Design of Steel Structures L04

DesignofSteelStructures
D
i
f St l St t
Limit State Method
LimitStateMethod
(AsPerIS800:2007)
Lecture4:Connections
Vaisakh G.
(AssistantProfessorinCivilEngineering,
Sree BuddhaCollegeofEngineering)
Buddha College of Engineering)
Connections
Section10ofIS800:2007.
Capableoftransmittingthecalculateddesign
actions.
actions
Connectionsaretheweakestlink./
22122010
VaisakhG.(APCE,SBCE)
Analysis of Connections
AnalysisofConnections
Complexbehaviourofconnections.
Geometricimperfectionsandcomplexities
Lackoffit
Lack of fit
Residualstresses
Simplifiedbyassumptionsandapproximations
Pastexperience
Past experience
Experimentalresults
Ductilityofsteel
D tilit of steel Cl.10.1.4ofIS800:2007
Cl 10 1 4 of IS 800 2007
Distributionofforcesgeneratedwithinajoint
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Aim of Connection Design

AimofConnectionDesign
Simple
Compatible
F ibl
Feasible
Easytofabricate
y
Safe
Economical
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Constituents
Components
Cleats
Gussetplates
p
Brackets
Connectingplates
Connecting plates
Connectors
Rivets
Ri t
Bolts
Pins
Welds
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Classification
Connectors
Rived
Bolted
Pined
Welded
Fixity
Rigid
Semirigid
S i i id
Flexible
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Choice of Connection
ChoiceofConnection
Thechoiceisentirelybythedesignerbasedon
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Agoodunderstandingoftheconnectionbehaviour
Economyandspeedofconstruction
Easeoffabricationanderection.
Clearancesnecessaryforfielderection
Tolerances
Tighteningoffasteners
Connectingprocedures
Subsequentinspection
Surfacetreatment
Maintenance.
Riveted & Welded Connections

Riveted&WeldedConnections
Rivetedconnections.
Riveted connections
Lowstrengthofrivets
Higherinstallationcosts
Inherentinefficiencyoftheconnection.
Weldedconnections
Noholesneedtobedrilledinthemember.
No holes need to be drilled in the member
Consequentlyhavehigherefficiencies.
Difficult,costly,andtimeconsuming.
Susceptibletofailurebycrackingunderfatigue
p
y
g
g
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Advantages of Bolted Connection

AdvantagesofBoltedConnection
Theerectionofthestructurescanbespeeded
p
up.
Lessskilledlabourcanbeemployed.
Overallcostofboltedconnectionislesser
O
ll
fb l d
i i l
thantheotheralternatives
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Shortcomings of Bolted Connection

ShortcomingsofBoltedConnection
Costofmaterialishigh;aboutdoublethan
f
i l i hi h b
d bl h
thatofrivets
Thetensilestrengthofboltisreduceddueto
thereducedareaattherootofthethreadand
stressconcentration.
Normallystrengthreductionwillbetherefor
Normally strength reduction will be there for
loosefitbolts.
Boltsmaygetloosewhensubjectedto
B lt
tl
h
bj t d t
vibrations.
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Bolts
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Purpose of Washers
PurposeofWashers
Preventthetreadedportionoftheboltfrom
g
gp
bearingontheconnectingpieces
Distributetheclampingpressureonthe
bolted member
boltedmember
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InternationalStandards
OrganisationDesignationofBolts
Gradex.y
xindicatesone
x indicates onetenth
tenthoftheminimumultimate
of the minimum ultimate
tensilestrengthoftheboltinkgf/mm2
yindicatesonetenthoftheratiooftheyieldstress
y indicates one tenth of the ratio of the yield stress
toultimatestress,expressedasapercentage.
grade4.6
d 46
minimumultimatestrength40kgf/mm2 (392MPa)
minimumyieldstrengthof0.6times40,whichis24
2 ((235MPa).
kgf/mm
g/
)
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Classification of Bolts
ClassificationofBolts
BlackBolts
TurnedandFittedBoltsand
Turned and Fitted Bolts and
HighStrengthFrictionGrip(HSFG)Bolts
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Black Bolts
BlackBolts
Unfinished
U
s ed
Mildsteel
Usuallyofgrade4.6.
Have adequate strength and ductility when
Haveadequatestrengthandductilitywhen
usedproperly;
Whiletighteningthenutsnugtightwilltwist
Whil i h i
h
i h ill i
offeasilyiftightenedtoomuch
Snugtightisdefinedasthetightnessthatexistswhenall
pliesinajointareinfirmcontact.
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Turned and Fitted Bolts

TurnedandFittedBolts
U
Uniformshanks
o s a s
Insertedinclosetolerancedrilledholesand
madesnugtightbyboxspanners.
d
ti ht b b
Diameteroftheholeisabout1.5to2.0mm
largerthantheboltdiameterforeasein
fitting.
fitting
Nutsareliabletobecomelooseunder
d
dynamicloads
l d notallowed.
ll
d
Availablefromgrade4.6tograde8.8
Available from grade 4.6 to grade 8.8
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HighStrengthFrictionGripbolts
(HSFG)
Provideextremelyefficientconnections
P
id
t
l ffi i t
ti
Performwellunderfluctuating/fatigueload
Shouldbetightenedtotheirproofloads
Requirehardenedwasherstodistributetheload
Nosliptakesplaceunderworkingconditions
Loadtransmissionthroughfriction
Bearingwillgovernthedesign ultimate
HSFGboltsaremadefromquenchedand
q
temperedalloysteels
Gradesfrom8.8to10.9.
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TighteningofHSFGBolts(IS4000)
Turnofnuttighteningmethod
Theboltsarefirstmadesnugtightandthen
y p
(
y
turnedbyspecificamounts(usuallyeitherhalf
orthreefourthturns)toinducetensionequal
to the proof load
totheproofload.
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C lib t d
Calibratedwrenchtightening
h ti ht i
method
Boltsaretightenedbyawrenchcalibratedto
g
y
producetherequiredtension.
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g
g
(
)
Directtensionindicatormethod
Specialwasherswithprotrusions
p
p
Gapismeasuredbymeansofafeelergauge
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Hole Types for HSFG Bolts

HoleTypesforHSFGBolts
Donotrelyonresistancefrombearing
Holeslargerthanusualcanbeprovidedto
Holes larger than usual can be provided to
easeerectionandtakecareoflackoffit
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Classifications of Bolt Connections

ClassificationsofBoltConnections
Basedonthelineofactionofresultantforce
transferred.
Basedonthetypeofforce
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Classification ResultantForce
Classification
Resultant Force
Concentricconnection
Concentric connection
IftheforcetransferredpassesthroughtheCGofthe
connection.
Eg.Axiallyloadedcompressionandtensionmembers
Eccentricconnection
IftheloadisnotpassingthroughtheCGofthe
connection.
Eg.Bracketconnectionandseatconnection.
k
d
Momentresistingconnection
Whenthejointsaresubjectedtomoments.
h
h
b
d
Eg.Beamtocolumnconnectioninframed
construction.
construction
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Concentric Connection
ConcentricConnection
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Eccentric Connection
EccentricConnection
Bracketconnection
Resistanceisonlythroughshearinthebolts
Momentresistingconnection
Moment resisting connection
Combinationofshearandaxialtension.
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Classification TypeofForce
Classification
Type of Force
Shearconnection
Whentheloadtransferisthroughshear.
Eg.Lapjointandtensionjoint.
g pj
j
Tensionjoints
Whenloadistransferredbytensioninthebolts.
When load is transferred by tension in the bolts
Eg.Hangerconnection.
Combinedshearandtensionconnections
Combined shear and tension connections
Whenloadistransferredthroughthecombinationsof
shear and tension
shearandtension.
Eg.Inclinedmembersconnectedtocolumnsor
beams.
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Shear Connection
ShearConnection
Singleshear&doubleshear
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Tension Connection
TensionConnection
TensionConnection
Combinedtensionandshearconnection
Combined tension and shear connection
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Classification ForceTransfer
Mechanism
Bearingtype
Boltsbearsagainsttheholestotransfertheload
g
fromonemembertoanother.
Eg.Sliptypeconnection.
Eg Slip type connection
Frictiontype
Whentheforceistransferredbyfrictionbetween
theplatesduetotensioningofbolts.
Eg.Slipcriticalconnects.
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Failure of Bolted Connections

FailureofBoltedConnections
Failureofthebolt
Shearfailureofbolts.
Bearingfailureofbolts.
Tensionfailureofbolts.
Tension failure of bolts
Failureofconnectingparts
Bearingfailureofplates.
Tensionortearingfailureofbolts.
Tension or tearing failure of bolts
Blockshearfailure
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Specification of Bolted Joints

SpecificationofBoltedJoints
Diameterofthebolts
Pitch
EdgeandEndDistances
TackingFasteners
Combination of fasteners
Combinationoffasteners
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DiameteroftheBolts
C
Connectionwithfewlargerdiameterboltsare
ti
ith f l
di
t b lt
economicalthanaconnectionwithsmaller
diameterbolts.
Workassociatedwithinstallationsincreases
Work associated with installations increases
numberofbolts.
Largerdiameterboltswhereboltshear
d
b l
h
b l h
governsthedesignbecausetheshearstrength
ofboltsvariesasthesquareofboltdiameter.
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Pitch
Distancebetweenthecenters oftwo
g
consecutiveboltsmeasuredalongarowof
bolts
Staggeredpitch
Staggered pitch
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Minimum Pitch
MinimumPitch
To
Topreventthebearingfailureoftheplate
prevent the bearing failure of the plate
betweenthetwobolts
Topermittheefficiencyininstallationofboltsby
To permit the efficiency in installation of bolts by
providingsufficientspacefortighteningofbolts
Topreventoverlappingofwashersandtoprovide
To prevent overlapping of washers and to provide
adequateresistancetotearoutofbolts.
Cl.10.2.2ofIS800:2007
Cl 10 2 2 of IS 800 2007
Thedistancebetweencentreoffastenersshall
notbelessthan2.5timesthenominaldiameter
b l
h 25 i
h
i l di
ofthefastener
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Maximum Pitch
MaximumPitch
Toensureacompactjointreducingthelength
ofconnection
Toensureuniformstressinbolts
Cl.10.2.3.1
Cl 10 2 3 1 maximumdistancebetweenthe
i
di
b
h
centresofanytwoadjacentfastenerswhich
shallnotexceed32tor300mm,whicheveris
less.
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Maximum Pitch (Contd )

MaximumPitch(Contd.)
Cl.10.2.3.2
C 0 3
Distancebetweenthecentresof
sta ce bet ee t e ce t es o
twoadjacentfasteners(pitch)inalinelyingin
the direction of stress which shall not exceed
thedirectionofstress,whichshallnotexceed
Lesserof16tor200mm tensionmembers
Lesserof12tor200mmincompressionmembers
Inthecaseofcompressionmemberswherein
p
forcesaretransferredthroughbuttingfaces,this
distanceshallnotexceed4.5timesthediameter
ofthefastenersforadistanceequalto1.5times
thewidthofthememberfromthebuttingfaces.
g
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Cl.10.2.3.3 distancebetweenthecentresof
y
anytwoconsecutivefastenersinaline
adjacentandparalleltoanedgeofanoutside
plate shall not exceed
plateshallnotexceed
Lesserof100mmplus4tor200mmfor
compression and tension members
compressionandtensionmembers
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Cl.10.2.3.4 staggeredfasteners.When
gg
q
fastenersarestaggeredatequalintervalsand
thegaugedoesnotexceed75mm,the
spacing specified in 10 2 3 2 and 10 2 3 3
spacingspecifiedin10.2.3.2and10.2.3.3
betweencentresoffastenersmaybe
increased by 50 percent subject to the
increasedby50percent,subjecttothe
maximumspacingspecifiedin10.2.3.1.
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Edge and End Distances

EdgeandEndDistances
Cl.10.2.4.1
Theedgedistanceisthedistanceatright
The edge distance is the distance at right
anglestothedirectionofstressfromthe
centre of a hole to the adjacent edge
centreofaholetotheadjacentedge.
Theenddistanceisthedistanceinthe
directionofstressfromthecentreofaholeto
the end of the element.
theendoftheelement.
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Edge and End Distances (Contd )

EdgeandEndDistances(Contd.)
Inslottedholes,theedgeandenddistances
,
g
shouldbemeasuredfromtheedgeorendof
thematerialtothecentreofitsendradiusor
thecentrelineoftheslot,whicheveris
smaller.
Inoversizeholes,theedgeandenddistances
should be taken as the distance from the
shouldbetakenasthedistancefromthe
relevantedge/endplushalfthediameterof
the standard clearance hole corresponding to
thestandardclearanceholecorrespondingto
thefastener,lessthenominaldiameterofthe
oversize hole
oversizehole.
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Minimum Edge Distance

MinimumEdgeDistance
Cl
Cl.10.2.4.2givestheminimumedgedistance.
10 2 4 2 i
th
i i
d di t
Theminimumedgeandenddistancesfrom
thecentreofanyholetothenearestedgeofa
p
plate
shallnotbelessthan1.7timesthehole
diameter in case of sheared or hand flame cut
diameterincaseofshearedorhandflamecut
edges
1.5timestheholediameterincaseofrolled,
machineflame
machine
flamecut,sawnandplanededges
cut, sawn and planed edges
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Maximum Edge Distance

MaximumEdgeDistance
Cl.10.2.4.3specifiesthepermissiblemaximum
edgedistance.
d d
Themaximumedgedistancetothenearestline
offastenersfromanedgeofanyunstiffenedpart
ff
f
d
f
iff d
shouldnotexceed12t,where=(250/fy)andt
is the thickness of the thinner outer plate
isthethicknessofthethinnerouterplate.
Thiswouldnotapplytofastenersinterconnecting
the components of back to back tension
thecomponentsofbacktobacktension
members.
Wherethemembersareexposedtocorrosive
Where the members are exposed to corrosive
influences,themaximumedgedistanceshallnot
exceed40mmplus4t,wheretisthethicknessof
thinnerconnectedplate.
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Vaisakh G.(APCE,SBCE)
43
Tacking Fasteners
TackingFasteners
Incaseofmemberscoveredunder10.2.4.3,
whenthemaximumdistancebetweencentres
of two adjacent fasteners as specified in
oftwoadjacentfastenersasspecifiedin
10.2.4.3isexceeded,tackingfastenersnot
subjected to calculated stress shall be used
subjectedtocalculatedstressshallbeused.
Spacinginalinenotexceeding32timesthe
thicknessofthethinneroutsideplateor300
mm, whichever is less.
mm,whicheverisless.
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Tacking Fasteners (Contd )

TackingFasteners(Contd.)
Wheretheplatesareexposedtotheweather,
thespacinginlineshallnotexceed16times
the thickness of the thinner outside plate or
thethicknessofthethinneroutsideplateor
200mm,whicheverisless.
Inbothcases,thedistancebetweenthelines
b h
h di
b
h li
offastenersshallnotbegreaterthanthe
respectivepitches.
Applytocompressionmembers,subjecttothe
Apply to compression members subject to the
stipulationsinsection7
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Tacking Fasteners (Contd )

TackingFasteners(Contd.)
Intensionmemberscomposedoftwoflats,
angles,channelsorteesincontactbacktoback
orseparatedbacktobackbyadistancenot
exceedingtheaggregatethicknessofthe
di
h
hi k
f h
connectedparts,tackingfastenerswithsolid
di t
distancepiecesshallbeprovidedataspacingin
i
h ll b
id d t
i i
linenotexceeding1000mm.
ForcompressionmemberscoveredinSection7,
b
d
tackingfastenersinalineshallbespacedata
di t
distancenotexceeding600mm.
t
di 600
Cl.10.2.5ofIS800:2007.
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Combination of Fasteners
CombinationofFasteners
Whendifferentfastenersareusedtocarry
g
yp
shearloadsorwhenweldingandothertypes
offastenersarecombinedtogether,thenone
form of the fasteners should be designed to
formofthefastenersshouldbedesignedto
takeupthetotalload.
Nevertheless,ifweuseHSFGboltsalongwith
h l
f
b l l
h
weldsandtheboltsaretightenedafter
weldingiscompleted,thensuchboltscanbe
used to share the load with the welds.
usedtosharetheloadwiththewelds.
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Design of Steel Structures L04

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Design of Steel Structures L04

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

DesignofSteelStructures

Aim of Connection Design

Riveted & Welded Connections

Advantages of Bolted Connection

Shortcomings of Bolted Connection

Turned and Fitted Bolts

Hole Types for HSFG Bolts

Classifications of Bolt Connections

Failure of Bolted Connections

Specification of Bolted Joints

Maximum Pitch (Contd )

Maximum Pitch (Contd )

Maximum Pitch (Contd )

Edge and End Distances

Edge and End Distances (Contd )

Minimum Edge Distance

Maximum Edge Distance

Tacking Fasteners (Contd )

Tacking Fasteners (Contd )

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