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5 authors, including:
Waqar Aziz
Ghulam Abbas
16 PUBLICATIONS 31 CITATIONS
11 PUBLICATIONS 18 CITATIONS
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Erum Ahmed
Saqib Saleem
University of Toronto
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Email.1waqaraziz123@gmail.com, 2saqibsaleem2002@hotmail.com
Abstract -- OFDM systems use efficiently the broad spectrum thus meeting the current requirements of new standards laid
down by 3GPP. Along with the high data rates, it also competes with other mechanisms providing a good link quality.
However, it suffers with Sample Time Offset (STO) and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) which must be taken care of at the
receiver end. In the current work, effects of STO are studied and correspondingly different precautionary schemes are
employed in the receiver to overcome it. These schemes are compared with the help of simulations done on MATLAB.
Keywords OFDM; 3GPP; Sample Time Offset; MATLAB
1. Introduction
OFDM is one of the emerging techniques for transmitting at
higher data rates. This is possible due to the use of multiple
carriers thereby dividing the data into smaller chunks. In
addition to data rate, this satisfactorily reduces interference;
decreasing bit error rates. As a trade-off to this improved
performance, it is computationally much more expensive
[1].
Systems using OFDM have successfully met the
requirements laid down by LTE-A systems. Mobile devices
particularly cause problems in achieving the prescribed
rates due to their changing position and velocity. These
things distinguishes mobile from fixed user and to avail
these fantastic advantages, synchronization is required. To
use the sine wave for transmission, its parameters of phase
and frequency are changed. To prevent the unnecessary
change by environment, synchronization should be
performed.
DSP technology is now mature enough to implement the
OFDM using IFFT/FFT with low cost. Even further
synchronization doesn't costs a lot. In general, the timing
offset differs a bit in OFDM systems. It faces Sample Time
Offset and Symbol Time Offset (STO) [2]. The former is
the case with all single-carrier transmission. But as OFDM
groups number of samples into one entity called sample; the
STO comes to play.
Changing position means the changing distance between
transmitter and receiver. Lets say for any transmitterreceiver distance ; the phase offset in the
electromagnetic wave of frequency with wavelength is
given by
2. Effects of STO
An OFDM symbol to be sent by a transmitter constitutes of
IFFT of modulated symbols, virtual carriers and guard
interval. Guard interval, at both
start or at end, is the key to ISI removal. This technique is
much efficient but has its limitations in particular scenarios.
57
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5. Conclusion
OFDM is very popular communication technique nowadays
which provides high data rates at the cost of higher
complexity especially in synchronization. Without
synchronization, even OFDM cant outperform other
simple communication schemes. Different STO estimation
techniques are discussed with their merits and demerits
explained. It was seen that Frequency Domain STO
Estimation is most accurate.
References
61
Vitae
Waqar Aziz, Ebtisam Ahmed, Ghulam Abbas, are
students of B.E Electrical Engineering at Institute of Space
Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Currently they are
working on their Final Year Project Design and
Implementation of MIMO-OFDM System using USRP.
They have already published 3 International Journal Papers
from their work related to Final Year Project.
Saqib Saleem is currently working as a Lecturer in
Department of Electrical Engineering at Institute of Space
Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published more
that 19 International Journal and 5 International Conference
papers. His areas of interest are Channel Estimation and
Detection, Wireless Communication, DSP algorithms,
Spectrum Sensing etc.
Dr.Qamar-ul-Islam is with Department of Communication
System Engineering at Institute of Space Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan. He is currently Head of Department.
His areas of interest are Estimation and Detection Theory,
Wireless Communication and Satellite Communication.