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INTRODUCTION
The Segway PT is a two-wheeled, self-balancing, battery-powered electrivehicle invented
by Dean Kamen. It is produced by Segway Inc. of New Hampshire. The name Segway is
derived from the word segue, meaning smooth transition. PT is an abbreviation for personal
transporter. Segways perform best in areas with adequate sidewalks, curb cuts at
intersections, and ramps. They are used in some theme parks by visitors and employees.
Dean Kamen, the machine's inventor, held especially high hopes for the Segway. In an
interview with Time Magazine, he claimed that his machine "will be to the car what the car
was to the horse and buggy."Although the Segway hasn't quite lived up to its hype, it's most
definitely an amazing machine. In this article, we'll find out what sets the Segway apart from
earlier vehicles, and we'll see why its inventor thought it could change the world.Unlike
a car, the Segway only has two wheels -- it looks something like an ordinary hand truck -- yet
it manages to stay upright by itself.
To move forward or backward on the Segway, the rider just leans slightly forward or
backward. To turn left or right, the rider turns the right handlebar forward or backward.If you
stand up and lean forward, so that you are out of balance, you probably won't fall on your
face. Your brain knows you are out of balance, because fluid in your inner ear shifts, so it
triggers you to put your leg forward and stop the fall. If you keep leaning forward, your brain
will keep putting your legs forward to keep you upright. Instead of falling, you walk forward,
one step at a time.The Segway does pretty much the same thing, except it has wheels instead
of legs, a motor instead of muscles, a collection of microprocessors instead of a brain and a
set of sophisticated tilt sensors instead of an inner-ear balancing system. Like your brain, the
Segway knows when you are leaning forward. To maintain balance, it turns the wheels at just
the right speed, so you move forward. The rider controls forward and backward movement
by leaning the Segway relative to the combined center of mass of the rider and Segway, by
holding the control bar closer to or farther from their body. The Segway detects the change in
the balance point, and adjusts the speed at which it is balancing the rider accordingly. On
older models, steering is controlled by a twist grip on the left handlebar, which simply varies
the speeds between the two motors, rotating the Segway PT (a decrease in the speed of the
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left wheel would turn the Segway PT to the left). Newer models enable the use of tilting the
handle bar to steer. . The speculation created an unexpected advance buzz about the product
that was, at times, hyperbolic. Steve Jobs was quoted as saying that it was "as big a deal as
the PC", though later sources quoted him as saying when first introduced to the product that
its design "sucked". John Doerr speculated that it would be more important than the Internet
1.1 History
The Segway PT was known by the names Ginger and IT before it was unveiled. Ginger came
out of the first product that used Kamen's balancing technology, the iBOT wheelchair. During
development
at
the University
of
Plymouth,
in
conjunction
with BAE
Systems and Sumitomo Precision Products, the iBot was nicknamed Fred Upstairs (after Fred
Astaire) because it can climb stairs: hence the name Ginger, after Astaire's regular film
partner, Ginger Rogers, for a successor product.
The invention, development, and financing of the Segway was the subject of a narrative
nonfiction book, Code Name Ginger (in paperback as Reinventing the Wheel), by journalist
Steve Kemper. The leak of information from that book led to speculation about the "IT"
device prior to release. The speculation created an unexpected advance buzz about the
product that was, at times, hyperbolic. Steve Jobs was quoted as saying that it was "as big a
deal as the PC", though later sources quoted him as saying when first introduced to the
product that its design "sucked". John Doerr speculated that it would be more important than
the Internet. Articles were written in major publications speculating on it being a Stirling
engine. South Park devoted an episode to making fun of the hype before the product was
released.The product was unveiled 3 December 2001, in Bryant Park, the privately managed
public park located in the New York City brought of Manhattan, on the ABC News morning
program Good Morning America
CHAPTER NO 2
INFORMATION
2.1 Technology:
The dynamics of the Segway PT are similar to a classic control problem, the inverted
pendulum. The Segway PT (PT is an initialism for personal transporter while the old
suffix HT was an initialism for human transporter) has electric motors powered by Valence
Technology phosphate-based lithium-ion batteries, which can be charged from household
current. It balances with the help of dual computers that run proprietary software, two tilt
sensors, and five gyroscopic sensors developed by BAE Systems' Advanced Technology
Centre. The servo drive motors rotate the wheels forwards or backwards as needed for
balance or propulsion. The rider controls forward and backward movement by leaning the
Segway relative to the combined center of mass of the rider and Segway, by holding the
control bar closer to or farther from their body. The Segway detects the change in the balance
point, and adjusts the speed at which it is balancing the rider accordingly. On older models,
steering is controlled by a twist grip on the left handlebar, which simply varies the speeds
between the two motors, rotating the Segway PT (a decrease in the speed of the left wheel
would turn the Segway PT to the left).
II.
III.
Strength of Material:
Frame that support the weight of person is made with the help of balancing of
shear force which require knowledge of strength of material .
Basic of Electronics:
Motor and battery that are used which require knowledge of electronics.
Machine Design:
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT WORK
Different Components used:
The following components are used in our project:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Wheel
Motor
Battery
Frame
Wooden board
Wheel
3.1 Wheel:
We use two tubeless wheel in our project. Wheels are for running the Segway. A wheel is a
circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing. The wheel is one of the
main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in
conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or
transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. . Wheels are for
running the Segway. A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an
axial bearing. The wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one
of the six simple machines
Fig No 2 : Wheels
3.2 Motor:
It is a 12V D.C Motor. Basically it is a heavy loaded vehicle wiper motor. It produces the
enough torque to rotate the tyres. We can rotate in both direction i.e. clockwise and
anticlockwise direction. It is capable of high torque and low r.p.m. motor.
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
power into mechanical power. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range,
using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings.The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all
types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to
periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce
rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing directcurrent lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its
field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools
and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and
hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
Table no 1 :Motor Specification
Sr No.
1.
2.
Name
Voltage
R.P.M.
Value
12 V
500
3.3 Battery:
An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to
an automobile. An automotive SLI battery (starting, lighting, ignition) powers the starter
motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle's engine. Automotive SLI batteries are
usually lead-acid type, and are made of six galvanic cells in series to provide a 12volt system. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Lead-acid
batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead dioxide, which are
submerged into an electrolyte solution of about 38% sulfuric acid and 62% water. This
causes
a chemical
reaction that
releases electrons,
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allowing
them
to
flow
through conductors to produce electricity. As the battery discharges, the acid of the
electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to lead sulfate. When
the battery is recharged, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead sulfate reforms into lead
dioxide and lead. With the plates restored to their original condition, the process may now be
repeated.
Battery recycling of automotive batteries reduces the need for resources required for
manufacture of new batteries, diverts toxic lead from landfills, and prevents risk of improper
disposal.
3.3.1 Battery Specification:
We use 12V battery . These battery have two terminals, one side wire is attached with
motors of separate tyres.
Fig No 5 : Battery
3.4 Frame:
Frame is the heart of our project. Mainly the Segway design is based on the frame. Firstly we
take the mild steel angle and then make a rectangular section by welding.
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Fig No 6 : Frame
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CHAPTER 4
MACHINES USED
4.1 CUTTER: Especially cutter is used to cut square shaped pipe into various dimensions
for manufacturing of Segway frame and Wheel base. A friction circular disc is used for
cutting metal parts which is operated by electricity and can be moved to any horyjontal place.
4.2 GRINDER:
It is used for grinding sharp edges of parts of segway for reducing hazard from edges.
A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine
tools used for grinding, which is a type ofmachining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting
tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via
shear deformation. Grinding is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface
quality (e.g., low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the
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b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
In this project work, we have shown bench drilling machine setup. So let us directly come to
bench drilling machine.
Bench type Drilling Machine:
It is the simplest type of drilling machine. The machine can hold drills up to 12.5mm
diameter either in a chuck or directly in the taper nose of the spindle.
The drill spindle axis is at right angle to the working table. If a hole is to be drilled at an
angle, the drilling table can be provided with a tilting mechanism.
Coming to the Project, here the drilling mechanism is operated by manual input with the help
of bevel gears. The pinion is mounted on the shaft on the same side having handle fixed at its
end. Moreover, the follower gear is fixed at right angle to the pinion in mesh.
The spindle is attached on the followers shaft. When we rotate the handle, the pinion gets
motion and transmits it to the other gear in mesh. Hence the drilling operation is done. The
working table is fixed to the base of the model. The rpm of the drill vary with the speed of
handle rotation.
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CHAPTER 5
DESIGNING AND COST OF PROJECT
Notifications :
r.p.m
Kmph
= Watt
= Torque of Motor
= Power of Motor
= width of wheel
N-m
=Newton Meter
= Volt
D.C
= Direct Current
PT
= Personal transportation
SLI
Calculations :
Power of the Motor (P)
= 17 W
R.P.M. Of Motor (n)
=500
:- We Know that
P= (2**n*T)/60
17 = (2**52*T)/60
T= 3.12 N-m
Now, we know that
T1 = 18
T2 = 44
d = 0.08 m
17
:- D = d * (T2/T1)
D = 0.08*(44/18)
D = 0.195 m
Using *d*n = *D*N
Putting all the values
*0.08*52 = *0.195*N
:-
N= 21.27 rpm
Speed of Segway :
Revolution of sprocket gear in one minute
= 21.27
Circumference of wheel
= D = 0.95 m
Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2
2
2
1
---------------2
------
D.C. Motor
Tyres
Switches
Battery
Framing
Wiring
Extra expensis
Caster wheels
Wastage
TOTAL COST
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Cost/piece
(in Rs)
600
75
30
1000
500
100
1000
100
1000
Total Cost
(in Rs)
1200
150
60
1000
500
100
1000
200
1000
5210 /-
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
At last we summarise that , our project is based on the personal transpoter by using battery
and motor .In it two wheels are used generally .
Hence we concluded that , project is quite economical as we can use it on a small distance
traveler and it is environment friendly. Our project involves lots of technical subjects as
mentioned earlier Its being a good experience to feel both theoretically and practically
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REFERENCES
www.segway.com
en.m.wikipidia.org/wiki/wheel
en.m.wikipidia.org/wiki/sprocket
en.m.wikipidia.org/wiki/motor
en.m.wikipidia.org/wiki/ segway_pt
en.m.wikipidia.org/wiki/12_volt_battery
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