Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I n t r o d u c t io n
T h e F ib s t E x p o n e n t ia l P r o f il e
585
586
Its
or
th e differential equation
APM-56-8
APPLIED MECHANICS
587
rocedure
:n D
e s ig n in g
x p o n e n t ia l
is k s o f t h e
ir s t
r o f il e
the radial stress o> and the tangential stress at can be represented
by the formulas
r a c t ic a l
xam ple
of
is k
e sig n
ir st
x p o n e n t ia l
r o f il e
588
ST A N D A R D T A BLE FO R D ISK S OF T H E F IR S T E X P O N E N T IA L
PR O FIL E
z
0
0.01
0.02
0 .0 3
0 .0 4
0 .0 5
0 .0 6
0 .0 7
0 .0 8
0 .0 9
0.10
0.11
0.12
0 .1 3
0 .1 4
0 .1 5
0 .1 6
0 .1 7
0 .1 8
0 .1 9
0.20
0.21
0.22
0 .2 3
0.24
0 .2 5
0 .2 6
0 .2 7
0 .2 8
0 .2 9
0 .3 0
0 .3 1
0 .3 2
0 .3 3
0 .3 4
0 .3 5
0 .3 6
0 .3 7
0 .3 8
0 .3 9
0 .4 0
0 .4 1
0 .4 2
0 .4 3
0 .4 4
0 .4 5
0 .4 6
0 .4 7
0 .4 8
0 .4 9
0 .5 0
0 .5 1
0 .5 2
0 .5 3
0 .5 4
0 .5 5
0 .5 6
0 .5 7
0 .5 8
0 .5 9
0 .6 0
0 .6 1
0 .6 2
0 .6 3
0 .6 4
0 .6 5
0.66
0 .6 7
0.68
0 .6 9
0 .7 0
0 .7 5
0 .8 0
0 .8 5
0 .9 0
0 .9 5
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1 .7 0
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2 .3 0
2 .4 0
2 .5 0
/(*)
----- CO
CO
5939100.0000
728550.0000
215255.5555
89775.0000
45420.0000
25961.1111
. 16139.6426
.
10668.7500
7389.7119
5310.0000
6100700.0000
775350.0000
223566.6666
100235.0000
52140.0000
30671.1111
19647.5199
13368.7500
9542.7982
7070.0000
3930.2012
2980.5555
2306.7290
1816.1832
1451.1135
1174.2186
960.6935
793.6180
661.1848
555.0000
5497.9696
4 225.0000
3376.5495
2746.7961
2268.8915
1899.2186
1608.4434
1376.3327
1188.6070
1035.0000
469.1427
398.6078
340.5840
292.3549
252.0000
218.0009
189.4683
164.6505
143.6336
125.5551
907.9636
801.9126
712.6055
636.7936
572.0000
516.2246
4 6 8 .2058
425.8751
389.0549
356.6661
109.9346
96.3863
84.5894
74.1617
65.2436
5 7 .3038
50.3008
4 4 .1100
3 8 .6229
3 3 .7500
328.0398
302.6362
279.9977
259.6280
241.5737
225.2043
210.4173
197.0166
184.8422
173.7500
29.4099
25.5424
2 2 .0848
18.9890
16.2139
13.7213
11.4797
9 .4 6 1 6
7 .6 4 2 0
163.6137
154.3402
145.8272
137.9965
130.7818
124.1178
117.9529
112.2390
106.9335
.
_
.
.
<n()
$1(2)
CO
1.0000
1.0000
989.8500
346.2690
186.4090
119.6920
84.6203
6 3 .5 7 9 0
9 .8007
440.2156
3 3 .2304
2 7 .9 5 8 7
1016.7878
365.5067
202.2745
133.5710
97.1567
7 5 .1387
60.6103
50.4292
42.9563
37.2783
1.0080
1.0161
1.0243
1.0326
1.0409
1.0493
1.0577
1.0662
1.0748
1.0835
1.0054
1.0107
1.0162
1.0216
1.0271
1.0327
1.0383
1.0439
1.0496
1.0550
1.0923
9 .0 5 2 9
8 .1 9 3 5
32.8409
29.2935
26.4017
2 4 .0079
21.9987
2 0 .2 9 2 0
18.8269
17.5584
16.4544
15.4765
14.6142
13.8467
13.1603
12.5417
11.9843
11.4787
11.0175
10.5975
1.0610
1.0668
1.0727
1.0785
1.0845
1.0904
1.0964
1.1025
1.1086
1.1147
9(e)
102.0000
CD
_ 2 3 .8659
20.6139
17.9790
15.8100
13.9991
12.4686
11.1609
10.0334
^ 2(2)
1.1011
1.1100
9 .8 5 8 0
1.1190
1.1280
1.1372
1.1464
1.1557
1.1651
1.1745
1.1841
1.1937
1.2034
1.2132
1.2231
1.2331
1.2431
1.2533
1.2635
1.2738
3.0 0 1 7
2.7 3 8 8
2.4 9 4 7
2.2 6 7 7
2 .0 5 6 0
1.8580
1.6725
1.4982
1.3341
1.1794
9 .5 3 1 8
9 .2 3 0 5
8.9517
8.6931
8 .4 5 2 4
8 .2 2 8 3
8.0 1 9 4
7 .8 2 3 8
7 .6 4 0 8
7 .4 6 9 4
1.2842
1.2947
1.3053
1.3160
1.3268
1.3376
1.3485
1.3596
1.3708
1.3820
1.1209
1.1271
1.1334
1.1397
1.1461
1.1525
1.1589
1.1655
1.1720
1.1786
1.1852
1.1920
1.1987
1.2055
1.2123
1.2192
1.2262
1.2332
1.2403
1.2474
1.0331
0.8 9 4 6
0.7 6 3 3
0.6 3 8 4
0.5 1 9 5
0.4 0 6 2
0.2 9 7 9
0.1 9 4 4
0 .0 9 5 2
7 .3 0 8 4
7 .1 5 7 2
7 .0 1 4 7
6 .8 8 0 6
6 .7 5 3 9
6 .6 3 4 3
6.5 2 1 4
6 .4 1 4 7
6 .3 1 3 6
6 .2 1 7 7
1.3933
1.4048
1.4163
1.4280
1.4397
1.4516
1.4635
1.4756
1.4877
1.5000
1.2545
1.2617
1.2690
1.2763
1.2837
1.2911
1.2986
1.3061
1.3137
1.3214
0.1 7 9 4
0 .2 6 4 2
0.3 4 5 9
0 .4 2 4 9
0.5013
0.5753
0.6469
0.7 1 6 5
6.1 2 9 9
6.0 4 0 7
5.9 5 8 8
5.8 8 1 2
5.8 0 7 4
5.7371
5.6703
5 .6 0 6 8
5.5 4 6 4
1.5124
1.5249
1.5374
1.5502
1.5630
1.5759
1.5889
1.6021
1.6153
1.3291
1.3368
1.3447
1.3526
1.3605
1.3685
1.3766
1.3847
1.3929
7.4 3 5 6
6 .7 6 2 3
6.1 6 1 7
5.6221
5.1361
4 .6 9 5 8
4 .2 9 4 9
3 .9 2 9 4
3.5 9 4 1
3.2861
0.0000
+ 0.0 9 1 5
10.2120
6.0000
4.5 1 6 2
3.1 7 4 5
1.9606
0.8611
0.1353
1.0388
1.8582
2.6 0 1 6
3.2 7 6 5
97.4031
93.1146
89.1087
8 5 .3600
81.8481
78.5528
75.4575
72.5473
69.8056
3.8888
4.4 4 1 9
4.9 4 9 6
5.4 0 7 4
5.8 2 2 8
6.1 9 9 4
6.5407
6 .8 4 9 6
7.1292
7.3836
7.6 0 9 4
67.2225
64.7836
62.4800
60.2517
58.2398
56.2857
54.4327
5 2 .6740
51.0019
4 9 .4088
47.9007
0.7 8 4 1
0.8 4 9 9
0.9 1 3 9
0.9763
1.0371
1.0966
1.1547
1.2116
1.2673
1.3218
1.3754
5.4 8 8 8
5.4339
5.3 8 1 7
5 .3 3 1 9
5.2845
5.2 3 9 2
5.1961
5 .1 5 5 0
5.1 1 5 9
5.0 7 8 6
5.0 4 3 0
1.6287
1.6422
1.6559
1.6696
1.6834
1.6974
1.7115
1.7258
1.7401
1.7546
1.7692
1.4011
1.4094
1.4178
1.4262
1.4347
1.4433
1.4519
1.4606
1.4693
1.4781
1.4870
8.4 4 4 5
8.9062
9.1227
9.1769
9.1 2 3 7
9.0 0 0 0
8 .8 3 0 6
8.6326
8.4 1 7 8
41.3331
36.0938
31.8461
28.3539
25.4468
23 .0000
2 0 .9200
19.1359
17.5937
1.6297
1.8662
2.0 8 9 9
2.3 0 4 5
2.5133
2.7 1 8 3
2.9 2 1 6
3.1 2 4 8
3.3292
4 .8 8 9 0
4.7691
4.6 7 7 4
4.6 0 9 2
4.5 5 1 8
4.5 3 0 5
4.5 1 5 1
4 .5 1 3 5
4 .5 2 4 2
1.8442
1.9225
2.0 044
2.0899
2.1792
2.2 727
2.3701
2.4722
2 .5 787
1.5325
1.5797
1.6287
1.6797
1.7326
1.7876
1.8447
1.9042
1.9659
8.1 9 4 4
7.9 6 8 0
7 .7 4 2 4
7.5202
7.3032
7.0926
6.8 8 8 9
6.6 9 2 6
6.5039
6 .1 4 9 0
16.2499
15 .0 7 2 0
14.0327
13.1108
12.2888
11.5520
10.8890
10.2896
9.7461
8.7993
3 .5 3 6 0
3 .7 4 6 2
3.9 6 0 8
4.1 8 0 7
4 .4 0 6 5
4 .6 3 9 0
4.8791
5.1 2 7 2
5.3841
5.9 2 7 0
4 .5 4 6 2
4 .5 7 8 7
4.6 2 1 0
4.6 7 2 5
4.7 3 2 9
4.8 0 1 8
4.8791
4 .9 6 4 4
5.0 5 7 8
5.2 6 8 5
2.6902
2.8 065
2.9283
3.0 555
3.1 885
3.3 275
3.4729
3 .6 250
3.7 839
4 .1238
2.0301
2.0969
2.1663
2.2385
2:3135
2.3917
2.4729
2.5575
2.6454
2.8323
5.8231
5.5241
5 .2 5 0 0
4.9983
4.7671
4.5541
4 .3 5 7 6
4 .1 7 6 0
8.0 0 4 2
7.3291
6.7 5 0 0
6.2 4 8 8
5.8113
5.4269
5.0867
4 .7 8 4 0
6.5 1 3 2
7.1481
7.8373
8.5 8 6 9
9.4 0 3 6
10.2941
11.2663
12.3271
5.5112
5 .7 8 6 5
6.0957
6.4402
6.8 2 2 3
7 .2 4 4 0
7.7 0 8 5
8.2184
4 .4 955
4.9021
5.3468
5.835
6 .3 6 8
6 .951
7.5 89
8.2 82
3.0348
3.2546
3.4922
3.7 5 0
4.0 3 0
4 .3 3 5
4 .6 6 5
5.0 2 4
_,
.
0
0.0187
0.0247
0.0296
0.238
0.315
0.378
0.9 3 0
1.230
1.475
we find
where
and
Zo = 569/(z0)
Za = 13,000 4395/(2*)
1
2
3
T A BLE 3
2 V 4 .0
2. 0
2 .5
3 .0
<rto (lb/in.*)
59,000
52.500
49.500
APPLIED MECHANICS
TABLE 2
zo
/(z o )
Zo
<pi(zo)
<pi(zo)
ta
f (z a )
0 .2 3 8 300 171,000 5 .7 5
0 .3 1 5 108
6 1 ,500 2 .8 5
0 .3 7 8 46
25,900 1 .5 5
1 .2 2
1 .3 0
1 .3 6
0 .9 3 0
1 .2 3 0
1 .4 7 5
9 .1 5
8 .0 5
7 .0 0
Za
<pi(za)
2 7 ,200 2 .4 3
2 2 ,400 3 .6 5
17,800 4 .7 5
<p2(za) g( z o)
(zo) 'Mzr)
2 .1 5 650 1 2 .6 5 1 .1 4
2 .7 7 323 9 .3 5 1 .1 9
3 .4 0 2 0 0 7 .8 5 1 .2 4
in T able 2.
APM-56-8
589
= 0.0247
T he constant a is given by
y (in.)
5 .0 7
3 .7 6
2 .7 8
2 .2 8
1 .9 6
r (in.)
/(*)
6 .5 0 1 2 5 .5 5 5
1 0 .9 4
3 .8 8 9
1 4 .8 3
9 .1 7 7
1 7 .2 1
8 .6 3 3
1 8 .9 4
7 .9 6 8
o(z)
3 5 6 .6 6 6
6 7 .2 2 3
2 8 .3 5 4
1 9 .1 3 6
1 5 .0 7 2
Mz)
3 .2 8 6
0 .7 8 4
2 .3 0 5
3 .1 2 5
3 .7 4 6
9 .8 5 8
5 .4 8 9
4 .6 0 9
4 .5 1 4
4 .5 7 9
<pz(z)
1 .2 7 4
1 .6 2 9
2 .0 9 0
2 .4 7 2
2 .8 0 7
^ t(z)
1 .1 7 9
1 .4 0 1
1 .6 8 0
1 .9 0 4
2 .0 9 7
Instead of the given lim iting radii r0 = 6.75 in. and a = 18.75
in., we introduced in this table boundary values of r approxi
m ately equal to r 0 and a, respectively, which in our standard
table correspond to tab u lated values of z and its functions
/(z), g(z), <ei(z), tpi(z) ipi(z), i/-2(z). The reasons for this pro
cedure are as follows.
In using interpolations as indicated above, we m ultiply by
large numbers the errors introduced b y these interpolations in
the course of our calculations. Considerable inaccuracy can
be caused hereby in th e results. I t is m uch b etter, therefore,
to proceed in the way shown in our T able 4, nam ely, to use
numbers tabulated in th e stan d ard tab le w ithout interpola
tions. N aturally, some deviations will be caused by th e fact
th a t, in the special example treated , th e boundary conditions
actually refer to z0 = 0.315 and za = 1.230, according to th e
Tables 1 and 2, and not to z0 = 0.30 and z = 1.25, according
to Table 4. B ut these deviations will be sm aller generally
than the errors produced b y interpolations. And, besides,
these deviations due to inaccuracy in fulfilling th e boundary
conditions are of negligible order, because in practical cases
those boundary values cannot be sta te d very accurately anyway.
In using Table 4, w ith th e approxim ate values of z 0 and za as
given by the first and the last lines of th a t table, respectively,
we find th a t
F ig s . 3 a n d 4
V (in.)
5 .0 7
3 .7 6
2 .7 8
2 .2 8
1 .9 6
6 .5 0
1 0 .9 4
1 4 .8 3
1 7 .2 1
1 8 .9 4
<rr ( l b / i n . 2)
500
13,850
15,700
14,600
13,000
a t ( lb /i n .a)
5 2 ,4 0 0
3 4 ,2 0 0
2 8 ,2 0 0
25,2 0 0
2 3 ,4 0 0
he
Second E
x p o n e n t ia l
r o f il e
590
C o m p a r is o n o f t h e
P r o file s
r a c t ic a l
xam ple
of
is k
e s ig n
Second E
x p o n e n t ia l
r o f il e
a r ( l b / i n . 2)
a t ( l b / i n . 2)
r (in .)
V (in .)
0 .9 3
250
4,6 5 0
13,700
17,000
14,800
13,200
5 3 ,000
4 7 ,400
3 6 ,3 0 0
3 0 ,8 0 0
26,6 0 0
24,500
6 .6 5
7 .4 2
1 0 .3 7
1 3 .6 0
1 7 .1 5
1 8 .8 5
5 .0 7
4 .7 5
3 .6 8
2 .8 7
2 .2 3
1.00
1 .2 5
1.50
1 .7 5
1 .8 6
2 .00
APPLIED MECHANICS
Str esses D
u e to
it
ressur e
l a s t ic
e sist a n c e
it h
V a r y in g S p e e d
(C i
APM-56-8
591
where 2r0 and 2a are the bore and the rim diam eter, respectively.
The stress distribution given by [18] is shown graphically in
Fig. 7. The formulas [18] together w ith Fig. 7 adm it of a
simple interpretation. As soon as th e ratio a /r0 exceeds a cer
tain value, say a fro ^ 3, th e stress distribution according to
the curves pr and pt in Fig. 7 does not v ary essentially w ith
varying a. The maximum values of pr and pt always take
place a t the bore, and these maximum values are always about
40 to 60 per cent respectively of th e maximum tangential stress
ato a t the bore under overspeed conditions. In other words,
only th e parts of the disk in th e vicinity of th e bore are essen
tially carrying the fit loading under static conditions, an increase
of th e outer radius a being of little influence on th e functions
[18].10
This result can be easily generalized for disks of other profiles.
We have only to realize th a t the disk of constant thickness
investigated above can be subdivided into several separate rings;
the larger the diam eter of any of them , th e less its influence on
the stress distribution of the whole disk under static conditions,
as shown above, and the less, consequently, th e stress variations
in the disk due to the reduced thickness of th a t ring as compared
with the original thickness of th e parallel sided disk. This means
th a t the statem ent developed above for disks of constant thick
ness is qualitatively and, with a certain approxim ation, also
quantitatively true for disks of any profile.
This general result shall be checked now in calculating, for a
special disk, the Stresses pr and pi due to fit pressure under
static conditions. The question m ay be treated on a som ewhat
more general basis by considering th e disk as ro tatin g with
varying speeds. This is useful for a b etter understanding of
the elastic behavior of th e disk in various conditions of the
actual service.
Having the general solution for rotatin g disks in th e form
A = 0.
10 Cf. A. F oeppl, F est.igkeitslehre, S ect. 56 ( D ickw andige R oehre n ).
592
coo
By substi
TA BL E 7
v * /y o
!2
0
IZa
2 .0
3.0
0.2 08
0.902
0.330
1.430
/i * <pi
7 .5
2.3
2.5
4.5
ft
14.6
4.6
9.0
4.8
ffi <ps
1.19
2.10
1.31
3.28
fft m 'pi
1.12
1.69
1.20
2 .36
2
3
Pro (0)/<Tto
0.444
0.397
0.369
Pio (0)/<r
0.556
0.6 03
0.631
APM-56-8
A PPLIED MECHANICS
593
0^ u<
OJO*
is k
it h
ub
e l ie f
F ig s . 9
to
14
594
There
Now we have
or approxim ately
and, according to [31]
being of negligible am ount. T h e stress distribution m the
disk w ith hub relief under static conditions is again determ ined
b y th e boundary conditions given above. These are th a t a t
th e outer edge we m ust have
o-ro
A ppendix N o . 1
T
he
roblem
of
o t a t in g
heory of
D
E
is k s i n
the
a t h e m a t ic a l
l a s t ic it y
The rigorous m athem atical basis for th e design of steamturb in e disk wheels consists in a solution of th e following problem
w ith boundary conditions.
Consider th e state of strain and stress in an isotropic elastic
body of revolution rotatin g about its axis z-z w ith th e angular
velocity w. T he displacem ent will be sym m etrical about the
same axis. The com ponents of th e displacem ent being u in
th e radial and w in th e axial direction, th e conditions of elastic
equilibrium are expressed by th e differential equations18
13 A. E . H . L ove, M a th e m a tic a l T h e o ry of E la stic ity , 4 th ed.,
C am b rid g e, 1927, p. 146, a n d p. 104.
APPLIED MECHANICS
APM-56-8
595
596
Z = 0,
A ppendix N o . 2
D i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t io n s i n A p p r o x im a t e s F o r m o f
R o t a t in g D is k s
A PPLIED MECHANICS
APM-56-8
597
where
T he displacem ents
where at and ar
spectively, for r
<' = a, are th e
T he shrink fit is,
Uo
Correspondingly
where
Now. bv introducing
598
r = a:
where
The boundary condition [43] is here obtained in a w ay some
w hat different from th a t used b y Stodola 28 in order to show th e
limits of accuracy of this condition.
and
D iscussion
J. L. M a u l b e t s c h .29 I t can be shown th a t th e tw o profiles
given by the author belong to a series of profiles of th e type
if we assume
where
and
i.e.,
and th a t any profile of this series will allow a sim ilar solution
to the one presented by th e author.
The solution for any value of 7 consists of tw o infinite series
and of an expression containing a few term s only. F or 7 = 4/a
and 7 = 2/ 3, this last expression has three term s. In general,
for any value of 7 , the num ber of term s p is:
where
and
We see th a t if y becomes smaller, p will increase, i.e., we
have more term s and th e calculations are som ewhat longer.
However a stu d y of th e general solution shows th a t th e series
have a b etter convergence for small values of y therefore fewer
term s in th e series need to be considered.
T he m ethod used by th e au th o r is practical only if tables for
the values of th e series are calculated beforehand. Such tables
are given in this paper for th e case y V 3, and th e author also
proposes to have tables calculated for his second case where
y = 2/. Since th e calculations are rath er long, it m ight be
advisable to determ ine first which profile is b e tte r adapted for
practical purposes.
D ue to the more rapid convergence of th e series for small
values of y , a larger range for th e variable z = ffr y m ay be
taken, therefore disk profiles differing more from th e conical
shape can be approxim ated w ith y = x/ ( or Vs for instance,
th an w ith y = 4/ 3 or 2/ 3. I t seems then, th a t tables for a value
of y smaller th a n 2/ 3 would offer m ore advantages to th e designer
of turbine disk wheels th a n th e second profile proposed b y the
author.
A r& um 6 of the general solution will be given here: th e
differential equation 30
28 See Stodola, ibid., sec. 81d.
29 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
30 Authors Equation [37],
M i is a function of y and 0.
T he condition [48] for 7 is obtained through the analysis by
m aking th e assum ption [47] and [49].
C. R. S o d e r b e r g .32 D r. M alkins contribution to th e disk
problem is a very real one and I feel certain th a t it will find its
place among th e classics of th e subject.
I t is of im portance to th e designer to have available a method
of stress calculation which is sufficiently rapid to perm it evalua
tion of th e stresses for m an y combinations in a short tim e and
y et of sufficient accuracy to m ake th e results reliable. D uring
th e period of its use, we have had ample opportunity to demon
stra te th e g reat m erits of th e new method.
Concerning th e problem of design limits, it seems th a t the
following questions m ust be discussed: (a) tangential stress
a t th e inner bore a t overspeed; (6) perm anence of the shrink
fit on th e shaft a t th e norm al speed, and (c) norm al pressure on
th e shaft a t standstill. These aspects of th e failure problem
m ust be weighed in th e order mentioned. The im portance of
th e last item is difficult to evaluate. Failure in the ordinary
sense of th e word does n o t occur under norm al pressure until its
intensity m aterially exceeds th e yield strength. This state is
31 Authors Equation [5].
32 Westinghouse Research Laboratories, East Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mem. A.S.M.E.
APPLIED M ECHANICS
seldom reached, but the pressures are usually so high th a t the
designer does not feel he can ignore them.
A
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E x a m p l e s o f C h o ic e O f f e r e d
E x p o n e n t ia l P r o f il e s
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