10/29/2016

CombinationalCircuits

CombinationalCircuits
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Combinationalcircuitisacircuitinwhichwecombinethedifferentgatesinthecircuit,forexampleencoder,decoder,multiplexer
anddemultiplexer.Someofthecharacteristicsofcombinationalcircuitsarefollowing
Theoutputofcombinationalcircuitatanyinstantoftime,dependsonlyonthelevelspresentatinputterminals.
Thecombinationalcircuitdonotuseanymemory.Thepreviousstateofinputdoesnothaveanyeffectonthepresentstate
ofthecircuit.
Acombinationalcircuitcanhaveannnumberofinputsandmnumberofoutputs.

Blockdiagram

We'regoingtoelaboratefewimportantcombinationalcircuitsasfollows.

HalfAdder
Halfadderisacombinationallogiccircuitwithtwoinputsandtwooutputs.Thehalfaddercircuitisdesignedtoaddtwosinglebit
binarynumberAandB.Itisthebasicbuildingblockforadditionoftwosinglebitnumbers.Thiscircuithastwooutputscarryand
sum.

Blockdiagram

TruthTable

CircuitDiagram

FullAdder
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FulladderisdevelopedtoovercomethedrawbackofHalfAddercircuit.ItcanaddtwoonebitnumbersAandB,andcarryc.Thefull
adderisathreeinputandtwooutputcombinationalcircuit.

Blockdiagram

TruthTable

CircuitDiagram

NBitParallelAdder
The Full Adder is capable of adding only two single digit binary number along with a carry input. But in practical we need to add
binarynumberswhicharemuchlongerthanjustonebit.Toaddtwonbitbinarynumbersweneedtousethenbitparalleladder.It
usesanumberoffulladdersincascade.Thecarryoutputofthepreviousfulladderisconnectedtocarryinputofthenextfulladder.

4BitParallelAdder
Intheblockdiagram,A0andB0representtheLSBofthefourbitwordsAandB.HenceFullAdder0istheloweststage.Henceits
Cinhasbeenpermanentlymade0.Therestoftheconnectionsareexactlysameasthoseofnbitparalleladderisshowninfig.The
fourbitparalleladderisaverycommonlogiccircuit.

Blockdiagram

NBitParallelSubtractor
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Thesubtractioncanbecarriedoutbytakingthe1'sor2'scomplementofthenumbertobesubtracted.Forexamplewecanperform
thesubtraction(AB)byaddingeither1'sor2'scomplementofBtoA.Thatmeanswecanuseabinaryaddertoperformthebinary
subtraction.

4BitParallelSubtractor
Thenumbertobesubtracted(B)isfirstpassedthroughinverterstoobtainits1'scomplement.The4bitadderthenaddsAand2's
complementofBtoproducethesubtraction.S3S2S1S0 represents the result of binary subtraction (AB) and carry output Cout
representsthepolarityoftheresult.IfA>BthenCout=0andtheresultofbinaryform(AB)thenCout=1andtheresultisinthe
2'scomplementform.

Blockdiagram

HalfSubtractors
Halfsubtractorisacombinationcircuitwithtwoinputsandtwooutputs(differenceandborrow).Itproducesthedifferencebetween
thetwobinarybitsattheinputandalsoproducesanoutput(Borrow)toindicateifa1hasbeenborrowed.Inthesubtraction(AB),
AiscalledasMinuendbitandBiscalledasSubtrahendbit.

TruthTable

CircuitDiagram

FullSubtractors
Thedisadvantageofahalfsubtractorisovercomebyfullsubtractor.Thefullsubtractorisacombinationalcircuitwiththreeinputs
A,B,C and two output D and C'. A is the 'minuend', B is 'subtrahend', C is the 'borrow' produced by the previous stage, D is the
differenceoutputandC'istheborrowoutput.

TruthTable

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CircuitDiagram

Multiplexers
Multiplexerisaspecialtypeofcombinationalcircuit.Therearendatainputs,oneoutputandmselectinputswith2m=n.Itisa
digitalcircuitwhichselectsoneofthendatainputsandroutesittotheoutput.Theselectionofoneoftheninputsisdonebythe
selectedinputs.Dependingonthedigitalcodeappliedattheselectedinputs,oneoutofndatasourcesisselectedandtransmitted
tothesingleoutputY.Eiscalledthestrobeorenableinputwhichisusefulforthecascading.Itisgenerallyanactivelowterminal
thatmeansitwillperformtherequiredoperationwhenitislow.

Blockdiagram

Multiplexerscomeinmultiplevariations
2:1multiplexer
4:1multiplexer
16:1multiplexer
32:1multiplexer

BlockDiagram

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