Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Formal Exam:
80% of total module mark
Mandatory
January 2008
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Room 307
P.A.Sleigh@leeds.ac.uk
2 hours.
Answer 4 questions out of 6
3 questions on Calculus, differentiation and integration
3 questions on linear equations and Matrix Algebra
Coursework
20% of total module mark
Syllabus
Linear Equations
Linear Equations
a 1
b
x y 3
2x 3y 7
x Introduction
a 2
b
x y 3
x Definitions
y 1
x Linear equations with no solution
3 and 2 x 3 y
x+y=3
2x+3y=7
(2,1)
2
0
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-1
Example Problem
a
b 3
c
x y z 6
x 2 y 2z 9
x 3 y 4 z 13
b a
c a
x y z 6
0 y z 3
0 2 y 3z 7
a
b
c
Definition:
A set of simultaneous equations is in echelon form
when the number of zero coefficients at the start of
each equation increases by at least one between
subsequent equations in the set.
x y z 6
c 2 u a
0 y z 3
0 0 z 1
Method of solutions
1.
2.
a
b 6
c
x 2 y 2z 9
2 x 4 y 4 z 12
y z 3
2 y 2z 0
Note:
Not every set of simultaneous equations has a
solution.
a
b 7
c
a
b 8
c
Notes:
a
b 9
c
x 2 y 2z 8
x 3 y 3 z 10
y z 2
2 y 2z 4
a1c2 a2 c1
a1b2 a2b1
a
b 11
c
x y z 6
yz 2
0 0
a 13
b
b1 y
c1
a1 x
0 a1b2 y a2b1 y a1c2 a2 c1
a
b 10
c
a 12
b
a1 x b1 y c1
a2 x b2 y c2
Notes:
And this solution will be unique provided
a1c2 a2 c1 z 0
Unknown coefficients
Exercise problem
a
b 14
c
x 2 y 2z 2
x 3 y 3z k
10
a
b 17
c
k 2 x y 2z k
kx
3kz 2
0 y z
1
0 2 y 2z k 1
x
a
b 15
c
2y
kz
1 2k y 2 k z
2ky 3k k z
2
k k2
2k
a
b a k 2
c a k
o a
o b
o c
0 y z
1
0 00 k 3
x
a
b 16
c
2y
1 2k y
kz
2 k z
k k
1 2k 2k 2 k @z 2 k 1 2k 2k k k
3
>3k k
k=3
3k k 1 2k 2k 2 k
2
By back substitution
x 1 1
x 0
y 1 z
z 1 y
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
11
12
Expanding gives
Engineering Example
Consider the one dimensional system
3k k 1 2k 2k 2 k
3k 6k 3 k 2 2k 4 4k 2k 4
6k 3 k 2 k
Ka
k 6k 2 k 1 0
node 1
k 3k 12k 1 0
G1
Kb
node 2
Kd
G2
Kc
3y z 0
4z 3
Ta
ka G1
Tb
kb G 2 G1
Tc
kc G 3 G 2
Td
kd G 3 G1
y = -0.25
Ta Tb Td
Tb Tc
Tc Td
z = 0.75
13
14
ka G1 kb G 2 G1 kd G 3 G1 0
kb G 2 G1 kc G 3 G 2 0
kc G 3 G 2 kd G 3 G1 W
ka kb kd G1 kb G 2
0
kb G1 kb kc G 2 kc G 3
kd G1 kc G 2 kc kd G 3
node 3
G3
0
0
W
Kc
Kb
Ka
node 2
node 1
G2
G1
Kd
Ke
node 3
W
G3
15
Ta
ka G1
Tb
kbG 2
Tc
kcG 2
Td
kd G 3 G1
Te
ke G 3 G 2
16
Ta Td
Tb Tc Te
Td Te
10G1 15G 2 0 0
6G1 18G 2 0 18
k d G 3 G1 0
2G1
2G1
kc G 2 k e G 3 G 2 0
k d G 3 G1 k e G 3 G 2 W
3G 2 0
6G 2 6
adding gives
which can be rewritten:
ka kd G1
kd G 3
3G 2 6
G 2 2 mm
0
0
0
kb kc ke G 2 ke G 3
kd G1 ke G 2 kd ke G 3 W
G1 3 mm
G 3 5 mm
0 5G 2 2G 3 0
6G 1 2G 2 8G 3 18
17
Matrices
18
Matrix definitions
Matrix
a rectangular array of numbers (elements)
x
b c y
z
ax by cz
e.g. A
2 11
1 2 3
3 21
1 11
Order of a matrix
a matrix order of ( m n ) denotes m rows and n
columns. For example matrix A is a 4 3 matrix.
a
1
a2
a
3
b1
b2
b3
c1 x
c2 y
c3 z
d1
d2
d3
Line matrix
a1 x b1 y c1 z
d1
a 2 x b2 y c2 z
a3 x b3 y c3 z
d2
d3
Column matrix
To handle linear equations in matrix form it is necessary to
know a few definitions, and to understand the rules of
matrix algebra.
19
2
1
a matrix containing only one column e.g.
3
1
20
Diagonal matrix
a23 is an element in the 2nd row and 3rd column i.e. the
elements of A are
e.g. 0 3 0
0 0 5
Equal matrices
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1
a m m matrix
b11 b12 b13
Null matrix
all elements are zero
Transpose
A T 1 2 2 1
1 3 1 1
21
Matrix addition
If A
a a
11 12
a21 a22 and B
a a
31 32
AB
22
b b
11 12
b21 b22 then
b b
31 32
a b a b
11 11 12 12
a21 b21 a22 b22
a b a b
31 31 32
22
a a
11 12
a21 a22 ,
a a
31 32
If
then
Da Da
11 12
DA Da21 Da22
Da Da
31 32
Notes:
Notes:
D A B DA DB
D E A DA EA
D EA DE A
2. Addition is commutative:
A+B=B+A
3. Addition is associative:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
23
24
Matrix multiplication
Exercise problem
If
a
a
A 11 12
a21 a22
2 1
A
1 2
5 1
B
7 5
a13
a23
2 u 5 1u 7 2 u 1 1u 5 17 7
A.B
1u 5 2 u 7 1u 1 2 u 5 19 11
b b
11 12
b21 b22
b b
31 32
then
a b a b a b
A.B 11 11 12 21 13 31
a21b11 a22b21 a23b31
5 u 2 1u 1 5 u 1 1u 2 11 7
B.A
7 u 2 5 u 1 7 u 1 5 u 2 19 17
25
26
x'
x'
x'
x'
x same origin
x different angle
OA AB BC
x cos T BC sin T BP sin T
x cos T BC BP sin T
x cos T y sin T
and
y ' PC
y ' BP cos T
y ' y BC cos T
y ' y x tan T cos T
y ' x sin T y cos T
y
P
x
C
B
A
therefore
T
T
O
x' cos T
y ' sin T
sin T x
cos T y
27
28
x different origins
x parallel axes
x different origin
x different angle
P
y
x
x
x' x a
y' y b
x' x a
y' y b
a cos T b sin T
Along the y axis
a sin T b cos T
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
29
30
Example problem
Combining gives the coordinates in the (x, y) axes
x'
x a cosT y b sin T
and
therefore
Solution
x' cos T
y ' sin T
sin T x a
cos T y b
Conclusion
31
32
Determinant of a Matrix
T D E
a1 x b1 y c1
a2 x b2 y c2
20.0 3.56 23.56
a1
a
2
b1 x c1
b2 y c2
a1b2 a2b1 x
Therefore the coordinates of point C are:
b1c2 b2 c1
a1
a2
33
b1
b2
b3
b1
b2
b1
a
is denoted by 1
b2
a2
b1
b2
34
Determinant of a 3 u 3 matrix
c1 x
c2 y 0
c3 z
a
1
The determinant of the matrix a2
a
3
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a1
b2
c2
b3
c3
b1
a2
c2
a3
c3
b1
c1
c2 is defined
c3
b2
b3
c1
a2
b2
a3
b3
b1
a1b2 a2b1
c1
x
a1c2 a2 c1 y 0
F
z
Exercise problem
Calculate the determinant of A where
where
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
b2
b3
c2
a
b1 2
c3
a3
c2
a
c1 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
1u 5 u 9 8 u 6 2 u 4 u 9 7 u 6 3 u 4 u 8 7 u 5
3 12 9 0
1 2 3
5 6
4 6
4 5
2
3
4 5 6 1
8 9
7 9
7 8
7 8 9
35
36
Determinant of a matrix
a2 b2 c2
a b c
3 3 3
b1
c1
b2
c2
b3
a1
c1
a2
c2
c3
a1
b1
a2
b2
as
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a1
b2
c2
b3
c3
b1
a2
c2
a3
c3
c1
a2
b2
a3
b3
.
b2
b3
c2
a
b1 2
c3
a3
c2
a
c1 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
Once a row has been selected for the expansion, each term
in that row is multiplied by both the relevant minor
and the appropriate sign
b1
b3
c1
a
b2 1
c3
a3
c1
a b
c2 1 1
c3
a3 b3
37
38
Exercise problem
0 1 0
1 0 2
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a23
Evaluate 2 4 4
a11
a22
c23
a32
c33
a11
a12
a22
c23
a22
c23
a21
a23
a31
a33
a12
a13
a21
a23
a21
a23
a21
a22
a31
a32
a13
a21
a21
a22
a22
0 1 0
2 4 4
1 0 2
4 4 2 4
2 4
1
0
0 2 1 2
1 0
4 4
0
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a21
a31
a22
a32
a23
a33
OA
39
40
d) Addition rule
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a23 and B
a11
a12
a13
a31
a32
a33
a31
a32
a33
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a11
a22
c23
a32
c33
a12
a21
a23
a31
a33
a13
a21
a22
a31
a32
a11 b11
a21
a31
a12 b12
a22
a32
a13 b13
a23
a33
a11 A11 a12 A12 a13 A13 b11 A11 b12 A12 b13 A13
a11
a21
a31
a21
a22
a23
a11
a12
a13
a31
a32
a33
a11
a22
c23
a32
c33
a12
a21
a23
a31
a33
a13
a21
a22
a31
a32
a12
a22
a32
a13 b11
a23 a21
a33 a31
b12
a22
a32
b13
a23
a33
thus
A
B
41
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a12 Oa22
a13 Oa23
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a23 O a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a32
a33
a31
AB
a11
a
21
a12
a22
b11 b12
b b
21 22
a11b11 a12b21
a11b12 a12b22
a21b11 a22b21
a21b12 a22b22
AB
42
g) Product
AB
a11 Oa21
B
A
AB
f) Transpose
AT
43
44
4 2 2
Evaluate A
2 4 2
2 2 4
4 2 2 r1
2 4 2 r2
2 2 4 r3
c1 c 2 c3
r1 r 2
c 2 c1
2 2 0
r1
r2
r3
2 0 0
r1
2 6 2
r2
2 4 4
r3
2 0 0
r1
r 2 12 r 3 1 4 0
r2
2 4 4
r3
2 u 4 u 4 32
45
Exercise problem
46
Evaluate
1 2 2
4 3 5
4 2 7
3 3
x2 2 1
1
c 2 2c1 1
2 x
c 2 c1
c3 2c1 4 5 3
4 6
c3 c1
1
0
0
6 1
x 2 x x 1
1
1
0
r 2 3r 3 8 13
0
3
x 1
x x 1
x 1
3
3 x x 1 3 x 1
1u 13 u 1 13
3 x 2 2 x 3
3 x 3 x 1
So
3 x 3 x 1 0
x 3
x 3
x 1
x
47
0
1
48
Exercise Problem
Additional Note
k
2 1 3k
c1 3c 2
c 3 2c 2
a1 x b1 y c1
a2 x b2 y c2
2 2 k 4
5 1 3k 2
or
a1
a
2
2 k 4
5 3k 2
b1 x c1
b2 y c2
16 k
a1b2 a2b1 x
16
b1c2 b2 c1
a1
a2
b1
x
b2
b1
b2
c1
c2
c1
c2
a1
a2
49
Cramers Rule
b1
b2
b3
c1 x
c2 y
c3 z
b1
y
b2
a1
a2
c1
c2
50
b1
b2
d1
d2
d3
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2 z 0
a3
b3
c3
b1
c1
d1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2 x
d2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
d3
b3
c3
a1
b1
c1
a1
d1
c1
a2
a3
b2
b3
c2 y
c3
a2
a3
d2
d3
c2
c3
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1
d1
a2
b2
c2 z
a2
b2
d2
a3
b3
c3
a3
b3
d3
51
52
Exercise Problem
Homogeneous Equations
12 5 x 40
1 1 y 9
12 5
1
a
1
a2
a
3
40 5
12 5
y
1 1
when
12 5
1 1
12 5 17
40 5
9
1
40 45 85
12 40
1
9
a
1
a2
a
3
108 40 68
Note
53
a22
a23
a32
a12
a33
a13
a32
a12
a33
a13
a32
a33
b3
c3
b1
b2
b3
c1 x
c2 y 0
c3 z
b1
c1
54
Definition
A32
a3
A22
c1
c2 z 0
a1
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Room 307
P.A.Sleigh@leeds.ac.uk
A13
A23
A33
b1
b2
a2 b2 c2 0
a3 b3 c3
Note: although this equation is a test for a non-trivial
solution, that solution can only be found by reducing the
equation set to echelon form.
January 2004
A12
a1
a2
b3
d1
d2
d3
s for
adj A
b2
c1 x
c2 y
c3 z
12 40
1
9
A11
A21
A
31
b1
Consider
4 7 3
A 3 9 8
2 4 5
Then
a21
a23
a31
a11
a33
a13
a31
a11
a33
a13
a21
a23
a21
a31
a11
a31
a11
a21
a22
a32
a12
a32
a12
a22
9
4
7
adj A
4
7
9
8
5
3
5
3
8
3
2
4
2
4
3
8
5
3
5
3
8
6
1
13
23
14
2
29 23 15
13 23 29
14 23
1
6 2 15
Aadj A 3
2
41
0
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
55
3
2
4
2
4
3
4
7
4
7
7 3 13 23 29
9 8 1
14 23
4 5 6 2 15
0 0
41 0
0 41
56
The determinant of A is
4 u 45 32 7 u 15 16 3 u 12 18
41
A 1A
Therefore
A AT
Therefore
0
0
Aadj A
0
A
0
0
A
A 1
adj A
A
Note:
The inverse A-1 only exists if A z 0
A I
Singular matrix
57
1 2 0
B 2 1 0
1 1 1
Ax B
It can be rewritten
A Ax
58
Exercise Problem
A B
1
1
B 1
adj B
B
Remember:
1 2 0
Ix
A 1B
A B
2 1 0
1 1 1
C2-2uC1
1
B
1
2 3 0
1
3
1 1
59
60
adj B
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
2
1 2 1
1
2 1
0
0 3
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
B 1B
1 / 3 2 / 3 0 1 2 0
2 / 3 1 / 3 0 2 1 0
1 / 3 1 / 3 1 1 1 1
23 23
13 34
2 2
4
1
33
3 3
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
3 3
3
3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 2 0
0
2 1
1
1 3
2 / 3 1/ 3 0
1/ 3 1/ 3 1
adjB
B
B 1
61
When O = 4 then
1 O
3 2 x
0
3 2 y
2 x
0
2 O y
3x 2 y
y
1 O
0
3
62
2
2O
0
2
x
3
So
x
y
1 O 2 O 6
2
O 3O 4
2
3
O 4O 1
This set of equations only has non-trivial solutions for two
values of O, and each of these solutions lie on a straight
line through the origin.
2 2 x
0
3 3 y
Solving this gives
x
1
x
2
Vectors D and E are the
y
1
y
3
2x 2 y 0
y x
So
corresponding eigenvectors.
x
1
D
y
1
63
64
Exercise Problem
x a
are the vector coordinates of a point in x, y space.
y b
1 2
Answer:
5 O
1
2. Coordinate os a series of point on a line:
x
a
D are the vector coordinates of a series of points in
y
b
x, y space that lie on a straight line through the origin.
4 x 0
2 O y 0
5O
2O
5 O 2 O 4
10 5O 2O O2
O 7O 6 0
Similarly,
O 6O 1
x
a
y D b are the vector coordinates of a series of points
z
c
that lie on a straight line through the origin in x, y, z space.
65
O 6
O 1
66
Example Problem
For O = 6
5 6x 4 y
1 6
2
1 2 0
x 4y 0
x
y
4
eigenvalue O =6
2O
3
is the
1 O
6
4
eigenvector D
1
2
O
For O = 1
5 1x 4 y
4x 4 y
y
0
0
O3 O2 21O 45 0
0
0
x
O 5O 3O 3
2
2 O
1 O
2
1
2
eigenvalue O = 1
is the
3 x
6 y 0
O z
1
eigenvector E
1
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
67
68
When O = 5
We cant solve this by adding rows because this matrix
equation contains one independent equation so it has two
linearly independent eigenvectors. The usual approach is
to give one vector in the z = 0 plane and the other in the
y=0 plane.
7 2 3 x
2 4 6 y 0
1 2 5 z
We must now solve this.
x 2y 0
x
y
2
7 1x 2 2 y (3 3) z
6x 6z
z
0
0
x
So
x
2
y E 1
z
0
7 x 2 y 3x 0
4x 2 y 0
y 2x
Let y = 0 in row 1
x 3z
x
z
3
x
1
D
y
2
z
1
x
3
y
J
0
z
1
When O = -3
1 2 3 x
2 4 6 y 0
1 2 3 z
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
69
T1
node 1
y1
y1
K2
node 1
T2
node 2
m2
70
T1
K1
m1
node 1
m1
node 2
y2
y2
In Static
Equilibrium
T2
In Motion
d 2 y1
which can be written y1
dt 2
node 2
d 2 y2
which can be written y2
dt 2
m1 y1 T1 T2
m1 y1 k1 k2 y1 k2 y2
k1 y1
and
T2
m1 y1 k1 y1 k2 y2 y1 0
y1
k 2 y 2 y1
71
k1 k2 y
m1
k2
y2
m1
72
For node 2
m2 y2 T2
0
Z 2 x cosZt H Ax cosZt H 0
m2 y2 k2 y2 y1 0
m2 y2 k2 y1 k2 y1
0
where x
y1
k2
k
y1 2 y2
m2
m2
x1
x2
0
Simplifying gives:
Ax Z 2 x
x
m1 x1
m1
Z 2 1
k2
k2 x2
x2
m
m
2
2
where
y
y1
y2
k
k1 k2
2
m1
m1
k2
k2
m
m
2
2
y1
y2
k k
2
1 2 Z
m1
k
2
x cosZt H
y Z x cosZt H
2
k2
m1 x1
k2
Z 2 x2
m2
73
Example Problem
74
m1 y1 T1 T2
m1 y1 k1 y1 k2 y2 y1 0
m1 y1 k1 k2 y1 k2 y2
K1
node 1
y1
m1
k1 k2 y
m1
y1
K2
node 2
y2
k2
y2
m1
For node 2
m2
m2 y2 T2 T3
K3
m2 y2 k2 y2 y1 k3 y2
m2 y2 k2 y1 k2 k3 y1
k k3 y
k2
y1 2
2
m2
m2
Solution
y1
k1 y1
T2
k 2 y 2 y1
T3
k 3 y 2
k1 k2
y1 m1
y2 k2
m2
k 3 y 2
k2
m1 y1
k2 k3 y2
m2
(1)
75
x cosZt H
76
Ax Z 2 x
4 4 x1
0
1 1 x2
(2)
k1 k2 Z 2
k2
m1
k2 k3 Z 2
m2
k2
m2
1
So the associated eigenvector is D
1
m1
y
2
cost H 2
5 Z2
1
4
2 Z2
x cosZt H
0
When 2 = 6 equation (2) becomes
5 Z 2 Z 4
2
1 4 x1
0
1 4 x2
1Z 2 6 0
4
So the associated eigenvector is E
1
y1
y
2
77
4 cos 6 t H 1
cos 6 t H 2
Rank of a Matrix
Ax
78
a
11
a21
a
31
a12
a22
a32
a13 x1
a23 x2
a33 x3
b
1
b2
b
3
(1)
a
11
a21
a
31
a12
a22
a32
a13 : b1
a23 : b2
a33 : b3
79
80
3 2 1 y
1 3 3 z
1
1
1
1 : 1
1 2
0
4
2 : 2
0 0
6 : 2
1 2 1 : 1
3 2 1 : 1
1 3 3 : 1
2/3
1/ 3
1 : 1
1 2
0
4
2 : 2
0 1
2 : 0
81
Exercise Problem
82
2 1 2 y
1 2 3 z
1
1
1
y1
y2
y3
( 2)
3 2 1 : 1
2 1 2 : 1
1 2 3 : 1
1 : 1
3 2
r 2 2r 3 0 3 4 : 1
r1 3r 3 0 4 8 : 2
3r 3 4r 2
(3)
( 4)
1 : 1
3 2
0
3
4 : 1
0 0 8 : 2
(5)
Thus if y1, y2, y3 are known, equations (5) can be solved for
the unknowns x1, x2, x3.
83
84
Matrix Notation
Example problem
Find the inverse of the following matrix
1 2 1
3 2 1
1 3 3
Ax
Ax Iy
( 6)
A 1y
Solution
(7 )
1 2 1 : 1 0 0
3 2 1 : 0 1 0
1 3 3 : 0 0 1
0 : 1 1 0
r1 r 2 2 0
r 2 3r1 0 4 2 : 3 1 0
1
2 : 1 0 1
r 3 r1 0
a a a : 1 0 0
11 12 13
a21 a22 a23 : 0 1 0
a a a : 0 0 1
31 32 33
2 0 0 : 1 1 0
r 2 r3 0 3 0 : 4 1 1
r 2 4r 3 0
0 6 : 7 1 4
0
r1 / 1 1 0 0 : 1 / 2 1 / 2
r 2 / 3 0 1 0 : 4 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3
r 3 / 6 0 0 1 : 7 / 6 1 / 6
4 / 6
4 / 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
7 / 6 1/ 6
4 / 6
85
3 1 1
1 3 4
/ 10
0 .3
1 0 0 : 0 .7 0 .2
0
1
0
:
1
.
3
0
.
2
0
.7
0 0 1 : 0 .8
0.2 0.2
/ 10
/ 10
3 1 1 : 0 1 0
1 3 4 : 0 0 1
1 .3 0 .2 0 .7
0 .8
0.2 0.2
r 3 4r 2 13 7 0 : 0 4 1
2 2 : 1 0 1
r 3 r1 0
7 r 2 13r1
86
2 3
10 0 0 : 7
0 10 0 : 13 2 7
5r 3 r 2 0
0 10 : 8
2 2
Exercise Problem
7 r1 3r 2
A A 1
10 0 0 : 7 2 3
0 10 0 : 13 2 7
0
2 2 : 1 0
1
0 .3
1 1 2 0.7 0.2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
So it is correct
87
88
Module Summary
Matrix Operations
x Linear Equations
o Solution of systems of linear equations by Echelon
method
x Matrix Algebra
o Operations with matrices
o Determinants
o Inverse of a matrix
o Linear equations (revisited)
o Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
AB C
Linear Equations
Elements of C are given by
1. Gaussian reduction of simultaneous equations to
equivalent echelon form
x Unique solution if the last equation in echelon
form yields a specific number
x Non-unique solutions if the last equation can be
satisfied by any value
x No solution if the last equation cannot be solved
Cik
aij b jk
j 1
Determinants
1. The determinant of a (n u n) matrix A is defined
A
1 aij M ij
i j
89
j 1
Example Problem
90
Determinants
Ax
(1)
1
2
24 21
37 1
2 35
3 177
r1
93
194
0 171
63 234
24
21
93
r 2 2r1 0 85 43
r3 r 2 0 2 1
8
23
r 4 3r1 0
513
249
126
Inverse of a Matrix
1. The inverse of a matrix is defined such that
Expand column 1
85 43
1 2
249
r1
r2
A 1 A I
2. It can be calculated using t he formula
1
126
23
513
85 43
2 1
r 3 3r1 6
3
1 43
c1 2c 2 0
0
1
3
adj A
A
3. The inverse of matrix A can also be calculated by
augmenting matrix A with the unit matrix and then
applying a series of elementary processes.
A 1
8
23
537
8
23
537
expand column 1
1
1
23
3 537
537 69
468
CIVE 1620: Engineering Mathematics 1.1
91
92
Example problem
5 1 5
A 0
2
0
5 3 15
A OI x
A OI
5 1 5 : 1 0 0
2
0 : 0 1 0
0
5 3 15 : 0 0 1
10 0 0 : 3 0 1
0 2 0 : 0 1 0
0 2 10 : 1 0 1
10 0 0 : 3 0 1
0 2 0 : 0 1 0
0 0 10 : 1 1 1
10 0 0 : 3 0 1
0 10 0 : 0 5 0
0 0 10 : 1 1 1
93
94
Exercise Problem
When O = 0
Find the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of the matrix
0 1 1
2 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1 x
2 1 1 y 0
1 0 1 z
1 O
1
1
0
1 O
Expand along the top row
From r3
xz
z
1>1 u 1 1 O u 1@ 1 O > O 1 O 2 u 1@ 0
1 1 O 1 O O O2 2
2
2 O O O 2 O O 2O
4O O 3
0
x
O 4 O2 0
O 0
O
0
z
or
r2
1
O
O
2
1
1
0
1 x
1 y 0
1 O z
95
96
When O = 2
When O = -2
1 x
2 1
2
1
1 y 0
0 3 z
1
2 1 1 x
2 3 1 y 0
1 0 1 z
0 3 3 y 0
1 0 1 z
1 x
2 1
0
1
5 y 0
0 3 z
1
From r3
xz
z
From r3
x 3z 0
x 3z
From r2
3 y 3z
y
From r2
y 5z 0
y 5z
E 5
97
85
5
17
68
4
17
98
(b) For what values of D does the following equation have a non-trivial solution, and find a general
solution for each D.
x 2 y 4z 0
3x 5 y z
0
z
So (taking z=1)
x
1
y J 1
z
1
So (taking z=1)
x
y
z
0
x
2 x 3 y Dz 0
ii)
Kc
Kb
Ka
node 1
G1
W1
W2
Kd
Ke
2
3
ii)
-11
D= 1
-1
G3
0
1
2
0
0
2
3
1
1
-1
0
1
2 1
2
2 1 1
2 4 2
2 4 1
6 2 1
4 8 2
1 2 6
3 1 3
4 4 7
i)
C = ( 3 -1 1)
node 3
W3
3 -1 1
B = 4 3 2
State which of the following expressions are not defined, and evaluate the others:
G2
1 -1
A = 2 3
node 2
2
(a) Show that -3 is an eigenvector of E and find the corresponding eigenvalue
2
(b) Find the other eigenvalues of E and for each find the corresponding eigenvector.
1
Show that 0 is an eigenvector of E and find the corresponding eigenvalue.
1
Find the other eigenvalues of E and for each find the corresponding eigenvectors.
99
100