.
disposition, animus,
distant (be), absurn.
district, pagus, -i, m.
disturb, permoveo,
-I,
with dat.
eager, acer, acris, acre
2.
diligence, diligentia, -ae,/

diligent, diligens, -entis.
diligently, diligenter.
dine, ceno, 1.
direction, pars, partis, /.
discourse, sermu, -onis, m.
discover, reperio, 4.
disgraceful, turpis, -e.
disposed (be well), faveo, 2,
each (one), quisque, quaeque,

quicque (quodque); each of
two, uterque, utraque, utrumque each other, sul.
;
-e.
-I,
cilis,
I!
/.
die
361
-oris,
(im-
to.
timor,
m.
fear, metuo,
timed, 2.
fertile, uber, -eris fertilis, -e.

few, pauci, -ae, -a.
;
-us,
-um.
excellently, optime.
1.
ficio,
far, longe by far, longe too

far, longius.
farewell, vale (sing.), valete
-ae,/
flower, flos, floris, m.

fly, volo,
fly to, advolo,
fodder, pabulum,
n.
-i,
-I,
food, cibus,
m.
foot, pes, pedis, m.
foot-soldier, pedes, peditis, m.
for, conj., nam; enim.
for, prep., sign of dat. of time,
favorable, prosper, -era, -erum.
ace.
of
ace.
pro, with abl.
forbid, veto, 1.
force, vis, vis,
with dat.
/.
-ae,
3.
follow, sequor,
space, sign
2
favor, gratia,
flock, grex, gregis, m.

flow, fluo,
flow into, iniluo,
ii,
/.
farmer, agricola, -ae, to.

farther, ulterior, -oris.
farthest, extremus, -a, -um.
father, pater, -tris, m.
father-in-law, socer, -eii, to.
fatherland, patria, -ae.
n.; culpa,
fault, vitium,
favor, faveo,
flesh, caro, carnis,/

flight, fuga, -ae,/
1
;
(plur).
primo.
flee, fugio, 3.
fleet, classis, -is,/
3.
genus, -eris, n. (stock).

famous, clarus, -a, -um; nobilis, -e.
fire, ignis, -is, to.

firm, firmus, -a, -um.
firmly, firme.
first, primus, -a, -um; for the
first time, primum; at first,
(slaves)
f.
-e.
per
fail, desum, with dat.

faith, fides, -ei,/.
faithful, fidus, -a, -um; fidelis,
conficio,
3;
finish, finio,
m.
family, familia, -ae,
repe-
1.
-I,
eye, oculus,
fill, compleo, 2.
find (out), comperio,
rio, 4.
2.
1;
1.
exchange, inter se dare,

exhort, hortor,
cohortor,
experience, usus, -us, m.
extend, pertineo,
in the
field, ager, agri, m.

field, militiae, toe.
fight, pugno, 1.
n.
4;
-T,
fidelity, fides, -ei,/.
4;
-a,
examine, Tuspicio, 3.
example, exemplum,
3.
pera.).
evil, malus,
metus,
fear,
every, omnis, -e.

evident (it is), constat,
ever, unquam.
force
ever
ob, with
362
form, facio, 3.
/.;
generosity, liberalitas, -atis,/.

Geneva, Genava, -ae,
lake
Geneva, lacus Lemannus.
;
gentle, tener, -era, -erum.

Germans, German!, -orum,
1;
4;
1;
goat, capra, -ae,

god, deus, -i, m.
/.
commeo,
goddess, dea, -ae,

gold, aurum, -I, n.
golden, aureus, -a, -um.
good, bonus, -a, -um.
government, imperium, -ii, n.
n.
grain, frumentum,
grandson, nepos, -otis, m.
great, magnus, -a, -um
-i,
/.
-I,
2.
de, with abl.
1.
frequent, creber, -bra, -brum,

friend, amicus,
m.
friendship, amicitia, -ae,/
frighten, terreo,
from, often sign of ablative
away from, a, ab, with abl.
out from, out of, e, ex, with
down from,
girl, puella, -ae,

give, dono,
do,
give in
in matrimonium
marriage,
dare; give up, rolinquo.
glory, gloria, -ae,/.
go away, abe5,
go, eo,
disced5,
go out, forth, exeo,
go back, redeo,
go across.
go back and forth,
transeo,
/.
/.
-i,
free, liber, -era, -erum.

free, libera,
freedom, libertas, -atis,
fruitful, uber, -eris.

full, plenus, -a, -um.
furnish, praebed, 2.
m.
gift, donum, -i, n.
Fortune, fortuna, -ae,

forum, foruin,
n.
found, condo, 3.
fountain, fons, fontis, m.
fraud, fraus, fraudis,/
impera-
1.
muuitio, -onis,
munio, 4.
fortitude, fortitudo, -inis,/.

fortunate, felix, -icig.
abl.
Gauls,
/.
n.
fortification,
f.
-i,
former, ille.
fortify,
Gaul, Gallia, -ae,

Galli, -orum, m.
general, dux, ducis, c.

tor, -oris, m.
tus, -a, -um.
fort, castelluin,
gate, porta, -ae,/.

gather, cogo,
,,
forces, copiae, -arum, /.

ford, vadum, -i, n.
forest, silva, -ae, /.
forgetful, immemor, -oris; obli-
grief
3.
forces
ingens,
-entis.
greater, maior, -oris,
gain, mereo, 2.
Galba, Galba, -ae,
m.
greatest, maximus,
summus, -a, -urn-
-a,
Greece, Graecia, -ae,/.

Greek, Graecus, -a, -um.
garrison, praesidium, -ii, u.
grief, dolor, -oris, m.
/.
garden, hortus, -i, m.

garland, corona, -ae,
-um;
363
guard, custodio, 4.
guardian, custos, -odis, c.

guardian deity, genius, -ii,
m.
m.
m.
hesitate, dubito,
hide, celo,
(trans.)
lateo,
grim, saevus, -a, -una.

ground (on the), humi, loc.
guard, custos, -odis, c. , praesidium, -ii, n.
herd, giex, gregis,

here, hie.
gravis, -e.
help, auxilium -ii, n.

Helvetians, Helvetii, -orum,
1.
grieves (it), miseret, 2, (impers.)

grievous, molestus,
-a, -uni ;
hurl
grieves
(intrans.).
high, altus, -a, -um.
higher, superior, -oris,
highest (part of; top of), summus, -a, um.
1.
harbor, portus, -us,
m.
hard, durus, -a, -um; difficilis, -e.
harm (do), noceo,
2, with dat.
harsh, asper, -era, -erum.

hasten, i,estino, 1 ; maturo, 1 ;
contendo, 3; hasten to, ac-
n.
n.
head
m.
1.
man, princeps, -ipis, m.

headship, principatus, -us,
heal, euro,
hear (hear of), audio, 4.
heaven, caelum, -i, n.
heavy, gravis,
4.
2.
2;
Horace, Horatius, -ii, m.

horn, cornu. -ii, n.
horse, equus,
in.
horseman, eques, itis, m
hostage, obses, -idis, c.
hostile, inimieus, -a, -um.
hour, hora, -ae,/.
house, domus, -us,
/.
-itis,
hay, faenum,
head, caput,
-i,
curro, 3.
have, habeo, 2.
hope, spes, spei,

hope, spero, 1.
household, familia, -ae,

how, quomodo; quam;
/.
-icis.
harass, vexo,
2;
Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, m.

happens (it), accidit (impers.), 3.
happy, beatus, -a, -um ; felix,
/.
3.
-i,
suppeto,
hand,
hail, salve (sing.), salvete (plur.)

hand, manus, -us, f. , be at
hill, collis, -is, m.

hinder, impedio,
hindrance, impedimentum, -i, n.
his, eius; illius; suus, -a, -um.
history, historia, -ae,/.
hold, habeo,
obtiteneo,
back,
hold
retineo,
neo,
home (at), domi, loc.
honor, honor, -oris, m.
honorable, honestus, -a, -um.
how
quot;
quantus, -a, -um.
many,
helmet, galea,
hurl, iacia
.ae,
conicio.
3.
huge, ingens, -cntis.

human, humanus, -a, -um.
hunter, venator, -oris, m.
-e.
heedless, incautus, -a, -um.

height, altitudo, -inis,/.
hovr
great,
lazy
364
1.
judge, iudico,
I,
ego.
if,
Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis,

si;
if not,
si non, nisi.
ill, aeger, -gra, -grum.

illustrious, clarus, -a, -urn; in-
m.
just, Justus, -a, -um.

justice, iustitia, -ae,/.
lustris, -e.
permoveo,
2.
influence, adduco,
gratia, -ae,
f.
influence, auctoritas, -atis,
/.,
2;
4;
kill,
keep away, pro-
3.
interflcio,
kindness, bonitas, -atis,/.
neco,
king, rex, regis, m.

kingdom, regnum, -i, n.
knight, eques, -itis, m.
know, scio,
cognosco, 3.
known, notus,
-a, -um.
/.
ager,
2;
agri,
m.
/.,
latter, hie, haec, hoc.

law, lex, legis,
ius, iuris, n.
lay aside, pond,
lay, pono,
lay hold on, carpo, 3; lay
waste, vasto,
1.
/.
language, lingua, -ae,

large, magnus, -a, -um.
last, extremus, -a, -um; proximus, -a, -um.
Latin, Latinus, -a, -um.
javelin, iaculum, -i, n.

join (battle), committo, 3.
journey, iter, itineris, n.
joy, gaudium, -ii, n.
judge, in lex, -icis, c.
desum.
lake, lacus, -us, m.

land, terra, -ae,
sum.
into, in, with ace.

irksome, molestus, -a, -um.
iron, ferrum, -i, n.
Italy, Italia, -ae,/.
its (own), suus, -a, -um.
m.
Labienus, Labienus,
labor, labor, -oris, m.
lack, egeo, with gen. or abl.,
-i,
2,
1;
inform, certiorem facere.

inhabit, habito,
incolo, 3.
with dat.
injure, noceo,
injury, iniuria, -ae,/.
inquire, quaero, 3.
insurrection, seditio, -onis,
intend, in animo esse, with dat.
interval, spatium, -ii, n.
intervene, intercedo, 3; inter-
retineo,
hibeo, 2.
infero.
keen, ac3r, acris, acre.

keep back,
keep, custodid,
4;
1.
immediately, statim.
import, impoi'to,
in, in, with abl.
inflict (on), sumere de, with abl.
lazy, piger, -gra, -grum.
365
lead to, adduco, 3; lead back, reduce,

3 ; lead across, transduco, 3.
lead, duco,
3, ago, 3;
leader, princeps, -ipis,
c. ;
dux,
mindful
love, amo,
diligo, 3.
low, humilis, -e.
lower, inferior, -oris.
lowly, humilis, -e.
1
;
lead
dueis, c.
learn, disco, 3.
learning, doctrina, -ae,
/.
least, minimus, -a, -um; minime,

relinquo, 3.
/.
legion, legio, -onis, /.

leisure, otium, -ii, n.
Lemau, Lemannus,
/.,
let, use subjunctive or imperative.

letter, epistula, -ae,
litterae,
-arum.
liberality, liberalitas, -litis,
m.
woman) nubo,
3.
(of a
f.
marsh, palus, -udis,

marshy, paluster, -tris, -tre.
master, dominus, -i, m. ma-
/.
like, similis,
duco;
/.
light, lux, lucis,

light, levis, -e.
m.
marriage, matrimonium, -ii, n.

marry,(q/a man)in mati'imonium
m.
/.
life, vita, -ae,
manliness, virtus, -utis,/.

Mantua, Mantua, -ae,
many, multus, -a, -um
so
many, tot.
march, iter, itineris, n. forced
march, magnum iter.
Marcus, Marcus, -i,

Marius, Marius, -ii,
lie, iaceo, 2.
lieutenant, legatus, -i,
vir, viri, m.
level, campester, -tris, -tre.
c.
m.
/.
-i,
1.
comparo,
man, homo, -inis,
less, minor, -oris.
liberty, libertas, -atis,
1;
3;
leg, crus, cruris, n.
left (be), supersum.
3;
(adv.).
leave, exeo, 4
magistracy, magistratus, -us, m.

magistrate, magistratus, -us, m.
maiden, virgo, -inis,/.
maid-servant, ancilla, -ae,
make, facio,
creo,
(war),
infero gero,
make ready,
-e.
line of battle, acies, -e\,f.

lion. leo, -onis, m.
list, tabula, -ae,
little, parvus, -a, -um.
live, habito,
vivo,
1
;
3.
f.
/.
gister, -tri, m.
means (by no), minime.
memory, memoria, -ae,
message, nuntius, -ii, in.
looks, voltus, -us, m.

love, amor, -oris, m.
look at, aspicio,

inspicio,
look out for, prospicio, 3.
;.
long, longus, -a, -um a long time,

di oflongstanding, vetus, -eris.
messenger, nuntius, -ii,
m.
military service, militia, -ae,/.

milk, lac, lactis,
n.
mind, mens, mentis,,/.; animus,

-i,
m.
mindful, memor, -oris.
366
mischance
mischance, casus, -us, m.
misfortune, calamitas, -atis,/.
money, pecunia, -ae,/.
month, mensis, -is, m.
more, plus; amplius; magis.
most, plurimus, -a, -um.
mother, mater, -tris,

mound, agger, -eris, m.
mountain, mons, montis,
c.
gerundive.
mutiny, seditio, -onis, /.

my, meus, -a, -um.
N
1.
Nammeius, Nammeius, -ii,
m.
narroTV, angustus, -a, -um.

nation, natio, -onis, f. , gens,
gentis,/.
native-place, patria, -ae,y.
with ace.
acr.
circum,
nearest, proximus, -a, -um.

-a, -um.
m.
-atis,/.
noble, nobilis, -e.

nobles, nobilitas, -atis,/.
nobody, nemo, -inis, c. (For
gen. and abl. use nullius and
niillo).
noon, meridies, -ei, m.
not, nun ; in questions, nonne.
noted, insignis, -e.
nothing, nihil or nil, n.
notice, animadverto, 3.
not yet, nondum.
;
iam.
number, numerus, -i, m.

nurse, niitrix, -icis, /.
di, n.
obey, pareo, 2, with dot.
obtain, obtineo, 2 ; potior, 4,
with abl. or gen.
occupy, occupo,
2, with gen. or abl.
neighbor, finitimus, -i,

nitima, -ae,/.
no, nullus, -a, -um.

nobility, nobilitas,
1.
ocean, oceanus,
of, sign of genitive
-i,
need, egeo,
night watch, vigilia, -ae,/.

Nile, Nilus, -i, in.
oath, ids iiirandum, iuris iuran-
ad, with ace.
necessary, necessarins,
neck, cervix, -icis, f.
neither, (conj.), neque, nee.

never, nunquam.
new, novus, -a, -um.
next, proximus, -a, -um.
night, nox, noctis, /. ; by night,
now, nunc
name, nomen, -inis, n.

name, nomino, 1 ; voco,
with
-trum.
noctu.
m.
mouth, os, oris, n.

move, moveo, 2 ; permoveo, 2;
move forward, promoveo, 2;
move from, demigro, 1.
much, multus, -a, -um; how
much, quantus, -a, -um.
multitude, multitude, -inis, /.
must, oportet, 2 (tmpera.)j use
near, prope,
neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um.

neither, (pron.), neuter, -tra,
fi-
mouse, miis, muris,
often
often, saepe.
m.
de, with abl.
367
old
plead
old man, senex,

; old age, senectus,
old, vetus, -eris ;
/.
pace, passus, -us,
older, vetustior, -oris,

oldest, veterrimus, -a, -um.
on, in with abl. ; of time, abl.
on account of, propter with ace,
formerly),
olim; quondam.
one . . . another, alius . . .
alius; the one . . . the other,
.
-i,
/.;
homines, -inum,
-igis,
m.
ornament, orno,
1.
O that, utinam.
other, alius, alia, aliud; some
others, alii . . . alii;

other of two, alter, altera,
.
alterum.
ought, debeo, 2; gerundive.
our, nostev, -tra, -trum;
men, nostri, -orum, m.
our
out
outside, extra with ace.
overcome, supers,
1; vinco,
of, e, ex, with abl.
owe, debeo, 2.
ox, bos, bovis,
permit, concedo,
patior,
is permitted, licet, 2.
perseverance,
perseverantia,
-ae,/.
with da/.
persuade, persuades,
pertain, pertineo, 2.
philosophy, pbilosophia, -ae,
pillage, vasto,
pine, pinus, -i,f.
pirate, pirata, -ae, m.
pitch (camp), pono, 3.
pity, misericordia,
m.
-ae,
pities, miseret, 2.
place, locus,
m., (neut.
plur.y
place, pono,
plan, consilium, -ii, n.
plead, ago, 3.
3.
3.
m.
3
oracle, oraculum, -i, n.

oration, oratio, -onis,/.
orator, orator, -oris, m.
order, mandatum, -I, re.
order, iubeo, 2.
Orgetorix,
Orgetorix,
f.
or, aut.
patience, patientia, -ae,/.

patiently, patienter.
Paul, Faulus, -i, m.
peace, pax, pacis, /.
pear-tree, pirus, -i,f.
m.
com
people, populus,
mon people, plebs, -is,
f.
opportunity, facultas, -atis,
passage, iter, itineris, n. ; in a

book, locus, -i, m.
passions, aniini, -drum, m.
/.
1.
alter.
only, solus, -a, -um.
opinion, sententia, -ae,
.
winter, hiemo,
/.;
alter
pacify, paco, 1.
paint, pingo, 3.
palisade, vallum, -i, re.
parent, parens, -entis, c.
part, pars, partis, /.
pass (of time), ago, 3; pass the
2,
ob with ace.
once, (one time,
m.
1.
-litis,
m.
-I,
senis,
it
in
368
3;
1,
luptas, -atis,/.
plow, aro, 1.
purpose, sententia, -ae,/

pursue, consequor, 3.
put, pono,
put on, induo,
put to flight, ugo,
put to
death, neco,
interncio,
put in command of, prae-
pleasant, gratus, -a, -um.

please, delecto, 1.
pleasing, gratus, -a, -una.
pleasure, gaudium, -ii, n. ; vo-
3;
pleasant
poem, carmen, -inis, n.
ficio, 3.
pond, lacus, -us, in.

poor, miser, -era, -erum; pau
per, -eris.
-ae,
quick, alacer, -cris,

quickly, celeriter.
-ere.
n.
-i,
1.
2;
[-um.
-i,
1.
1
;
nolo.
reign, regnum, -i, n.

reign, regno,
relate, commemoro,
riarro,
remain, maneo,
remaned,
2; 1.
supersunr, remain firm, consisto, 3.
remaining, reliquus, -a, -um.

remarkable, iusignis, -e.
remember, memoria teneo, 2.
remind, moneo,
renew, redintegro,
1.
3.
3,
-i,
f.
4.
1
;
1.
preserve, servo,
conservo,
promise, polliceor, 2.
protect, munio,
province, provincia, -ae,
prudent, prudens, -entis.
prudently, prudenter.
punish, punio, 4.
punishment, supplicium, -ii, n.
>poena, -ae,/.
m.
pupil, discipulus,
coe'mo,
purchase, emu,
refuse, reciiso,
2,
1.
prefer, malo; praefero.

prepare, comparo,
present (be), adsum; for the
present, in praeseutia.
2.
1.
3;
-a,
reach, pertineo,
pervenio, 4.
ready, paratus, -a, -um.
recall, revoco,
receive, accipio,
recipiS, 3.
recover, recipio, 3.
redoubt, castellum,
nrefrain, tempers,
1.
1.
lum,
n.
rash, audax, -acis.
ravage, vasto,
praiseworthy, laudandus,
pray, oro,
val
rather, potius.
powerful, potens, -entis.

practice, usus, -us, m.
praise, laus, laudis,/.
praise, laudo,
rampart, agger, -eris, m.
1.
regnum,
-i,
/.;
/.
-i,
poplar, populus,
possession, possessio, -onis,/
possible, quam with superlative.
power, potestas, -atis,
imperium, -ii, n. royal power,
queen, regina,
/.
poet, poeta, -ae, m.

poison, virus, -i, n.
369
report
run, curro, 3; run away, fugio,
report, nuntio, 1.
republic, res publica, rel publi-
run down, decuvro, 3.

run-away, fugitivus, -a, -um.
3
f.
rescue, eripio, 3.
resist, resists, 3.
resort, commeo, 1.
reBt (of), reliquus, -a, -um.
retake, recipio, 3.
-um ; incolumis,
safety, salus, -litis, f.
reci-
-a,
sail, navigo, 1.
sailor, nauta, -ae, m.
sake (for the), causa, with gen.
pere, 3.
return, reditio, -onis, f.

return, redeo, 4.
revolution, novae res, f.
reward, praemiuin, -ii, n.
Rhine, Rhenus, -i, m.
Rhone, Rhodanus, -i, m.
rich, dives, -itis.
richer, ditior, -oris.
richest, ditissimus, -a, -um.
right, ius, iuris, n.
same, idem, eadem, idem.
Saone, Arar, Araris, m.

save, servo, 1, conservo, 1.
say, dico, 3.
f.
-i,
scholar, discipulus,
m.
school, scbola, -ae,
scout, explorator, -oris, m.
-inis, n. , fluvius, -ii, m.

road, via, -ae, /. ; iter, itineris,
see, video,
rob, spolio, 1, with abl. of thing.

Roman, Romanus, -a, -um.
Rome, Roma, -ae,f.
Romulus, Romulus, -i, m.
after, expeto,
seem, videor, 2.
n.j
3;
2;
sedition, seditio, -onis,
-i,
sea, mare, -is, n.; pelagus,

aequor, -oris, n.
secure, tiitus, -a, -um
ripe, maturus, -a, -um.

river, amnis, -is, m. ; flumen,
3;
3j
see
conspicio,
through, clearly, perspicio, 3.
seeding, sementis, -is,/.
seek, peto,
seek
quaero,
n.
1;
rough, asper, -era, -erum.

rouse, moveo, 2.
1. 3,
seize, rapio,
eripio,
capto,
select, deligo, 3.
rope, funis, -is, m.

rose, rosa, -ae, f.
occupo,
self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum sui.

senate, senatus, -us, m.
senate-house, curia, -ae,y.
rout, fugo, 1.
route, iter, itineris, n.
Rubicon, Rubico, -onis,
-e.
f.
se
-e.
3;
retreat, pedem refero;
sad, tristis,
safe, tutus,
3.
cae,
Seneca
senator, senator, -oris, m.

send, mitto,
send ahead,
forward, praemitto, 3.
m.
rude, barbarus, -a, -um.

rule, rego, 3; regn6, 1
rumor, rumor, rumoris, m.
Seneca, Seneca, -ae,

24
m.
370
separate, divido,
Sequanians,
sleep, soma us,
3.
orum,
Sequani,
slender, gracilis,
m.
-e.
slowly, lente.
plines, -ium.
severe, gravis,
Servius, Servius, -ii, m.

set fire to, incendo, 3.
set out, proficiscor, 3.
several, nonnulli, -ae, -a; com
small, parvus, -a, -um.

smith, faber, -bri, m.
snatch (away), eripio, 3.
snow, nix, nivis,/.
so, sic tani ita so great, tanso many, tot;
tus, -a, -um
so much, tantus, -a, -um.
soften, mollio,
soldier, miles, -itis, w.
some, nonnulli, -ae, -a; some
. . . others, alii . . . alii,
;
4, with dat
-e.
4.
severely, graviter.
/.
(it), pudet (impers.), 2.

sharp, acer, acris, acre ; acutus,
-a, -um.
space, spatium, -ii, n.

spare, pared,
with
dat.
conservo,
speak, dico,
oro,
loquor,
spear, hasta, -ae,
speech, oratio, -onis,
6s,
,-
pars, partis,
/.
to.
/.
aeger, -gra, -grum.
side, latus, -eris, n.
fontis,
3.
1.
1.
3;
1,
/.
-I,
sharply, acriter.
shepherd, pastor, -oris, m.
shield, scutum,
n.
ship, navis, -is,/.
short, brevis, -e.
shortness, brevitas, -atis,
shout, clamor, -oris, m.
shout, claroo,
conclamo,
show, ostendo,
doceo, 2.
shun, vi to,
shut in, contineo, 2.
Sicily, Sicilia, -ae,/.
something, aliquid.
sometimes, nun nunquam.
son, filius, -ii, m.
song, carmen, -inis, n.
son-in-law, gener, -eri, m.
soon, mox, cito.
sorrow, dolor, -oris, m.
source, caput, -itis, n.
fons,
1
;
shames
3,
shade, umbra, -ae,
3; 1.
serve, servio,
m.
oris, n.
spend (of time), ago,

spring (season), ver, veris, n.
3.
sight, conspectus, -us, m.

signal, signum, -i, n.
-a,
-um.
3.
-i,
slave, servus,
m.
slavery, servitus, -fitis,/.
interficio,
slay, need,
m.
spur, calcar, -aris, n.

spy out, conspicio, 3.
stag, cervus, -i, m.
stand, sto,
consists,
standard-bearer, signifer, -eri,
m.
3.
skilful, peritus,
(of water), fons, fontis,
2.
silent (be), taceo,

silver, argentum, -i, n.
since, cum, with subjunctive.
sick,
standard-bearer
-i,
separate
371
star
star, stella, -ae, /. ; astrum,
state, civitas, -atis,/.
statue, statua, -ae, f.
-1,
n.
steep, arduus, -a, -um.
; gradus,
w.
stern, puppis, -is, f.

stir, moved, 2.
stone, lapis, -idis, in.
store (be in), suppeto, 3.
storm, oppugno, 1.
stout, validus, -a, -um.
vires,
strengthen,
mo,
virium,
firmo,
-ocis.
sword, gladius, -ii,
/.
1 ;
(pZ.)
cOnfir-
1.
strong, validus, -a, -um ; firmus,

-a, -um ; be strong, valeO, 2.
strongly, firme.
subdue,
pacO,
suddenly, subitO, repents.

3.
suitable, iddneus, -a, -um.

sum (of money), pecunia, -ae,/.
/.
sunrise, ortus solis, m.

sunset, occasus solis,
siilis.
occasus
in.
supply,
/. .- supply
of grain, res frumentaria, f.
supply, praebeo. 2.
support, sustineo, 2.
surrender, deditio, -onis,/
surrender, trado, 3 , dedo, 3.
copia, -ae,
tablet, tabula, -ae,/.

take, capio, 3; siimo, 3; take
back, recipio, 3; take ill,
moleste fero; take by storm,
expugno, 1 ; take away from,
spolio, 1.
talent, ingenium, -ii, n.
tall, altus, -a, -um.
teach, doceo, 2.
teacher, magister, -tri, m.
tear in pieces, lacerd, 1.
such, talis, -e.
summer, aestas, -atis,

sun, sol, sdlis. in.
m.
Tarentum, Tarentum, -i, n.

tax, vectigal, -alis, n.
1.
successfully, feliciter.
suffer, patior,
swift, celer, -eris, -ere ; velox,

swiftness, celeritas, -atis,/.
stream, flumen, -inls, n.

street, via, -ae, /.
strength,
f.
tell, dico, 3; narro,
1.
-I,
m.
survive, supersum.
suspicion, suspicio, -ouis,
sustain, sustiueo, 2.
swamp, palus, -udis, f.
n.
temple, templum,
tender, tener, -era, -erum.
terms, condicio, -onis,/.
territory, fines, -ium, m.

than, sometimes not translated;
quam.
that (pron.), is, ea, id; that of

yours, iste, ista, istud; that
of his, ille, ilia, illud.
that (conj.~), ut, with subjunctive,
their, gen. pi. of is suus, -a, um.
,
-us,
-us,
surround, cingo, 3; circumvenio, 4.
stay, maneo, 2.
step, passus,
then
then, tum, deinde.
372
there
there, ibi.
therefore, itaque.
thing, res, rei,/.
puto,
traitor, proditor, -oris,

tree, arbor,
1; existimo,
sentio, 4.
1;
is,
arbitror, 1 ;
thirst, sitis, -is,/.
this, hie, haec, hoc ;
ea, id.
thou, tii.
though, cum, quamvis, with
oria,f.
trench, fossa, -ae,/.

trial, iudicium, -ii, n.
tribe (in Rome), tribus, -us,/
triple, triplex, -icis.
troops, copiae, -arum,
troublesome, molestus, -a, -um.
true, verus, -a, -um.
trumpet, tuba, -ae,
3;
3;
throw, iacio,
conicio,
confusion,
throw into
per
aetas,
/.
3.
-atis,
unarmed, inermis, -e.

under, sub, with ace. or abl.
understand, intellego,
undertake, suscipio,
uneven, iniquus, -a, -um.
3.
1.
1.
turbs,
thrust out, exturbo,
thus, sic; ita.
thy, tuns, -a, -uni.
Tiber, Tiberis, -is, m.
time, tempus, -oris, n.
truth, verum, -i, n.

try, conor,
tempto,
Tullius, Tullius, -ii, m.
1
;
through, per, with ace.
1.
/.
subj.
m.
/.
think,
very-
with names
of
timid, timidus, -a, -um.

to, sign of dative ad with ace.
towns not trans
lated.
unless, nisi,
unlike, dissimilis, -e.

unmindful, immemor, -oris,
unskilful, imperitus, -a,
toil, labor, -oris, m.

toil, laboro,
to-morrow, eras.
unsuccessful, adversus, -a, -um.

unwilling (be), nolo,
upon, in, with ace. or abl.
tongue, lingua, -ae,

too, quoque; also sign of
use, usus, -us, m.

with abl.
use, utor,
com
ace.
in with
ergS with ace.

-i,
/.
tower, turris, -is,

town, oppidum,
n.
trader, mercator, -oris, m.
valley, valles, -is,/

valor, virtus, -utis,/
vast, ingens, -entis.
very, often sign
superlative;
of
ace.
toith
touch, tango,
towards, ad
useful, utilis, -e.
parative.
tooth, dens, deutis, m.
torture, cruciatus, -us, m.
-um.
3,
/.
1.
to-day, hodie.
admodum; ipse.
when, cum quando.

where, ubi.
which, qui, quae, quod; which
-ae,
victor, victor, -Oris, m.
victory, victoria,
wood
373
victor
/.
view, conspectus, -us, m.

villa, villa, -ae, /.
village, vicus, -i, m.
violence, vis, vis,/
virtue, virtus, -utis,/.
visit (with), adficio,
of two, uter, utra, utrum.

while, dum.
white, albus, -a, -um.
whither, quo.
who, relative, qui, quae, quod;
3.
voice, vox, vocis,/.
interrogative, quis, quae, quid,
whole, totus, -a, -um.
wild
wage (war), gero, 3.

wagon, carrus, -i, m.
wall, murus, -i,
m.
; agger, -eris,
-i,
/.
/.
-entis.
wish, voluntas, -atis,

volo.
wish, cupio,
;
n.
warn, moneS, 2.
watch, vigilia, -ae,/.
water, aqua, -ae,
way, via, -ae,
iter, itineris,
(pi.).
with,
sometimes
not translated,
cum, with abl.

'withdraw, subdued, 3.
without, extra,
with ace.
-I,
1.
weaken, effemino,
n.
weapon, telum,
weep, fleo, 2.
welcome, salve (sing.); salvete
sine,
with abl.
wolf, lupus, -i,
m.
woman, mulier, -eris,

wood, lignum, -i, n.,
/.
with dat.
what, interrogative pronoun, quis,

quae, quid; interrog. adj., qui,
quae, quod what kind, sort,
careo,
withstand, sustineo, 2.
witness, testis, -is, c.
-ae,
f.
(be), favco,
2,
without (be),
2,
with abl.
well, bene,
well-disposed
quklis, -e.
winter, hiems, -is, /.; winter

quarters, hiberna, -orum, n.;
pass the winter, hiemo,
wisdom, sapientia, -ae,
wise, sapiens, -entis prudens,
1.
-a, -urn.
(of an army),
latus, -eris, n.
cornu, -u, n.
f.
warlike, bellicosus,
wing, ala, -ae,
wander away, aberro, 1.

want, volo; cupio, 3.
wanting (be), desum, with dot.
war, bellum,
n.
/.;
m.
beast, fera, -ae,
will, voluntas, -atis,/.

willingly, libenter.
win, mereo,
vinco,
3.
/.
.why, cur.
wicked, mains, -a, -um.
wide, latus, -a, -um.
silva,
374
woods
labor,
-oris, m.;
3.
wrong-doing,
iniuria, -ae, /-
year, annus,
-i,
write, scribo,
woods, silva, -ae,/.

.word, verbum, -i, n.
work,
youth
opus,
-eris, n.
terrarum,
m.
worse, peior, -oris.

worship, colo, 3.
worst, pessimus, -a, -um.

would that, utinam.
wound, volnus, -eris, n.
wound, volnero,
wretched,
1.
miser, -era, -erum.
m.; two years,
biennium, -ii, n.
yesterday, heri.
yield, cedo,
yoke, iugum, -i,
3.
work, laboro, 1.
workman, faber, -bri, m.
world, mundus, -i, m.; orbis
n.
you, tu; vos.
your, sing., tuus,
-a, -um;
vester, -tra, -tram.
youth, iuventus, -utis,/.
pi.,
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book is intended to furnish enough material for all the

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The principles of syntax are ar
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IN
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Easy Latin lessons / by Thomas B. Lindsay, George W. Rollins.

Lindsay, Thomas B. (Thomas Bond), 1853-1909.

Public Domain, Google-digitized

THE ESSEX INSTITUTE

GEORGE ARTHUR PLIMPTON

097 058 630

Easy Latin Lessons

ALLYN AND BACON

8E0RGE ARTHUR PLIKPTOM

Thomas B. Lindsay and George W.

of this book the authors have aimed to

pupil's further progress is rather hindered than

helped by burdening his memory and confusing his judgment with

The Lessons are so arranged that each one is complete in itself,

Then come Latin sentences illustrating the use of the

forms and the syntax, followed by the rule, which is an induction

The vocabulary is placed at the end,

to these general statements

The vocabularies are in all cases extremely short, and it is

mood is deferred until the pupil may be expected to be thoroughly

have been admitted only in their plainest

subject, but with an effort to make the distinctions clear.

case is recognized as having a distinct form and

made to reduce syntactical rules to single

g., the Dative with adjectives is recognized as not

serve to explain the terms

grammar to such pupils as are not already familiar with them.

The connected reading exercises have been selected and prepared

and we have tried to avoid falling into the condemnation

I. First Declension, 'Singular.

Indirect Object: Dative

Verbs, First Conjugation.

Verbs, First Conjugation. Continued

Second Declension. Continued.

Nouns or the First Declension.

Verbs, First Conjugation. Continued.

Liquid Stems in m and n

Verbs, Second Conjugation

Adjectives, Consonant Stems. Two Accusatives.

and Manner: Ablative

XXXVI., XXXVII. Third Declension. Irregular Nouns

Duo Reges Romani

Third Declension. Gender

quam, or with the Ablative

Responsum Spartani Fortis

Demonstrative Pronouns. Continued.

Genitive and Ablative

Miles Infidelis et Fidelis Canis

Conjugation. Passive Voice

Accusative with some Passive Forms

Verbs. Fourth Conjugation. Passive

Verbs. Imperative Mood. Third Conjugation

Gerund and Supine

Subjunctive Active. Continued

Subjunctive in Result Clauses

"Bonus Esse Malo"

Puer Indoctus Servus Est

CXII. Conditions contrary to Fact

Wish and Exhortation

EASY LATIN LESSONS.

The Vowels are a, e,

The Consonants are

is sometimes written for

z and y are found only